A baker is a tradesperson who bakes and sometimes sellsbreads and other products made of flour by using an oven or other concentrated heat source. The place where a baker works is called a bakery.
Since grains have been a staple food for millennia, the activity of baking is a very old one. Control of yeast, however, is relatively recent.[1] By the fifth and sixth centuries BCE, the ancient Greeks used enclosed ovens heated by wood fires; communities usually baked bread in a large communal oven.[1] Greeks baked dozens and possibly hundreds of types of bread; Athenaeus described seventy-two varieties.[2]
In ancient Rome
several centuries later, the first mass production of breads occurred,
and "the baking profession can be said to have started at that time."[1] Ancient Roman bakers used honey and oil in their products, creating pastries rather than breads.[1] In ancient Rome, bakers (Latin, pistor) were sometimes slaves, who were (like other slave-artisans) sometimes manumitted.[3] Large households in Rome normally had their own bakers.[4]
The Gauls are credited with discovering that the addition of beer froth to bread dough made well-leavened bread, marking the use of controlled yeast for bread dough.[5]
Medieval Europe
In medieval Europe, baking ovens were often separated from other buildings (and sometimes located outside city walls) to mitigate the risk of fire.[5] Because bread was an important staple food, bakers' production factors (such as bolting yields, ingredients, and loaf sizes) were heavily regulated.[5] For example, Henry III of England promulgated the Assize of Bread and Ale
in 1267, subjecting all commercial bakers and brewers to various fees
in order to practice their trade and imposing various regulations, such
as inspection and verification of weights and measures, quality control, and price controls.[6]
Soon after the enactment of the Assize, "baking became a very stable
industry, and was executed much more professionally than brewing,
resulting in towns and villages having fewer bakers than brewers."[6] Because ovens were expensive capital investments and required careful operation, specialized bakeries opened.[6]
Bakers were often part of the guild system, which was well-established by the sixteenth century: master bakers instructed apprentices and were assisted by journeymen.[5] In Amsterdam in 1694, for example, the cake-bakers, pie-bakers, and rusk-bakers separated from an earlier Bread Bakers Guild and formed their own guild, regulating the trade.[7] A fraternity of bakers in London existed as early as 1155, according to records of payments to the Exchequer; the Worshipful Company of Bakers
was formed by charters dated 1486, 1569, and 1685. The guild still
exists today, with mostly ceremonial and charitable functions. Five
bakers have served as lord mayor of London.[8]
In Ming dynasty
China, bakers were divided into different social statuses according to
their customers. Bakers were among the thousands of servants who served
in the Ming Palace,[10] including recruited cooks, imperial eunuchs, and trained serving-women (Shangshiju).[11][12] Bakers often joined the occupation through apprenticeship,[13] or by being born into a family of bakers.[14]
In addition to the secular aspect of baking, Ming bakers also
were responsible for providing pastries for use in various rituals,
festivals and ceremonies, such as zongzi.[10] In "Shi Fu Meets a Friend at Tanque" buns were provided for the construction ceremony.[14]
Within bakeries, traditional patriarchal hierarchy controlled.
For the family-owned bakery, the eldest male figure (usually the father)
in the highest position of the hierarchy. For example, in Feng
Menglong's story, when Mr. Bo went out looking for the family's lost
silver, his wife was ordered to take care of the bakery.[14]
Ming fiction and art records examples of various bakers; for example, in Feng Menglong's story, the Bo couple owns a bakery to sell the cakes and snacks while in Water Margin, the character Wu Dalang does not have a settled store and sells pancakes on the shoulder pole along the street[15] The Ming-era painter Qiu Ying's work Along the River During the Qingming Festival shows food stores alongside the street and peddlers who are selling food along the streets.[16]
The Ming work Ming Dai Tong Su Ri Yong Lei Shu, which
records techniques and items needed in Ming daily life, devotes a full
chapter to culinary skills, including the preparation of pancakes and
other types of cakes.[17]
Julia Carolyn Child (néeMcWilliams;[1]
August 15, 1912 – August 13, 2004) was an American cooking teacher,
author, and television personality. She is recognized for bringing French cuisine to the American public with her debut cookbook, Mastering the Art of French Cooking, and her subsequent television programs, the most notable of which was The French Chef, which premiered in 1963.
Ephron's screenplay is based on two books: My Life in France, Child's autobiography written with Alex Prud'homme, and a memoir by Powell, Julie & Julia: 365 Days, 524 Recipes, 1 Tiny Apartment Kitchen (later retitled Julie & Julia: My Year of Cooking Dangerously). Both of these books were written and published between 2004 and 2006. Powell's book was based on her blog The Julie/Julia Project,[3] where she documented online her daily experiences cooking each of the 524 recipes in Child's Mastering the Art of French Cooking. The film is the first major motion picture based on a blog.[4]
In March 2008, Ephron began filming with Streep as Child and
Adams as Powell. On July 30, 2009, the film officially premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York; and, on August 7, 2009, it opened throughout North America.[5] It received positive reviews from critics, who praised Streep's performance. Streep and Adams previously starred together in Doubt (2008). Streep and Tucci previously starred together in The Devil Wears Prada (2006).
Julie & Julia was Ephron's last film before her death in 2012.
Set on a fictional, medieval-inspired landmass known as "the Continent", The Witcher explores the legend of Geralt of Rivia and princess Ciri, who are linked by destiny to each other.[8] It stars Henry Cavill, Freya Allan and Anya Chalotra.
The show initially follows the three main protagonists at different
points of time, exploring formative events that shaped their characters,
before eventually merging into a single timeline.
The first season, consisting of eight episodes, was released on Netflix in its entirety on December 20, 2019. It is based on The Last Wish and Sword of Destiny, which are collections of short stories that precede the main Witcher
saga. Before the first season had been released, Netflix announced a
second eight-episode season, to be released in 2021; production was
scheduled to commence in London in early 2020.[9]
Development for a film began in the 1990s, but did not go beyond the planning stage until Sony Pictures acquired the film rights in 2013. Production involved the collaboration of Sega Sammy's Japanese studio Marza Animation Planet, with Fowler brought in to direct in 2016. After Sony put the project in turnaround, Paramount Pictures
acquired it in 2017. The majority of the cast signed on by August 2018,
and principal filming took place between September and October that
year in Vancouver and on Vancouver Island.
Following the negative reaction to the first trailer in 2019, the
film's release was delayed by three months to redesign Sonic.
Sonic the Hedgehog premiered at the Paramount Theatre
on January 25, 2020, and was theatrically released in the United States
on February 14, 2020. Critics praised the performances, Sonic's design,
and its faithfulness to the source material, but criticized its plot
and perceived lack of originality.[11][12] The film set the record for the biggest opening weekend for a video game film in the United States and Canada. It grossed $306 million worldwide, becoming the second highest-grossing film of 2020,[13] and the highest-grossing video game film adaptation of all time in North America.
The Silver Surfer is a humanoid alien with metallic skin who can travel through space with the aid of his surfboard-like craft. Originally a young astronomer named Norrin Radd on the planet Zenn-La, he saved his homeworld from the planet devourer, Galactus, by serving as his herald. Imbued in return with a tiny portion of Galactus's Power Cosmic,[5] Radd acquired vast power, a new body and a surfboard-like craft on which he could travel faster than light. Now known as the Silver Surfer, Radd roamed the cosmos searching for planets for Galactus to consume. When his travels took him to Earth, he met the Fantastic Four, who helped him rediscover his nobility of spirit. Betraying Galactus, the Surfer saved Earth but was exiled there as punishment.[6]
The first series, formally titled The Silver Surfer, was published beginning in 1968[1] and was written by Stan Lee with art by John Buscema (#1–17)[2][3] and Jack Kirby (#18). Villains introduced in the series include Mephisto in issue #3 (Dec. 1968).[4]Spider-Man guest-starred in issue #14 (March 1970).[5]
The Silver Surfer : The Ultimate Cosmic Experience by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, and Joe Sinnott was published in September 1978 as part of the Marvel Fireside Books series and is considered to be one of the first true "graphic novels."[6]
The third volume series ran from 1987 to 1999 for 146 regular issues, as well as an issue number "−1", and nine annuals, making it the longest-running volume of Silver Surfer. This volume is sometimes referred to as the second Silver Surfer
volume, but, according to indicia found inside the comics, the 1982
one-shot was designated "Volume 2" and Marvel therefore designated the
second series, beginning in 1987, as "Volume 3."[8]
The fourth series was a 1988 two-issue out-of-continuity mini-series from Stan Lee and Moebius through Marvel's Epic Comics imprint, later collected under the title Silver Surfer: Parable.[9][10]
The eighth series, again written by Dan Slott and drawn by Mike Allred, ran from March 2016 to December 2017, lasting 14 issues.
Writers
Volume 1
Stan Lee wrote all 18 issues of The Silver Surfer,
beginning in 1968. He later wrote many of the character's subsequent
appearances, including the first Silver Surfer graphic novel in 1978
(published by Simon & Schuster).
The Punisher's brutal nature and willingness to kill made him an anomaly in mainstream American comic books
when he debuted in 1974. By the late 1980s, the Punisher was part of a
wave of psychologically-troubled antiheroes. At the height of his
popularity, the character was featured in four monthly publications: The Punisher, The Punisher War Journal, The Punisher: War Zone, and The Punisher Armory.
The Fantastic Four are a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The group debuted in Fantastic Four #1 (cover dated
Nov. 1961), which helped to usher in a new level of realism in the
medium. The Fantastic Four was the first superhero team created by
artist/co-plotter Jack Kirby and editor/co-plotter Stan Lee, who developed a collaborative approach to creating comics with this title that they would use from then on.
The four individuals traditionally associated with the Fantastic Four, who gained superpowers after exposure to cosmic rays during a scientific mission to outer space, are Mister Fantastic
(Reed Richards), a scientific genius and the leader of the group, who
can stretch his body into incredible lengths and shapes; the Invisible Woman
(Susan "Sue" Storm), who eventually married Reed, who can render
herself invisible and later project powerful invisible force fields; the
Human Torch (Johnny Storm), Sue's younger brother, who can generate flames, surround himself with them and fly; and the monstrous Thing
(Ben Grimm), their grumpy but benevolent friend, a former college
football star and Reed's college roommate as well as a good pilot, who
possesses tremendous superhuman strength, durability, and endurance due
to the nature of his stone-like flesh.
Since their original 1961 introduction, the Fantastic Four have
been portrayed as a somewhat dysfunctional, yet loving, family. Breaking
convention with other comic book archetypes of the time, they would
squabble and hold grudges both deep and petty and eschewed anonymity or
secret identities in favor of celebrity status. The team is also well
known for its recurring encounters with characters such as the
villainous monarch Doctor Doom, the planet-devouring Galactus, the Kree Empire's ruthless and tyrannical enforcer Ronan the Accuser, Annihilus, ruler of the Negative Zone, the sea-dwelling prince Namor, the spacefaring Silver Surfer, and the Skrull warrior Kl'rt.
This was the second live-action Fantastic Four film to be filmed. A previous attempt, titled The Fantastic Four, was a B-movie produced by Roger Corman that ultimately went unreleased. Fantastic Four was released in the United States on July 8, 2005. It received mixed reviews but was a commercial success. A sequel, Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer, was released in 2007. A reboot was released in 2015.
Upon its release on June 15, 2007 in North America,
the film received mixed reviews from critics, though some considered it
an improvement over the first film. While it was the highest-grossing
film during its first week, the film ultimately made less than its
predecessor, resulting in both a planned third film and a spin-off
Silver Surfer film being cancelled. The series was later rebooted in 2015 and released to a worse critical and commercial reception.
Betty Boop
A title card of one of the earliest Betty Boop cartoons
A caricature of a Jazz Ageflapper,
Betty Boop was described in a 1934 court case as: "combin[ing] in
appearance the childish with the sophisticated—a large round baby face
with big eyes and a nose like a button, framed in a somewhat careful
coiffure, with a very small body of which perhaps the leading
characteristic is the most self-confident little bust imaginable".[7] Although she was toned down in the mid-1930s as a result of the Hays Code to appear more demure, Betty Boop became one of the best-known and popular cartoon characters in the world.
Sex and the City is an American romanticcomedy-drama television series created by Darren Star and produced by HBO.
Broadcast from 1998 until 2004, the original run of the show had a
total of 94 episodes. Throughout its six-year run, the show received
contributions from various producers, writers, and directors,
principally Michael Patrick King.
Set and filmed in New York City and based on Candace Bushnell's 1997 book of the same name,
the show follows the lives of a group of four women—three in their
mid-thirties and one in her forties—who, despite their different natures
and ever-changing sex lives, remain inseparable and confide in each
other. Starring Sarah Jessica Parker (as Carrie Bradshaw) and co-starring Kim Cattrall (as Samantha Jones), Kristin Davis (as Charlotte York), and Cynthia Nixon (as Miranda Hobbes), the quirky series had multiple continuing storylines that tackled relevant and modern social issues such as sexuality, safe sex, promiscuity, and femininity,
while exploring the difference between friendships and romantic
relationships. The deliberate omission of the better part of the early
lives of the four women was the writers' way of exploring social
life—from sex to relationships—through each of their four very
different, individual perspectives.
Sex and the City has received both acclaim and criticism
for its subjects and characters, and is credited with helping to
increase HBO's popularity as a network.[1] The series has won several accolades, including seven of its 54 Emmy Award nominations, eight of its 24 Golden Globe Award nominations, and three of its 11 Screen Actors Guild Award nominations. The series placed fifth on Entertainment Weekly's "New TV Classics" list,[2] and has been listed as one of the best television series of all time by Time in 2007 and TV Guide in 2013.[3][4]
People's Choice Awards From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia People's Choice Awards 43rd People's Choice Awards People's Choice Awards logo.svg Country United States First awarded March 3, 1975 Official website peopleschoice.com Television/radio coverage Network CBS
The People's Choice Awards is an American awards show, recognizing the people and the work of popular culture, voted on by the general public.[1] The show has been held annually since 1975.[2][3] The People's Choice Awards is broadcast on CBS and is produced by Procter & Gamble and Mark Burnett. In Canada, it is shown on Global. On April 6, 2017, E! announced they would begin airing the show in 2018; they also announced they would begin overseeing the awards' digital, social and voting platforms.[4]
The award show's creator was Bob Stivers, who produced the first show in 1975.[5][6] The first awards recognized The Sting as Favorite Picture of 1974, Barbra Streisand as the year's Favorite Film Actress, and John Wayne as its Favorite Film Actor.[7] Ratings for the annual event peaked in 1977, when the third People's Choice Awards attracted 35.3 million viewers who witnessed Farrah Fawcett win the award for Favorite Female TV Star, Star Wars win as the Favorite Picture, and Streisand and Wayne win again in the Film Actress and Actor categories. Ceremonies # Date Host # Date Host # Date Host 1st March 3, 1975 Army Archerd Richard Crenna 21st March 5, 1995 Tim Daly Annie Potts 41st January 7, 2015 Anna Faris Allison Janney 2nd February 19, 1976 Jack Albertson 22nd March 10, 1996 Brett Butler 42nd January 6, 2016 Jane Lynch 3rd February 10, 1977 Dick Van Dyke 23rd January 12, 1997 Don Johnson Roma Downey 43rd January 18, 2017 Joel McHale 4th February 20, 1978 24th January 11, 1998 Reba McEntire Ray Romano 5th March 7, 1979 Army Archerd Dick Van Dyke 25th January 13, 1999 Ray Romano 6th January 24, 1980 Mariette Hartley Bert Parks 26th January 9, 2000 Don Johnson Cheech Marin 7th March 8, 1981 Army Archerd Lee Remick 27th January 7, 2001 Kevin James 8th March 18, 1982 Army Archerd John Forsythe 28th January 13, 2002 9th March 17, 1983 Dick Van Dyke 29th January 12, 2003 Tony Danza 10th March 15, 1984 Andy Williams 30th January 11, 2004 Charlie Sheen Jon Cryer 11th March 12, 1985 John Forsythe 31st January 9, 2005 Jason Alexander Malcolm Jamal Warner 12th March 13, 1986 John Denver 32nd January 10, 2006 Craig Ferguson 13th March 14, 1987 Dick Van Dyke 33rd January 9, 2007 Queen Latifah 14th March 13, 1988 Carl Reiner 34th January 8, 2008 15th August 23, 1989 Michael Landon Michele Lee 35th January 7, 2009 16th March 11, 1990 Valerie Harper Fred Savage Army Archerd Barbara Mandrell 36th January 6, 2010 17th March 11, 1991 Burt Reynolds 37th January 5, 2011 18th March 17, 1992 Kenny Rogers 38th January 11, 2012 Kaley Cuoco 19th March 17, 1993 John Ritter Jane Seymour 39th January 9, 2013 20th March 8, 1994 Paul Reiser 40th January 8, 2014 Beth Behrs Kat Dennings
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