In the early sixties, what the gay-magazine marketplace promised its consumers was human connection; what it provided was objects for sexual pleasure. By the mid-1950s, there were gay booksellers, gay pen pal services, and many other physique magazines. In the late fifties, entrepreneurs attempted to consolidate parts of the market into “gay conglomerates.” The first attempt was by H. Lynn Womack, who left his philosophy professorship at Mary Washington College to publish the magazine TRIM Trim Studio and later founded a distribution company for gay magazines, Guild Press. Lloyd Spinar and Conrad Germain’s Directory Services, Inc. (DSI) was, as Johnson puts it, “The Sears Roebuck catalog of gay merchandise.