Smithsonian Rock and Gem: The Definitive Guide to Rocks, Minerals, Gems, and Fossils by Ronald Louis Bonewitz.

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DESCRIPTION: Hardcover with printed laminate board and dustjacket. Publisher: DK Smithsonian (2005). Pages: 360. Size: 11¼ x 8¾ x 1 inches; 3¼ pounds. From glittering gemstones to fascinating minerals and fossils, “Rock and Gem” is an incredible celebration of the Earth's buried treasures. Including specially commissioned photographs of more than 450 illustrious specimens and information-rich text, this book illustrates each stone¹s unique characteristics and its relationship to humankind through the ages.

CONDITION: LIKE NEW. Flipped through but seemingly unread (very faintly shelf-worn) oversized hardcover with printed laminated covers and dustjacket. DK Smithsonian (2004) 360 pages. Based on our inspection, it appears that the book has been flipped through once or twice, principally the first dozen pages or so, presumably by bookstore browsers. Otherwise the book appears unread. Inside the book is pristine. The pages are clean, crisp, unmarked, unmutilated, tightly bound, and with no discernible evidence of any reading wear beyond the first dozen pages (which again, appear to have simply been flipped through). The dustjacket and covers evidence very light edge and corner shelfwear. This is principally in the form of mild crinkling and abrasive rubbing to dustjacket spine head. There's also very faint abrasive rubbing and crinkling at the dustjacket "tips" (the open corners of the dustjacket, front and back, top and bottom). Beneath the dustjacket the laminated, printed covers are clean and unsoiled, and like the dustjacket, evidence only very mild edge and corner shelfwear. The overall condition of the book is not very far removed from what might otherwise pass as "new", but "shelfworn" stock from an open-shelf book store (such as Barnes & Noble, Borders, or B. Dalton, for instance) wherein patrons are permitted to browse open stock, and so otherwise "new" books often evidence slight handling/shelf/browsing wear. Satisfaction unconditionally guaranteed. In stock, ready to ship. No disappointments, no excuses. HEAVILY PADDED, DAMAGE-FREE PACKAGING! Meticulous and accurate descriptions! Selling rare and out-of-print ancient history books on-line since 1997. We accept returns for any reason within 30 days! #7571.4b.

PLEASE SEE DESCRIPTIONS AND IMAGES BELOW FOR DETAILED REVIEWS AND FOR PAGES OF PICTURES FROM INSIDE OF BOOK.

PLEASE SEE PUBLISHER, PROFESSIONAL, AND READER REVIEWS BELOW.

PUBLISHER REVIEWS:

REVIEW: From glittering gemstones to fascinating minerals and fossils, "Rock and Gem is an incredible celebration of the Earth's buried treasures. Including specially commissioned photographs of more than 450 illustrious specimens and information rich text, this book illustrates each stones unique characteristics and its relationship to humankind through the ages.

REVIEW: With more than 40 years experience as a geologist, prospector, and gem cutter, Dr. Ronald L. Bonewitz provides a unique perspective on the subject.

PROFESSIONAL REVIEWS:

REVIEW: From primeval origins to their astonishing modern-day uses and appeal, this is the ultimate portrait of the Earth's natural treasures. A remarkable study of the Earth's rocks, minerals and gems, reveal the beauty and wonder of these outstanding natural phenomena and the fascinating ways they have been prized and used. Whether you are interested in glittering gemstones or minerals and fossils this is the essential guide for you.

REVIEW: A fascinating encyclopedic reference on rocks and gems, including their identification, composition, and their use. The many feature boxes cover topics such as the Malachite room in the Winter Palace and the collection of the Hope Diamond and the superstitions surrounding it.

REVIEW: Produced in classic DK style, Rock and Gem is an incredible celebration of the Earth's buried treasures. Featuring over 450 specially commissioned photographs and information-rich text, this book illustrates each stone's unique characteristics and explains its relationship to humankind through the ages.

REVIEW: As one has come to expect of a Dorling Kindersley publication, it’s peppered with beautiful, glossy pictures...of such good quality.

READER REVIEWS:

REVIEW: What a beautiful book! This coffee table book on rocks and minerals is absolutely stunning. The book is divided into four sections:

1. Origins, focusing on the evolution of the Earth and the universe, and how and why minerals are formed.

2. Rocks, a species-by-species guide to the major sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks.

3. Minerals, a species-by-species guide to the key minerals (silicates, oxides, sulfates, etc.).

4. Fossils, showing fossils of the major taxonomic groups.

The strength of the book is sections 2 and 3. Almost every page has jaw-dropping photographs of high-quality museum specimens of rocks and minerals (principally from the Oxford University Museum of Natural History), interspersed with great stock photography. On a visual basis, this book leaves its competition in the dust. The accompanying text is interesting as well, particularly in its explanations of how various minerals (and their component elements) are used in modern society. The species-by-species descriptions are interspersed with sidebars on interesting topics (the Taj Mahal, the Hope Diamond, the Petrified Forest, etc.). Overall this comes closer to being an all-in-one guide to rocks and minerals for the layperson than any other book I have come across. It is a source of wonder that you will find yourself returning to time and time again. It will make you aware of how much natural beauty there is in our world, for those who take the time to look.

REVIEW: Excellent book with beautiful, detailed pictures of an extensive collection of rocks, gems, minerals and even fossils. I especially liked the articles depicting the various ways that mankind has utilized these items throughout history. An example being the exquisite pictures of a jade burial suit of an ancient Japanese princess. The book contains plenty of analytical detail for the serious geologist in a format that is appealing to the casual collector as well. Even if I didn't love the subject I would buy this book for the art and history it contains

REVIEW: I just love this! It's an outstanding book! It has beautiful color photos, with well written information about the rocks, gems, fossils and minerals shown on the pages. On every page it lists the properties of each specimen. A must for all rockhounds! The first section is called Origins which includes the formation of the universe, the formation of the earth and earth's crust. Next is a section on collecting rocks and minerals. The rest of the book is information on rocks, minerals and fossils. I have several books on this subject and I must say this is my favorite. I could look through it for hours, actually I have. Excellent quick reference book and a great coffee table book.

REVIEW: This is a first class book on rocks and gems. Beautiful pictures, excellent commentary about the gems and stones, and all around good information. This is a great reference book. I have paid much more for less information. Not to be missed for your collection.

REVIEW: Not only does this book have full color pictures and great information, it goes into detail about every single rock and mineral, many of which I have never heard of. I am a scientist and I love to read books like this in leisure! I gather lots of information in it to write my many articles! If you are to get any book on rocks or minerals, I highly recommend this one!

REVIEW: I've been looking for a reference to learn about gem stones after several trips to North Carolina mines. This is the best I've ever found for the lay man. Great pictures and history. I've learned more about what makes a stone precious from this guide than from anyone I've talked to. It also is useful if you plan to visit mines in other parts of the world.

REVIEW: I have every book out there concerning rocks, gems, minerals, fossils, etc., and this is hands down my favorite one that I have come across so far; it is my "go-to" book! I have been rockhounding and into mineralogy for a long time, and am now working towards becoming a geologist/archaeologist. So, trust me when I say you can't go wrong with this book!

REVIEW: I'm a geoscience student, and this book has become irreplaceable to me. Vital information on most minerals and rocks, the pictures look spectacular and they're in color, which in the study of minerals is essential. Very well cataloged and clear.

REVIEW: I wanted to know more about the stones and gems I work with in my business so I bought this book. Well I definitely will know more about my product when I'm finished and a lot more. The book begins with the creation of the world. Maybe a little bit more than I originally wanted to know but fascinating none the less. I haven't finished it yet but it is definitely holding my interest and I am learning a great deal about the medium I work with. I would recommend it to anyone who wants to know more about rocks and gems.

REVIEW: A good way to get people interested in geosciences, this book provides a relatively detailed introduction to the world of geology with a heavy focus on minerals. Filled with stunning photographs and illustrations of basic geological concepts such as formation of the earth, the rock cycle and how volcanoes work. Definitely a book worth having

REVIEW: I bought this book for my daughter who has a strong interest in collecting rocks and identifying them. This book is very comprehensive. It not only helps to identify rocks and minerals with gorgeous pictures and charts, but it explains how they are formed with basic geology concepts. A beautiful book, and very educational.

REVIEW: This book has excellent history, photos, and descriptions in my opinion. According to other reviewers it's not perfect and I wouldn't doubt that, but personally I haven't found anything better yet, as I spent two hours in the local bookstore comparing books of this sort before finally opting on getting this one.

REVIEW: Absolutely gorgeous and crammed with technical details. I've been collecting all my life (minerals as well as mineralogy books). This is my absolute favorite. Satisfying for kids, hobbyists, and mineralogists alike. Great section on fossils, as well.

REVIEW: This book was great as it discussed more about the origins of the gemstones and stones that I am interested in. Other books I have talk about the metaphysical properties which is great but geographical info is appreciated also.

ADDITIONAL BACKGROUND:

GEMSTONES IN ANCIENT HISTORY: Throughout history, gemstones were believed capable of curing illness to providing protection. Found in Egypt dated 1500 B. C., the "Papyrus Ebers" offered one of most complete therapeutic manuscripts containing prescriptions using gemstones and minerals. In the eastern civilizations of China, India, and Tibet, gemstones were not only valued for their medicinal and protective properties, but also for educational and spiritual enhancement. Hereinbelow are a few examples of the uses for and beliefs concerning specific gemstone varieties in the ancient world.

Amethyst: Amethyst was one of the first gemstones used by man. Archaeologists have uncovered amethyst gemstones in burials dating back to the late Neolithic (5,000 B.C.). An amethyst bracelet was recovered at Abydos, in the tomb of the Pharaoh Djer, dating back to 3,000 B.C. Other notable finds in Egyptian archaeology have included an amethyst and gold “heart scarab”, from the tomb of Amenemhet II (20th century B.C.), an amethyst and gold anklet from the tomb of Queen Mereret in the funerary complex of Senusret III (19th century B.C.), and of course an amethyst bead bracelet from the tomb of Tutankhamun (14th century B.C.). In ancient Egypt, soldiers as well used to wear amethyst to remain calm during battle. The ancient Persians believed amethyst could ward off witchcraft when the stone was carved with a sun symbol.

The name “amethyst” is derived from the Greek term "amethustos", meaning not drunk. Most ancient Mediterranean cultures believed that amethyst would protect against becoming intoxicated, and would protect soldiers from harm in battle. It was also believed that if a person drank from a cup or goblet made entirely of amethyst, he or she would not get drunk at all. Amethyst was also extensively used since ancient times for carving intaglio gemstones and seals, particularly by the ancient Greeks and Romans. In both ancient Greece and Rome rings of amethyst set in bronze were worn as charms against evil. Amethyst came to Greece from Egypt just after the death of Alexander the Great.

In Greek mythology, amethyst was rock crystal dyed purple by the tears of Dionysus, the god of wine and revelry (“Bacchus” to the ancient Romans), and the stone was believed to protect female wearers from seduction. Throughout ancient and medieval history, the color purple was traditionally the color of royalty, and was also associated with the planet and the Roman God Jupiter the “Lord of Gods” of the Roman pantheon, also known as Zeus to the ancient Greeks). Consequentially Amethyst has been used since the dawn of recorded history to adorn the wealthy, as well as royalty. Ancient civilizations prized the stone more than many other gems which today enjoy more recognition and value, including sapphire, ruby, diamonds and emerald.

For some time in the ancient world, amethyst was valued equally with the diamond, and only royal families were lawfully entitled to own and wear the stone. In ancient Rome, the first century historian and naturalist Pliny wrote that if amethyst were worn round the neck on a cord made from dog's hair, it would afford the wearer protection against snakebite. Later the fourth century Roman Catholic Priest Hieronymus (also known as Saint Jerome) even reported that eagles placed an amethyst in their nest in order to protect their young from the danger of snakebite. Amethyst was widely used in the Roman world both in jewelry, and as mentioned earlier, as carved intaglios for use in signet rings.

Another ancient Roman account relates that (third century Roman) Saint Valentine owned a ring set with an antique amethyst carved with an image of Cupid. The stone was also a symbol of Saint Matthias (the apostle chosen by the remaining eleven apostles to replace Judas Iscariot following Judas' betrayal of Jesus and his suicide). Amethyst is also mentioned in the Bible (Exodus 28:19; 39:12) as one of the 12 stones adorning the breastplate (hoshen) of the high priests of Yahweh. Also described in the Bible, the twelfth foundation of the mythical (post rapture) heavenly “Holy City” is said to be built of amethyst. Moses described it as a symbol of the Spirit of God in the official robes of the High Priest of the Jews.

For many centuries Amethyst was worn by ancient priests and priestesses as a personal magical stone and focus of power. In a modern continuation of this tradition the Pope wears an amethyst ring, which absorbs so much of his personal energy that it must be buried with him or destroyed when he dies. In the early medieval church amethyst stood for piety and celibacy and was therefore worn by members of the Catholic Church clergy and was used to adorn crosses. It was particularly used in Bishops’ rings, the royal purple color symbolizing Christ and the bishop’s Episcopal authority. First mentioned as an official part of the bishop's insignia in the early seventh century, the ring, usually made of gold with an amethyst, came to symbolize a bishop's fidelity to and nuptial bond with the church, his spouse.

Today, bishops frequently wear an oval shaped amethyst, usually very large, with the diocesan seal engraved directly into the flat surface of the gem. Very good quality amethyst gemstones were also found in Aztec graves, though the deposits from which they were extracted are no longer known today. Aside from it use in medieval ecclesiastical jewelry, Amethyst also remained extremely popular in the jewelry of royalty. The oldest known stone in the Crown Jewels of England is an amethyst first worn in the 11th century by Edward the Confessor. In the Medieval world, Amethyst was also attributed with the power to control evil thoughts, and make its owner shrewd in business matters. It was also employed as a love charm, as a potent influence in improving sleep, as protection against thieves, to help the hunter in search of his game, and to protect the wearer from contagious diseases and insect bites.

In the Medieval world amethyst was also worn as a talisman to protect crops against tempests and locusts. Medieval European soldiers wore amethyst amulets as protection in battle. In Renaissance magic, an amethyst engraved with the image of a bear was worn as a protective amulet, and had the power to put demons to flight. Amethyst was believed to bring forth the highest, purest aspirations of human kind. Chastity/celibacy, sobriety, and control over one’s thoughts were all attributes heightened by wearing the stone. The gem would guard against the anger of passion, and the violent or base nature of its wearer. The stone was believed to encourage calm, bravery, and contemplation. Shamans of the ancient and medieval world used amethyst to assist prophecy and visions. Amethyst was also used in spells designed to magnify beauty.

Amethyst is the most highly valued variety of quartz. The purple coloring is caused by the presence of compounds of iron or manganese. Aside from the gorgeous color, Amethyst is also very popular in the production of jewelry due to the fact it is very hard and durable. Huge 18th century finds in South America and Russia (the Russian Empress Catherine the Great sent thousands of miners into the Siberian Urals to look for it) made it more plentiful, and as its rarity decreased, so did its price. For many experts in the trade, the amethyst from the Ural Mountains in Siberia are considered the finest amethyst ever produced.

Some of the other popular varieties of quartz include rock crystal (colorless quartz), citrine (yellow quartz), and aventurine (green quartz). Amethyst, like all quartz crystals, produces an electric voltage, a property known as piezoelectric. Unable to understand the characteristic, ancient cultures attributed many mystical properties have been attributed to the various varieties of quartz gemstones. Quartz gemstones were believed to act as psychic purifiers, tuning one into their inner "vibrations”. It was believed that quartz possessed the ability to amplify emotions, enhance concentration and intuition, and neutralize "negative energies".

The medicinal uses of amethyst were many, including as a treatment for excess stomach acidity. A few centuries ago it was the practice to moisten the stone with saliva and rub it on the face to banish pimples, rough skin, and skin rashes. In traditional Chinese medicine, amethyst was prescribed for stomach pains and bad dreams, and was also be used for the healing of illnesses of the lungs as well as heart disease. It was believed to help detoxify the body, strengthen the immune system, and was used to treat ailments involving the central nervous system as well as the brain. Not only would amethyst alleviate a headache, cure deafness and relieve arthritis, but it would also help clear one’s thinking process, allowing one to process information more efficiently.

The metaphysical benefits of wearing amethyst included the ability to enhance and focus psychic abilities (opening the “third eye”, enabling visions of past lives and the inner self), as well as to calm nightmares and relieve insomnia. Wearing amethyst was believed to make the wearer gentle and amiable, and was also used to treat manic-depressives by bringing thought patterns into alignment, soothing overactive minds. It was believed to exert a calming influence on individuals prone to compulsive behavior, as well as (in the ancient world) over professional warriors who were addicted to the adrenaline rush of combat and warfare. When placed under a pillow, it was believed that an amethyst would induce pleasant dreams and self healing, and was believed to help with conscious recall of dreams and symbolic message.

Amethyst was also believed to attract wealth and power to the wearer. In the Chinese philosophy of Feng Shui, amethyst enhances the wealth corner focusing on the giving and receiving of material wealth. Amethyst was also regarded as a stone of love, exchanged between lovers as a token of mutual commitment. Amethyst was believed to loosen blocks in the mind where mental functioning had become confused and undirected, and to free the way to clearer thinking. Amethyst was also believed to help people who suffered from a faulty memory.

In addition amethyst was used to help those prone to depression and melancholy. Amethyst was also often used to relieve stress and heal stress-related illness. It was considered to be especially effective for headaches, muscle tension and back or neck ache. Many also believed that amethysts were useful for those working to transcend chemical dependence, the stone working as a talisman to provide inner strength when battling dependency. Amethyst was also one of the few gemstones specifically prescribed for men to use to attract a “good woman” to love him [AncientGifts].

Citrine: Citrine, like Amethyst, is part of the quartz family. Citrine is the rarest of the quartz gemstones, and is colored by trace amounts of iron. Citrine takes its name from the Latin "citrus" for citrus tree. The first description of citrine in the ancient sources comes from the fourth century B.C. Greeks. The Greeks and Romans used citrine for intaglios (signet rings) and in jewelry as cabochon (polished) gemstones during the first and second centuries A.D. Since trade in the first few centuries A.D. was brisk between the Romans and India, it's very likely that the Romans got their stones from southern India, an area not only rich in gems but also a major bead making and lapidary center.

The gemstones would reached Rome either via the Silk Route (if overland) or if by sea, they would have crossed the Arabian and Red Sea by ship, then overland to Alexandria in Egypt, before being distributed by trade across and around the Mediterranean. Citrine was also worn in the classical world as a protective talisman and used for medicinal purposes. The Romans and Greeks believed it to be the crystallized essence of sunshine, and believed it would aid in digestion and cleanse toxins from the body. Citrine was carried as protection against snake venom, and was believed to be sacred to the healing deities Apollo and Aesclepius.

Many biblical scholars believe that citrine was the tenth of the twelve gemstone varieties described in the Bible as adorning the breastplate (hoshen) of the high priests of Yahweh. In ancient India citrine was used to protect children from evil spirits, and as an aid finding a suitable match for marriage. In the Middle Ages citrine was associated with wealth and prosperity (perhaps because of its gold color) and was often referred to as the “Merchant Stone”. Many shopkeepers kept this gem as a talisman believing that it would enhance their business fortune. It was believed that if one kept a piece of citrine in a drawer, one's wealth would accumulate.

As a talisman, it was also believed in the Middle Ages to be useful in eliminating sleep disorders such as insomnia, bad dreams and nightmares. Medieval Arab scholars and scientists believed that citrine was one of the components of gold. Citrine was also very popular during the Middle Ages with the Celts and Scots. Citrine served as a protective talisman against the plague, bad skin and evil thoughts. Citrine was also employed as a charm against the poisonous bite of Scotland's one venomous snake, the vipera berus, an adder found in the Scottish Highlands. The use of Citrine as a talisman to protect against the plague was also common to all of Medieval Europe.

Beginning in the seventeenth century, craftsmen of Scottish weapons began to incorporate citrine or smoky quartz from the Cairngorm Mountains into shoulder brooches, kilt pins and dirk pommels. Both gemstones were oftentimes set into the pommel of the Scottish dirk, or “black dagger” (“sgian dubh”), a long dagger with a straight blade that is a prerequisite of Highland costume. Citrine enjoyed a surge of popularity in the late Victorian era and was often set with other semiprecious stones such as bloodstones, carnelian and garnets.

During the Art Deco period between World Wars I and II, large citrines were set in many prized pieces, including the massive and elaborate Art Deco inspired jewelry pieces made for big Hollywood Stars such as Greta Garbo and Joan Crawford. Most citrine today comes from mines in Brazil, but it is actually treated amethyst, converted to citrine by the application of high heat. Natural citrine is actually fairly rare, and typically comes from deposits in Scotland, France, Madagascar, and the Ural Mountains in Russia.

There were many medicinal applications for citrine in the ancient world. It was believed that soaking a citrine in pure water rendered an elixir which would release toxins from the body. This elixir was also believed helpful for women and their menstrual problems, and for relieving menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, by balancing the hormones and alleviating fatigue. It was also very popular with women as wearing the gemstone was believed to be helpful in eliminating cellulite. Citrine was also believed useful in the treatment of urinary, bladder, kidney, liver and digestive diseases, and was also used to treat imbalances in the thyroid gland. Citrine was also believed to be a tonic for the circulatory system, helping cleanse the blood and useful in treating high blood pressure and diabetes.

It was also believed to enhance the passage of electrical impulses within the nervous system and improve the functionality of the endocrine system. Citrine was also believed effective in reversing degenerative diseases, and was believed useful in treating gangrene. It was used to stimulate the digestive system, the spleen, and the pancreas. It was also used to help treat eye problems, to increases blood circulation, and to activate the thymus. It was also used to treat lethargy and obesity. On the metaphysical plane, citrine was believed to be a powerful cleanser and regenerator helpful in the areas of self-healing, inspiration and self-improvement. In many of the most ancient cultures it was believed that citrine would ward off evil thoughts, dispel nightmares, and would bring out lightheartedness and joy of spirit.

Carrying the power of the sun, it was also considered to aid in overcoming depression, irrational mood swings, low self-esteem, self-destructive behavior, fears and phobias. Citrine was also believed to heighten sensuality and sexuality. One’s sense of self, it was believed, became more radiant with a citrine and was believed to assist one in optimistically looking forward to the future rather than hanging on to the past. Mentally it was believed to awaken the higher mind, expand conscious awareness and improve clarity of thought, and to promote inner calm so that wisdom could emerge.

It was also believed to stimulate intellect and mental activity, improve memory, overcome difficulty verbalizing thoughts and feelings, and helping to find solutions to problems. Citrine was also believed to encourage the acceptance of constructive criticism. Holding a citrine was believed to assist one in remaining calm in the most challenging of situations. Along this vein, citrine was believed effective in drawing off stress and negativity, and conducive to bringing a quiet, refreshing peace. It was believed to stop anger and destructive tendencies, and to impart flexibility and openness to new experiences [AncientGifts].

Ametrine: Ametrine is a variety of quartz, and is of course closely related to both amethyst and citrine (ame-trine). The Anahi Mine in Bolivia is the world’s primary source of ametrine (sometimes referred to as “trystine” or “bolivianite”). The mine first became famous in the seventeenth century when a Spanish conquistador received an ametrine gemstone as a dowry when he married a princess from the local Ayoreos tribe named Anahi. Ametrine was introduced to Europe through the conquistador's gifts to the Spanish Queen. Small deposits of ametrine were discovered both in Brazil and Canada during the twentieth century. There is evidence of a medieval source of ametrine in Scotland, since lost, but perhaps in the general vicinity of the Devonian lava beds in Angus, Scotland.

There are also ancient references to ametrine from Persian, Roman, and Greek sources. Anecdotal evidence also seems to suggest an ancient source of ametrine in India, and indeed ametrine was (re)discovered recently in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh near Hyderabad, an ancient city which was a trading center on the camel caravan route which crossed to Persia and Europe on one side, and China and Russia to the other side. Though there appear to be ancient records indicating familiarity with ametrine, no records exist indicating what properties the ancients may have perceived imbued into ametrine. However a residual clue to what properties the ancients may have believed ametrine possessed, might be found in contemporary folklore.

Due to its dual color, ametrine is considered to be a talisman that balances the opposing forces of nature and bridges the divide between the material and the spiritual world. The purple amethyst part of the stone helps one to visualize the future he seeks, while the yellow citrine color pushes one towards making this goal a reality. The dual nature of ametrine is said to bring spirit and mind into harmony, catalyzing a profound flow of new ideas and insights. Current alternative practitioners believe that ametrine aids the wearer in overcoming bad habits, addictions and addictive traits, including over-eating and substance abuse. Perhaps behaviorally related, ametrine is also said to be useful in combating self-esteem problems, ridding the wearer’s “aura” of negative energy.

Ametrine is also believed to be of use in soothing, calming and balancing the emotions, helping the wearer maintain a rational outlook under pressure, while at the same time promoting mental clarity, creativity, energy, determination and endurance, and so it is said it is best to keep an ametrine talisman near your desk or your computer (where it can best assist you while you work). Present-day medical uses espoused by alternative practitioners include ametrine’s usefulness in stimulating oxygenation of the body, a process which is believed to have a strong cleansing effect on the metabolism and tissues. Ametrine is also believed to be beneficial for those suffering from headaches, backaches, and disorders related to the pancreas [AncientGifts].

Topaz: It is believed that topaz was known during the early Bronze Age, as the mining of topaz is strongly associated with tin mining, a mineral needed to create bronze (an alloy of copper and tin). Archaeologists are certain that the people in the Middle-Eastern Bronze Age would have known about this gemstone. However the first historical descriptions of topaz were from the classical Mediterranean. The origin of topaz in the ancient Mediterranean was a small island in the Red Sea known as “Topazion”, a Greek term meaning “to guess”. In Arabic the same term means “"the subject of the search". This reflects the fact that the island was typically obscured by fog, making it difficult for early navigators to find. Typically yellow, topaz in the ancient world was held as a talisman to protect against evil and was used to treat many different physical ailments including asthma.

The Greeks and Romans greatly valued topaz as a gemstone, even believing that the gemstone would improve the wearer’s eyesight. Ancient Romans also credited topaz with preventing sickness of the chest and it was also used to treat abdominal pain. The ancient Greeks believed topaz would give great strength to whomsoever wore the stone, and was also worn as an amulet to ward off enchantment (“spells” or “curses”). The ancient Greeks also believed that wearing topaz would dispel sadness and strengthen the wearer’s intellect. There are also frequent references from ancient Greek sources which claim that wearing topaz rendered the wearer invisible.

In Rome and the Early Medieval world, topaz was associated with Apollo and/or Jupiter, as Topaz was associated with the sun, and both Jupiter and Apollo were solar deities. Both Julius Caesar and his heir Octavian Augustus held Apollo in special reverence. Augustus credited Apollo with his victory over Marc Antony, and erected a magnificent temple to Apollo at Actium overlooking the site of the famous naval battle, as well as an even grander temple on the Palatine in Rome. The gemstone was also described by the first century Roman historian and naturalist “Pliny the Elder”.

There are also many biblical references to "topaz". Topaz was one of the twelve stones selected by Aaron for his priestly breastplate, representing the twelve tribes of ancient Israel. He placed it there as the second stone in the first row of stones. Topaz is also found as one of the stones in the book of Revelations as one of the stones of the apocalypse (one of the gemstones which form the foundations of the twelve gates to the Holy City of the New Jerusalem). To ancient Christians topaz was regarded as a symbol of uprightness and virtue. In ancient Egypt the golden glow of yellow topaz symbolized "Ra", their sun god. This made topaz a very powerful amulet that protected the faithful against harm.

Further to the east, in ancient India, topaz was regarded as a sacred gemstone. Ancient Hindus believe that worn as a pendant above the heart topaz assured long life, beauty and intelligence (and would also alleviate thirst). Centuries later in Medieval Europe small wine-yellow Saxonian Topaz were mined at Schneckenstein in the Erzgebirge Mountains in Saxony, Germany, and several rulers wore these specimens in jewelry. The Germans believed that the yellow topaz prevented bad dreams, calmed passions, ensured faithfulness and, when taken in wine, cured asthma and insomnia. It was also believed that the figure of a falcon engraved upon a topaz talisman would bring the wearer the goodwill and kindness of the gods.

During the Middle Ages wearing topaz in a ring was believed to lengthen one’s life and forestall death (or alternatively to prevent sudden death). Worn around the neck, topaz was also thought to cure madness. If also mounted in gold and worn around the neck, it was believed to dispel enchantments and calm nocturnal fears. Worn as a protective talisman topaz was said to instantly lose its color to indicate that poisoned food or drink was present, thus protecting its owner. It was also believed to be an effective talisman against accidents. Topaz was also regarded as a talisman for travelers, protecting them from homesickness and danger.

In the Medieval World it was also believed that wearing a topaz talisman conferred to the wearer special powers over animals. Topaz was also used by shamans and seers who believed that topaz and encouraged clairvoyance and psychic skills, and enabled the wearer to perceive the intentions and motives of the people around them. It was also believed to make men handsome and intelligent and sterile women fertile and happy. There were as well medicinal uses for topaz in the Middle Ages. Topaz was believed to be able to actually absorb the heat of a fever. Topaz was also believed to ease the inflammations, discomfort and pain associated with arthritis. However the curative powers of topaz were believed to weaken and strengthen in response to changing phases of the moon.

Topaz is found in yellow, orange, green, blue, red, and white (colorless) hues. The highest grade topaz comes from Sri Lanka and India, the Ural Mountains in Russia, Brazil, and in the U.S.; from Maine, Colorado, California, and Utah. The most popular color for topaz gemstones is light blue, and the most costly is a rich orange-yellow, resembling the color of sherry wine, known as “imperial” topaz (sometimes referred to as “precious topaz”). Sherry-colored topaz is called “imperial” topaz in honor of the Russian Tsar who owned the mining fields of topaz in the Urals Mountain range (in Siberia, Russia), and the best quality topaz were reserved for the emperor and his family. Topaz is one of the hardest minerals in nature, and for that reason, highly valued as a gemstone.

In the ancient world topaz was thought to heal both physical and mental disorders, and to prevent death. Topaz was also believed to assure beauty, fidelity and long life. Topaz was also used to treat medical ailments. Topaz powdered and drunk in wine, cured asthma, tuberculosis, insomnia, burns and hemorrhages. The twelfth century German Prophetess/Visionary Mystic/Catholic Saint "Hildegard" had an unusual prescription for improving failing vision which involved soaking a topaz in wine, then rubbing the eyes with the gemstone and drinking the wine. Topaz was also regarded effective against bleeding and heart disease, as well as a cure for rheumatism, gout, and soreness in the joints. Wearing topaz was believed to aid the spinal column and help steady and regulate the action of the heart. It was used to treat bleeding and believed helpful to promote health in the glandular systems of the body. It was also believed to improve eyesight.

Topaz was also used in treating infections, deafness, goiter, hemorrhage, circulatory problems, digestive problems, combating anorexia, restoring the sense of taste, stimulating metabolism and more. I was regarded as especially effective in treating hemorrhoids if it were worn on the left arm. Last (but certainly not least), men were believed to become more virile when wearing topaz! On the metaphysical plane, the ancient world regarded topaz as a stone of true love and capable of attracting success in all endeavors. Topaz was believed to promote creativity and individuality, and was thought excellent for promoting concentration. It was also attributed with the power to replace negativity with love and joy, stimulating a brighter outlook on life.

Topaz was also known as the “lover of gold,” as it is used to bring wealth and money. It is traditionally known as a stone of love and good fortune, bringing successful attainment of goals. It was said to be especially effective when set in gold and bound to the left arm. When worn as an amulet, topaz drove away sadness, added intelligence and gave courage. On the emotional plane, topaz was believed to be useful for treating depression. It was believed to help people alleviate their fears, and was used to treat psychosomatic illnesses. It was regarded as useful in balancing emotions, helping those who go from one extreme to another.

Topaz was also highly recommended for healing a person who was suffering from shock or trauma, and was regarded as a panacea for those whose lives contained abnormal amounts of stress or tension. In particular, blue topaz was believed extremely helpful to those who were angry. Blue topaz was regarded as possessing the power of the moon and elemental water. Blue topaz was believed effective in helping the wearer to release their anger, and to bring one’s emotional pain to the surface. Modern practitioners believe that topaz assists in general tissue regeneration and in the treatment of hemorrhages. It also believed to stimulate poor appetite and aid in the treatment of blood disorders. In India topaz is still used to treat tonsillitis, whooping cough, and mumps [AncientGifts].

Imperial Topaz: Russian Imperial Topaz, also known as “precious topaz”, is a very rare naturally colored gemstone, the most costly variety of topaz. The color ranges from yellow to orange, pink and peach to purple, and occasionally even red. Most pink imperial topaz is produced by heating yellow or orange imperial topaz. Discovered in the 19th century in the Ural Mountains of Russia, together with alexandrite, it was mined and produced exclusively for the royal family. By imperial decree only the Czars of Russia were permitted to own or to gift this rare gemstone. With the revolution in 1917 came a total export ban on imperial topaz – it was not until post-Soviet Russia that a small amount of imperial topaz was exported from Russia in the 1990’s.

By the year 2000, the mines were played out and abandoned. Today imperial topaz is mined in Brazil, and some very small quantities in Afghanistan and Sri Lanka (Ceylon). But Russia Imperial Topaz is gone, available in limited quantities here and there, typically in the form of antique gemstones. Though the Southern Ural Mountains of Russia have been producing topaz for centuries, this remains nonetheless a rare and uncommon gemstone. [AncientGifts].

Tanzanite: The 1960’s saw the discovery of many new gemstone varieties in East Africa. It seems likely that the most significant of these discoveries was the discovery of Tanzanite in 1967 by Portuguese-Indian prospector (originally from Goa, India) Manuel d'Souza in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, in the shadow of majestic Mount Kilimanjaro. This breathtaking location is the only known mining site on earth for the exotic gemstone which would come to be named “tanzanite”. The stone was so named after its country of origin by Tiffany & Co. in New York, which introduced the gemstone to the marketplace in 1969. Tanzanite is the blue to violet gem variety of the mineral zoisite, the color provided by traces of vanadium. No gemstone discovered in East Africa has had more of an impact on the world gemstone market than tanzanite.

By the turn of the century, only a few decades after from its introduction, tanzanite had become one of the most popular gemstones in the world today after the “big four” (diamond, ruby, sapphire, and emerald). Acute shortages have developed from time-to-time, as there is really but one source of this exotic gemstone. Very small deposits have been found in Kenya, but until recently were not considered large enough for commercial purposes. With the insatiable demand for and short supplies of tanzanite, even these small deposits are now being mined and have even been the source of armed disputes. But they contribute insignificant amounts of material compared to the demand for this rare gemstone. New mining techniques and the liberalization of the Tanzanian economy has helped to boost production in the past few years to make tanzanite more available than ever before in the history of the gemstone.

Nonetheless tanzanite remains relatively rare, significant production coming from only one place in the world. Geologists estimate that the entire present source of tanzanite will be exhausted within the next fifteen to twenty years. Geologists say the chemical environment required to form tanzanite is so unique, chances of finding the same conditions elsewhere are next to impossible, the odds of discovering another tanzanite deposit is put at less than one in a million. The rich purples and blues of tanzanite often have a depth comparable to the finest sapphire. Paler tanzanite has a delicate periwinkle color. Tanzanite is occasionally found in green and less often yellow. Tanzanite is trichroic; that is, it shows different colors when viewed in different directions. One direction is blue, another purple, and another bronze, adding subtle depths to the color. When tanzanite is found in the ground, the bronze color dominates.

However, with gentle heating, the blue color blooms and deepens within the stone. Tanzanite can also appear differently when viewed under alternate lighting conditions. The blues appear more evident when subjected to fluorescent light, and the violet hues can be seen readily when viewed under incandescent light. According to legend, the affect of heat on tanzanite was first discovered when some brown zoisite crystals lying on the ground among other rocks were caught in a fire started by lightning that swept through the grass-covered Merelani Hills. Masai cattle herders in the area noticed the beautiful blue color of the crystals and picked them up, becoming the first tanzanite collectors. The most valuable tanzanite is medium dark in tone, vivid in saturation, and slightly violet-blue. Some people desire the more purplish to violet Tanzanite shades which are more available and affordable.

Rarely pure blue, the gem almost always displays signature overtones of purple. In smaller sizes, it tends toward lighter tones, with lavender the most common. In larger sizes, the gem typically displays deeper, richer blues and purples. It is this mesmerizing saturation of color that has made tanzanite so sought after. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder, and Tanzanite delivers. If you can appreciate a gem that is unique, less known, and rare, since it is found commercially in only one place, tanzanite is the colored gem for you. Ranging in color from a "sapphire blue" to an "amethyst purple", this very special member of the gem family delights its owner, and provides a great conversation piece with friends. A notable 122.7-carat faceted stone is on display at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.

Tanzanite was unknown in the ancient world, however contemporary practitioners believe that tanzanite can encourage recovery from severe illness or stress. It is believed to be a detoxifier, to strengthen the immune system, regenerates cells, and treat ailments of the heart, spleen, pancreas, lungs, head, throat, and chest. Tanzanite is also is believed to neutralize over acidification, reduce inflammation, stimulates fertility, and heal diseases of the reproductive organs. On the metaphysical plane, tanzanite is said to facilitate raising consciousness, aid in realizing one’s own ideas, and transform destructive urges into constructive ones. The gemstone is said to encourage awareness of the comparison between how one lives and how one could choose to live more consciously.

Bringing together communication and psychic power, tanzanite is believed to aid the wearer connect with their clairvoyant powers and stimulate their ability to see visions of higher spiritual realms and to accurately communicate them. Tanzanite is said to open channels to the spiritual world of ancient tribal communities, and to elicit revelations of the primeval collective consciousness. On a more practical level, tanzanite is said to dispel lethargy and bring repressed feelings to the surface so that they can be expressed. It is believed to help enable the wearer to transform negative energies into positive ones, and assist the wearer in manifesting their own true self rather than being influenced by others or trying to conform to the norm [AncientGifts].

Tourmaline: Tourmaline's name comes from the Dutch traders who purchased gemstones from the Celanese (i.e., Ceylon or Sri Lanka). The word "turmali," meant "mixed", and the bright rainbow collections of gemstone varieties which the Dutch purchased were called "turmali" parcels. Tourmaline has been used as gem material for more than 2,000 years. Since tourmaline occurred in many of the ancient mines that yielded other precious stones, tourmaline was most likely known by the ancient Romans, but called other names such as emerald or topaz. In fact, through the sixteenth or seventeenth century, red and pink tourmaline were thought to be ruby.

However one accurate reference to tourmaline in ancient history was by Theophrastus of Ancient Greece (student and successor of Plato and Aristotle) who in 314 B.C. accurately described tourmaline as becoming electromagnetically charged when it heated, noting that it would collect dust particles, straw and pieces of wood. In fact tourmaline can also become electromagnetically charged simply by rubbing it against one’s clothing, and the charge can remain for hours. There is also historical evidence which suggests that tourmaline was exported from Ceylon to ancient Israel as early as the time of King Solomon, and may have adorned the crown of the Queen of SHEBA.

In the medieval world, alchemists believed tourmaline to be related to the philosopher’s stone, and as such could grant enlightenment, give power over spiritual affairs, reconcile opposites and change base metals to gold. Tourmaline was also used by medieval shamans who regarded it a “receptive stone,” which means it was soothing, calming, inward, and magnetic, and thus promoted meditation, spirituality, wisdom and mystical powers. During the Middle Ages tourmaline was also thought to heal physical and mental disorders as well as prevent death. Ancient mystical ceremonies in India included the use of the gem as a tool to bring insight and help in the discovery of that which is good, and to make known who or what was the cause of troubles or evil deeds. As well, various aboriginal tribes such as the American Indians, Australian Aborigines, and various African tribes, believed tourmaline to be a talisman which could protect against all dangers.

Tourmaline occurs in more colors and combinations of colors than any other gemstone variety. In fact an ancient legend says that tourmaline is found in all colors because it traveled along a rainbow and gathered all the rainbow's colors. Green or "chrome" tourmaline was "rediscovered" in the seventeenth century. This striking green gemstone is colored by the mineral chromium; hence the name "chrome" tourmaline. German miners in Brazil exported green tourmalines to bedazzled seventeenth century Europe, calling them "Brazilian emeralds". Within a few decades tourmaline was also rediscovered in the country of Tanzania on the African continent. In the eighteenth century, it was eventually realized that the "Brazilian emeralds" had unusual electromagnetic qualities, and were not emeralds at all.

Pink tourmaline was held in such high regard in Ancient China that Empress Tz'u Hsi, the last Empress of China, who loved pink tourmaline, bought almost a ton of it from the Himalaya Mine in California, and was eventually laid to rest (eternally) on a carved tourmaline pillow. In fact the Chinese have engraved and carved figures and snuff bottles from tourmaline for many centuries, and ancient examples are displayed in museums around the world. Many stones in the Russian Crown jewels from the 17th Century once thought to be rubies and emeralds are actually tourmalines. Chrome tourmalines are relatively uncommon gemstones, costly, and in scarce supply. The most popular color is peach (or pink) tourmaline, and one of the most famous mines in the world, played out and closed in 1913, was in California.

The ancient world regarded tourmaline helpful to artists, authors, actors and those in creative fields, enhancing their creative powers. Tourmaline was believed to possess many medicinal properties, including its ability to cleanse, maintain, and stimulate the energy centers of the body. It was also reported in an 18th century Dutch medical journal that tourmaline wrapped in silk and placed against the cheek of a feverish child would induce sleep. Tourmaline is still regarded as an aid for keeping the digestive system healthy as well as strengthening teeth and bones. It is also recommended for adrenal disorders, heart disease, arthritis, and used to treat stress and trauma.

In regards to its metaphysical properties, tourmaline was believed to attract inspiration, to diminish fear, and encourage self confidence, enthusiasm, constructive thinking, and to assist the wearer avoid bad luck and negativity. It was regarded as conducive to promoting peaceful communication between the conscious and unconscious minds, allowing psychic awareness to blossom. Tourmaline was regarded as a stone of reconciliation, a stone that fostered compassion and cool headedness, radiated the energy that attracted money, healing and friendship, and was used for “grounding” purposes, to stabilize, and reaffirm one’s “roots”.

Pink tourmaline in particular was believed to be of great value to people that had difficulty dealing with fear who had panic attacks or who were in need of something to help them heal their inner chaos and dread. It was regarded as a heart protector as well as an aphrodisiac, and was believed to provide reassurance that it was safe to love and therefore instilled confidence [AncientGifts].

Zircon: Not to be confused with synthetic “cubic zirconium”, zircon is a natural gemstone known to mankind for thousands of years. The word “zircon” originated in the 18th century from the Persian word "zargon", which means "gold colored", due to the yellow color of the zircon gemstones found there. In ancient history the first references zircon are in Hindu mythology, many thousands of years ago in a poem about the “Kalpa” tree, described as a glowing tree draped with gemstones, with leaves made of zircons. In the ancient world yellow zircon was called "hyacinth", from the flower. In ancient Greek Mythology Hyacinth was a young and beautiful young man and was loved by the God Apollo. One day Apollo and Hyacinth were throwing a discus.

Forgetting Hyacinth was merely mortal, Apollo threw the discus with all his strength. When Hyacinth tried to catch the discus it killed him. Drops of Hyacinth’s blood fell to the ground and colored by Apollo’s tears, became hyacinth flowers. Petrified, the flowers became hyacinth (zircon) gemstones. Zircon was frequently referred to as hyacinth in the Bible as well, particularly as one of the twelve gemstones on the breastplate of the High Priest Aaron, representing the twelve tribes of ancient Israel. Zircon was also mentioned in the Bible as the stone given to Moses in Ezekiel, and as one of the "foundation stones" of post-apocalyptic Jerusalem's city walls in Revelations. According to Jewish legend, the angel sent to the Garden of Eden to watch over Adam and Eve was named Zircon.

Many ancient medical texts from quite a number of Mediterranean cultures refer to zircon as a sleeping aid, and that it was used to prevent nightmares. It was also believed to lose it Sparkle and luster at the approach of danger, thus warning the wearer of peril. In the Middle Ages red zircon was believed to prevent pregnancy, and was worn as a talisman in the ancient world by artists, travelers, and merchants. In Medieval Europe zircon was also worn by travelers as a protective amulet, and was believed to ward off lightning strikes. It was also believed to drive away plagues, evil spirits, and nightmares, and in the Middle Ages, zircon was worn to promote riches, honor and wisdom.

Zircon has been mined in Ceylon since classical antiquity (at least 2,000 years), and there are records of its use in sixth century B.C. Italy and Greece. Zircon occurs in a rainbow of colors including blue, yellow, green, brown, orange, red and colorless. Blue zircon and colorless zircon remain the most sought after and costly forms of zircon. Blue zircon was immensely popular in the 1880's and was used extensively in Victorian jewelry. Historically the colorless form of zircon, known as “Matara diamond”, has been the most popular and the most costly. This colorless form of zircon looks more like diamond than any other natural stone due the high refractive index of zircon. These physical properties cause zircon to come very close to diamonds in fire and brilliancy. Colorless zircon is occasionally confused with "cubic zirconium" due to the fact that both have been used a substitutes for diamonds. Cubic zirconium is a man-made synthetic gemstone. Zircon is a natural gemstone.

Zircons are currently mined in Norway, Austria, Germany, France, the Ural Mountains of Russia, Ceylon, Cambodia, Burma, Thailand, Viet Nam, Korea, India, Pakistan, Tanzania, Nigeria, Madagascar, Mozambique, New Zealand, Australia, Brazil, and also in the United States and Canada. Testing of zircons from Western Australia indicate they formed (in a water rich environment) 4.4 billion years ago, making them the oldest material ever dated on Earth. An even older example was found in a large meteorite in Chile. The oldest thing scientists have ever examined, that zircon formed at least 4.6 billion years ago in the swirl of dust and rocks that became the planets within our solar system.

In the ancient world it was believed that zircon enhanced emotional health, helped to heal grief, remove melancholy, restore appetite, cure insomnia, prevent nightmares, and enhance self-esteem. Its healing properties, though principally associated with emotional and physical balance, also was believed to increase ones hardiness and to facilitate continuity in all endeavors. It was used as a talisman for travelers to protect them from all sickness and evils during the long journey. Modern practitioners still “prescribe” zircon as a talisman to protect air travelers, and is still believed helpful to those suffering from low self-esteem come to better accept themselves, and to cleanse the wearer of old traumas, doubts and sadness without being overwhelmed by the accompanying emotions.

Along those lines zircon is said to bestow upon its wearers confidence, optimism, and good spirits. It is also used to improve mental abilities, and is believed to encourage interest in science. Zircon is said to be of help for varicose veins, relieving pain, blisters and issues pertaining to male reproductive organs. It is also believed to stimulate appetite, and so considered useful for those afflicted with eating disorders; as well as aid with gastric and intestinal disorders, including constipation [AncientGifts].

Garnet: The name Garnet is derived from the Latin for pomegranate, "grantum", because crystals in rock reminded early aficionados of pomegranate seeds. However in ancient times garnet was also known as “carbuncle”. Mankind has used garnet as ornamentation for many thousands of years. Archaeologists recently found a garnet bead necklace worn by a young man in a grave that dates back to 3000 B.C. Garnet was used in earliest pre-dynastic Ancient Egypt. Excavations in Egypt have uncovered garnet jewelry dating back to 3100 B.C., garnet being used to construct necklaces for the ancient pharaohs and royal families. In the ancient Roman world, it was not only popular with the Romans themselves (particularly for the carving of intaglios for signet rings), but also with the Germanic (“barbarian”) tribes in Northern Europe bordering the Roman Empire.

Garnet was also prominently featured in the magnificent cloisonné inlay jewelry found in sixth and seventh century burials in England at the Anglo-Saxon site of Sutto Hoo, and was also popular with the other peoples of ancient Britannia, including the Celts, Franks, and Normans. According to historical accounts, the King of Saxony is said to have had a garnet of over 465 carats. Due to its red color, ancient cultures associated garnet with blood, and thus garnet was thought to stop bleeding or bloodshed between enemies. Some primitive cultures believed that garnets could not only be used to stop bleeding, but would also cure inflammation. Ancients also believed that garnet was useful to resist melancholy and warn off evil spirits, especially spirits of the night, which were referred to as demons and night phantoms.

The ancients also believed that a garnet could give its wearer guidance in the night, allowing them to see when others could not. Garnet was worn for protection when traveling, as garnet was believed to warn the wearer of approaching danger. The Persians considered garnet a royal stone, as did the Russians in Imperial times. Asian and North American Indian tribes used garnets as bullets, believing the stone would inflict fatal wounds. According to ancient Hebrew mythology, a giant garnet provided interior lighting for Noah's Ark. It is also believed that garnet, described as “nopek”, was one of the twelve gemstones described in the Bible in Exodus 28:17-20 as adorning Aaron’s breastplate, representing the twelve tribes of ancient Israel. Ancient Christians regarded the blood-red garnet to be symbolic of Christ’s sacrifice. The Koran holds that the garnet illuminates the Fourth Heaven of Islam. The Greeks said it guarded children from drowning, and it was also thought to be a potent antidote against poisons.

According to historical accounts, the Greek Philosopher Plato had his portrait engraved on a garnet by a Roman engraver. And according to Greek myth, garnet is symbolic of a quick return and separated love, since Hades had given a pomegranate to Persephone before she left him to ensure her speedy return. Therefore, Garnet was often given to a beloved one before embarking on a trip, as it was believed to heal the broken bonds of lovers. In medieval times, garnet was thought to cure depression, protect against bad dreams, and relieve diseases of the liver, as well as hemorrhages. It was also believed that a garnet engraved with the figure of a lion was an all around effective charm that would protect and preserve health, cure the wearer of all disease, bring honors, and guard from all the possible perils of traveling. The wearing of a garnet talisman was also believed to protect against the plague (“Black Death”), lightening strikes, and was believed to change color so as to warn the wearer of impending danger.

The Crusaders set Garnets into their body armor, believing the protective power of the stones would lead them to safety. From the 16th through 19th centuries, Bohemia, now a part of Czechoslovakia, was a tremendous source of garnet, and at one time, particularly in the Victorian Era, cutting, polishing, and mounting garnets was a very rich industry in that country. Many Bohemian castles and churches had magnificent interiors decorated with garnet. The different varieties of garnet are found in almost all colors except blue. Brown, red, green, yellow, black, and colorless stones are the most common. Darker gemstones are usually opaque, and light ones may be transparent or translucent.

The best known members of the Garnet family are the deep red varieties, the Pyrope and Alamandite. The Pyrope derives its name from the Greek word meaning "firelike". It was the Pyrope Garnet that figured in the ancient Talmudic legend, which held that the only light in Noah's Ark was supplied by an enormous red garnet. In he ancient world garnet was regarded as a stone of "good health", capable of balancing an individual's energy, stimulate desires, uplift attitude, and increase popularity.

Medicinally garnet was long believed to cure heart palpitations, varicose veins, lung diseases, and various diseases of the blood. It was believed to stimulate metabolism, purify and reenergize the blood, heart and lungs, and was used to treat spinal disorders and arthritis. Garnets were also worn to enhance bodily strength, endurance and vigor. It was widely believed to be extremely beneficial to wear a garnet when one had to physically exert oneself. For men, it was believed to keep the reproductive system healthy. For women, it was believed to promote hormonal balance and was said to reduce swelling.

On the meta-physical plane, garnets were believed to bring good fortune, love, and success, and to improve self-esteem, thus even today they are often carried by businessmen as a talisman. The stone is said to sharpen one’s perception both of self and of other people. Garnet is believed to balance the sex drive, and is said to aid in sexual potency and fertility, to enhance sexual attraction, and to liberate one’s sensual side and so enhance passion and love. Adherents claim that garnet moves a couple deeper into a passionate and sensual exploration of sexual magic. The stone is said to inspire commitment, monogamous and stable marriage, and promises one’s love, devotion, and fidelity. It is also believed to aid in finding true lovers. [AncientGifts].

Demantoid Garnet: Demantoid is known as “the queen of the garnet family”. Though demantoid garnet has been found in Africa in very limited quantities, the best demantoid is found in the Ural Mountains of Russia and is associated with gold bearing sands. The Russian demantoid garnet has much richer and vibrant color. The combination of its color and fire give it unsurpassed splendor. As well, most Russian demantoid garnet is also characterized by “horsetail” inclusions – minute asbestos fibers oftentimes only visible under a microscope. Demantoid garnet is generally available on in small sizes. Gemstone quality specimens in excess of one carat are very rare. Mining of this beautiful, brilliant green garnet lasted only about 30 years, ending before the turn of the twentieth century (over 100 years ago). The primary source for top quality stones today is antique jewelry.

Demantoid was very popular in the 19th century, and remains one of the most valuable gemstones of all, highly coveted for its rarity and its incredible brilliance. Demantoid has a relatively high refraction of light (1.888). Remarkable, however, is also the dispersion, i.e., its ability to reflect the light coming in through the facets and to dissemble this light into all the colors of the rainbow. Demantoid is a champion in this respect, even better than diamond. When demantoid garnet was first discovered in the Urals mountains in Russia in 1868, it quickly advanced to the position of a much coveted gemstone. Like a comet it sparkled and shone, displaying its fire at jewelers’ studios in Paris, New York and St Petersburg. Carl Fabergé, Russia’s renown royal jeweler, was fascinated by it because of its striking brilliance, and so he loved to use the stone in his precious objects. [AncientGifts].

Rhodolite Garnet: Victorian Europe was so enthusiastic about the raspberry red color of Rhodolite Garnet that they were called “Bohemian Rubies”. In Africa this remarkable red semi-precious gemstone was known as a “Cape Ruby” during the Victorian era. There is also a very rare variety of Rhodolite Garnet which is color change, shifting from raspberry red to champagne. The variety was discovered in Siberia, in the same region color-change alexandrite was discovered, in the vicinity of the Bobrovka River [AncientGifts].

Spessart Garnet: Spessartite is not as common as most other Garnets, and it is usually not found as a transparent, gemstone quality specimens. Originally found in Spessart, Bavaria, its occurrences remain very limited when contrasted with other varieties of garnet. When absolutely pure it is bright orange, the color derived from manganese and aluminum. But an increase in the iron content makes the stone darker orange to red. It is also known as “Spessartine”, which is the word for “forest” in German. In Renaissance Europe it was believed to assist in analytical abilities and self-exploration. It was also used in the treatment of lactose intolerance and calcium mal-absorption [AncientGifts].

Tsavorite Garnet: Tsavorite was first discovered in Tanzania in 1967 in the shadow of Mt. Kilimanjaro, though it was not until 1971 that the first specimens were extracted from nearby Kenya. The name is derived from the adjoining Tsavo National Park famous for its mighty "red" elephants who wallow in and spray themselves with red iron-rich mud during the rainy seasons. The park is also well known for its man-eating lions. The rich green color of tsavorite is derived from trace elements of vanadium and chromium. Tsavorite is exceptionally bright and sparkling, unlike emeralds, because the refractive-index of tsavorite is much higher – close to that of a diamond. Because of the great pressures and very high temperatures under which it formed and the subsequent stress releases, individual, relatively clean pieces of tsavorite are generally small. Specimens over one carat are extremely rare. Tsavorite is known as “the King of Green Gemstones”. In the words of one gemologist-expert connoisseur, “with the color of a cool green forest and a fire resembling that of diamond.” [AncientGifts].

Grossular Green Garnet: Although seemingly long forgotten, grossular garnet was originally discovered in Siberia. The name “grossular” is a reference to the gooseberry after which it was named, of which grossularia is the botanical name [AncientGifts].

Color-Change Garnet: Often mistaken for alexandrite, and even more rare than alexandrite, color change garnet typically shift from blue to an intensely saturated purple when moved from fluorescent (or natural) light to incandescent light. Both color modes, whether blue or purple, are very rich, saturated hues…not at all pale or washed out. The color under fluorescent light can range from blue to blue-green, but under incandescent light the color is always an intense, dark purple. These fabulous color-change blue color change garnets have only been found in a few places in the world in very limited quantity. Once such find was late in the nineteenth century in Russia near where alexandrite was discovered (near the Bobrovka River). Like alexandrite and likewise rare Siberian demantoid garnet, the gemstones tend to be small in size, but brilliant, sparkling, richly hued, and very rare [AncientGifts].

Demantoid Garnet: Demantoid is known as “the queen of the garnet family”. Though demantoid garnet has been found in Africa in very limited quantities, the best demantoid is found in the Ural Mountains of Russia and is associated with gold bearing sands. The Russian demantoid garnet has much richer and vibrant color. The combination of its color and fire give it unsurpassed splendor. As well, most Russian demantoid garnet is also characterized by “horsetail” inclusions – minute asbestos fibers oftentimes only visible under a microscope. Demantoid garnet is generally available on in small sizes. Gemstone quality specimens in excess of one carat are very rare. Mining of this beautiful, brilliant green garnet lasted only about 30 years, ending before the turn of the twentieth century (over 100 years ago). The primary source for top quality stones today is antique jewelry.

Demantoid was very popular in the 19th century, and remains one of the most valuable gemstones of all, highly coveted for its rarity and its incredible brilliance. Demantoid has a relatively high refraction of light (1.888). Remarkable, however, is also the dispersion, i.e., its ability to reflect the light coming in through the facets and to dissemble this light into all the colors of the rainbow. Demantoid is a champion in this respect, even better than diamond. When Demantoid was first discovered in the Urals Mountains in Russia in 1868, it quickly advanced to the position of a much coveted gemstone. Like a comet it sparkled and shone, displaying its fire at jewelers’ studios in Paris, New York and St Petersburg. Carl Fabergé, Russia’s renown royal jeweler, was fascinated by it because of its striking brilliance, and so he loved to use the stone in his precious objects.

The name Garnet is derived from the Latin for pomegranate, "grantum", because crystals in rock reminded early aficionados of pomegranate seeds. However in ancient times garnet was also known as “carbuncle”. Mankind has used garnet as ornamentation for many thousands of years. Archaeologists recently found a garnet bead necklace worn by a young man in a grave that dates back to 3000 B.C. Garnet was used in earliest pre-dynastic Ancient Egypt. Excavations in Egypt have uncovered garnet jewelry dating back to 3100 B.C., garnet being used to construct necklaces for Pharaohs. In the ancient Roman world, it was not only popular with the Romans themselves (particularly for the carving of intaglios for signet rings), but also with the Germanic (“barbarian”) tribes in Northern Europe bordering the Roman Empire.

Garnet was also prominently featured in the magnificent cloisonné inlay jewelry found in sixth and seventh century burials in England at the Anglo-Saxon site of Sutto Hoo, and was also popular with the other peoples of ancient Britannia, including the Celts, Franks, and Normans. According to historical accounts, the King of Saxony is said to have had a garnet of over 465 carats. Classical Mediterranean cultures believed that a garnet could give its wearer guidance in the night, allowing them to see when others could not. Garnet was worn for protection when traveling, as garnet was believed to warn the wearer of approaching danger. The Persians considered garnet a royal stone, as did the Russians in Imperial times. Asian and North American Indian tribes used garnets as bullets, believing the stone would inflict fatal wounds. The Koran holds that the garnet illuminates the Fourth Heaven of Islam.

According to ancient Hebrew mythology, a giant garnet provided interior lighting for Noah's Ark. It is also believed that garnet, described as “nopek”, was one of the twelve gemstones described in the Bible in Exodus 28:17-20 as adorning Aaron’s breastplate, representing the twelve tribes of ancient Israel. The Greeks said it guarded children from drowning, and it was also thought to be a potent antidote against poisons. According to historical accounts, the Greek Philosopher Plato had his portrait engraved on a garnet by a Roman engraver. And according to Greek myth, garnet is symbolic of a quick return and separated love, since Hades had given a pomegranate to Persephone before she left him to ensure her speedy return. Therefore, Garnet was often given to a beloved one before embarking on a trip, as it was believed to heal the broken bonds of lovers.

In medieval times, garnet was thought to cure depression, protect against bad dreams, and relieve diseases of the liver, as well as hemorrhages. It was also believed that a garnet engraved with the figure of a lion was an all around effective charm that would protect and preserve health, cure the wearer of all disease, bring honors, and guard from all the possible perils of traveling. The wearing of a garnet talisman was also believed to protect against the plague (“Black Death”), lightening strikes, and was believed to change color so as to warn the wearer of impending danger. The Crusaders set Garnets into their body armor, believing the protective power of the stones would lead them to safety. From the 16th through 19th centuries, Bohemia, now a part of Czechoslovakia, was a tremendous source of garnet, and at one time, particularly in the Victorian Era, cutting, polishing, and mounting garnets was a very rich industry in that country. Many Bohemian castles and churches had magnificent interiors decorated with garnet.

The different varieties of garnet are found in almost all colors except blue. Brown, red, green, yellow, black, and colorless stones are the most common. Darker gemstones are usually opaque, and light ones may be transparent or translucent. The best known members of the Garnet family are the deep red varieties, the Pyrope and Alamandite. The Pyrope derives its name from the Greek word meaning "firelike". It was the Pyrope Garnet that figured in the ancient Talmudic legend, which held that the only light in Noah's Ark was supplied by an enormous red garnet. In the ancient eastern civilizations of China, India, and Tibet, gemstones were not only valued for their medicinal and protective properties, but also for educational and spiritual enhancement.

Today these traditional cultures regard garnet as a stone of "good health", capable of balancing an individual's energy, stimulate desires, uplift attitude, and increase popularity. Medicinally garnet was long believed to cure heart palpitations, varicose veins, lung diseases, and various diseases of the blood. It was believed to stimulate metabolism, purify and reenergize the blood, heart and lungs, and was used to treat spinal disorders and arthritis. Garnets were also worn to enhance bodily strength, endurance and vigor. It was widely believed to be extremely beneficial to wear a garnet when one had to physically exert oneself. For men, it was believed to keep the reproductive system healthy. For women, it was believed to promote hormonal balance and was said to reduce swelling.

On the meta-physical plane, garnets were believed to bring good fortune, love, and success, and to improve self-esteem, thus even today they are often carried by businessmen as a talisman. The stone is said to sharpen one’s perception both of self and of other people. Garnet is believed to balance the sex drive, and is said to aid in sexual potency and fertility, to enhance sexual attraction, and to liberate one’s sensual side and so enhance passion and love. Adherents claim that garnet moves a couple deeper into a passionate and sensual exploration of sexual magic. The stone is said to inspire commitment, monogamous and stable marriage, and promises one’s love, devotion, and fidelity. It is also believed to aid in finding true lovers [AncientGifts].

Andalusite: Andalusite from southern Spain was first described in literature in 1789. It’s likely that it was known in antiquity, but probably confused with another gemstone such as tourmaline, yellow topaz, or perhaps even citrine. When you consider the number of countries which were part of the Classical Mediterranean in which andalusite has been discovered, it seems inevitable that it was used at some point in antiquity. Deposits of andalusite (albeit many of them small) have been discovered in Finland, Norway, Sweden, England, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Ireland, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, Iran, Morocco, Egypt, Arabia (United Arab Emirates), Burma (Myanmar), Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Siam (Thailand), China, Mongolia, and India.

However today, only a handful of countries produce gemstone quality andalusite, including Spain, Russia, Ceylon, Australia, Brazil, and Canada. Despite the number of localities where andalusite has been discovered, very few of the deposits have produced gemstone quality material. Transparent andalusite of gemstone quality is very rare. Faceted andalusite gemstones give a play of red, green, and yellow colors that seems almost iridescent (the shimmering play of colors seen with peacock feathers, black opal, black abalone mother-of-pearl, or for instance the sheen of gasoline floating atop a puddle of water). The mixture of colors is the result of unusually strong pleochroism, which means that when viewed from one side the gemstone exhibits one color, while from another side the color appears differently. In fact andalusite is one of the few gemstones which is “tricotic”, meaning three different colors are observable from different angles of view.

Because of this andalusite has sometimes been referred to as "poor man's alexandrite" because it offers color play similar to alexandrite, but generally costs considerably less. However whereas alexandrite actually changes color in response to different lighting sources, the multiple colors of andalusite are visible under all lighting conditions, not merely when the light source has been changed. Two other gemstones are part of the same “family” as andalusite, those being silimanite (generally cut as a cat’s-eye cabochon) and kyanite, which is a vibrant blue and also very rare in transparent, gemstone-quality material. However andalusite has been gaining popularity on its own merits, not merely as an alexandrite substitute. The attraction of andalusite comes from its play of colors if one changes the viewing angle. A similar effect is gained when the light comes from different directions.

Andalusite shows shades of yellow, brown, green and reddish brown depending on the orientation of the crystal. Those gemstones cut along the long axis such as an oval, marquis or emerald cut tend to show one color near the center and a second, usually darker color near the ends. Square and round cuts usually blend the colors into a mosaic. Though no record of the use of transparent andalusite gemstones exists from antiquity (at least recognizable references clearly and specifically identifying andalusite as andalusite), one particular variety of andalusite was in fact known in the ancient world as “lapis crucifer”, or “chiastolite”. These gemstones, translucent to near-transparent, contain inclusions of graphite which almost always are in the form of a cross when the gemstone is cut into cross-sections (like a log or sushi roll cut into slices).

In Medieval and Renaissance Europe these gemstones were worn by Catholics as an amulet to protect against the “evil eye”. This was in reference to the ancient belief that some evil sorcerers or witches had the ability to transmit evil with just a glance. Certain items of personal adornment (amulets, talismans, etc.) were thought to protect the wearer from the "evil eye" by the proviso of an always watchful open eye. Though particularly popular as a religious amulet, the “lapis crucifer” gemstone was also popular with the general population of Medieval and Renaissance Europe as well. In Brittany (France) these crystals were worn as a talisman. Local folklore held that the gemstones had dropped from the heavens.

It was believed that if the gemstone was worn so as to touch the skin, it would staunch the flow of blood. It was also thought to increase the secretion of milk. If a “lapis crucifer” talisman was worn suspended from the neck, it was thought to cure almost any kind of fever, and the divine symbol it bore served to drive away evil spirits from the vicinity of the wearer. Russian literary sources claim that orthodox monks have been carving andalusite into rosary beads for centuries, and that Russian monks used to provide rings cut from andalusite to the Knights Templar of Malta. Talismans of andalusite were also worn by Russian warriors and soldiers with the belief that it instilled bravery.

Travelers in Russia wore amulets of andalusite for protection, and both alchemists and philosophers used the stone as an amulet as well. Russian mystics believed that andalusite aided in necromancy, the ability in séances to contact spirits from the “other side”. Wearing an andalusite talisman on the forehead was believed to be particularly effective. Under what name andalusite crystals (other than “lapis crucifer”) may have been known in the ancient world is indeterminable. Andalusite was likely misidentified as tourmaline or yellow topaz, perhaps even citrine/smoky quartz. Though one type of andalusite, “lapis crucifer”, was well-known in Medieval Europe, history is silent as to how transparent andalusite crystals may have been used for healing or for mystic or shamanic purposes, except in Russian history.

As described above, Russian mystics, alchemists, and philosophers all believed that andalusite had mystical powers. Russian history also documents that wearing an andalusite amulet was believed to benefit those suffering from heart and lung diseases, as well as nervous disorders, and was believed to bring harmony into the life of the wearer. However Western European history is silent as to the uses of andalusite crystals, excepting the variety known as “lapis crucifer” (chiastolite). However it is possible that the beliefs which modern practitioners hold pertaining to andalusite crystals may reflect ancient beliefs. It is common for such beliefs to be carried forward in folklore. In Western Europe and America present-day practitioners believe that andalusite is beneficial in the treatment of eye problems, water retention and calcium and/or iodine deficiencies. It is also said to be useful for those suffering from AIDS.

On the metaphysical plane, andalusite is often referred to as “the seeing stone” as it works to “see” the various sides of a person's character, or the various sides of a problem. Thus it is believed to enable the wearer to calmly and objectively analyze their personality and character, or view two sides of a situation or problem. Andalusite is also said to bring balance to one’s life and to enhance memory, mental clarity and intellect, and to stimulate problem solving abilities. Mystics and shamans believe that andalusite can also be used when trying to communicate with the spirit world, and as a talisman is useful to protect the wearer, and to encourage moderation and balance in life [AncientGifts].

Apatite: Apatite is a fairly rare gemstone. Though apatite itself is an exceedingly common mineral, transparent gemstone quality specimens are quite uncommon. Apatite is the mineral that makes up the teeth and bones in all vertebrate animals, from fish to man to dinosaur as well as their bones. In fact apatite is an elemental component of every living cell, plant and animal. Virtually all the phosphorus in the world today has either come from or is locked up in this one mineral, apatite, or what is called phosphate rock. It is quarried for use as a phosphate fertilizer.

Apatite gemstones are found in a variety of locations worldwide which include Russia, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Austria, Spain, Portugal, Norway, Sweden, Canada, Mexico, the USA, Spain, Brazil, Burma, Ceylon, India, Israel, Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Kenya, Tanzania, and South Africa. Apatite gemstones are most typically found in blue, but the range of colors includes colorless, pink, yellow, green, brown, red, purple and violet. The most valuable form is a purple-colored variety found in the state of Maine, USA. Some of the blue and yellow apatite show chatoyancy (the cat’s-eye effect) and can be cut as cat's-eye cabochon gemstones.

The name “apatite” comes from the Greek "apatein", which means "to deceive", “to cheat”, or "to be misleading", as in the ancient world apatite was often confused with other minerals such as topaz, beryl, sphene, peridot or tourmaline. The Greek name “apatein” also is associated with “Apate”, the Greek goddess of deceit, benefactor of politicians. A minor goddess in the Greek pantheon, she was the daughter of Nyx, and one of the spirits inside Pandora's box. In the ancient and medieval world apatite was believed to enhance the wearer’s insight, learning abilities and creativity, and to give increased self-confidence. It was also believed useful in inducing deep states of meditation. Athletes and soldiers believed it useful in helping improve their coordination and to strengthen muscles, and to help suppress hunger (or “appetite”) and ease hypertension.

Wearing apatite was also believed useful in treating hyperactivity or its opposite, lethargy. It was believed that an elixir of apatite could be prepared by allowing apatite gemstones to sit outdoors overnight, preferable under a full moon, in a glass container of water. The elixir was then drunken to help strengthen bones and heal and prevent joint pain. Contemporary healers and mystics believe that apatite is highly psychic, facilitating intuition and ESP, as well as enabling the wearer to make contact with and commune with the higher self. Regular meditation with apatite is said to steadily improve the wearer’s concentration and memory, while also enhancing intuition.

It is also said to facilitate visions of the future. Apatite is also believed to increase stability and common-sense, helping the user to “keep their feet on the ground” and help plan for success. Apatite is believed to foster peace and harmony through enhanced communication. Encouraging intellectual pursuits, apatite is said to stimulate thoughts and ideas that enhance the intellect, as well as aid focus, learning, and clarity of concentration. It is also used to foster acceptance, oceanic consciousness and unconditional love.

Both green and blue apatite are said to encourage the wearer’s humanitarian side, aiding the wearer’s effectiveness along the path of service. Blue apatite in particular is believed to help with self-expression, communication and creativity as it assists in defining and understanding the meaning and uniqueness in this life. It is used to help in the release of difficulties and to clear mental confusion, and is also thought to stimulate clairvoyance and help one receive past life insights. Green apatite is said to help one accept and appreciate one's full worth. Yellow apatite calms anxiety and speeds up one's thought processes when anxious and pressed to find the right solution to a problem.

Physically, apatite may decrease hunger and has been used to help control weight gain. Apatite is believed useful for healing, regeneration and to provide the stamina and courage needed to face difficult problems or a long-term illness. Apatite gemstones are worn to help bones heal faster and stronger, and to treat the pain of arthritis. It is also believed to aid the absorption of calcium from the foods you eat, which helps to keep bones and teeth strong. It can also be worn to lower blood pressure, as high blood pressure is often related to calcium [AncientGifts].

Chrysoberyl: Chrysoberyl color ranges from a honey-yellow to yellow-green to an apple green to brown. Generally the yellow, green, and yellow-greenish-gold specimens are considered the most valued, the least valued being the brown. Though the largest deposits of this gemstone are in South Africa, with smaller deposits in Australia, Burma, and India; the most valued deposits, almost exhausted, are those from the Ural Mountains in Russia, specifically those around the city of Yekaterinburg, in the South Urals.

Some of the more noteworthy specimens include the incredible 563ct Star of India which resides in the American Museum of Natural History, and has a recorded history from the sixteenth century. It was mined in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and circulated among various Indian princes and kings for almost four hundred years, before being acquired by George Kunz, the noted American gemologist. Probably the finest cut chrysoberyl existing is probably the one exhibited in the Mineral Gallery of the British Museum (Natural History). Absolutely flawless and weighing 43 carats, it was formerly contained in the famous Hope collection.

The name Chrysoberyl is derived from the Greek words “Beryl”, meaning green and “Chryso”, meaning golden. The two words combined mean “gold colored beryl”. In spite what the name implies, chrysoberyl is not actually a Beryl at all. The gemstone was a very important trade good in ancient India, and was exported to and found enormous popularity in many Asian cultures. Chrysoberyls have long been considered a good luck charm in numerous cultures. It was treasured in Asia before the birth of Christ, was well-known in the ancient Near East in Old Testament times, and became quite well known in Rome by the end of the First Century A.D. The ancients believed that it would improve eyesight and to protect against evil. The ancient Persians and Arabs believed it could make one invisible on the battlefield. Chrysoberyl was also very popular in Victorian and Edwardian times, when it was often inaccurately referred to as Chrysolite [AncientGifts].

Chrysoberyl Cat’s-Eye: Chrysoberyl cat’s-eye gemstones were also worn in the Near East (as well as elsewhere in the ancient world) as protection against the “evil eye”. There was an ancient belief that some evil sorcerers or witches had the ability to transmit evil with just a glance. Certain items of personal adornment (amulets, talismans, etc.) were thought to protect the wearer from the "evil eye" by the proviso of an always watchful open eye and a chrysoberyl cat’s-eye gemstone was just that, an always open and watchful “eye” [AncientGifts].

Danburite: Danburite is a fairly uncommon and rare gemstone. Though danburite itself is a common mineral, transparent gemstone quality specimens are rare. It’s likely that it was known in antiquity, but probably confused with another gemstone such as white topaz, quartz crystal, or even white beryl (“goshenite”) or in the case of pastel yellow danburite, quite possibly confused with citrine. Danburite is usually colorless, like quartz crystal or white topaz, but some deposits have produced specimens in shades of pink, yellow, orange, and brown. Danburite is well known in the jewelry trade known for its excellent transparency and clarity. Since it has a reasonably high refractive index (6.30 to 6.36), in the same range as topaz or tourmaline, the material produces facetable gemstones of excellent quality and Sparkle. Danburite generally phosphoresces, showing a light blue to blue-green color under ultraviolet light. However since danburite is fairly rare and availability limited and sourcing difficult, it has never become a mainstream gemstone such as topaz, amethyst, emerald, sapphire, ruby, etc. Though it is well known to most jewelers, few stock it as it is quite difficult to source.

When you consider the number of countries which were part of the Classical Mediterranean, in which danburite has been discovered, it seems inevitable that it was used at some point in antiquity. Deposits of danburite (albeit many of them small) have been discovered in England, Austria, Switzerland, Norway, France, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Romania, Russia, Afghanistan, Iran, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Burma, Ceylon, China, Nepal, and Vietnam. Outside of those regions within the classical world (Europe, the Near and Far East), danburite has also been discovered in Mexico, Madagascar, Namibia, Tanzania, Japan, Australia, Bolivia, Canada, and the USA. In fact danburite is named for Danbury, Connecticut (in the United States) where it was first “discovered” in 1839 by Charles Shephard. The Danbury Museum & Historical Society explains that danburite was, “common all over the world, but it hadn't been classified or named until Charles Shepard found it”. Shepard was an eminent American mineralogist who was for many years professor of natural history at Amherst College.

Under what name danburite crystals may have been known in the ancient world is indeterminable. Danburite was likely misidentified as quartz crystal, or colorless topaz or beryl, so history is silent as to the uses of danburite crystals. However it is possible that the beliefs which modern practitioners hold pertaining to danburite crystals may reflect ancient beliefs. It is common for such beliefs to be carried forward in folklore. In Western Europe and America present-day healers use danburite to treat diseases of certain organs like the liver and gall bladder. It is also believed to be useful in treating allergies, infertility, muscular and skeletal disorders, and tumors; to aid in tissue regeneration and ease pregnancies; and lastly to detoxify the body.

On the metaphysical plane, wearing danburite is said to strengthen the wearer’s “life force”, filling the wearer’s body, mind, and spirit (and relationships) with “white light”, cleansing and purifying the wearer, bringing about truth, honesty, happiness, and open receptivity to mind and spirit. It is believed to quicken the intellect, strengthen the nervous system, and enhance awareness, allowing thoughts and energy to flow more freely. Danburite is also believed to encourage a friendly social atmosphere, to ease the difficulties of times of extreme personal changes and/or stress. It is also believed to heal old emotional wounds, clear past karma, and for the terminally ill, to “ease the transition of leaving the physical human form”. Used in meditation and trances, danburite is believed to channel information from spiritual worlds during meditation, increase the wearer’s psychic abilities, and to bring visitations by “angels and other-worldly beings”, especially during dreams [AncientGifts].

Kunzite: Kunzite is an unusual and rare gemstone. It is the pink or violet-colored variety of the spodumene family, cousin to hiddenite (green spodumene) and triphane (yellow or colorless spodumene). It was known in Central Asia and in Eastern Europe as early as the sixteenth century from sources in Afghanistan and Russia. It was believed by Russian jewelers to be a variety of pink amethyst. There are also references to it in ancient Hindu texts, where it was referenced as having been produced in what is present-day Pakistan. Kunzite was first “discovered” (officially at least, as reported in Western sources) in America at the Pala Chief Mine near San Diego, California.

The “newly discovered” gemstone was named after Tiffany’s chief gemologist George Frederick Kunz, who was the first to give a comprehensive (and published) description of the gemstone shortly after the turn of the twentieth century. Another spodumene variety “discovered” in America few decades prior to kunzite was named “hiddenite”, after A. E. Hidden, who was one of the original mine owners wherein this spodumene variety was found (in North Carolina). By whatever name, kunzite, hiddenite, and triphane are all still best known to geologists as “spodumene” (first described in literature in 1800 A.D.). The name spodumene is derived from the Greek spodumenos, which meant “burnt to ashes”, in reference to spodumenes commonly occurring light gray color.

Spodumene is a major source of lithium, trace amounts of which is what gives it its pink color; violet undertones are created by traces of manganese. Lithium has a great variety of uses including in the manufacture of lubricants, ceramics, batteries, welding supplies, experimental fuels and in anti-depressant drugs. Kunzite displays two unusual characteristics; “phosphorescence” whereby kunzite, in this respect similar to diamond, is observed to glow in a darkened room after it has been exposed to the sun’s ultra-violet rays; and “pleochroism”, showing two different colors when viewed from different directions. Kunzite is actually trichroic, meaning it can appear up to three different colors, depending on the angle from which it is viewed. It can appear very strongly violet from one angle, light purple/violet/pink from another, and pale green or colorless from a third angle of view.

Kunzite commonly shows violet, pink, yellow or green hues depending upon the orientation of the cut gemstone. Transparent spodumenes of pink to violet color (kunzite) and yellowish-green to medium deep green (hiddenite) are used as gemstones. Kunzite is particularly noteworthy for its feminine and alluring hues which range between pastel pinks and violets to intense, almost “neon” hues. Depending on the cut, it can also possess incredible Sparkle and brilliance. Kunzite is presently mined in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Burma, Ceylon, Finland, Sweden, Russia, Australia, Mozambique, Nigeria and Madagascar. It is often found in association with other two semi-precious pink gemstones; morganite and pink tourmaline.

The largest known faceted kunzite gemstones include a 614 carat pear at the University of Delaware's mineral museum, and an 880 carat gemstone on display in the Smithsonian Institution's collection in Washington D.C. Kunzite was virtually unknown to the American public until the Sotheby's auction of a very special kunzite ring in 1996. Among the jewelry from the Estate of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis was a ring with a 47 carat cushion cut kunzite stone surrounded by 20 round diamonds set in 18k gold. The ring was originally purchased by President John F. Kennedy as a Christmas gift for his wife in 1963. The ring was never “presented” by the President to his wife, as he was assassinated the month prior to Christmas (in November 1963).

In the ancient world kunzite was traditionally worn as a talisman which was believed to bring good luck to the wearer. Its soft pastel colors also came to symbolize purity. New age shamans and metaphysical practitioners regard it as a symbol of new life, specifically pregnancy, and believe that it also opens the path to spirituality for new wearers, revealing the inner soul and the “purpose” of their incarnation. It is also believed to help the wearer understand and interact better with others, to help heal "broken hearts" (and is considered especially beneficial for those who have experienced a failed relationship or marriage), to relieve stress and anger, dissolve negativity, and to bring love, peace and harmony.

Kunzite is also said to be useful for increasing the wearer’s inner strength and sense of self worth, for removing emotional blockages originating in past (i.e., childhood) experiences. It is also said to stimulate sensitivity and sensuality. It is sometimes referred to as a “stone of balance”, offering its wearer emotional calmness, security, and maturity. Kunzite is believed to help strengthen the circulatory system, and to be helpful in the treatment of lung disorders, psychiatric disorders, chemical dependencies and addictions, and depression [AncientGifts].

Prehnite: The minerals that form prehnite were deposited in pockets in hydrothermal veins that formed within an enclosing mass of basalt (lava) as it cooled 210+ million years ago. The gemstone was first “discovered” in South Africa by Colonel Hendrik Von Prehn, an early Dutch governor of the Cape of Good Hope colony. Prehnite was the first mineral to be named after a person. However prehnite originating in the Murmansk Region of Russia (near Finland and Sweden) was cut into gemstones in Russia as early as the 16th century. Prehnite imported from Renfrewshire and Dumbartonshire, Scotland was very popular in 18th and 19th century Victorian Russia. There was also a major source in Bohemia (Germany). Prehnite occurs in various shades of yellow, gray, blue, and pink, and is commonly white.

However Prehnite is best known in shades of green that vary from pale to very dark. However, With its bright, almost luminescent green coloring prehnite is an attractive mineral that can have a very good luster. Early traders nicknamed the gemstone Cape Emerald in hopes of exploiting its green color. In Victorian Europe Russia it was believed that prehnite could enhance one's protective field, dreaming and remembrance; bring peace and calm; and help build the immune system. It was used for treating anemia, blood disorders, and hypertension. Its color and unusual touch was believed to generate serenity and tranquility, ideal for stress release. Prehnite was much in demand amongst shamans and Bohemian Gypsies who knew it as the Prediction Stone [AncientGifts].

Moldavite: Moldavite is the only known gemstone with an extraterrestrial origin. Very rare and found principally only in a limited area of present-day Czechoslovakia in the hills, valleys, impact craters, and waters of the Moldau and Vltava rivers). The gemstones are the melted and fused remains of the outer surface of (one or more) meteorites or comets which crashed into present-day Germany some 14.7 millions years ago. Evidence demonstrates that even Cro-Magnon man during the Upper Paleolithic collected the gemstones as long as 30,000 years ago. The fine bubbles trapped within the gemstone possess the evidence of its extraterrestrial origin (read further below).

All moldavite has such tiny little gas bubbles. No gas bubbles (many of them elongated) and it is not moldavite. The bubbles are the consequence of being formed 25 kilometers above the earth from the molten remains of the meteorite. Evidence suggests that there were a series of major meteor impacts in an area stretching from Germany and Austria through Czechoslovakia. Great pressures and heat caused by the collision created a sort of “instant magma”, which exploded back into the atmosphere. The most significant strike formed the Ries crater at Nordlingen in southern Germany. In the impact the kinetic energy of the 15 mile a second speed of the meteorite was transformed into thermal energy.

The meteorite exploded, and the released heat melted the meteorite which was shot up by the pressure of the explosion into a height of about 50 kilometers. At the moment of impact the explosion would have been comparable with multiple hydrogen bombs. The atmosphere would have been torn apart, and moldavite formed in the vacuum bubble. The molten moldavite then fell back to Mother Earth in droplets. A very unique and specific feature of moldavite are the minute round bubbles inside the gemstone material. America’s NASA examined the gaseous inclusions and determined that the pressure of rare gasses within the gemstone was equivalent to the atmospheric pressure of roughly 20 - 25 kilometers above the Earths surface, demonstrating that the gemstones were indeed formed miles above the earth’s surface as a molten substance.

Known as a tektite, moldavite resembles obsidian. The oldest discoveries of worked moldavite goes as far back as the Stone Age, when moldavite was worn as amulets, mostly because of the natural appearance and striking green color. Professor Vladimir Bouska, in his book “Moldavites - The Czech Tektites”, states that “The first human being that was interested in Moldavites was a Cro-Magnon man from the…Upper Paleolithic. Several pieces of green Moldavite glass (perhaps amuletic in nature) were found together with the famous statue of Venus of Willendorf, which is about 29,000 years old, at Willendorf in Lower Austria. Articles fashioned from moldavite have also been unearthed at many other archaeological sites throughout Central Europe which yielded relics from prehistoric inhabitants.

Moldavite was first described in print more than two hundreds years ago. The first scientific report about these strange stones was published in 1786 when Professor Josef Mayer delivered a paper at the symposium of the Czech Society of Sciences. Only a few dozen pieces of moldavite have been found outside Czechoslovakia (in Austria and/or Germany). Since the late nineteenth century not only gemstones have been produced from moldavite, but other objects have been decorated with this fabulous gemstone, such as tiaras, combs, rings, earrings, cuff links, and walking sticks. Previously little known due to its rarity, interest in moldavite increased considerably in the 1960’s. The renewed interest was sparked when the government of Switzerland presented Queen Elizabeth II, on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of her coronation, with a commemorative tiara.

In the center of that tiara was placed a Czech moldavite in its natural state, surrounded with diamonds and black pearls. Since that time the export of moldavite from Czechoslovakia has been severely curtailed and is highly regulated. Both meteorites as well as green gemstones (almost always referred to as “emerald” in ancient texts) have held special significance to mankind. It has been recorded by many historians that in numerous ancient civilizations meteorites were held sacred and were said to have incredibly mysterious powers. One of ancient history’s most frequent examples is in Ancient Egypt where meteorites were found in the Great Pyramids as well as in many lesser royal tombs. In another example, a stone believed to be a meteorite was kept in a revered repository within Apollo's temple at Delphi in ancient Greece.

Elegabalus erected at the Roman Palatine a temple called the Elagabalium, which housed a black conical meteorite. According to the Roman Historian Herodian, the meteorite was, “worshipped as though it were sent from heaven”. In yet another example, the wall of the Ka'ba, the holiest shrine of Islam at Mecca, contains a black stone that has been reported to be of meteoritic origin. In fact throughout the ancient world sorcerers and magicians from Babylon and Egypt, as well as astrologers in Middle Ages, attributed a magic power to influence the human body to all green stones.

Even today these beliefs remain strong, particularly in the countries of East Asia. In fact ancient Asian accounts of the gemstone claim that it fell from the Sirius star system. Moldavite’s history in magic and spirituality was also recorded in the Middle Ages, wherein it was regarded as a mystical stone that could bring good luck and fulfillment of wishes. In Czech folklore, moldavite was believed to bring harmony and healing to marital relationships, and the green crystal was used as a traditional betrothal gift there for centuries. In Medieval Europe moldavite was also believed to be one of the stones mounted into the Holy Grail, the legendary chalice which held Christ’s blood (other legends attribute it as the drinking cup Christ used at the last supper).

One version of the Holy Grail myth maintains that the grail was actually a cup cut from a green “grail stone”, and that the grail stone fell from the sky out of a crown of a high-ranking angel (thus the connection to moldavite, the only 'cosmic' gemstone known to exist). In one Eastern European folk tale, Satan's crown was said to be made of moldavite, which melted as he fell to Earth. In yet another folk tale, one of the jewels on the hilt of the sword Excalibur is said to have been moldavite. There are also legends that Mohammed brought three pieces of moldavite, once owned by Abraham, and placed them at Mecca. Even more ancient legends hold that King Solomon owned moldavite gemstones. Moldavite has also been referred as “The Philosopher’s Stone”, the key to turning focused thoughts into reality, and for transmuting ordinary elements into gold.

In the ancient world it was believed that moldavite gave the wearer energy, removed tiredness, headaches, and improved the quality of concentration as well as meditation. Moldavite was prized by numerous cultures for its healing properties, and was also believed to aiding those who suffered from panic attacks and anxiety. Contemporary practitioners believe that moldavite it can accelerate spiritual development and help the wearer make conscious contact with the “higher self”. Used a meditation aid, it is believed to help one pierce the veil “between the worlds”, open communication with spirit guides and deities, and encourage visions of higher planes. Moldavite crystal is said to be a catalyst for inner evolution towards one’s highest good.

Advocates claim that the changes it brings can be intense and rapid, but they are, by all accounts, significant and valuable to the individual though improvements to the physical body, one’s dream life, one’s awareness of healing spirit guides and other aspects of the spiritual dimensions, one’s career, and one’s relationships. With respect to physical health, it is believed that the iron inclusions in moldavite help with anemia and give physical strength, and that it can magnify the healing energies in other stones. It is also believed quite effective in healing the damages wrought by pollution or ills of the modern world, such as asthma, and that it also helps smokers “kick the habit”.

On the metaphysical plane, moldavite is likened to an electrical accumulator which stores universal energy, and then can surrender that stored energy to the wearer, increasing the spiritual vitality of the wearer, infusing the wearer with knowledge, and enhancing healing abilities. Moldavite is also believed to facilitate the disconnection from unhealthy attachments, and to encourage more meaningful and vivid dreams. Western practitioners of the Chinese form of healing meditation known as Qigong use moldavite believing that the crystals increase the flow of energy from the cosmos and earth into their personal energy field, increasing their ability to heal themselves and others through the use of Qigong. Similar results are claimed by the users of Reiki, the Japanese healing form of energy distribution through the laying of hands [AncientGifts].

Unakite: Unakite has been used in ornamental stone work for centuries in Europe, particularly in Switzerland and Russia. There is evidence that a site in Switzerland was a source in the ancient world. In the United States unakite was first “discovered” in North Carolina, and was named for the Unakas Mountains where it was found. Unakite is also found as pebbles and cobbles from glacial drift in the beach rock on the shores of Lake Superior. It is the state stone of Virginia, where it is found in the river valleys after having been washed down from the Blue Ridge Mountains. Unakite is also found in South Africa, many European countries including Switzerland and Russia, as well as Brazil, and China.

Unakite is an altered granite composed of pink orthoclase feldspar, green epidote, and relatively clear quartz. It exists in various shades of green and salmon-pink and is usually mottled in appearance. Good quality unakite is considered a semiprecious stone, will take a good polish, and is often used in jewelry and other lapidary work such as eggs, spheres and other carvings. It is also referred to as epidotized granite. Epidote, one of the primary components of unakite, is a very uncommon but attractive, pistachio-green colored gemstone crystal. “Epidote” (from the Greek for "addition") is named after the numerous crystal faces it shows in its natural crystalline form. Transparent dark green crystals cut as gemstones look very similar to chrome diopside and chrome tourmaline (traces of the element chromium giving the distinctive green color of both gemstones).

Though specific references to unakite in the ancient world are sparse, it is known that unakite was long favored in Medieval Europe as a healing stone, believed to have powerful balancing properties, and was also believed to enhance psychic abilities. Modern practitioners believe that unakite allows people to concentrate on the present rather than dwelling on past negative events. It is also thought by some to bring clarity and aid in decision making. Advocates also suggest that unakite can help find love, aid in recuperation from illnesses, and help maintain a healthy pregnancy. It is believed to beneficially affect the digestive and circulatory system, particularly the heart, and is also believed helpful for those who have cysts or tumors.

Unakite is also used to aid weight loss efforts, and is believed to benefit the human reproductive system (especially so for women), enhancing fertility. It is also believed useful in balancing out the negative “electromagnetic pollution” caused by televisions, computers, and computer monitors. Unakite is also considered therapeutic for those suffering a “broken heart”, those who feel trapped in grief and find it difficult to move on, and those who are unable to comfort others, or are uncomfortable receiving comfort from others [AncientGifts].

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ABOUT US: Prior to our retirement we used to travel to Eastern Europe and Central Asia several times a year seeking antique gemstones and jewelry from the globe’s most prolific gemstone producing and cutting centers. Most of the items we offer came from acquisitions we made in Eastern Europe, India, and from the Levant (Eastern Mediterranean/Near East) during these years from various institutions and dealers. Much of what we generate on Etsy, Amazon and Ebay goes to support worthy institutions in Europe and Asia connected with Anthropology and Archaeology. Though we have a collection of ancient coins numbering in the tens of thousands, our primary interests are ancient/antique jewelry and gemstones, a reflection of our academic backgrounds.

Though perhaps difficult to find in the USA, in Eastern Europe and Central Asia antique gemstones are commonly dismounted from old, broken settings – the gold reused – the gemstones recut and reset. Before these gorgeous antique gemstones are recut, we try to acquire the best of them in their original, antique, hand-finished state – most of them originally crafted a century or more ago. We believe that the work created by these long-gone master artisans is worth protecting and preserving rather than destroying this heritage of antique gemstones by recutting the original work out of existence. That by preserving their work, in a sense, we are preserving their lives and the legacy they left for modern times. Far better to appreciate their craft than to destroy it with modern cutting.

Not everyone agrees – fully 95% or more of the antique gemstones which come into these marketplaces are recut, and the heritage of the past lost. But if you agree with us that the past is worth protecting, and that past lives and the produce of those lives still matters today, consider buying an antique, hand cut, natural gemstone rather than one of the mass-produced machine cut (often synthetic or “lab produced”) gemstones which dominate the market today. We can set most any antique gemstone you purchase from us in your choice of styles and metals ranging from rings to pendants to earrings and bracelets; in sterling silver, 14kt solid gold, and 14kt gold fill. We would be happy to provide you with a certificate/guarantee of authenticity for any item you purchase from us. I will always respond to every inquiry whether via email or eBay message, so please feel free to write.