SHANE BRENNAN is associate professor of history at the American University in Dubai, U.A.E. From 2011 to 2016 he taught ancient history at Mardin Artuklu University in Turkey. He is the author of a travelogue, In the Tracks of the Ten Thousand, and a forthcoming monograph on Anabasis.



DAVID THOMAS trained in classics at the University of Oxford, being awarded a Doctorate of Philosophy in 1978 and returning to Xenophontic studies in 2003 on his retirement from his career in finance. He is the author of the introduction to The Landmark Xenophon's Hellenika and serves as a vice president of the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies.



ROBERT B. STRASSLER is an unaffiliated scholar who holds an honorary Doctorate of Humanities and Letters from Bard College and is chairman of the Aston Magna Foundation for Music and the Humanities. He lives in Brookline, Massachusetts.

Introduction by Shane Brennan xiii

List of Xenophon's Writings li

Editors' Preface by Shane Brennan and David Thomas liii

Features of this Edition liii

The Map Scheme and Route of the Army lv

Acknowledgments lxi

Summary by Book and Chapter lxv

Key to Maps and Diagrams lxx



Book One 1

Book Two 49

Book Three 79

Book Four 109

Book Five 149

Book Six 185

Book Seven 215



Epilogue by Shane Brennan 263



Appendix A: Xenophon and Socrates, Robin Waterfield, Lakonia, Greece 267

Appendix B: Xenophon and Sparta, Paul Cartledge, University of Cambridge 277

Appendix C: The Persian Empire, Christopher Tuplin, University of Liverpool 286

Appendix D: The Persian Army, Christopher Tuplin, University of Liverpool 296

Appendix E: Panhellenism, Vivienne J. Gray, University of Auckland 306

Appendix F: Thrace, Zosia H. Archibald, University of Liverpool 313

Appendix G: Divinity and Divining, Michael A. Flower, Princeton University 319

Appendix H: Infantry and Cavalry in Anabasis, Peter Krentz, Davidson College 327

Appendix I: The Size and Makeup of the Ten Thousand; David Thomas, Buckinghamshire, UK 335

Appendix J: A Soldier's View of the March, John W. I. Lee, University of California, Santa Barbara 342

Appendix K: The Noncombatant Contingent of the Army, Emily Baragwanath, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 351

Appendix L: The Battle of Cunaxa, David Thomas, Buckinghamshire, UK 359

Appendix M: Other Ancient Sources on the Ten Thousand, David Thomas, Buckinghamshire, UK 366

Appendix N: Xenophon and the Development of Classical Historiography, John Dillery, University of Virginia 375

Appendix O: Ancient Greek and Persian Units of Measurement, Thomas R. Martin, College of the Holy Cross 383

Appendix P: The Route of the Ten Thousand, Shane Brennan, American University in Dubai 393

Appendix Q: The Chronology of the March, Shane Brennan, American University in Dubai 405

Appendix R: The Legacy of Xenophon's Anabasis, Tim Rood, University of Oxford 413

Appendix S: Selections from The Library of History of Diodorus Siculus Relevant to Anabasis, Translated by Peter Green, University of Iowa 420

Appendix T: Selections from Plutarch's Life of Artaxerxes Relevant to Anabasis, Translated by Pamela Mensch, New York, NY 435

Appendix U: Selections from Photius' Synopsis of Ctesias' Persika Relevant to Anabasis, Translated by Pamela Mensch, New York, NY 445

Appendix V: Diogenes Laertius' Life of Xenophon, Translated by R. D. Hicks 448

Appendix W: Brief Biographies of Selected Characters in Anabasis, David Thomas, Buckinghamshire, UK 453



Translator's Notes by David Thomas 487

Ancient Sources Cited in this Edition 507

Glossary 517

Selected Bibliography 523

Figure Credits 531

Index 533

Reference Maps and Directory 583