289-tir4
Bronze medal, from the Paris Mint (cornucopia hallmark from 1880).
Minted around 1987.
Some minimal traces of handling.
Severeur : To be determined .
Dimension : 68mm.
Weight : 149 g.
Metal : bronze.
Hallmark on the edge (mark on the edge) : cornucopia + bronze + 1987.
Quick and neat delivery .
The support is not for sale.
The stand is not for sale.
Weight : 149 g.
Metal : bronze.
Hallmark on the edge (mark on the edge) : cornucopia + bronze + 1987.
Quick and neat delivery .
The support is not for sale.
The stand is not for sale.
v
Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon3 is a French archipelago in North America located in the Atlantic Ocean, southeast of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, south of the Canadian island of Newfoundland (province of Terre- New and Labrador).
Saint-Pierre Island is located 19 km southwest of the western tip of the Burin Peninsula, in the southern part of Newfoundland, Miquelon being 21 km west-southwest of this same peninsula.
Former overseas department, then territorial collectivity with special status, the archipelago is today an overseas collectivity.
It is mainly made up of two islands: Saint-Pierre Island, the smaller of the two, which is home to 86% of the population, and Miquelon made up of three peninsulas linked together by two tombolos.
There are other small islands and islets including Île aux Marins (formerly called “Île aux Chiens”). This attracts a lot of tourists during the seasonal period (holidays from mid-April to mid-October), but is not inhabited the rest of the year.
The archipelago is one of the seven French territories in America (with Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyana, Saint-Martin, Saint-Barthélemy and Clipperton Island) and the only one in North America, the last vestige of New -France, lost in the Seven Years' War in the mid-18th century.
Toponymy
In 1520, the Portuguese navigator João Álvares Fagundes named the archipelago in honor of Saint Ursula, when he landed on her feast day, the archipelago of the eleven thousand virgins. Then, Jacques Cartier named it Isle Sainct Pierre during his visit in June 1536[ref. necessary] ; Saint Peter is the patron saint of fishermen (with Saint Andrew, Saint Anthony of Padua, Saint Nicholas of Myra, and Saint Zeno of Verona4).
The name Miquelon is attested in the form Micquelle5 in the 16th century in the navigation manual of a Basque captain, Martin de Hoyarsabal, leaving for Newfoundland6. Miquelon could be explained by the anthroponym Michel7,8, the Basque form corresponding to this personal name being precisely Mikel9.
The name of the adjacent island, Langlade, is attested in the forms Terra England between 1610 and 1675, Langlois in 1670 (Visscher map), c dangleterre in 1674 (Denis de Rotis map10) and Detcheverry from 168911, Lanaloy in 1675 ( map of Thornton), I anglois miclon in 1675, Angueleterraco in 1677 (map of Detcheverry), Langlois in 1693, Cap de Langlais in 1694, Langlois on the maps of 1700, 1719, 172112.
History
Before 1500: Native American settlements
The islands were visited by Paleo-Eskimos (Paleo-Eskimos, Tuniit),13:
Groswaterians (800 to 100 BC). AD (AEC), Ancient Paleoeskimos)14,
Dorset (100 to 900 AD, Late Paleo-Eskimo)15.
Between 1100 and 1500, the ancestors of the Beothuk established a camp at Anse-à-Henry on the island of Saint-Pierre.
This section does not sufficiently cite its sources (February 2023).
From colonization to the development of the archipelago
New France, from 1713, through the Treaty of Utrecht, lost the archipelago of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon.
New France, from 1713, through the Treaty of Utrecht, lost the archipelago of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon.
The conquest of Quebec in 1759 was the source of the Treaty of Paris which, in 1763, returned Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon to France.
The conquest of Quebec in 1759 was the source of the Treaty of Paris which, in 1763, returned Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon to France.
Henri-Félix de Lamothe, commander and then governor of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon at the end of the 19th century.
Henri-Félix de Lamothe, commander and then governor of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon at the end of the 19th century.
Detailed article: List of representatives, commanders and governors of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.
The arrival of the Portuguese navigator Faguendes on October 21, 1520 is often cited as the date of discovery of the island, but this discovery could be earlier: it is also attributed to the Genoese navigator Jean Cabot in 1497. The Florentine Verrazzano is also cited in 1524 among the discoverers.
Jacques Cartier recognized and named the island of Saint-Pierre during his second voyage in 153616.
The islands served as a base for Norman, Breton and Basque fishermen in the 16th century and the first permanent settlements of the latter date back to 1604.
They practice whaling there (if we refer to their early arrival for this activity in North America, the date could be much earlier), certainly the right whale (known as the “Basque whale”), the Greenland whale and the gray whale. These provincial origins are found on the flag of the archipelago.
It was under Louis XVIII that the definitive retrocession of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon to France was signed.
In the 18th century, the islands were abandoned upon the ratification of the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, which granted France exclusive fishing rights on the coast of the island of Newfoundland.
During the second half of the 19th century, the archipelago of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon experienced significant economic growth thanks to cod fishing.
Telegraph relay
From 1869, it served as a relay for telegraphic communications by submarine cable between France (Brest-Petit Minou then Brest-Déolen) and the United States (Cape Cod peninsula).
Prohibition in the United States
The archipelago played a certain role during prohibition in the United States since, due to its status as a French colony, American law (the Volstead Act) was not applicable there. From 1919 to 1933, the island experienced real prosperity thanks to the traffic in alcohol, French wine and whiskey, transported clandestinely to the Canadian and American coasts by schooners or speedboats (rum runners) built in Canada and ridden by Saint-Pierrais. It was the era of the bootleggers17.
Until 1933, when prohibition was lifted, up to 300,000 cases of alcohol passed through the archipelago per year. Newfoundland sailors received alcoholic beverages in crates. They transferred them into gunny bags and collected the wood. The wood from abandoned alcohol crates is used as fuel and for the construction of many houses, including the Cutty Sark villa, made entirely from whiskey crates of the same name18. In the 1970s, you could still see in Saint-Pierre, a hangar lined with boxes of boxes of alcohol and French champagne. In the event of interception of a smuggler's boat by the American Coast Guard, it was sufficient to throw the bags into the sea on the side of the vessel opposite to that towards which the police forces were advancing. The bags sank instantly. When the control crew boarded, there was no longer any trace of the fraud heading for the deep sea. The cargo was lost, but this saved the offenders from being imprisoned. The risk of being boarded in this way was part of the costs of the expedition and justified the staggering price paid by the recipients. This also explained the proliferation of counterfeit drinks perhaps cheaper than those really coming from Europe.
Second World War
During the Second World War, after the armistice of June 22, 1940 and the partial occupation of France by the Germans, the administration of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon was under the control of the Vichy regime.
Governor Gilbert de Bournat had to negotiate with the United States authorities in order to obtain some subsidies financed by French gold reserves. In this he was mandated by his direct superior, Admiral Georges Robert, appointed in September 1939 high commissioner for the West Atlantic theater, with authority over Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon, Martinique and Guadeloupe and their dependencies and Guyana.
At the same time, neighboring Canada had prepared, with the approval of Washington, a landing project to occupy Saint-Pierre and Miquelon. Several pretexts were put forward, including radio broadcasts which broadcast Vichy propaganda19. Some even claimed that this radio station helped the German U-boats present on the banks of Newfoundland19. Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King did not allow these plans to be carried out.
It was at this time that the geologist Edgar Aubert de la Rüe was placed under house arrest in Saint-Pierre.
On the orders of General de Gaulle in London, Vice-Admiral Émile Muselier organized, despite his disagreement, the landing in Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon without the knowledge and against the advice of the American and Canadian authorities19, but with a first assent from Winston Churchill19. The affair of December 24, 1941 caused much ink to be spilled, and crystallized Roosevelt's distrust of de Gaulle. Vice-Admiral Muselier had a plebiscite organized which was favorable to Free France19. Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon was thus one of the first French lands to join Free France.
Detailed article: Rally of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon to Free France.
After this rally, 383 men, 56 women and 36 mousses (miners) will enlist in the Free French forces, many of whom embarked on the ships of the naval forces of Free France20. In June 1942, during the torpedoing of the corvette Mimosa by a German U-boat, 17 of the 65 missing members of the crew (there were only four survivors) were from the archipelago20. On June 6, 1944, among the 177 rifle commandos who landed in Normandy, under the orders of Lieutenant Commander Kieffer and the only French who landed that day, was quartermaster Saint-Pierrais René Autin (1921-1960) who had joined after the rally of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.
Recent history and integration into the French Republic
Following the Second World War, the former colony became an overseas territory (TOM) in 1946.
On January 3, 1960, eleven of the fourteen members Before 1500: Native American settlements
The islands were visited by Paleo-Eskimos (Paleo-Eskimos, Tuniit),13:
Groswaterians (800 to 100 BC). AD (AEC), Ancient Paleoeskimos)14,
Dorset (100 to 900 AD, Late Paleo-Eskimo)15.
Between 1100 and 1500, the ancestors of the Beothuk established a camp at Anse-à-Henry on the island of Saint-Pierre.
This section does not sufficiently cite its sources (February 2023).
From colonization to the development of the archipelago
New France, from 1713, through the Treaty of Utrecht, lost the archipelago of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon.
New France, from 1713, through the Treaty of Utrecht, lost the archipelago of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon.
The conquest of Quebec in 1759 was the source of the Treaty of Paris which, in 1763, returned Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon to France.
The conquest of Quebec in 1759 was the source of the Treaty of Paris which, in 1763, returned Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon to France.
Henri-Félix de Lamothe, commander and then governor of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon at the end of the 19th century.
Henri-Félix de Lamothe, commander and then governor of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon at the end of the 19th century.
Detailed article: List of representatives, commanders and governors of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.
The arrival of the Portuguese navigator Faguendes on October 21, 1520 is often cited as the date of discovery of the island, but this discovery could be earlier: it is also attributed to the Genoese navigator Jean Cabot in 1497. The Florentine Verrazzano is also cited in 1524 among the discoverers.
Jacques Cartier recognized and named the island of Saint-Pierre during his second voyage in 153616.
The islands served as a base for Norman, Breton and Basque fishermen in the 16th century and the first permanent settlements of the latter date back to 1604.
They practice whaling there (if we refer to their early arrival for this activity in North America, the date could be much earlier), certainly the right whale (known as the “Basque whale”), the Greenland whale and the gray whale. These provincial origins are found on the flag of the archipelago.
It was under Louis XVIII that the definitive retrocession of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon to France was signed.
In the 18th century, the islands were abandoned upon the ratification of the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, which granted France exclusive fishing rights on the coast of the island of Newfoundland, known as the French Coast of Newfoundland. -New. The islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon were then officially recovered by France during the Treaty of Paris of 1763. After a defeat inflicted by American and French troops, British forces in Nova Scotia attacked the islands in 1778 and deported the population, including refugees from the 1755 Acadian deportation. However, the archipelago was returned to France again during the Treaty of Versailles (1783).
Several illustrious travelers visited the archipelago, which was still very little developed, such as the geographer Jean-Dominique Cassini in 1768, and the French writer Chateaubriand in 1791 who immortalized the archipelago in the Mémoires d'outre-tombe.
During the French Revolution, the Acadian community suddenly left the island of Miquelon to take refuge in the Magdalen Islands, while the republican exercise in Saint-Pierre came to a brutal end during the new British attack of 1793. It was not until the Restoration of Louis XVIII that the final retrocession by the United Kingdom (of which Nova Scotia was still a colony) of the islands of Saint-Pierre and Saint-Miquelon to France was definitive.
Modern development and beginning of prosperity of the colony
Among the famous visitors of the time who relate the life and study of this small French fishing colony, in the last piece of territory of the old New France which became a simple stepping stone on the road to North America and the banks of Newfoundland fishing, we can cite Count Arthur de Gobineau, diplomat and writer, around 1850, as well as Doctor Albert Calmette, present in the archipelago from 1888 to 1890.
Fishing
During the second half of the 19th century, the archipelago of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon experienced significant economic growth thanks to cod fishing.
Telegraph relay
From 1869, it served as a relay for telegraphic communications by submarine cable between France (Brest-Petit Minou then B
Saint-Pierre Island is located 19 km southwest of the western tip of the Burin Peninsula, in the southern part of Newfoundland, Miquelon being 21 km west-southwest of this same peninsula.
Former overseas department, then territorial collectivity with special status, the archipelago is today an overseas collectivity.
It is mainly made up of two islands: Saint-Pierre Island, the smaller of the two, which is home to 86% of the population, and Miquelon made up of three peninsulas linked together by two tombolos.
There are other small islands and islets including Île aux Marins (formerly called “Île aux Chiens”). This attracts a lot of tourists during the seasonal period (holidays from mid-April to mid-October), but is not inhabited the rest of the year.
The archipelago is one of the seven French territories in America (with Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyana, Saint-Martin, Saint-Barthélemy and Clipperton Island) and the only one in North America, the last vestige of New -France, lost in the Seven Years' War in the mid-18th century.
Toponymy
In 1520, the Portuguese navigator João Álvares Fagundes named the archipelago in honor of Saint Ursula, when he landed on her feast day, the archipelago of the eleven thousand virgins. Then, Jacques Cartier named it Isle Sainct Pierre during his visit in June 1536[ref. necessary] ; Saint Peter is the patron saint of fishermen (with Saint Andrew, Saint Anthony of Padua, Saint Nicholas of Myra, and Saint Zeno of Verona4).
The name Miquelon is attested in the form Micquelle5 in the 16th century in the navigation manual of a Basque captain, Martin de Hoyarsabal, leaving for Newfoundland6. Miquelon could be explained by the anthroponym Michel7,8, the Basque form corresponding to this personal name being precisely Mikel9.
The name of the adjacent island, Langlade, is attested in the forms Terra England between 1610 and 1675, Langlois in 1670 (Visscher map), c dangleterre in 1674 (Denis de Rotis map10) and Detcheverry from 168911, Lanaloy in 1675 ( map of Thornton), I anglois miclon in 1675, Angueleterraco in 1677 (map of Detcheverry), Langlois in 1693, Cap de Langlais in 1694, Langlois on the maps of 1700, 1719, 172112.
History
Before 1500: Native American settlements
The islands were visited by Paleo-Eskimos (Paleo-Eskimos, Tuniit),13:
Groswaterians (800 to 100 BC). AD (AEC), Ancient Paleoeskimos)14,
Dorset (100 to 900 AD, Late Paleo-Eskimo)15.
Between 1100 and 1500, the ancestors of the Beothuk established a camp at Anse-à-Henry on the island of Saint-Pierre.
This section does not sufficiently cite its sources (February 2023).
From colonization to the development of the archipelago
New France, from 1713, through the Treaty of Utrecht, lost the archipelago of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon.
New France, from 1713, through the Treaty of Utrecht, lost the archipelago of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon.
The conquest of Quebec in 1759 was the source of the Treaty of Paris which, in 1763, returned Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon to France.
The conquest of Quebec in 1759 was the source of the Treaty of Paris which, in 1763, returned Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon to France.
Henri-Félix de Lamothe, commander and then governor of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon at the end of the 19th century.
Henri-Félix de Lamothe, commander and then governor of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon at the end of the 19th century.
Detailed article: List of representatives, commanders and governors of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.
The arrival of the Portuguese navigator Faguendes on October 21, 1520 is often cited as the date of discovery of the island, but this discovery could be earlier: it is also attributed to the Genoese navigator Jean Cabot in 1497. The Florentine Verrazzano is also cited in 1524 among the discoverers.
Jacques Cartier recognized and named the island of Saint-Pierre during his second voyage in 153616.
The islands served as a base for Norman, Breton and Basque fishermen in the 16th century and the first permanent settlements of the latter date back to 1604.
They practice whaling there (if we refer to their early arrival for this activity in North America, the date could be much earlier), certainly the right whale (known as the “Basque whale”), the Greenland whale and the gray whale. These provincial origins are found on the flag of the archipelago.
It was under Louis XVIII that the definitive retrocession of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon to France was signed.
In the 18th century, the islands were abandoned upon the ratification of the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, which granted France exclusive fishing rights on the coast of the island of Newfoundland.
During the second half of the 19th century, the archipelago of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon experienced significant economic growth thanks to cod fishing.
Telegraph relay
From 1869, it served as a relay for telegraphic communications by submarine cable between France (Brest-Petit Minou then Brest-Déolen) and the United States (Cape Cod peninsula).
Prohibition in the United States
The archipelago played a certain role during prohibition in the United States since, due to its status as a French colony, American law (the Volstead Act) was not applicable there. From 1919 to 1933, the island experienced real prosperity thanks to the traffic in alcohol, French wine and whiskey, transported clandestinely to the Canadian and American coasts by schooners or speedboats (rum runners) built in Canada and ridden by Saint-Pierrais. It was the era of the bootleggers17.
Until 1933, when prohibition was lifted, up to 300,000 cases of alcohol passed through the archipelago per year. Newfoundland sailors received alcoholic beverages in crates. They transferred them into gunny bags and collected the wood. The wood from abandoned alcohol crates is used as fuel and for the construction of many houses, including the Cutty Sark villa, made entirely from whiskey crates of the same name18. In the 1970s, you could still see in Saint-Pierre, a hangar lined with boxes of boxes of alcohol and French champagne. In the event of interception of a smuggler's boat by the American Coast Guard, it was sufficient to throw the bags into the sea on the side of the vessel opposite to that towards which the police forces were advancing. The bags sank instantly. When the control crew boarded, there was no longer any trace of the fraud heading for the deep sea. The cargo was lost, but this saved the offenders from being imprisoned. The risk of being boarded in this way was part of the costs of the expedition and justified the staggering price paid by the recipients. This also explained the proliferation of counterfeit drinks perhaps cheaper than those really coming from Europe.
Second World War
During the Second World War, after the armistice of June 22, 1940 and the partial occupation of France by the Germans, the administration of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon was under the control of the Vichy regime.
Governor Gilbert de Bournat had to negotiate with the United States authorities in order to obtain some subsidies financed by French gold reserves. In this he was mandated by his direct superior, Admiral Georges Robert, appointed in September 1939 high commissioner for the West Atlantic theater, with authority over Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon, Martinique and Guadeloupe and their dependencies and Guyana.
At the same time, neighboring Canada had prepared, with the approval of Washington, a landing project to occupy Saint-Pierre and Miquelon. Several pretexts were put forward, including radio broadcasts which broadcast Vichy propaganda19. Some even claimed that this radio station helped the German U-boats present on the banks of Newfoundland19. Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King did not allow these plans to be carried out.
It was at this time that the geologist Edgar Aubert de la Rüe was placed under house arrest in Saint-Pierre.
On the orders of General de Gaulle in London, Vice-Admiral Émile Muselier organized, despite his disagreement, the landing in Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon without the knowledge and against the advice of the American and Canadian authorities19, but with a first assent from Winston Churchill19. The affair of December 24, 1941 caused much ink to be spilled, and crystallized Roosevelt's distrust of de Gaulle. Vice-Admiral Muselier had a plebiscite organized which was favorable to Free France19. Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon was thus one of the first French lands to join Free France.
Detailed article: Rally of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon to Free France.
After this rally, 383 men, 56 women and 36 mousses (miners) will enlist in the Free French forces, many of whom embarked on the ships of the naval forces of Free France20. In June 1942, during the torpedoing of the corvette Mimosa by a German U-boat, 17 of the 65 missing members of the crew (there were only four survivors) were from the archipelago20. On June 6, 1944, among the 177 rifle commandos who landed in Normandy, under the orders of Lieutenant Commander Kieffer and the only French who landed that day, was quartermaster Saint-Pierrais René Autin (1921-1960) who had joined after the rally of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.
Recent history and integration into the French Republic
Following the Second World War, the former colony became an overseas territory (TOM) in 1946.
On January 3, 1960, eleven of the fourteen members Before 1500: Native American settlements
The islands were visited by Paleo-Eskimos (Paleo-Eskimos, Tuniit),13:
Groswaterians (800 to 100 BC). AD (AEC), Ancient Paleoeskimos)14,
Dorset (100 to 900 AD, Late Paleo-Eskimo)15.
Between 1100 and 1500, the ancestors of the Beothuk established a camp at Anse-à-Henry on the island of Saint-Pierre.
This section does not sufficiently cite its sources (February 2023).
From colonization to the development of the archipelago
New France, from 1713, through the Treaty of Utrecht, lost the archipelago of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon.
New France, from 1713, through the Treaty of Utrecht, lost the archipelago of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon.
The conquest of Quebec in 1759 was the source of the Treaty of Paris which, in 1763, returned Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon to France.
The conquest of Quebec in 1759 was the source of the Treaty of Paris which, in 1763, returned Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon to France.
Henri-Félix de Lamothe, commander and then governor of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon at the end of the 19th century.
Henri-Félix de Lamothe, commander and then governor of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon at the end of the 19th century.
Detailed article: List of representatives, commanders and governors of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.
The arrival of the Portuguese navigator Faguendes on October 21, 1520 is often cited as the date of discovery of the island, but this discovery could be earlier: it is also attributed to the Genoese navigator Jean Cabot in 1497. The Florentine Verrazzano is also cited in 1524 among the discoverers.
Jacques Cartier recognized and named the island of Saint-Pierre during his second voyage in 153616.
The islands served as a base for Norman, Breton and Basque fishermen in the 16th century and the first permanent settlements of the latter date back to 1604.
They practice whaling there (if we refer to their early arrival for this activity in North America, the date could be much earlier), certainly the right whale (known as the “Basque whale”), the Greenland whale and the gray whale. These provincial origins are found on the flag of the archipelago.
It was under Louis XVIII that the definitive retrocession of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon to France was signed.
In the 18th century, the islands were abandoned upon the ratification of the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, which granted France exclusive fishing rights on the coast of the island of Newfoundland, known as the French Coast of Newfoundland. -New. The islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon were then officially recovered by France during the Treaty of Paris of 1763. After a defeat inflicted by American and French troops, British forces in Nova Scotia attacked the islands in 1778 and deported the population, including refugees from the 1755 Acadian deportation. However, the archipelago was returned to France again during the Treaty of Versailles (1783).
Several illustrious travelers visited the archipelago, which was still very little developed, such as the geographer Jean-Dominique Cassini in 1768, and the French writer Chateaubriand in 1791 who immortalized the archipelago in the Mémoires d'outre-tombe.
During the French Revolution, the Acadian community suddenly left the island of Miquelon to take refuge in the Magdalen Islands, while the republican exercise in Saint-Pierre came to a brutal end during the new British attack of 1793. It was not until the Restoration of Louis XVIII that the final retrocession by the United Kingdom (of which Nova Scotia was still a colony) of the islands of Saint-Pierre and Saint-Miquelon to France was definitive.
Modern development and beginning of prosperity of the colony
Among the famous visitors of the time who relate the life and study of this small French fishing colony, in the last piece of territory of the old New France which became a simple stepping stone on the road to North America and the banks of Newfoundland fishing, we can cite Count Arthur de Gobineau, diplomat and writer, around 1850, as well as Doctor Albert Calmette, present in the archipelago from 1888 to 1890.
Fishing
During the second half of the 19th century, the archipelago of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon experienced significant economic growth thanks to cod fishing.
Telegraph relay
From 1869, it served as a relay for telegraphic communications by submarine cable between France (Brest-Petit Minou then B