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Covering every aspect of the design and improvement needed for solid-state electronic devices and circuits and their reliability issues, this new volume also includes overall system design for all kinds of analog and digital applications and developments in power systems. The increasing demand for electronic devices for private and industrial purposes lead designers and researchers to explore new electronic devices and circuits that can perform several tasks efficiently with low IC area and low power consumption. In addition, the increasing demand for portable devices intensifies the call from industry to design sensor elements, an efficient storage cell, and large capacity memory elements. Several industry-related issues have also forced a redesign of basic electronic components for certain specific applications. The researchers, designers, and students working in the area of electronic devices, circuits, and materials sometimes need standard examples with certain specifications. This breakthrough work presents this knowledge of standard electronic device and circuit design analysis, including advanced technologies and materials. This outstanding new volume presents the basic concepts and fundamentals behind devices, circuits, and systems. It is a valuable reference for the veteran engineer and a learning tool for the student, the practicing engineer, or an engineer from another field crossing over into electrical engineering. It is a must-have for any library. Electrical and Electronic Devices, Circuits, and Materials: Develops a foundation for the implementation process of new smart devices and nanomaterials Is helpful for researchers and designers to learn key parameters for future developments in electrical and electronic engineering Contains advanced topic coverage for electrical and electronic designs and how they are interconnected with power systems Includes application-oriented electronic device and circuit design for future renewable energy systems Covers the need for awareness of international standards for electronic device and circuit design

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Covering every aspect of the design and improvement needed for solid-state electronic devices and circuits and their reliability issues, this new volume also includes overall system design for all kinds of analog and digital applications and developments in power systems. The increasing demand for electronic devices for private and industrial purposes lead designers and researchers to explore new electronic devices and circuits that can perform several tasks efficiently with low IC area and low power consumption. In addition, the increasing demand for portable devices intensifies the call from industry to design sensor elements, an efficient storage cell, and large capacity memory elements. Several industry-related issues have also forced a redesign of basic electronic components for certain specific applications. The researchers, designers, and students working in the area of electronic devices, circuits, and materials sometimes need standard examples with certain specifications. This breakthrough work presents this knowledge of standard electronic device and circuit design analysis, including advanced technologies and materials. This outstanding new volume presents the basic concepts and fundamentals behind devices, circuits, and systems. It is a valuable reference for the veteran engineer and a learning tool for the student, the practicing engineer, or an engineer from another field crossing over into electrical engineering. It is a must-have for any library. Electrical and Electronic Devices, Circuits, and Materials: Develops a foundation for the implementation process of new smart devices and nanomaterials Is helpful for researchers and designers to learn key parameters for future developments in electrical and electronic engineering Contains advanced topic coverage for electrical and electronic designs and how they are interconnected with power systems Includes application-oriented electronic device and circuit design for future renewable energy systems Covers the need for awareness of international standards for electronic device and circuit design

Author Biography

Suman Lata Tripathi, PhD, is a professor at Lovely Professional University with more than seventeen years of experience in academics. She has published more than 45 research papers in refereed journals and conferences. She has organized several workshops, summer internships, and expert lectures for students, and she has worked as a session chair, conference steering committee member, editorial board member, and reviewer for IEEE journals and conferences. She has published one edited book and currently has multiple volumes scheduled for publication, including volumes available from Wiley-Scrivener.Parvej Ahmad Alvi, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Physics at Banasthali University, Rajasthan, India. He has more than 14 years of teaching and research experience in the area of modern physics, semiconductor physics, and nanotechnology. He has worked as an editorial board member and reviewer on several journals and conferences and has published more than 100 research papers in refereed international journals and conferences. He also has six books to his credit.Umashankar Subramaniam, PhD, is an associate professor at the Renewable Energy Lab, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia. He has over 15 years of teaching, research and industrial experience. He is an Associate Editor at the journal, IEEE Access, and is an editor on the journal, Heliyon, along with other jorunals. He has published more than 250 research papers in academic journals and conferences and has also contributed to over a dozen books.

Table of Contents

Preface xvii Part I Design and Analysis 1 1 Strain Engineering in Modern Field Effect Transistors 3
Kunal Sinha 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Theory of Strain Technology 4 1.2.1 Stress and Strain 4 1.2.2 Stress Matrix for Biaxial and Uniaxial Stress 6 1.2.3 Impact of Strain on MOSFET Parameters 8 1.3 Simulation Studies in Strain Technology 9 1.4 Experimental Studies on Strain Technology 12 1.5 Summary and Future Scope 14 Future Scope 15 Acknowledgement 15 References 15 2 Design and Optimization of Heterostructure Double Gate Tunneling Field Effect Transistor for Ultra Low Power Circuit and System 19
Guenifi Naima and Shiromani Balmukund Rahi 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Fundamental of Device Physics 20 2.2.1 Basic Working Principles of TFET 20 2.2.2 Kane's Model 21 2.3 Analysis Approach and Device Parameters 21 2.4 Switching Behavior of TFET 23 2.5 Results and Discussion 24 2.6 Conclusion 34 Acknowledgement 35 References 35 3 Polymer Electrolytes: Development and Supercapacitor Application 37
Anil Arya, Anurag Gaur and A. L. Sharma 3.1 Introduction 37 3.1.1 The Basic Principle and Types of Supercapacitors 38 3.1.2 Key Characteristics of the Electrolyte 40 3.1.3 Polymer Electrolytes and Types 43 3.1.4 Modification Strategies for Polymer Electrolytes 46 3.2 Preparation and Characterization Techniques 47 3.3 Latest Developments 51 3.4 Summary 62 References 62 4 Tunable RF/Microwave Filter with Fractal DGS 67
Mehul Thakkar, Pravin R. Prajapati and Hitesh Shah 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Literature Review 70 4.2.1 Planar Reconfigurable Filters 70 4.3 Proposed Work 71 4.3.1 Design of Hairpin Bandpass Filter 71 4.3.2 Design of Hairpin Bandpass Filter with Fractal DGS 72 4.3.3 Design of Tunable Hairpin Bandpass Filter with Fractal DGS 76 4.4 Conclusion 80 Acknowledgement 80 References 80 5 GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor Device Technology for RF and High-Power Applications 83
A. B. Khan 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 HEMT Structures 85 5.2.1 GaAs-Based HEMTs 85 5.2.2 InP-Based HEMTs 85 5.2.3 GaN-Based HEMTs 86 5.3 Polarization Impact and Creation of 2DEG in GaN HEMT 88 5.3.1 Polarization Effect 88 5.3.2 Formation of 2DEG 90 5.4 GaN-Based HEMT Performance Affecting Factors 92 5.4.1 Surface Passivation 92 5.4.2 Parasitic Effects 93 5.4.3 Field Plate Engineering Technique 94 5.4.4 Impact of Barrier Layer 95 5.5 Conclusion 95 References 96 6 Design and Analyses of a Food Protein Sensing System Based on Memristive Properties 101
Rupam Goswami, Arighna Deb, Rithik Dilip Rathi and Prateek Mahajan 6.1 Introduction 101 6.2 Background 103 6.2.1 Principle of a Memristor 103 6.2.2 Bio-Memristors 103 6.2.3 Applications of Memristors 104 6.3 Motivation 105 6.4 Experimental Set-Up 105 6.5 Experimental Methodology and Preliminary Validation 106 6.5.1 Experimental Methodology 106 6.5.1.1 Food Items 106 6.5.1.2 Reading Voltage and Current Values 107 6.5.2 Preliminary Validation 107 6.6 Sensitivity Parameters 108 6.6.1 Resistance-Based Sensitivity (Sr) 108 6.6.2 Point Slope-Based Sensitivity (Sm) 108 6.6.3 Hysteresis-Line Slope Sensitivity 109 6.7 Results and Discussion 110 6.7.1 Category I: Egg Albumin and Milk 110 6.7.2 Category II: Protein Blend 113 6.8 Conclusions and Prospects 114 References 115 7 Design of Low-Power DRAM Cell Using Advanced FET Architectures 119
A. Durgesh and Suman Lata Tripathi 7.1 Introduction 119 7.2 1T-DRAM (MOS) 120 7.3 1T-DRAM (CNT-FET) 123 7.4 1T-DRAM (FinFET) 124 7.5 1-T DRAM (TFET) 128 7.6 Conclusion 130 References 131 8 Application of Microwave Radiation in Determination of Quality Sensing of Agricultural Products 133
Dr. Ravika Vijay, Dr. Nidhi Bhargava and Prof. K. S. Sharma 8.1 Microwave Heating and its Applications to Agricultural Products 133 8.1.1 Principle of Microwave Heating 133 8.1.2 Moisture Sensing 135 8.1.3 Promoting Germination 136 8.1.4 Food Processing 136 8.1.5 Weeds, Insects and Pests Control 136 8.1.6 Product Conditioning 136 8.1.7 Microwave Drying 137 8.1.8 Quality Sensing in Fruits and Vegetables 137 8.2 Measurement Techniques 137 8.2.1 Open-Ended Coaxial Probe – Network Analyzer Technique 138 8.2.2 Network Analyzer 139 8.3 Dielectric Spectroscopy of Agricultural Products at Different Temperatures 140 8.4 Correlation of Dielectric Properties with Nutrients 148 8.5 Conclusion 151 References 151 9 Solar Cell 155
Dr. Arvind Dhingra Introduction 155 9.1 History of Solar Cell 155 9.2 Constructional Features of Solar Cell 158 9.3 Criteria for Materials to Be Used in Manufacturing of Solar Cell 158 9.4 Types of Solar Cells 159 9.5 Process of Making Crystals for Solar Cell Manufacturing 160 9.6 Glass 161 9.7 Cell Combinations 161 9.7.1 Series Combination of Solar Cells 161 9.7.2 Parallel Combination of Solar Cells 162 9.7.3 Series-Parallel Combination of Solar Cells 163 9.8 Solar Panels 164 9.9 Working of Solar Cell 165 9.10 Solar Cell Efficiency 166 9.11 Uses/Applications of Solar Cells 166 Conclusion 167 References 167 10 Fabrication of Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (Cu(In,Ga)Se2) Thin Film Solar Cell 169
Jaymin Ray, Keyur Patel, Gopal Bhatt, Priya Suryavanshi and C. J. Panchal 10.1 Introduction 169 10.2 Device Structure of CIGS Thin Film Solar Cell 170 10.3 Fabrication and Characterization of CIGS Thin Film Solar Cell 171 10.3.1 Effect of Thermally Evaporated CdS Film Thickness on the Operation of CIGS Solar Cell 174 10.3.2 Effect of Heat Soaks on CIGS/CdS Hetero-Junction 175 10.3.3 Effect of Flash Evaporated CdS Film Thickness on the Performance of CIGS Solar Cell 176 10.3.4 Effect of i-ZnO Film Thickness on the Performance of CIGS Solar Cell 179 10.4 Conclusion 186 References 186 11 Parameter Estimation of Solar Cells: A Multi-Objective Approach 189
Saumyadip Hazra and Souvik Ganguli 11.1 Introduction 189 11.2 Problem Statement 191 11.2.1 SDM 192 11.2.2 DDM 194 11.3 Methodology 196 11.4 Results and Discussions 197 11.4.1 Results for the Single-Diode Model 198 11.4.2 Results for Double-Diode Model 203 11.5 Conclusions 208 References 209 12 An IoT-Based Smart Monitoring Scheme for Solar PV Applications 211
Senthil Kumar Ramu, Gerald Christopher Raj Irudayaraj and Rajarajan Elango 12.1 Introduction 211 12.2 Solar PV Systems 213 12.2.1 Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems 213 12.2.1.1 Stand-Alone PV Modules 214 12.2.1.2 Grid-Connected PV Systems 214 12.2.2 Concentrates Solar Power (CSP) 214 12.2.3 Solar Water Heater Systems 215 12.2.4 Passive Solar Design 216 12.2.5 Solar Microgrid System 216 12.2.5.1 PV Module 217 12.2.6 Battery 217 12.2.6.1 Flooded Lead Acid Battery 218 12.2.6.2 VRLA Battery 219 12.2.6.3 Lithium-Ion Battery 219 12.2.7 MPPT 219 12.2.8 Inverters & Other Electronic Equipment 219 12.2.9 Charge Controller 220 12.2.10 Additional Systems Equipment 220 12.3 IoT 220 12.3.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning 221 12.3.1.1 Hardware 221 12.3.1.2 Middleware 221 12.3.1.3 Cloud 221 12.3.2 Big Data and Cloud Computing 221 12.3.3 Smart Sensors 221 12.3.3.1 Temperature Sensor 221 12.3.3.2 Humidity Sensor 222 12.3.3.3 Tilt Sensor 223 12.3.3.4 CO2 Sensor 223 12.3.3.5 Voltage and Current Sensor 223 12.3.3.6 Light Sensor 223 12.3.3.7 MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) Sensor 223 12.3.3.8 Ultrasonic Sensor 223 12.3.3.9 IR Sensor 224 12.3.3.10 Proximity Sensor 224 12.3.4 Additional Devices for Control and Communication 224 12.3.4.1 Arduino 224 12.3.4.2 Raspberry Pi 224 12.3.4.3 GSM Module 225 12.3.5 Renewable Energy and IoT in Energy Sector 225 12.3.6 Application of IoT 226 12.3.6.1 Application to Renewable Energy Systems 226 12.3.6.2 Application to Grid Management 227 12.4 Remote Monitoring Methods of Solar PV System 228 12.4.1 Wireless Monitoring 228 12.4.2 Physical/Wired Monitoring 228 12.4.3 SCADA Monitoring 228 12.4.4 Monitoring Using Cloud Computing 228 12.4.5 Monitoring Using IOT 228 12.4.5.1 IoT-Based Remote Monitoring 229 12.5 Challenges and Issues of Implementation of IoT on Renewable Energy Resources 230 12.5.1 Challenges 230 12.5.2 Solutions 231 12.6 Conclusion 231 References 231 13 Design of Low-Power Energy Harvesting System for Biomedical Devices 235
Dr. R. Seyezhai and S. Maheswari 13.1 Introduction 235 13.2 Investigation on Topologies of DC-DC Converter 236 13.2.1 Hybrid Source Architecture Based on Synchronous Boost Converter 236 13.2.2 Hybrid Source Architecture Using Single-Inductor Dual-Input Single-Output Converter 237 13.2.3 Hybrid Source Architecture Employing a Multi-Input DC Chopper 239 13.3 Hardware Results 246 13.4 Conclusion 247 References 247 14 Performance Analysis of Some New Hybrid Metaheuristic Algorithms for High-Dimensional Optimization Problems 251
Souvik Ganguli, Gagandeep Kaur and Prasanta Sarkar 14.1 Introduction 251 14.2 An Overview of Proposed Hybrid Methodologies 253 14.3 Experimental Results and Discussion 256 14.4 Conclusions 282 References 283 15 Investigation of Structural, Optical and Wettability Properties of Cadmium Sulphide Thin Films Synthesized by Environment Friendly SILAR Technique 285
Sampat G. Deshmukh, Rohan S. Deshmukh and Vipul Kheraj 15.1 Introduction 285 15.2 Experimental Details 286 15.3 Results and Discussion 288 15.3.1 Film Formation Mechanism 288 15.3.2 Thickness Measurement 289 15.3.3 Structural Studies 289 15.3.4 Raman Spectroscopy 292 15.3.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy 293 15.3.6 Optical Studies 294 15.3.7 Wettability Studies 295 15.4 Conclusion 296 15.5 Acknowledgement 296 References 296 Part II Design, Implementation and Applications 299 16 Solar Photovoltaic Cells 301
V. Mohanapriya and V. Manimegalai 16.1 Introduction 301 16.2 Need for Solar Cells 302 16.3 Structure of Solar Cell 302 16.4 Solar Cell Classification 303 16.4.1 First-Generation Solar Cells 303 16.4.2 Second-Generation Solar Cells 304 16.4.3 Third-Generation Solar Cells 304 16.5 Solar PV Cells 305 16.6 Solar Cell Working 306 16.7 Mathematical Modelling of Solar Cell 306 16.8 Solar Cell Connection Methods 309 16.9 Types of Solar PV System 311 16.10 Conclusion 313 References 313 17 An Intelligent Computing Technique for Parameter Extraction of Different Photovoltaic (PV) Models 315
Shilpy Goyal, Parag Nijhawan and Souvik Ganguli 17.1 Introduction 315 17.2 Problem Formulation 317 17.2.1 Single-Diode Model 317 17.2.2 Double-Diode Model 319 17.2.3 Three-Diode Model 320 17.3 Proposed Optimization Technique 322 17.3.1 Various Phases of Optimization of Harris Hawks 323 17.3.1.1 Exploration Phase 323 17.3.1.2 Turning from Global to Local Search 324 17.3.1.3 Exploitation Phase 324 17.4 Results and Discussions 324 17.5 Conclusions 339 References 339 18 Experimental Investigation on Wi-Fi Signal Loss by Scattering Property of Duranta Plant Leaves 341
Khalid Ali Khan, Syed Gulraze Anjum, M. Nasim Faruque and Dinkisa Dechasa Geyesa 18.1 Introduction 341 18.1.1 Duranta Golden Plant 342 18.1.2 Foliage Loss 343 18.2 Measurement and Calculation 343 18.2.1 Scattering Feasibility 346 18.2.2 Comparison with Tree Shadowing Effect 347 18.3 Result and Discussion 347 18.4 Conclusions 348 References 348 19 Multi-Quantum Well-Based Solar Cell 351
Ashish Raman, Chetan Chaturvedi and Naveen Kumar 19.1 Introduction 351 19.2 Theoretical Aspects of Solar Cell 353 19.3 Device Design and Simulation Setup 354 19.4 Results and Discussion 356 19.4.1 GaSb/GaAs MQWs Solar Cell 356 19.4.2 InGaP/GaAs MQW Solar Cell 358 19.4.3 InP/GaAs MQW Solar Cell 360 19.4.4 AlGaAs/GaAs MQW Solar Cell 361 19.4.5 Optimization 363 19.5 Comparative Analysis 367 19.6 Conclusion 370 References 370 20 Mitigation Techniques for Removal of Dust on Solar Photovoltaic System 373
Pandiyan P, Saravanan S, Chinnadurai T, Ramji Tiwari, Prabaharan N and Umashankar S 20.1 Introduction 373 20.2 Influencing Factors for Deposition of Dust 375 20.2.1 Ecological Factors 375 20.2.1.1 Direction of Wind and its Velocity 375 20.2.1.2 Temperature and Moisture 376 20.2.1.3 Humidity 377 20.2.1.4 Rainfall 377 20.2.1.5 Dust Properties 377 20.2.1.6 Bird Droppings 378 20.2.2 Factors Influencing Installation 378 20.2.2.1 Orientation and Tilt Angle 378 20.2.2.2 Height 378 20.2.2.3 Top Surface of the Solar Panels 378 20.2.3 Installed Location and Exposure Time 379 20.3 Effects of Deposition of Dust on the Solar Panels 379 20.3.1 Influence of Electrical Characteristics 379 20.3.2 Influence of the Optical Characteristics 380 20.3.3 Influence of the Thermal Characteristic 381 20.4 Methods of Cleaning System 381 20.4.1 Natural Cleaning Method 384 20.4.2 Manual Cleaning Method 384 20.4.3 Self-Cleaning Method 385 20.4.3.1 Active Cleaning 385 20.4.3.2 Passive Cleaning 388 20.5 Conclusion 389 References 389 21 Solid-State Air-Conditioning System Using Photovoltaic Module 393
Dr. Y. Thiagarajan, S. Karthikeyan, K. Santhosh, M. Keerthana and Gabriel Gomes de Oliveira 21.1 Introduction 393 21.1.1 Thermoelectric Cooler (TEC) 394 21.2 Fabrication of the Solid State Air-Conditioning System 395 21.2.1 Description of the Proposed Model 395 21.2.2 Peltier Effect 395 21.2.3 Comparison Between the Existing Framework and Proposed System 396 21.3 Hardware Implementation 396 21.3.1 8051 Architecture 396 21.3.2 Microcontroller PCB 397 21.3.3 Photovoltaic Module 397 21.3.4 Solar Radiation 397 21.3.5 Battery 398 21.3.6 Relay 399 21.3.7 5×1 Keypad 400 21.3.8 Peltier Sensor 400 21.3.9 Solenoid Valve 400 21.4 Software Analysis 400 21.4.1 KEIL Compiler 401 21.4.2 Gathering with Cx51 401 21.4.3 Running Cx51 from the Command Prompt 401 21.4.4 Program for AT89S52 402 21.4.4.1 Solar Coding 402 21.4.4.2 Peltier Coding 406 21.5 Conclusion 409 References 409 22 Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Film Solar Cell: Fabrication and Characterization 411
Kinjal Patel, Neelkanth G. Dhere, Vipul Kheraj and Dimple Shah 22.1 Introduction 411 22.1.1 Solar Photovoltaics: A Key to Energy Elucidation 412 22.1.2 Thin Film Solar Cells 413 22.1.3 CZTS Solar Cells 414 22.2 Fabrication of Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Film Solar Cell 415 22.2.1 Glass Cleaning 416 22.2.2 Molybdenum Deposition 417 22.2.3 CZTS Thin Film Coating 417 22.2.4 CdS Deposition 417 22.2.5 ZnO and Al-ZnO Coating 418 22.2.6 Chromium/Silver Front Contact Grid 418 22.2.7 CZTS Solar Cell Device 419 22.3 Characterization of Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Film Solar Cell 420 22.3.1 Typical Solar Cell Characterizations 420 22.3.2 Current-Voltage (I-V) Measurement 421 22.3.3 Quantum Efficiency (QE) 423 22.4 Conclusion 424 Acknowledgement 425 References 425 23 Parameter Estimation of Solar Cell Using Gravitational Search Algorithm 427
Kaustuv Das, Raju Basak, Souvik Ganguli and Asoke Kumar Paul 23.1 Introduction 427 23.2 Modelling of Photovoltaic Unit 429 23.2.1 Two-Diode Structure 430 23.3 Formation of Function 431 23.4 Gravitational Search Algorithm 433 23.4.1 The Gravitational Search Algorithm is Shown in Steps as Follows 435 23.5 Review of GSA 436 23.6 Application of GSA 436 23.7 Summary and Future Scope of Work 436 23.8 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) 437 23.8.1 Steps Involved for Particle Swarm Optimization 439 23.9 Results and Discussion 439 23.10 Conclusion 443 References 443 24 Study of the Most Commonly Utilized Maximum Power Point (MPP) Tracking (MPPT) Schemes for SPV Systems 447
Pawan Kumar Pathak, Anil Kumar Yadav and P. A. Alvi 24.1 Introduction 447 24.2 Problem Overview in SPV Power Extraction 448 24.3 Modeling of SPV System 449 24.4 MPPT Schemes 451 24.4.1 Perturb and Observe (P&O) 451 24.4.2 Incremental Conductance 455 24.4.3 Fuzzy Logic (FL) Based 459 24.4.4 Hybrid 466 24.5 Conclusion 470 References 470 25 An Investigation and Design of Symmetric and Asymmetric Inverter for Various Applications 473
L. Vijayaraja, S. Ganesh Kumar and M. Rivera 25.1 Introduction 473 25.2 Evaluation of Multilevel Inverters and Its Application in Recent Times 474 25.3 Design of 15-Level Inverter With Symmetric Voltage Source 476 25.4 Experimentation of 27-Level Symmetric Inverter 477 25.5 Design of 31-Level Inverter Using Asymmetric Voltage Sources 482 25.5.1 Mathematical Model of 31-Level Inverter 483 25.6 Development of 53-Level Inverter Using Packed Structures 487 25.7 Summary 491 References 491 26 A Demand Side Management Controller Configuration for Interleaved DC-DC Converters Applicable for Renewable Energy Sources 493
Davood Ghaderi, Gökay Bayrak and Umashankar Subramaniam 26.1 Introduction 493 26.2 Control Method and Proposed Controller Investigation 496 26.2.1 Power Sharing and Demand Side Management 501 26.3 Simulation Results 504 26.4 Experimental Results 508 26.5 Conclusion 512 References 514 27 Applications of Hybrid Wind Solar Battery Based Microgrid for Small-Scale Stand-Alone Systems and Grid Integration for Multi-Feeder Systems 517
P. Satish Kumar 27.1 Introduction 517 27.2 Stand-Alone HRES System 518 27.2.1 System Description 518 27.2.2 Results and Discussion 520 27.2.2.1 Performance of HRES During Source Variations Only 520 27.2.2.2 Performance of HRES During Load Variations Only 523 27.2.3 Conclusion 523 27.3 Grid-Connected HRES System 525 27.3.1 System Description 525 27.3.2 Results and Discussion 525 27.3.2.1 HRES Output 526 27.3.2.2 Performance of Grid-Connected HRES for Nonlinear Loads 528 27.3.2.3 Performance of Grid-Connected HRES for Source Voltage Imperfections 529 27.3.3 Conclusion 530 Acknowledgements 531 References 533 28 Challenging Issues and Solutions on Battery Thermal Management for Electric Vehicles 535
A. Gayathri, V. Manimegalai and P. Krishnakumar 28.1 Introduction 535 28.2 Principle and Working of Battery 536 28.3 Types of Batteries 536 28.3.1 Primary or Non-Rechargeable Batteries 537 28.3.2 Secondary or Rechargeable Batteries 537 28.3.2.1 Lead-Acid Batteries 538 28.3.2.2 Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cd) 538 28.3.2.3 Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) 538 28.3.2.4 Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) 539 28.3.3 Selection of Batteries 539 28.3.3.1 Why Lithium-Ion Battery? 540 28.4 Thermal Behavior of Batteries 542 28.5 Battery Thermal Management Systems 543 28.6 Methods of Battery Thermal Management Systems 544 28.6.1 Air Cooling BTMS 544 28.6.2 Liquid Cooling BTMS 546 28.6.3 Refrigerant Direct Cooling System BTMS 547 28.6.4 Phase Change Material-Based BTMS 548 28.6.5 Heat Pipe-Based BTMS 549 28.6.6 Thermoelectric Cooling 550 28.7 Conclusion 551 References 551 Index 555

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