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Discover a comprehensive and current overview of microbial bioprospecting written by leading voices in the field In Bioprospecting of Microorganism based Industrial Molecules, distinguished researchers and authors Sudhir P. Singh and Santosh Kumar Upadhyay deliver global perspectives of bioprospecting of biodiversity. The book covers diverse aspects of bioprospecting of microorganisms demonstrating biomass value of nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, biomedical, and bioenergetic importance. The authors present an amalgamation of translational research on bioresource utilization and ecological sustainability that will further the reader's knowledge of the applications of different microbial diversity and reveal new avenues of research investigation. Readers will also benefit from: * A thorough introduction to microbial biodiversity and bioprospecting * An exploration of anti-ageing and skin lightening microbial products and microbial production of anti-cancerous biomolecules * A treatment of UV protective compounds from algal biodiversity and polysaccharides from marine microalgal sources * Discussions of microbial sources of insect toxic proteins and the role of microbes in bio-surfactants production Perfect for academics, scientists, researchers, graduate and post-graduate students working and studying in the areas of microbiology, food biotechnology, industrial microbiology, plant biotechnology, and microbial biotechnology, Bioprospecting of Microorganism based Industrial Molecules is an indispensable guide for anyone looking for a comprehensive overview of the subject.

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Discover a comprehensive and current overview of microbial bioprospecting written by leading voices in the field In Bioprospecting of Microorganism-Based Industrial Molecules , distinguished researchers and authors Sudhir P. Singh and Santosh Kumar Upadhyay deliver global perspectives of bioprospecting of biodiversity. The book covers diverse aspects of bioprospecting of microorganisms demonstrating biomass value of nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, biomedical, and bioenergetic importance. The authors present an amalgamation of translational research on bioresource utilization and ecological sustainability that will further the reader's knowledge of the applications of different microbial diversity and reveal new avenues of research investigation. Readers will also benefit from: A thorough introduction to microbial biodiversity and bioprospecting An exploration of anti-ageing and skin lightening microbial products and microbial production of anti-cancerous biomolecules A treatment of UV protective compounds from algal biodiversity and polysaccharides from marine microalgal sources Discussions of microbial sources of insect toxic proteins and the role of microbes in bio-surfactants production Perfect for academics, scientists, researchers, graduate and post-graduate students working and studying in the areas of microbiology, food biotechnology, industrial microbiology, plant biotechnology, and microbial biotechnology, Bioprospecting of Microorganism-Based Industrial Molecules is an indispensable guide for anyone looking for a comprehensive overview of the subject.

Author Biography

Sudhir P. Singh, Scientist-D, Biotechnology & Synthetic Biology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali, India. He has been working in the field of molecular biology and biotechnology for more than a decade. His current research is focused on gene mining and biocatalyst engineering for the development of approaches for transformation of agro-industrial residues and under- or un-utilized side-stream biomass into value-added bio-products. Santosh Kumar Upadhyay, Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. He has been working in the field of plant biotechnology for more than 14 years. His current research focuses on functional genomics.

Table of Contents

About the Editors xvi List of Contributors xviii Preface xxiii Acknowledgments xxiv 1 An Introduction to Microbial Biodiversity and Bioprospection 1
Tomoya Shintani, Santosh Kumar Upadhyay, and Sudhir P. Singh 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Microorganisms 1 1.1.2 Bioprospecting 1 1.1.3 Bioprospection of Microorganisms 2 1.2 Conclusions and Perspectives 3 Acknowledgment 4 References 4 2 Application of Microorganisms in Biosurfactant Production 6
Lorena Pedraza- Segura, Luis V. Rodríguez- Durán, Gerardo Saucedo- Castañeda, and José de Jesús Cázares- Marinero 2.1 Biosurfactants Nature and Classification 6 2.2 Biosynthesis of BS by Archaea and Bacteria 12 2.3 Biosynthesis of BS by Yeasts and Molds 14 2.4 Screening for BS Producers 15 2.5 A Case Study: SL by Solid- State Fermentation (SSF), Kinetics, and Reactor Size Estimation 16 2.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 23 References 24 3 Microbial Gums: Current Trends and Applications 31
Rwivoo Baruah and Prakash M. Halami 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Biosynthesis of Microbial Gums 32 3.3 Production of Microbial Gums 33 3.4 Structure and Properties of Microbial Gums 34 3.5 Types of Microbial Gums 34 3.5.1 Xanthan Gum 36 3.5.2 Sphingans 36 3.5.2.1 Gellan Gum 36 3.5.2.2 Welan Gum 37 3.5.2.3 Rhamsan Gum 37 3.5.2.4 Diutan Gum 38 3.5.3 Pullulan 38 3.5.4 Other Microbial Gums 38 3.6 Applications of Microbial Gums 39 3.6.1 Food Applications 40 3.6.2 Biomedical Applications 41 3.6.3 Applications in Nanotechnology 42 3.7 Conclusions and Perspectives 42 Acknowledgments 43 References 43 4 Antiaging and Skin Lightening Microbial Products 47
Prabuddha Gupta, Ujwalkumar Trivedi, Mahendrapalsingh Rajput, Tejas Oza, Jasmita Chauhan, and Gaurav Sanghvi 4.1 Introduction 47 4.2 Aging 48 4.2.1 Structure of Skin 48 4.2.2 Skin Aging Factors 50 4.2.3 Intrinsic Skin Aging Factors 50 4.2.3.1 Anatomical and Histological Changes 50 4.2.3.2 Telomere Shortening 50 4.2.3.3 Metabolic ROS Production 51 4.2.3.4 Upregulation of Matrix Metalloproteinases 51 4.2.3.5 Mitochondrial Dysfunction 51 4.2.3.6 Mutations and Oncogenesis 51 4.3 Extrinsic Skin Aging Factors 52 4.3.1 Photoaging 52 4.3.2 Tobacco Smoking 52 4.3.3 Air Pollution 53 4.4 Why Microbes 53 4.4.1 Bacterial Compounds 54 4.4.2 Polysaccharides and Oligosaccharides 54 4.4.2.1 Hyaluronic Acid 54 4.4.2.2 Bacterial Cellulose 55 4.4.2.3 Astaxanthin and Equol 55 4.4.3 Fungi Compounds 56 4.4.3.1 Tyrosinase Inhibition 56 4.4.3.2 Hyaluronidase Inhibition 56 4.4.3.3 Collagenase and Elastase Inhibition 57 4.4.4 Algae Compounds 57 4.4.4.1 Carbohydrates from Algae 58 4.4.4.2 Fucoidan 60 4.4.4.3 Laminaran 60 4.4.4.4 Ulvans 60 4.4.4.5 Porphyran 61 4.4.4.6 Carrageenan 61 4.4.4.7 Agar 61 4.4.4.8 Alginic Acids 62 4.4.5 Pigments from Algae 62 4.4.5.1 Phycobiliproteins 62 4.4.5.2 Chlorophylls 64 4.4.5.3 Carotenoids 64 4.4.5.4 β- carotene 64 4.4.5.5 Canthaxanthins 66 4.4.5.6 Astaxanthin 66 4.4.5.7 Fucoxanthin 66 4.4.5.8 Zeaxanthin 66 4.4.5.9 Violaxanthin 66 4.4.6 Secondary Metabolites 67 4.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 67 References 68 5 Application of Microorganisms in Bioremediation 77
Himani Thakkar and Vinnyfred Vincent 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Microbial Bioremediation 78 5.3 Microbial Bioremediation of Organic Pollutants 79 5.3.1 Bioremediation of Alkanes 79 5.3.2 Bioremediation of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes (BTEX) 80 5.3.3 Bioremediation of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons 80 5.3.3.1 Degradation of High- Molecular- Weight Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons 83 5.3.4 Fungal Degradation of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons 83 5.3.4.1 Bioremediation of PAHs by Ligninolytic Fungi 84 5.3.4.2 Catabolism of PAHs by Non- Ligninolytic Fungi 84 5.3.5 Bioremediation of Pesticides by Microbes 84 5.4 Microbial Degradation of Heavy Metals 87 5.5 Factors Affecting Bioremediation 89 5.5.1 Abiotic Factors 90 5.5.2 Biotic Factors 91 5.6 Advances in Bioremediation 91 5.7 Conclusions and Perspectives 94 References 95 6 Microbial Applications in Organic Acid Production 104
Jyoti Singh Jadaun, Amit K. Rai, and Sudhir P. Singh 6.1 Introduction 104 6.2 Glycolic acid (2C) 105 6.3 Acetic Acid (2C) 108 6.4 Pyruvic Acid (3C) 108 6.5 Lactic Acid (3C) 109 6.6 Succinic Acid (4C) 109 6.7 Fumaric Acid (4C) 110 6.8 Malic Acid (4C) 111 6.9 Itaconic Acid (5C) 112 6.10 Gluconic Acid (6C) 113 6.11 Citric Acid (6C) 114 6.12 Kojic Acid (6C) 114 6.13 Muconic and Adipic Acid (C6) 115 6.14 Conclusions and Perspectives 117 Acknowledgments 117 References 117 7 Production of Bioactive Compounds vs. Recombinant Proteins 125
Maria F. Salazar Affonso, Débora Bublitz Anton, Daniel Kuhn, Bruno Dahmer, Camile Wünsch, Verônica Contini, Luís F. Saraiva Macedo Timmers, Claucia F. Volken de Souza, Márcia I. Goettert, and Rodrigo G. Ducati 7.1 Introduction 125 7.2 In vitro Cell-Based Assays 126 7.3 Cell Viability Assays 127 7.4 Cell Metabolic Assays 127 7.5 Cell Survival Assays 128 7.6 Cell Transformation Assays 129 7.7 Cell Irritation Assays 129 7.8 Heterologous Expression of Recombinant Proteins of Biomedical Relevance 130 7.9 Lactic Acid Bacteria and the Production of Metabolites with Therapeutic Roles 132 7.10 Preclinical Studies 134 7.10.1 Acute Toxicity 135 7.10.2 Repeated Dose Toxicity 136 7.10.3 Genotoxicity 136 7.10.4 Carcinogenicity 136 7.10.5 Reproductive Toxicity 137 7.11 Computer-aided Drug Design 137 7.12 Conclusions and Perspectives 140 References 140 8 Microbial Production of Antimicrobial and Anticancerous Biomolecules 147
M. Indira, T. C. Venkateswarulu, S. Krupanidhi, and K. Abraham Peele 8.1 Introduction 147 8.2 Microbial Sources 148 8.2.1 Bacteria 148 8.2.2 Fungi 149 8.2.3 Actinomycetes 150 8.2.4 Extremophiles 150 8.3 Microbial Bioprospecting Methods 151 8.3.1 Cultural Bioprospecting 151 8.3.2 Nonculturable Microorganism's Bioprospecting 152 8.3.3 In Silico Bioprospecting of Microorganisms 152 8.4 Bioactive Compounds 153 8.4.1 Antibiotics 155 8.4.2 Bacteriocins 155 8.4.3 Biosurfactants 156 8.4.4 Exopolysaccharides 156 8.4.5 Enzymes 157 8.4.6 Biopolymers 158 8.4.7 Bioenergy Compounds 158 8.4.8 Anticancer Compounds 158 8.5 Future Prospects 160 8.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 160 Acknowledgments 161 References 161 9 Microbial Fuel Cells and Plant Microbial Fuel Cells to Degradation of Polluted Contaminants in Soil and Water 170
Chung-Yu Guan and Chang-Ping Yu 9.1 Introduction 170 9.2 History 172 9.3 Electricigens 173 9.3.1 Electricigens of Bacteria 173 9.3.2 Electrocigens of Fungi 175 9.4 Electron Generation and Transfer Mechanisms of Electricigens 175 9.4.1 Electron Generation Mechanism 175 9.4.2 Electron Transfer Mechanism 175 9.4.3 Biofilm Mechanism 176 9.4.4 Electron Shuttle Mechanism 176 9.4.5 Electron Transfer by Exogenous Mediators 176 9.4.6 Microbial Secondary Metabolites for Electron Transfer 177 9.4.7 Oxidation of Reduced Primary Metabolites 177 9.5 Materials 177 9.5.1 Anode Materials 177 9.5.2 Base Materials of the Anode 177 9.5.3 The Modification of Anode Materials 178 9.5.4 Cathode Materials 179 9.5.5 Carbon-Based Materials of Cathodes 179 9.5.6 Non-Carbon-Based Materials 179 9.5.7 Cathode Catalyst 180 9.5.8 Biocathode 181 9.5.9 Separator Materials 181 9.5.9.1 Conventional Separator Materials 181 9.5.9.2 New Separator Materials 181 9.6 Design and Operation of Bioelectrochemical Systems 182 9.6.1 MFC Configuration 182 9.6.1.1 Two-Compartment MFCs 182 9.6.1.2 Air Cathode MFC 184 9.6.1.3 Other Configurations 185 9.6.2 Soil MFC and PMFC Configurations 185 9.6.2.1 Dual-Chamber of Soil MFCs and PMFCs 185 9.6.2.2 Single-Chamber MFCs 186 9.6.2.3 Air-Diffusion Cathode System 186 9.6.2.4 Other Configuration of PMFCs 187 9.7 Performances of the MFCs in Actual Wastewater Treatment 187 9.7.1 Industrial Wastewater 187 9.7.2 Domestic and Livestock Wastewater 188 9.8 Soil MFCs for Soil Remediation 189 9.8.1 Remediation of Organic Contaminated Soils 189 9.8.2 Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils 189 9.9 PMFCs for Environmental Remediation 190 9.9.1 PMFCs for Wastewater Treatment 190 9.9.2 PMFCs for Soil Remediation 190 9.10 Prospectives 191 9.11 Conclusions 191 References 192 10 Microalgae- Based UV Protection Compounds 201
Jorge Alberto Vieira Costa, Juliana Botelho Moreira, Gabrielle Guimarães Izaguirres, Liliane Martins Teixeira, and Michele Greque de Morais 10.1 Introduction 201 10.2 UV Radiation 202 10.3 Protection Compounds Induced by UV Radiation 202 10.3.1 Mycosporine- Like Amino Acids 203 10.3.2 Phenolic Compounds 203 10.3.3 Carotenoids 203 10.3.4 Phycocyanin 204 10.3.5 Polyamines 204 10.3.6 Scytonemin 205 10.4 Microalgal Biotechnology for the Production of Photoprotective Compounds 206 10.5 Effects of UV Radiation on the Growth, Morphology, and Production of Lipids, Proteins, and Carbohydrates 209 10.6 Extraction Methods of Photoprotective Compounds 211 10.7 Prospects for Commercial Applications 213 10.8 Conclusion and Perspectives 215 References 215 11 Microorganisms as a Potential Source of Antioxidants 225
Ayerim Hernández-Almanza, Nathiely Ramírez-Guzman, Gloria A. Martínez-Medina, Araceli Loredo-Treviño, Deepak Kumar Verma, and Cristobal N. Aguilar 11.1 Introduction 225 11.2 Antioxidant-Producing Microorganisms 225 11.3 Production of Some Microbial Antioxidants and Their Action Mechanisms 226 11.3.1 Peptides 226 11.3.2 Pigments 227 11.3.3 Polyphenols 229 11.4 Extraction and Purification of Microbial Antioxidants 230 11.4.1 Extraction of Microbial Antioxidants 230 11.4.2 Purification of Microbial Antioxidants 231 11.5 Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity 231 11.5.1 Classical Methods 232 11.5.2 Cellular Methods 234 11.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 235 References 236 12 Microbial Production of Biomethane from Digested Waste and Its Significance 242
Arun Kumar Pal, Vijay Tripathi, Prashant Kumar, and Pradeep Kumar 12.1 Introduction 242 12.2 Methane 243 12.2.1 Source of Methane 243 12.2.1.1 Industry 244 12.2.1.2 Agriculture 244 12.2.1.3 Waste 244 12.2.2 Biomethane 245 12.3 Types of Waste 245 12.3.1 Biological Waste 247 12.3.2 Household Waste 247 12.3.3 Agricultural Waste 248 12.4 Digestion Processes of Organic Wastes 248 12.4.1 Hydrolysis of Organic Waste 248 12.4.2 Acidogenesis of Hydrolyzed Matter 249 12.4.3 Acetogenesis 249 12.4.3.1 Methanogenesis 250 12.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 250 Acknowledgments 250 Conflicts of Interest 250 References 250 13 Enzymatic Biosynthesis of Carbohydrate Biopolymers and Uses Thereof 254
Manisha Sharma, Jyoti Singh Jadaun, Santosh Kumar Upadhyay, and Sudhir P. Singh 13.1 Introduction 254 13.2 Dextran 255 13.2.1 Mechanism of Dextran Production 255 13.2.2 Production of Dextran at Industrial Level 255 13.2.3 Applications of Dextran 256 13.3 Chitin and Chitosan 256 13.3.1 Biological Extraction of Chitin 257 13.3.1.1 Biosynthesis of Chitin and Chitosan 257 13.3.1.2 Chitin and Chitosan- Producing Fungi 257 13.3.1.3 Enzymatic Deproteinization 257 13.3.1.4 Fermentation 259 13.3.1.5 Enzymatic Deacetylation 259 13.3.2 Applications of Chitin and Chitosan 259 13.4 Xanthan Gum 260 13.4.1 Xanthan Gum Production 260 13.4.2 Microbial Production 261 13.4.3 Applications of Xanthan Gum 261 13.5 Bacterial Cellulose 261 13.5.1 Biosynthetic Pathway for Cellulose Production 261 13.5.2 Cellulose Precursor 262 13.5.3 Microbial Source for Cellulose Production 262 13.5.4 Applications of Cellulose 263 13.6 Levan 263 13.6.1 Levan Producing Organism 264 13.6.2 Mechanism for Levan Biosynthesis 264 13.6.3 Strategies for Levan Production 265 13.6.4 Applications of Levan 265 13.7 Conclusions and Perspectives 266 Acknowledgments 266 References 266 14 Polysaccharides from Marine Microalgal Sources 278
Ratih Pangestuti, Evi Amelia Siahaan, Yanuariska Putra, and Puji Rahmadi 14.1 Introduction 278 14.2 Polysaccharides from Marine Microalgae 279 14.2.1 Subcritical Water Hydrolysis 280 14.2.2 Ultrasonic- Aided Extraction 281 14.2.3 Microwave- Assisted Extraction 282 14.2.4 Enzyme- Assisted Extraction 282 14.3 Optimization of Microalgae Culture Conditions 282 14.4 Bioactivities and Potential Health Benefits 285 14.4.1 Antiviral Activity 285 14.4.2 Antioxidant 286 14.4.3 Anticancer 287 14.4.4 Immunomodulatory 288 14.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 288 Acknowledgment 288 References 289 15 Microbial Production of Bioplastic: Current Status and Future Prospects 295
Karishma Seem 15.1 Introduction 295 15.2 General Structure of PHA 297 15.3 Physical Properties 298 15.4 Biodegradability of PHA 298 15.5 Biosynthesis of PHA 299 15.6 Challenges of Scaling Up of PHA Production on an Industrial Scale 300 15.6.1 Renewable Sources as Feedstock for PHA Production 300 15.6.1.1 Food Processing and Agricultural Industries Discharge 300 15.6.1.2 Glycerol 301 15.6.1.3 Agro- Industrial Oily Wastes 301 15.6.2 Cyanobacteria 302 15.6.3 Bacteria from Extreme Niches 303 15.6.3.1 Halophilic Bacteria 303 15.6.3.2 Thermophiles for PHA 304 15.6.3.3 Psycrophiles for PHA 304 15.7 Co- synthesis of PHA with Value- Added Products 304 15.8 Blends of PHA 305 15.9 Applications of PHA 306 15.9.1 Biomedical Applications 306 15.9.2 Soft Tissue Implants 307 15.9.3 Esophagus, Pericardial Patches 307 15.9.4 Heart Valve Tissue Engineering 307 15.9.5 Nerve Regeneration 308 15.9.6 Drug Delivery System 308 15.10 Conclusions and Perspectives 309 References 309 16 Microbial Enzymes for the Mineralization of Xenobiotic Compounds 319
Ankita Chatterjee, Pritha Chakraborty, and Jayanthi Abraham 16.1 Introduction 319 16.2 Major Pollutants and Their Removal with White- Rot Fungi 320 16.2.1 Pesticides 320 16.2.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 321 16.2.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 321 16.2.4 Synthetic Dyes 322 16.2.5 Synthetic Polymers 322 16.2.6 Phenolic Compounds 322 16.2.7 Petroleum Hydrocarbons 323 16.3 Enzyme System of White- Rot Fungi 323 16.3.1 Laccase 323 16.3.1.1 Mechanisms 327 16.3.2 Lignin Peroxidase 328 16.3.3 Manganese Peroxidase 329 16.3.3.1 Mechanism 329 16.3.4 Other Enzymes 330 16.4 Molecular Aspect 330 16.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 331 Acknowledgement 331 Compliance with Ethical Guidelines 332 References 332 17 Functional Oligosaccharides and Microbial Sources 337
SA Belorkar 17.1 Introduction 337 17.1.1 What Are Functional Foods? All You Need to Know 338 17.2 Inulin and Oligofructose: The Preliminary Functional Oligosaccharides 339 17.3 GRAS and FOSHU Status 339 17.4 Conventional and Upcoming Oligosaccharides 339 17.5 Microbes and Functional Oligosaccharides 340 17.6 Arabinoxylo- Oligosaccharides 340 17.7 Sources and Properties 341 17.8 Approaches for AXOS Production 341 17.9 Isomaltooligosaccharides 342 17.10 Sources and Properties 343 17.11 Production of IMO 344 17.12 Approaches to Improve IMO Production 344 17.13 Lactosucrose 345 17.14 Novel Approaches in Lactosucrose Preparation 347 17.15 Xylooligosaccharides 347 17.16 Occurrence and Properties 348 17.17 Approaches to Improve the Efficiency of XOS 349 17.18 Conclusions and Perspectives 349 References 350 18 Algal Biomass and Biofuel Production 357
Suman Sanju, Aditi Thakur, Pragati Misra, and Pradeep Kumar Shukla 18.1 Introduction 357 18.2 Biofuels 357 18.2.1 First-Generation Biofuels 358 18.2.2 Second-Generation Biofuels 358 18.2.3 Third-Generation Biofuels 359 18.3 Algae: The Biomass 359 18.4 Microalgae as Biofuel Biomass 360 18.5 Microalgae Culture Systems 362 18.5.1 Open Algal Systems 362 18.5.2 Closed Algal Systems 363 18.5.3 Hybrid Algal Systems 363 18.6 Microalgae Harvesting 364 18.7 Processing and Extraction of Components 364 18.8 Biofuel Conversion Processes 364 18.8.1 Transesterification 365 18.8.2 Biochemical Methods 366 18.8.2.1 Fermentation 366 18.8.2.2 Anaerobic Digestion 366 18.8.3 Thermochemical Conversions 367 18.8.3.1 Gasification 367 18.8.3.2 Pyrolysis 367 18.8.3.3 Liquefaction 368 18.8.4 Direct Combustion 368 18.9 Microalgal Biofuels 368 18.9.1 Biodiesel 368 18.9.2 Bioethanol 369 18.9.3 Biogas 370 18.9.4 Bio-Oil and Bio-Syngas 370 18.9.5 Biohydrogen 371 18.10 Conclusions and Perspectives 371 References 371 19 Microbial Source of Insect- Toxic Proteins 377
Tripti Yadav and Geetanjali Mishra 19.1 Introduction 377 19.2 Fungi 378 19.3 Bacteria 384 19.4 Virus 386 19.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 387 References 388 20 Recent Trends in Conventional and Nonconventional Bioprocessing 404
Saswata Goswami, Keyur Raval, Anjana, and Priyanka Bhat 20.1 Advances in Conventional Bioprocessing 404 20.1.1 The Stirred- Tank Bioreactor Systems 407 20.2 Nonconventional Bioprocessing 409 20.2.1 Wave Bioreactors 409 20.2.2 Orbital Shaken Bioreactors 410 20.2.3 Stirred Tank Bioreactors 411 20.3 Brief Note on the Recent Trends in Downstream Bioprocessing 413 20.4 Perfusion Culture for Bioprocess Intensification 413 20.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 416 References 416 Index 418

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