AERONAUTICS, NACA 13th Annual Report & Technical Reports. 1927 Aviation

AERONAUTICS, NACA 13th Annual Report & Technical Reports. 1927 Aviation

AERONAUTICS

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
FOR AERONAUTICS

1927



Including Techinical Reports
Nos. 257 to 282

United States Government Printing Office, Washington. 1928. Original edition.
Hardcover, Brown cloth, spine title, quarto, viii, [2], 510 pages.

An important volume summarizing developments in aviation, NACA activities during 1927 as well as technical reports documenting important research and development efforts including contributions by aviation pioneers Eastman N. Jacobs , et al.

See below for the full Table of Contents and selected biographies.


The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) was a United States federal agency founded on March 3, 1915, to undertake, promote, and institutionalize aeronautical research. On October 1, 1958, the agency was dissolved and its assets and personnel transferred to the newly created National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

Among other advancements, NACA research and development produced the NACA duct, a type of air intake used in modern automotive applications, the NACA cowling, and several series of NACA airfoils which are still used in aircraft manufacturing.

During World War II, NACA was described as "The Force Behind Our Air Supremacy" due to its key role in producing working superchargers for high altitude bombers, and for producing the laminar wing profiles for the North American P-51 Mustang.[3] NACA was also key in developing the area rule that is used on all modern supersonic aircraft, and conducted the key compressibility research that enabled the Bell X-1 to break the sound barrier.

Research
On January 29, 1920, President Wilson appointed pioneering flier and aviation engineer Orville Wright to NACA's board. By the early 1920s, it had adopted a new and more ambitious mission: to promote military and civilian aviation through applied research that looked beyond current needs. NACA researchers pursued this mission through the agency's impressive collection of in-house wind tunnels, engine test stands, and flight test facilities. Commercial and military clients were also permitted to use NACA facilities on a contract basis.

Facilities Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory (Hampton, Virginia)
Ames Aeronautical Laboratory (Moffett Field)
Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory (Lewis Research Center)
Muroc Flight Test Unit (Edwards Air Force Base)

In 1922, NACA had 100 employees. By 1938, it had 426. In addition to formal assignments, staff were encouraged to pursue unauthorized "bootleg" research, provided that it was not too exotic. The result was a long string of fundamental breakthroughs, including "thin airfoil theory" (1920s), "NACA engine cowl" (1930s), the "NACA airfoil" series (1940s), and the "area rule" for supersonic aircraft (1950s).



CONTENTS
Letter of submittal ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------III
Letter of transmittal ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------V

Thirteenth annual report-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
The death of Dr. Charles D. Walcott, chairman-----------------------------------------------------------

PART I. ORGANIZATION
Functions of the committee---------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
Organization of the committee-----------------------------------------------------------------------------6
Meetings of the entire committee--------------------------------------------------------------------------6
The executive committee-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
Subcommittees- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
Quarters for committee--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
The Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory--------------------------------------------------------9
The Office of Aeronautical Intelligence-----------------------------------------------------------------10
Financial report---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11

PART II. GENERAL ACTIVITIES
Consideration of aeronautical invention----------------------------------------------------------------12
Relations with the aircraft industry-------------------------------------- 14
The committee's research program in relation to nonmilitary aircraft------------------------------14
The Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics ----------------------------------15
Conference of representatives of educational institutions actively engaged in aeronautical education ----16
Cooperation of Army and Navy. -------------------------------------------------------------------------17
Investigations undertaken for the Army and the Navy ------------------------------------------------17
Use of nongovernmental agencies -----------------------------------------------------------------------18
Cooperation with British Aeronautical Research Committee-----------------------------------------18
Exhibit at the National Sesquicentennial Exposition--------------------------------------------------19
International Congress on Aerial Navigation, Rome-- ------------------------------------------------19
The air mail service ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19

PART III. REPORTS OF TECHNICAL COMMITTEES
Report of committee on aerodynamics ------------------------------------------------------------------21
Report of committee on power plants for aircraft----------------------------------------------------- 33
Report of committee on materials for aircraft ---------------------------------------------------------44

PART IV. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE
Summaries of technical reports------------------ --------------------------------------------------------53
List of technical notes issued during the past year--------------------------- -------------------------62
List of technical memorandums issued during the past year -----------------------------------------63
List of aircraft circulars issued during the past year---------------------------------------------------65
Bibliography of aeronautics ------------------------------------------------------------------------------66

PART V. THE PRESENT STATE OF AERONAUTICAL DEVELOPMENT
Progress in technical development. ----------------------------------------------------------------------67
Aerodynamics-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------67
Airplane structures -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------70
Airships------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------72
Aircraft engines --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------74
Summary ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------75
Conclusion-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 76

TECHNICAL REPORTS
No. 257. Pressure Distribution Over a Wing and Tail Rib of a VE-7 and of a TS Airplane in Flight. By J. W. Crowley, Jr ----77
No. 258. Some Factors Affecting the Reproducibility of Penetration and the Out-off of Oil Sprays for Fuel-Injection Engines. By E. G. Beardsley--------115
No. 259. Characteristics of Propeller Sections Tested in the Variable Density Wind Tunnel. By Eastman N. Jacobs ---------125
No. 260. The Effect of a Flap and Ailerons on the N. A. C. A. M-6 Airfoil Section. By George J. Higgins and Eastman N. Jacobs--------141
No. 261. Resistance and Cooling Power of Various Radiators. By R. H. Smith -------161
No. 262. Friction of Aviation Engines. By S. W. Sparrow and M. A. Thorne-----177
No. 263. Preliminary Flight Tests of the N. A. C. A. Roots Type Aircraft Engine Supercharger. By Arthur W. Gardiner and Elliott G. Reid. ------205
No. 264. Differential Pressures on a Pitot-Venturi and a Pitot-Static Nozzle over 3600 Pitch and Yaw. By R. M. Bear---221
No. 265. A Full-Scale Investigation of Ground Effect. By Elliott G. Reid---------231
No. 266. Air Force and Moment for N-20 Wing with Certain Cut-outs. By R. H. Smith-------239
No. 267. Drag of Wings with End Plates. By Paul E. Hemke-------251
No. 265. Factors in the Design of Centrifugal Type Injection Valves for Oil Engines. By W. F. Joachim and E. G. Beardsley------265
No. 269. Air Force Tests of Sperry 'Messenger Model with Six Sets of Wings. By James M. Shoemaker--------281
No. 270. The Measurement of Pressure through Tubes in Pressure Distribution Tests. By Paul E. Hemke-----301
No. 271. Pressure Distribution Tests on PW-9 Wing Models Showing Effects of Biplane Interference. By A. J. Fairbanks ------313
No. 272. The Relative Performance Obtained with Several Methods of Control of an Overcompressed Engine Using Gasoline. By Arthur W. Gardiner and William E. Whedon---327
No. 273. Wind Tunnel Tests on Autorotation and the "Flat Spin." By Montgomery Knight---341
No. 274. The N. A. C. A. Photographic Apparatus for Studying Fuel Sprays from Oil Engine Injection Valves and Test Results from Several Researches. By Edward G. Beardsley--359
No. 275. The Effect of the Walls in Closed Type Wind Tunnels. By George J. Higgins---373
No. 276. Combustion Time in the Engine Cylinder and Its Effect on Engine Performance. By Charles F. Marvin, Jr. ----391
No. 277. The Comparative Performance of an Aviation Engine at Normal and High Inlet Air Temperatures. By Arthur W. Gardiner and Oscar W. Schey---407
No. 278. Lift, Drag, and Elevator Hinge Moments of Handley Page Control Surfaces. By R. H. Smith ----427
No. 279. Tests on .Models of Three British Airplanes in the Variable Density Wind Tunnel. By George J. Higgins and George L. DeFoe---449
No. 280. The Gaseous Explosive Reaction--The Effect of Inert Gases. By F. W. Stevens ---477
No. 281 The Effects of Fuel and Cylinder Gas Densities on the Characteristics of Fuel Sprays for Oil Engines. By W. F. Joachim and Edward G. Beardsley-----489
No. 282. The Performance of Several Combustion Chambers Designed for Aircraft Oil Engines. By William F. Joachim and Carlton Kemper. 499


Eastman Jacobs Eastman Jacobs (1902–1987) was a leading aerodynamicist who worked for NACA's Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory (renamed NASA Langley Research Center in 1958) from the 1920s to the 1940s. He was responsible for advancing many fields in aerodynamics, dealing particularly with wind tunnels, airfoils, turbulence, boundary layers, and Schlieren photography.

Biography
Eastman Jacobs joined NACA in 1925 after earning a bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. He applied at the Bell Labs but was not accepted and opted for his second choice Langley. His knowledge of complex analysis was key to current airfoil design techniques at the time.[1] He quickly became one of the leading scientists at the Langley Research Center due to his work with optimizing airfoils using a variable density wind tunnel that could operate with high Reynolds numbers. He was also officially the head of the Variable Density Wind Tunnel Division from 1928-1939. He and his colleagues were able to significantly reduce the turbulence in the wind tunnel, which led to a better understanding of boundary development around airfoil sections. A better knowledge of boundary layer growth then led to an optimization scheme for low-drag laminar flow airfoils. This optimization scheme produced the NACA 4-digit[2] airfoils that led to faster aircraft like the P-51 Mustang in World War II. In 1937, he received the Sylvanus Albert Reed Award for his improvement of airfoils.

By the 1930s, Jacobs became interested in high-speed wind tunnels, and helped to build one of the first in the United States. He became the first person to observe a shock wave propagating over an airfoil using Schlieren photography. In 1935, he was invited to the now famous fifth Volta conference on aerodynamics titled "High Velocities in Aviation". There, he gave a presentation on high-speed wind tunnels and his Schlieren images which exposed the technology to the rest of the world.

Later in his career, he designed a motorjet aircraft referred to "Jake's Jeep", but this work was canceled by the NACA. He retired at an early age of 42 in 1944.

A restaurant he started in 1958, called "Panorama Pacific at Solimar," on his property near the Pacific Coast Highway on the Ventura-Los Angeles county line in Malibu, became known throughout the 1960s as "Jake's Diner." The restaurant survives today as "Neptune's Net". Jacobs died on Father's Day in 1987 and his ashes were spread on his ranch property.[3]

Awards
Wright Brothers Medal – 1933

CONDITION: Ex university library reference copy in Very Good- condtion. (Covers have shelfwear, some corner wear, light soil, rubbing on spine. Library labels on front pastedown and stamp on front endpaper, title page and first text page, surface tear on rear pastedown. The tightly bound Contents are complete, clean and intact except for light foxing spots on a few preliminary pages.)



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