Publisher Description

Bosons are particles which form totally-symmetric composite quantum states. As a result, they obey Bose-Einstein statistics. The spin-statistics theorem states that bosons have integer spin. Bosons are also the only particles which can occupy the same state as another. All elementary particles are either bosons or fermions. Gauge bosons are elementary particles which act as the carriers of the fundamental forces such as the W vector bosons of the weak force, the gluons of the strong force, the photons of the electromagnetic force, and the graviton of the gravitational force. Particles composed of a number of other particles (such as protons or nuclei) can be either fermions or bosons, depending on their total spin. Hence, many nuclei are in fact bosons. While fermions obey the Pauli exclusion principle: "no more than one fermion can occupy a single quantum state", there is no exclusion property for bosons, which are free to (and indeed, other things being equal, tend to) crowd into the same quantum state.This explains the spectrum of black-body radiation and the operation of lasers, the properties of superfluid helium-4 and the possibility of bosons to form Bose-Einstein condensates, a particular state of matter. It is important to note that, Bose-Einstein condensation occurs only at ultra-low temperature. There is nothing exotic about bosons otherwise. At any reasonable temperatures, both the boson and fermion particles behave as classical particles, i.e. particle in a box, and follow the Maxwell-Boltzmann Statistics. This book includes leading research from around the world.

Table of Contents

Preface; Bosons After Symmetry Breaking in Quantum Field Theory; Group Theoretical and Statistical Properties of Interacting Boson Models of Atomic Nuclei: Recent Developments; Information-Theoretic Methods in Correlated Bosons in a Trap; Neutrino Masses and the Structure of the Weak Gauge Boson; Trapped Boson-Fermion Mixtures; Production of Large Transverse Momentum Bosons at the Tevatron; Tree Level Gravity-Scalar Matter Interactionisin Analogy with Fermi Theory of Weak Interactions; Boson Ground State Fields in the Classical Counterpart of the Electroweak Theory with Non-Zero Charge Densities; Topics on the Quantum Dynamics of Chiral Bosons; Intrinsic State Formalism and Anharmonic Double Phonon-Excitations in the Interacting Boson Model; Index.

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