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A ground-breaking and rigorous presentation of coproduction in research In Research Coproduction in Healthcare, a team of experienced applied health researchers and decision makers deliver a robust exploration of collaborative ways on how to plan and conduct healthcare research. The book explores relational skills that are essential to achieving successful coproduction, including trust through humility, ongoing communication, emotional intelligence, and the structures and processes required to work with a range of knowledge users. It also sets out the fundamentals of research coproduction and its transformative potential for more effective and efficient health systems and improved health outcomes. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to the planning, implementation and evaluation of research coproduction, including how to write a successful research coproduction proposal Comprehensive explorations of capacity-building and infrastructure requirements Practical discussions of the theory of coproduction, including treatments of power and tokenism In-depth reflections on the essential building blocks of research coproduction Perfect for researchers, knowledge users, funders, trainees and organizations, Research Coproduction in Healthcare will also earn a place in the libraries of coproduction teams, policymakers, clinicians, and health system managers.

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A ground-breaking and rigorous presentation of coproduction in research In Research Coproduction in Healthcare, a team of experienced applied health researchers and decision makers deliver a robust exploration of collaborative ways on how to plan and conduct healthcare research. The book explores relational skills that are essential to achieving successful coproduction, including trust through humility, ongoing communication, emotional intelligence, and the structures and processes required to work with a range of knowledge users. It also sets out the fundamentals of research coproduction and its transformative potential for more effective and efficient health systems and improved health outcomes. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to the planning, implementation and evaluation of research coproduction, including how to write a successful research coproduction proposal Comprehensive explorations of capacity-building and infrastructure requirements Practical discussions of the theory of coproduction, including treatments of power and tokenism In-depth reflections on the essential building blocks of research coproduction Perfect for researchers, knowledge users, funders, trainees and organizations, Research Coproduction in Healthcare will also earn a place in the libraries of coproduction teams, policymakers, clinicians, and health system managers.

Author Biography

Ian D. Graham, PhD, FCAHS, FNYAM, FRSC, is Distinguished University Professor at the Schools of Epidemiology and Public Health & Nursing at the University of Ottawa and a Senior Scientist at the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Jo Rycroft-Malone, PhD, is Distinguished Professor and Executive Dean of the Faculty of Health and Medicine at Lancaster University in Lancaster, England. Anita Kothari, PhD, is Professor at the School of Health Studies at the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario, Canada. Chris McCutcheon, PhD(c), is Research Programme Manager at the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Table of Contents

Foreword xv About the Chapter Authors xvii Editors xxiii Acknowledgements xxv About the Companion Website xxvii     Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Authors: Anita Kothari, Jo Rycroft-Malone, Chris McCutcheon, and Ian D. Graham Background: What Is This Book About? 1 Focus of the Chapter: What Do We Mean by Research Coproduction? 4 Known from the Literature: Intellectual Origins and Historical Traditions 6 Scope of the Book 9 References 11 Chapter 2 Foundations of Research Coproduction 14 Chapter 2.1. Conceptualizing and Theorizing for Research Coproduction 14
Authors: Anne MacFarlane and Jonathan Salsberg Introduction 15 Meaningful Participation 17 Theory and Theorizing 17 Theorizing about Research Coproduction 18
Enhancing Conceptual Clarity and Model Building 18
Utilizing Existing Concepts for New and Deeper Understanding 19 Participatory Implementation Research 21
Case study: Blending Implementation Theory with Research Coproduction Practice 22 Future Research 27 Conclusion 28 Acknowledgements 28 References 29 Chapter 2.2. Equity, Power, and Transformative Research Coproduction 34
Authors: Katrina Plamondon, Sume Ndumbe-Eyoh, and Sana Shahram Introduction 35 Power Is the Central Research Coproduction Problem 36 What Is Known from the Literature? 40 Experiential Knowledge 43
Coproduction to Transform Organizations (Sume) 43
Coproduction to Transform Networks/Communities (Katrina) 44
Coproduction for Systems Transformation: The xac/qana "itkini Project (Sana) 44 Practice Implications 45 Future Research 48 Conclusion 49 References 50 Chapter 2.3. Effects, Facilitators, and Barriers of Research Coproduction Reported in Peer-Reviewed Literature 54
Authors: Katheryn M. Sibley, Femke Hoekstra, Anita Kothari, and Kelly Mrklas Introduction 55
What Are Effects? What Are Facilitators and Barriers? 55
Understanding Research Coproduction – an Evolving Area of Study 55
Identifying Effects, Facilitators and Barriers – Our Approach 56 Effects of Research Coproduction 57
Effects on the Research Process 57
Effects on Relationships 63
Effects on Individuals 63
Effects on Research Results or Outputs 64
Effects on Practices or Programs 64
Effects on Communities 64
Effects on Policies and Systems 65 Facilitators and Barriers to Research Coproduction 65
Individual-Level Factors 66
Relationship Factors 67
Process Factors 67
System-Level Factors 68 Connecting Outcomes, Impacts, Facilitators, and Barriers of Research Coproduction 68 Implications for the Practice of Research Coproduction 69 Limitations and Evidence Gaps 70 Future Research 70 Conclusion 71 References 71 Chapter 3 Working with Knowledge Users 74 Chapter 3.1 Working with Knowledge Users 74
Authors: Jo Cooke, Susan Mawson, and Susan Hampshaw Introduction: Starting the Coproduction Journey 75 What Is the Focus of This Chapter? 75 Some Points from the Literature 75 Experience from the Field 77
Research Program Level: Setting Up a Programme Architecture that Can Enable Coproduction 77
Structure, Flexible Resources, and Engagement Processes to Provide Context for Coproduction 79
Setting Ground Rules: A Good Basis for Nurturing Productive Relationships 79
Planning Priority-setting, Action, and Impact from the Start and Throughout 80
Thinking of the Impact from the Beginning 80 Vignette One: The Co-design of an Intervention to Increase Physical Activity in Doncaster. Coproduction in Local Government 81 Vignette Two: Research Coproduction with Industry: Digital Technology to Transform End of Life Care 84 Implications for Practice When Beginning the Coproduction Journey 87 Future Research 88 Conclusion 88 References 88 Chapter 3.2 Research Coproduction with Patients and Caregivers 91
Authors: Claire Ludwig and Davina Banner Introduction and Background 92 Who Is a "Patient?" 93 What Do We Know about Potential Benefits and Impacts of Research Coproduction with Patients? 95 Barriers and Facilitators to Research Coproduction with Patients and Caregivers 96 Experiential Knowledge: Patient and Caregiver Partner Implications for Practice 98 Experiential Knowledge: Researcher Implications for Practice 100 Future Research 105 Conclusion 108 References 108 Chapter 3.3 Conducting a Research Coproduction Project: A Principles-Based Approach 112
Authors: Joe Langley, Sarah E. Knowles, and Vicky Ward Introduction 113 Aim 1. Illustrating Why There Is No Research Coproduction 'Method' 114 Aim 2. Five Principles of Coproduction and Resources to Enact Them 116
Sharing Power 117
Including All Perspectives 118
Respecting and Valuing the Research Coproduction Partners 119
Reciprocity 120
Building Relationships 121 Aim 3. Research Coproduction in the Real World: Challenges and Ways Forward 122
Who to Work with 122
When to Collaborate 123
Institutional Power 124 Expectations of Health Services Research 125 Conclusion 126 References 127 Chapter 3.4 The View from Within: Organizational Strategies for Effective Research Partnerships 129
Authors: Sarah Bowen, Ian D. Graham, and Ingrid Botting Background/Introduction 130 How Should Organizations Respond to Expectations of Research Partnership? 132
Before Beginning to Plan for "Research Partnerships:" Clarifying the Concepts of "Partnership" and "Research" 132
First Things First: Preparing to Become a Research Partner 134 Developing Shared Understanding 134 Determining Current Organizational Position 136 Assessing Organizational Readiness 139 Building a Strong Foundation 140 From Principles to Action – Next Steps in Developing Research Partnerships 142
Creating a Health System/Academic Interface 143
Embedding Research Capacity within the Organization 146 Planning for Implementation and Evaluation 146 Future Research 147 Conclusion 147 References 147 Chapter 3.5 Managing Academic-Health Service Partnerships 151
Authors: Alison M. Hutchinson, Cheyne Chalmers, Katrina Nankervis, and Nicole (Nikki) Phillips Introduction 152 Background 153 How to Manage Partnerships During the Research Process 154
Experiential Knowledge of Managing a Partnership 156 How to Sustain Partnerships 159
Experiential Knowledge of Sustaining a Partnership 159 How to Assess the Sustainability of Partnerships 161
Assessing the Sustainability of Our Partnership 162 Barriers/Facilitators and Strategies to Overcome Them 163 Implications for the Practice of Research Coproduction 165 Future Research 165 Conclusion 166 References 166 Chapter 4 Grant-Writing, Dissemination, and Evaluation 169 Chapter 4.1 Writing a Research Coproduction Grant Proposal 169
Authors: Ian D. Graham, Chris McCutcheon, Jo Rycroft-Malone, and Anita Kothari Background 170 So What Does It Take to Write a Successful Coproduction Research Grant Proposal? 171
General Advice on Writing a Grant Proposal 171
Coproduction Grant Proposal Writing Advice 173
Tips on Writing Coproduction Research Grant Proposals 179 Preconditions that Lead to a Successful Proposal Development – the Relationship and Preparatory Work 180
Proposal Elements 181
Tips for Researchers on Working with Knowledge Users During and After Proposal Writing 183
Tips for Knowledge Users Working with Researchers During and After Proposal Writing 185 Future Research 186 Conclusion 186 References 187 Appendix 4.1.A. CIHR advice on knowledgeuser letters of support – a quick reference 189 Appendix 4.1.B. Applicant and reviewer coproduction research proposal checklist 190 Chapter 4.2 Coproduced Dissemination 192
Authors: Chris McCutcheon, Anita Kothari, Ian D. Graham, and Jo Rycroft-Malone Background 193 What Is Coproduced Dissemination? 193 Coproduced Dissemination: What Is Known from the Literature? 194
Compatibility of Coproduction and Dissemination 195
Knowledge Exchange 196
Guidance on Dissemination Planning 196
Judicious Knowledge Translation 197 Dissemination Planning at the Grant Proposal Stage 198 From Research to Dissemination 199 The Steps of Coproduced Dissemination Planning 200
Set Dissemination Goals 201
Assess Resources 201
Identify and Learn about Your Audience(s) 202
Develop Key Messages 203
Select Dissemination Strategies 203
Determine What Expertise Is Needed 204
Evaluate 204 Future Research 205 Conclusion 205 References 205 Chapter 4.3 Evaluating Coproduction Research: Research Quality Plus for Coproduction (RQ+ 4 Co-Pro) 210
Authors: Robert K.D. McLean, Ian D. Graham, and Fred Carden Introduction 211
Roadmap 212 Overview of the Research Evaluation Landscape 212
Research Evaluation at Large 213
Challenges for Research Coproduction Evaluation 214 Deliberative Paradigm – Coproduction Limitations? 214 Analytic Paradigm – Coproduction Limitations? 214 RIA Paradigm – Coproduction Limitations? 214 The Research Quality Plus (RQ+) Approach and the Novel Research Quality Plus for Coproduction (RQ+ 4 Co-Pro) Framework 217
Three Tenets of the Research Quality Plus (RQ+) Approach 218 Tenet 1 – Context Matters 218 Why Does This Matter for Coproduction? 218 Tenet 2 – Research Quality is Multi-dimensional 218 Why Does This Matter for Coproduction? 219 Tenet 3 – Judgement of Research Quality Must Be Grounded in Empirical Evidence and Its Systematic and Transparent Appraisal 219
The Research Quality Plus for Coproduction (RQ+ 4 Co-Pro) Framework 219
Contextual Factors 221 Knowledge Use Environment 221 Research Environment 221 Capacities for Coproduction 222
Quality Dimensions and Sub-Dimensions 222 Scientific Rigor 223 Research Legitimacy 224 Positioning for Use 225
Empirical Evidence and Systematic Appraisal 226
How, When, and By Whom Might RQ+ 4
Co-Pro Be Applied? 226 Putting the Framework Into Action 226
Field test 226
Join Us 229 References 229 Chapter 5 Capacity-Building and Infrastructure 233 Chapter 5.1 Researcher Coproduction Competencies and Incentives 233
Authors: Christopher R. Burton and Tone Elin Mekki Introduction 234 Guiding Frameworks 234
Research Competence 235
Transferable Skills 235
Working with Stakeholders 236
Creating Impact 237 European Implementation Science Education Network 238
Knowledge-Related Competencies 239
Skill-Related Competencies 240
Attitude-Related Competencies 242 Developing Research Coproduction Competencies 244 Conclusion 245 Future Research 246 References 246 Chapter 5.2 Trainees and Research Coproduction 249
Authors: Christine Cassidy, Emily Ramage, Sandy Steinwender, and Shauna Best Introduction 250 Trainees and Research Coproduction: What Is Known from the Literature? 251
Types of Knowledge Users and Research Context 251
Research Coproduction Approach 251
Barriers and Challenges 252
Facilitators 252
Impact/Outcome of Partnerships 252
Implications and Recommendations from the Literature 253 Trainee Research Coproduction Experience 253
Rewards and Benefits 254 Experiential Learning Opportunity 254 Relevant and Useful Research Findings 254 Advance Research Partnerships 255
Expectations vs. Reality 255 Partnership Structure and Function 255 Engagement 256 Unpredictability 257
Barriers and Facilitators 257 Team Structure and Decision-Making 257 Time and Resources 258 Meeting Knowledge User Needs 259 Considerations for the Development of Research Coproduction Skills 259
Learning 260
Doing 261
Becoming 261
Training Programs 262 Implications for the Practice of Research Coproduction 262 Future Research 266
Training Preparation for Research Coproduction 266
Build the Empirical Knowledge Base on Research Coproduction 266 Conclusion 267 References 267 Chapter 5.3 The Role of Funders 271
Authors: Bev Holmes and Chonnettia Jones Introduction 271 Setting the Scene: Funders and Their Role in the Use of Evidence 272 Funders and Coproduction in the Literature 274 Coproduction in Action – Examples of Funders' Activities 275
Research in Action | Stakeholder Engagement 276 International Development Research Centre, Canada 276
Evidence Leaders in Africa | Policymaking 277
Coordinating Center | Research Partnerships 278
Evidence for Action | Evidence of What Works 279
INVOLVE | Public and Patient Involvement 280 Discussion 280
Funders in Coproduction: General Considerations 281
Internally Focused Funder Processes to Support Coproduction 281
Externally Facing Systems-Level Activities to Enable Coproduction 283 Future Research 284 Conclusion 285 References 285 Chapter 6 Building Blocks for Research Coproduction: Reflections and Implications 290
Authors: Jo Rycroft-Malone, Ian D. Graham, Anita Kothari, and Chris McCutcheon Introduction 290 Research Coproduction: A Principles-Based Approach 291 Stakeholders: An Inclusive and Flexible Approach 292 Meaningful Partnership: Essential Ingredients 293 System Architecture: The Context of Research Coproduction 295 Supporting People's Capability for Research Coproduction 297 Building Systems Capabilities for Research Coproduction 299 Judicious Coproduction 299 Closing Thoughts 300 References 301 Index 303

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