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LITHOGRAPHY is a printing process that uses a flat stone or metal plate on which the image areas are worked using a greasy substance so that the ink will adhere to them by, while the non-image areas are made ink-repellent.

A printing process based on the fact that grease and water do not mix. The image is applied to a grained surface (traditionally stone but now usually aluminium) using a greasy medium: such as a special greasy ink – called tusche, crayon, pencils, lacquer, or synthetic materials. Photochemical or transfer processes can also be used. A solution of gum arabic and nitric acid is then applied over the surface, producing water-receptive non-printing areas and grease-receptive image areas. The printing surface is kept wet so that a roller charged with oil-based ink can be rolled over the surface, and ink will only stick to the grease-receptive image area. Paper is then placed against the surface, and the plate is run through a press.

Lithography was invented in the late eighteenth century, initially using Bavarian limestone as the printing surface. Its invention made it possible to print a much wider range of marks and areas of tone than possible with earlier printmaking relief intaglio methods. It also made colour printing easier: areas of different colours can be applied to separate stones and overprinted onto the same sheet.

Offset lithography involves printing the image onto an intermediate surface before the final sheet. The process is ‘offset’ because the plate does not come in direct contact with the paper, which preserves the quality of the plate. With offset lithography, the image is reversed twice and appears on the final sheet the same way round as on the stone or plate.

ETCHING is a printmaking technique that uses chemical action to produce incised lines in a metal printing plate which then hold the applied ink and form the image

The plate, traditionally copper but now usually zinc, is prepared with an acid-resistant ground. Lines are drawn through the ground, exposing the metal. The plate is then immersed in acid, and the exposed metal is ‘bitten’, producing incised lines. Stronger acid and longer exposure produce more deeply bitten lines. The resist is removed, and ink applied to the sunken lines but wiped from the surface. The plate is then placed against the paper and passed through a printing press with great pressure to transfer the ink from the recessed lines. Sometimes ink may be left on the plate surface to provide a background tone.

Etching was used for decorating metal from the fourteenth century but was probably not used for printmaking much before the early sixteenth century. Since then many etching techniques have been developed, which are often used in conjunction with each other: soft-ground etching uses a non-drying resist or ground, to produce softer lines; spit bite involves painting or splashing acid onto the plate; open bite in which areas of the plate are exposed to acid with no resistance; photo-etching (also called photogravure or heliogravure) is produced by coating the printing plate with a light-sensitive acid-resist ground and then exposing this to light to reproduce a photographic image. Foul biting results from accidental or unintentional erosion of the acid resist.

Like engraving, etching is an intaglio technique. Intaglio refers to all printing and printmaking techniques that involve making indents or incisions into a plate or print surface which hold the ink when ink is applied to the surface and then wiped clean.

Disclaimer - Our prints/original art are purchased from various dealers, auctions, sales, antique shops, markets, and art collectors and are sold by us as such. However, in the unlikely event that you do not like the article, we will make an immediate and full refund, without hesitation, if the item is returned to us in the same condition it was received, with no damage, marks or folds, within 14 days of receipt.

Claude Monet was a French painter known for his pioneering role in the development of Impressionism. The artist’s inimitable style is best remembered through the vivid depictions he produced of his flowering garden in Giverny. Monet, along with his peer Pierre-Auguste Renoir, were concerned with conveying atmosphere and light with broken brushstrokes and complementary colors. Some of his best-known works include Water Lillies (1919), Impression, Sunrise (1872), and Rouen Cathedral at Sunset (1893). “When you go out to paint, try to forget what object you have before you—a tree, a house, a field or whatever,” the artist once explained. “Merely think, here is a little square of blue, here an oblong of pink, here a streak of yellow, and paint it just as it looks to you.” Born Oscar-Claude Monet on November 14, 1840, in Paris, France, he learned to paint en plein air as a teenager in the coastal town of Le Havre from the older artist Eugène Boudin. In 1859, he became a pupil in the Paris studio of Charles Gleyre, where he met Renoir, Alfred Sisley, and Frédéric Bazille. The first Impressionist exhibition in 1874, caused a public outcry, with the art critic Louis Leroy deriding the group in print as “impressionists.” Over the following decades, public and critical opinion changed towards the style, making many of the original members wealthy. The artist died on December 5, 1926 in Giverny, France at the age of 86. In 2019, Monet's painting of haystacks, Meules (1890) broke a new auction record for the artist when it sold for $110.7 million at Sotheby's New York. Today, Monet's works are held in the collections of the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, the Musée d’Orsay in Paris, the National Gallery in London, The Museum of Modern Art in New York, and the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, among many others.