Apollo–Soyuz was the first manned international
space mission, carried out jointly by the United States and the Soviet Union in
July 1975. Millions of people around the world watched on television as a
United States Apollo module docked with a Soviet Union Soyuz capsule. The
project, and its memorable handshake in space, was a symbol of détente between
the two superpowers during the Cold War, and it is generally considered to mark
the end of the Space Race, which had begun in 1957 with the Soviet Union's
launch of Sputnik 1.
The mission was officially known as the Apollo–Soyuz
Test Project (ASTP; Russian: Экспериментальный полёт «Союз» – «Аполлон» (ЭПАС),
romanized: Eksperimentalniy polyot Soyuz–Apollon (EPAS), lit. 'Experimental
flight Apollo–Soyuz', and commonly referred to in the Soviet Union as
Soyuz–Apollo; the Soviets officially designated the mission as Soyuz 19). In
contrast, the American vehicle was unnumbered, as it was left over from the
canceled Apollo missions; it was the last Apollo module to fly.
The three American astronauts and two Soviet
cosmonauts performed both joint and separate scientific experiments, including
an arranged eclipse of the Sun by the Apollo module to allow instruments on the
Soyuz to take photographs of the solar corona. The pre-flight work provided
useful engineering experience for later joint American–Russian space flights,
such as the Shuttle–Mir program and the International Space Station.
Apollo–Soyuz was the last manned United States
spaceflight for nearly six years until the first launch of the Space Shuttle on
12 April 1981, and the last manned United States spaceflight in a space capsule
until Crew Dragon Demo-2 in May 2020.
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