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The book contains developments made in medicinal plants study and phytotherapy, upgrades our scientific knowledge of herbal drug ingredients, their properties, and side effects, and promotes the use of phytopharmaceuticals obtained from plants to assist researchers and clinicians in alternative therapies. Medicinal plants have been used in traditional medicine practices since prehistoric times. These plants contain a variety of bioactive components--also known as phytochemicals--in the various parts of plants, i.e., stems, leaves, fruits and flowers. These components supplement the needs of the systems of the human body. This book covers a range of topics concerning the bioactive compounds from medicinal plants, including how bioactive molecules are isolated from medicinal plants; their available sources, biochemistry, structural composition and potential biological activities; and the importance of the application of phytopharmaceutical molecules from a health perspective. Also covered are pharmacological aspects of medicinal plants; the phytochemistry and biological activities of different natural products; ethnobotany and medicinal properties; a novel dietary approach for the management of various diseases and its therapeutic potential; and the importance of plant-derived pharmaceuticals and their potential range of application in different food and pharma industries. Diverse technical facets of phytopharmaceuticals for potential use in systems of the human body are highlighted in this book, supplemented by abundant information on food science and technology. Audience Researchers and advanced students in the chemistry of natural products, biochemistry, phytochemistry, ethnobotany, and pharmacologists will highly value this unique book. Herbal drug manufacturers and those in the food and nutraceuticals industries will be especially interested.

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The book contains developments made in medicinal plants study and phytotherapy, upgrades our scientific knowledge of herbal drug ingredients, their properties, and side effects, and promotes the use of phytopharmaceuticals obtained from plants to assist researchers and clinicians in alternative therapies. Medicinal plants have been used in traditional medicine practices since prehistoric times. These plants contain a variety of bioactive components--also known as phytochemicals--in the various parts of plants, i.e., stems, leaves, fruits and flowers. These components supplement the needs of the systems of the human body. This book covers a range of topics concerning the bioactive compounds from medicinal plants, including how bioactive molecules are isolated from medicinal plants; their available sources, biochemistry, structural composition and potential biological activities; and the importance of the application of phytopharmaceutical molecules from a health perspective. Also covered are pharmacological aspects of medicinal plants; the phytochemistry and biological activities of different natural products; ethnobotany and medicinal properties; a novel dietary approach for the management of various diseases and its therapeutic potential; and the importance of plant-derived pharmaceuticals and their potential range of application in different food and pharma industries. Diverse technical facets of phytopharmaceuticals for potential use in systems of the human body are highlighted in this book, supplemented by abundant information on food science and technology. Audience Researchers and advanced students in the chemistry of natural products, biochemistry, phytochemistry, ethnobotany, and pharmacologists will highly value this unique book. Herbal drug manufacturers and those in the food and nutraceuticals industries will be especially interested.

Author Biography

Durgesh Nandini Chauhan completed her M.Pharma in pharmaceutics from Uttar Pradesh at the Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow in 2006. She is currently working as assistant professor in Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. She has written more than 10 articles in national and international journals, 15 book chapters, and edited 4 books including Natural Oral Care in Dental Therapy (Wiley-Scrivener 2020).Kamal Shah has more than 14 years of research and teaching experience and currently is an associate professor at the Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India. He has completed B.Pharma from Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.) in 2003. He was gold medalist in B.Pharm., M.Pharm. from the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sagar University, Sagar, India and PhD from APJ Kalam University Lucknow, India. He has written more than 30 articles published in national and international journals and 6 book chapters and co-edited Natural Oral Care in Dental Therapy (Wiley-Scrivener 2020).

Table of Contents

Preface xvii 1 A Great Challenge on the Reproducibility of Therapeutic Results of Phytopharmaceuticals 1
Idha Kusumawati 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Common Challenges in Phytopharmaceuticals 2 1.2.1 Authentication of Raw Material 3 1.2.2 Variability of Chemical Content in Raw Material 4 1.2.2.1 Intrinsic Factor 5 1.2.2.2 Extrinsic Factor 5 1.2.2.3 Harvesting 6 1.2.2.4 Post-Harvesting Process 7 1.2.2.5 Storage 8 1.2.2.6 Complex Mixture of the Pharmacologically Active Constituent 8 1.3 Strategy to Guarantee the Quality of Phytopharmaceutical 10 1.3.1 Marker Compound Concept 11 1.3.2 Phytoequivalence Concept 13 1.4 Conclusion 15 Acknowledgment 15 References 15 2 Ibero-American Network as a Collaborative Strategy to Provide Tools or the Development of Phytopharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals 19
Pilar Buera, Cecilia Abirached, Liliana Alamilla-Beltrán, Verónica María Busch, Cristina Isabel dos Santos, Abel Farroni, Leonardo Cristian Favre, Aldo Fernández-Varela, Fabiano Freire-Costa, Julieta Gabilondo, Micaela Galante, María Eugenia Hidalgo, Romina Ingrassia, Milagros López Hiriart, Alejandra Medrano, Oscar Micheloni, Miguel Navarro Alarcón, Luis Panizzolo, Silvia del Carmen Pereyra-Castro, Viridiana Pérez-Pérez, Carla Patricia Plazola-Jacinto, Patricia Risso, Paz Robert-Canales, Analía Rodriguez, Silvio David Rodríguez, Erick Rojas-Balcazar, José Angel Rufián Henares and Franco Emanuel Vasile 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 Some Unexplored Botanicals From Ibero-America as Potential Sources of Bioactive Compounds 21 2.2.1 South America Regions: Tropical Savanna and Atlantic Forest 21 2.2.2 Central South America Semiarid Regions 22 2.2.3 Northern South America, Central America and Caribbean 23 2.2.4 Exploitation of Undervalued Resources From Fabaceae Family to Obtain Hydrocolloids 24 2.2.4.1 Gums From Native Fabaceae Family Seeds 24 2.2.4.2 Gums From Fabaceae Family Exudates 26 2.2.5 Healthy Fatty Acid Sources From Ibero America 27 2.2.6 Bioactives From Agroindustrial Wastes 27 2.2.6.1 Commercial Edible Flowers 27 2.2.6.2 Coffee Grounds as Source of Prebiotics 29 2.2.6.3 Healthy Compounds From Olive Oil Wastes 30 2.3 Technologies for Obtaining Stable Natural Bioactive Extracts 31 2.3.1 Extraction Techniques 31 2.3.2 In Vitro Tests for Assessing Antioxidant and Antiglycant Activities 32 2.3.2.1 Antioxidant Activity 33 2.3.2.2 Antiglycant Agents Detection 36 2.3.3 Biocompounds Conservation and Controlled Delivery Systems 37 2.3.3.1 Spray Drying 38 2.3.3.2 Coacervation 39 2.3.3.3 Management of Protein-Hydrocolloid Interactions for Designing Bioactive Delivery Systems 41 2.4 Multivariate Analysis for Phytopharmaceuticals Development 42 2.5 Conclusions 45 Acknowledgements 46 Abbreviations 46 References 47 3 Use of Hydrodistillation as a Green Technology to Obtain Essential Oils From Several Medicinal Plants Belonging to Lamiaceae (Mint) Family 59
Karamatollah Rezaei, Nahal Bashiri Hashemi and Samar Sahraee 3.1 Introduction 59 3.2 Essential Oils and Applied Extraction Techniques 61 3.3 Use of Hydrodistillation to Bridge the Nature With Novel Green Applications 62 3.4 Specific Gravities of Essential Oils as Related to Their Chemical Compositions 67 3.5 Use of Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation in the Extraction of Essential Oils From Ziziphora (A Case Study) 68 3.5.1 Extraction Yield 68 3.5.2 Microstructure of Ziziphora Leaves 68 3.5.3 Physical Properties of Essential Oil 68 3.5.4 Differences in the Chemical Compositions 68 3.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 69 Acknowledgements 72 References 72 4 The Hidden Danger in Phytopharmaceuticals: Adulteration 77
Miray Ege 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 What is Adulteration in Plants and Phytopharmaceuticals? 78 4.3 Standardization and Quality in Medicinal Plants and Phytopharmaceuticals 79 4.3.1 Standardization Problems in Identified Plants 81 4.3.1.1 Inter-Species or Species Variation 81 4.3.1.2 Environmental Factors 82 4.3.1.3 Harvesting Time 82 4.3.1.4 Plant Part Used 82 4.3.1.5 Post-Harvest Factors 83 4.3.2 Quality and Standardization Problems 83 4.3.3 Standardization Parameters and Content Analysis on Medicinal Plants and Phytopharmaceuticals 84 4.3.3.1 Phytochemical Analyses for Phytopharmaceuticals and Medicinal Plants 85 4.3.3.2 Analysis of Extracts and Isolated Compounds 85 4.3.3.3 Standardization Parameters (Monograph Parameters) 86 4.4 Adulteration in Phytopharmaceuticals With Synthetic Drugs 87 4.4.1 Adulteration in Phytopharmaceuticals Used for Slimming 88 4.4.2 Adulteration in Phytopharmaceuticals With Aphrodisiac Effect 89 4.4.3 Adulteration in Phytopharmaceuticals Used in Rheumatic Diseases and as Antiinflammatory Drugs 90 4.4.4 Adulteration in Phytopharmaceuticals Used for Regulate Blood Sugar 90 4.4.5 Adulteration in Phytopharmaceuticals Used for Blood Pressure Regulating 90 4.5 How to Analyze Adulteration in Phytopharmaceuticals? 90 4.5.1 TLC and HPTLC 92 4.5.2 HPLC and GC 92 4.5.3 H NMR 93 4.6 Future Perspective for Phytopharmaceuticals 94 4.7 Conclusion 94 References 95 5 Medicinal Plants from the Balkan Peninsula—From Traditional To Modern Pharmacy/Medicine 99
Aleksandra Cvetanovi, Alena Stupar, Mirjana Petronijevi and Zoran Zekovi 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Calendula officinalis L. 101 5.2.1 Chemical Composition of C. officinalis 105 5.2.2 Traditional Use vs. Modern Application of C. officinalis 105 5.3 Taraxacum officinale 108 5.3.1 Chemical Composition of T. officinale 108 5.3.2 Traditional Use vs. Modern Application of T. officinale 110 5.4 Hypericum perforatum L. 112 5.4.1 Chemical Composition of Hypericum perforatum 113 5.4.2 Traditional Use vs. Modern Application of H. perforatum 114 5.5 Conclusion 116 Acknowledgement 116 List of Abbreviations 116 References 117 6 Plant-Based Peptides With Biological Properties 123
Jessika Gonçalves dos Santos Aguilar 6.1 Introduction 123 6.2 Production of Plant-Based Peptides 124 6.3 Bioactive Plant-Based Peptides 126 6.3.1 Antimicrobial 126 6.3.2 Antioxidant 127 6.3.3 Antihypertensive 128 6.3.4 Antithrombotic 128 6.3.5 Other Activities 129 6.4 Conclusion 129 List of Abbreviations 130 References 130 7 Potential of Flavonoids as Anticancer Drugs 135
Pradeep Kumar, Jyoti Dixit, Rajesh Saini, Pooja Verma, Awadhesh Kumar Mishra and Kavindra NathTiwari 7.1 Introduction 135 7.2 Causes of Cancer 144 7.3 Synthetic and Natural Chemotherapeutic Drugs 145 7.4 Biosynthesis of Flavonoids 148 7.5 Flavonoid Chemistry 149 7.5.1 Flavonols 150 7.5.1.1 Quercetin 150 7.5.1.2 Kaemferol 150 7.5.2 Flavones 151 7.5.2.1 Apigenin 152 7.5.3 Flavanones 152 7.5.4 Isoflavonoids 153 7.5.5 Anthocyanins 154 7.6 Mode of Action of Plant-Based Anticancer Compounds 155 7.7 Conclusions 155 References 156 8 Phytomedicine Against Infectious Diseases 161
Biswajyoti Sarkar, Sondipon Chakraborty and Chiranjib Pal 8.1 Introduction 161 8.1.1 What are the Phytomedicines? 162 8.1.2 A Brief Synopsis of the History of Phytomedicine Uses, in Relation With Geographical Regions and Sources 162 8.1.3 The Relevance of Application of Phytomedicine in Today's World 163 8.2 Names, Sources, and Types of Phytomedicines in Use in the Modern World 164 8.3 Chemical Moieties Responsible for the Inhibitory Activity of Different Phytomedicines on Different Organisms 166 8.4 Phytomedicines in Use Against Bacterial, Viral and Protozoan Diseases 167 8.4.1 In Clinical Use 167 8.4.2 In Experimental Therapeutics 168 8.5 Conclusion 169 References 170 9 Herbal Traditional Remedies for Male Infertility 173
Shalaka Sudhir Ramgir, Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan and Selvaraj Mohana Roopan 9.1 Introduction 173 9.2 Application of Indian Traditional Medicine (Ayurveda) for Male Infertility 174 9.3 The Significant Role of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Male Infertility Management 178 9.4 Iranian/Persian Traditional Medicine (ITM) Restores Male Fertility 181 9.5 Traditional Korean Medicine and Male Infertility 182 9.6 Traditional African Medicine in the Treatment of Male Infertility 183 9.7 Conclusion 184 References 184 10 The Therapeutic Applications of Phytopharmaceuticals in Dentistry 191
Bilal Ege and Miray Ege 10.1 Introduction 191 10.2 Historical Development of Phytopharmaceuticals in Dentistry 193 10.3 Phytochemical Contents of Plants 194 10.3.1 Alkaloids 194 10.3.2 Phenolic Compounds 195 10.3.3 Polyphenols 195 10.3.4 Terpenoids 195 10.4 Dental Materials of Plant Origin 195 10.5 Phytotherapeutics in Dentistry 196 10.5.1 Usage in Tooth Decays 196 10.5.1.1 Effective Factors in Caries Formation 197 10.5.1.2 Anticariogenic Plants Effective in Preventing Dental Caries 198 10.5.2 Usage in Oral Mucosal Lesions 202 10.5.3 Usage in Endodontic Treatment 204 10.5.3.1 Phytopharmaceutical Irrigants 205 10.5.3.2 Phytopharmaceutical Intracanal Drugs 206 10.5.4 Usage in Dental Traumatology 207 10.5.5 Usage in Oral Surgery 208 10.5.6 Usage in Periodontal Diseases 209 10.5.7 Usage in Treatment of Halitosis 213 10.6 Conclusion 215 References 215 11 Prevention of Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction by Polyphenols: Role in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention 223
Kazuo Yamagata 11.1 Introduction 223 11.2 Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease 225 11.2.1 Production and Elimination of Reactive Oxygen Species in Endothelial Cells 225 11.2.2 Regulation of Nitric Oxide Bioavailability by Oxidative Stress 227 11.3 Inflammation and Endothelial Cell Dysfunction Associated With Arteriosclerosis in Endothelial Cells 228 11.4 Preventive Effects of Resveratrol on Endothelial Dysfunction 230 11.5 Preventive Effects of EGCG on Endothelial Dysfunction 233 11.6 Preventive Effects of Quercetin on Endothelial Dysfunction 235 11.7 Preventive Effects of Chlorogenic Acid on Endothelial Dysfunction 237 11.8 Conclusion 238 References 238 12 Quercetin-Rebuttal Behavior in Male Reproductive Potential 247
Kaviyarasi Renu, AbilashValsala Gopalakrishnan and Selvaraj Mohana Roopan 12.1 Introduction 247 12.2 Quercetin as Antioxidants 248 12.3 Quercetin, In Vitro Antioxidant Activity 248 12.3.1 Quercetin, Direct Scavenging of ROS and Activates Antioxidant Enzymes 248 12.3.2 Metal Chelating Activity of Quercetin 249 12.3.3 Inhibition of Oxides by Quercetin 249 12.3.4 Reduction of α-Tocopheryl Radicals by Quercetin 250 12.3.5 Elevated Pro-Oxidant Properties of Low Molecular Antioxidants 250 12.4 Quercetin Metabolism With In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant Activity of its Metabolites 250 12.5 Quercetin as Pro-Oxidant 250 12.5.1 Quercetin Pro-Oxidant Function 250 12.6 Quercetin, Phenoxyl Radicals Oxidation 251 12.7 Impairment of Respiration of Mitochondria by Quercetin 251 12.8 Quercetin, Low Molecular Weight Antioxidant Oxidation 251 12.9 Quercetin Damage Directly DNA 252 12.10 Spermatogenesis and Oxidative Stress 252 12.11 Quercetin and Male Reproduction 252 12.12 Amelioration of Male Reproductive Dysfunction by Quercetin 253 12.13 Contradictory Reports of Quercetin With Respect to Male Reproductive Potential 254 12.14 Conclusion 254 References 254 13 Traditional Uses and Bioactivities of Common Rubus Species With Reference to Cancer: A Mini-Review 259
Blassan P. George and Heidi Abrahamse 13.1 Introduction 259 13.2 Traditional Uses of Common Rubus Species 260 13.2.1 Rubus fruticosus 260 13.2.2 Rubus ellipticus 260 13.2.3 Rubus idaeus and Related Rubus Species 261 13.3 Biological Activity Studies of Rubus Extracts 261 13.4 Bioactive Compounds From Rubus Species 262 13.5 Rubus as an Antitumor Agent 262 13.6 Conclusion 265 Acknowledgements 265 References 265 14 Therapeutic Compounds From Brown Seaweeds: Antitumor Properties on Various Cancers and Their Mechanisms of Action 271
Dilek Unal and Inci Tüney Kizilkaya 14.1 Introduction 271 14.2 Type of Bioactive Compounds From Brown Algae 273 14.2.1 Terpenoids (Terpens) 273 14.2.2 Polysaccharides 274 14.2.2.1 Alginic Acid 274 14.2.2.2 Fucoidans 274 14.2.2.3 Laminarin 275 14.2.3 Polyphenols 275 14.2.4 Pigments 276 14.3 Type of Cancer and Molecular Action Mechanisms 276 14.3.1 Breast Cancer 278 14.3.2 Colon Cancer 279 14.3.3 Prostate Cancer 280 14.4 Conclusion 280 References 280 15 Medicinal Plants and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome 287
Yogamaya D Prabhu, Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan and Selvaraj Mohana Roopan 15.1 Introduction 287 15.2 Clinical Manifestations of PCOS 288 15.3 Importance of Phenotypes in PCOS 289 15.4 Conventional Therapies for PCOS Treatment 290 15.5 Herbal Medicine and PCOS 290 15.6 Conclusion 295 List of Abbreviations & Symbols 296 References 296 16 The Potential Role of Phytochemical in Establishing Prophylactic Measurements Against Neurological Diseases 301
Srivastava P. and Tiwari A. 16.1 Introduction 301 16.2 Focused Neurological Disorder for Herbal Promises 302 16.2.1 Cases of Attention 303 16.2.2 Target Identification 303 16.2.3 Physicochemical Characterization and Secondary Structure Prediction 303 16.2.4 Molecular Modeling Studies 304 16.2.5 Virtual Screening for Potential Phytochemicals 305 16.2.6 Molecular Interaction Studies 307 16.3 Conclusion 311 References 311 17 Immunomodulatory Activity of Cannabinoids: From Abuse to Therapy 315
Farid A. Badria and Abdullah A. Elgazar 17.1 Introduction 315 17.2 Immunity System, Related Diseases and Current Therapeutic Options 318 17.3 Historical and Traditional Uses of Cannabis Herb 320 17.4 Chemistry of Cannabinoids 321 17.5 Pharmacology of Phytocannabinoids 323 17.5.1 Pharmacological Effect of THC 323 17.5.2 Pharmacological Effect of CBD 324 17.6 Conclusion 326 References 326 18 Botany, Geographical Distribution, Phytochemistry and Phytopharmaceutical Potential of Rheum emodi Wall. ex Meisn.: An Overview 331
Mohd. Shahnawaz, Refaz Ahmad Dar, Syed Mudassir Jeelani, Tahoora Batool Zargar, Malik Mohd. Azhar, Sajad Ahmed, Sabeena Ali, Rekha Chouhan, Gulfam Sheikh, Puja Gupta, Abhishek Kumar Nautiyal, Manisha K. Sangale and Avinash B. Ade 18.1 Introduction 332 18.2 Botany and Taxonomic Status of R. emodi 332 18.3 Origin and Geographical Distribution of R. emodi 333 18.4 Phyto Constituents of R. emodi 334 18.5 Traditional Uses of R. emodi 341 18.6 Pharmaceutically Active Biomolecules of R. emodi 341 18.7 Conclusion 342 18.8 Future Prospective 342 Acknowledgements 342 References 343 19 Taxonomic Status, Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmaceutical Active Components of Genus Alseodaphne: A Literature Update 347
Puja Gupta, Mohd. Shahnawaz, Sajad Ahmad, Rekha Chouhan, Sundeep Jaglan, Yash pal Sharma, Madangchanok Imchen and Ranjith Kumavath 19.1 Introduction 347 19.2 Botany and Taxonomic Status of Some Important Members of Alseodaphne 348 19.2.1 Alseodaphne archboldiana Kosterm 348 19.2.2 Alseodaphne andersonii Kosterm 348 19.2.3 Alseodaphne corneri Kosterm 349 19.2.4 Alseodaphne hainanensis Merr 349 19.2.5 Alseodaphne pendulifolia Gamble 349 19.2.6 Alseodpahne peduncularis (Wall. ex Nees) 349 19.2.7 Alseodaphne perakensis (Gamble) Kosterm 349 19.2.8 Alseodaphne semecarpifolia Nees 350 19.3 Origin and Geographical Distribution of Some Important Members of Genus Alseodaphne 350 19.3.1 A. archboldiana 350 19.3.2 A. andersonii 350 19.3.3 A. corneri 350 19.3.4 A. hainensis 350 19.3.5 A. pendulifolia 350 19.3.6 A. peduncularis 350 19.3.7 A. perakensis 351 19.3.8 A. semecarpifolia 351 19.4 Phytochemical Studies of a Few Important Members of Alseodaphne 351 19.4.1 A. archboldiana 351 19.4.2 A. andersonii 351 19.4.3 A. corneri 351 19.4.4 A. hainensis 352 19.4.5 A. pendulifolia 352 19.4.6 A. peduncularis 352 19.4.7 A. perakensis 352 19.4.8 A. semicarpifolia 352 19.5 Traditional and Pharmaceutical Importance of Some Important Members of Alseodaphne 353 19.5.1 A. archboldiana 353 19.5.2 A. andersonii 353 19.5.2.1 Effect on Inflammation and Central Nervous System 353 19.5.2.2 Antimicrobial Activity 353 19.5.2.3 Immunomodulatory Activity of A. andersonii 354 19.5.2.4 Major Fatty Acids and Oil Content of A. andersonii 354 19.5.3 A. corneri 354 19.5.4 A. hainensis 354 19.5.5 A. pendulifolia 355 19.5.6 A. peduncularis 355 19.5.7 A. perakensis 355 19.5.8 A. semicarpifolia 356 19.6 Future Prospective 356 19.7 Conclusions 356 Acknowledgments 356 References 357 20 Bioactive Compounds From Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi and Their Potential Health Benefits 363
Nayara Bispo Macedo, Daylín Díaz Gutierrez, Andreza Santana Santos, Raquel Oliveira Pereira, Gopalsamy Rajiv Gandhi, Maria das Graças de Oliveira e Silva, Alexis Vidal, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior, Jullyana de Souza Siqueira Quintans and Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva 20.1 Introduction 363 20.2 Search Strategies 364 20.3 Bioactive Compounds 365 20.3.1 Phenolic Compounds 372 20.3.2 Terpenes 373 20.4 Biological Activities 373 20.4.1 Antimicrobial Activity 373 20.4.2 Healing Activity 383 20.4.3 Anti-Inflammatory Activity 385 20.4.4 Antioxidant Activity 389 20.5 Toxicity 395 20.6 Conclusion and Future Considerations 395 Acknowledgements 396 References 396 21 Composition and Biological Properties of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) 403
Andreza de Santana Santos, Anne Karoline de Souza Oliveira, Raquel Oliveira Pereira, Erivan Vieira Barbosa Junior, Adalgisa de Lima Sayao and Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva 21.1 Introduction 403 21.2 Chemical Characterization 404 21.2.1 Centesimal Composition 404 21.2.1.1 Peel 404 21.2.1.2 Pericarp or Pulp 404 21.2.1.3 Seed 411 21.2.2 Bioactive Compounds 411 21.2.2.1 Peel 411 21.2.2.2 Pericarp or Pulp 411 21.2.2.3 Seed 412 21.3 Biological Properties 412 21.3.1 Antioxidant Activity 412 21.3.2 Antimicrobial Activity 418 21.3.3 Antidiabetic Activity 421 21.3.4 Antiobesogenic Activity 421 21.3.5 Other Health Benefits 425 21.4 Toxicity Aspects 430 21.5 Conclusion 430 References 433 22 Phytochemicals and Health: An Update 437
Semih Otles and Gozde Turkoz Bakirci 22.1 Introduction 437 22.1.1 Types of Phytochemicals 438 22.1.2 Reported Phytochemicals 438 22.1.2.1 Steroids 439 22.1.2.2 Flavonoid C-Glycoside 439 22.1.2.3 Flavones 439 22.1.2.4 Essential Oil Component 439 22.1.2.5 Tannins 439 22.1.2.6 Miscellaneous 442 22.2 Health Effect of Phytochemicals 442 22.2.1 Wheat 448 22.2.2 Barley 449 22.2.3 Fruit and Vegetables 449 22.2.4 Legumes 451 22.2.5 Tea 451 22.2.6 Spices and Herbs 451 22.3 Advanced Analysis of Phytochemicals 451 22.4 Conclusion 452 References 452 Index 455

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