Civil War Originals.......U.S. Grant's authorized biography, with a Near MINT 4 volume set of Robert E. Lee's bio.
First, for Sale is this Original Set of Two Volumes of Ulysses S. Grant's Personal Memoirs, (copyright 1885 by U.S. Grant). These rare cloth covered
set includes both Volume I and II.....the complete collection as
intended from the author, former President Hiram Ulysses Grant (see
story below).
These rare books are Vol 1: Excellent shape, pages Excellent Plus.
Vol 2: Excellent form, lower spine cover worn away.
Book
I covers the early years of Grants life, including genealogy, and early
military career. Then it gets into his California and Mexico campaigns,
before settling into the Civil War campaign. The 39 various chapters
are:
Preface,
Ancestry, West Point, Army Life, Corpus Christi, Trip To Austin,
Advance of the Army, Mexican War, Advance on Monterey, Political
Intrigue, March to Jalapa, Advance on the City of Mexico, Promotion to
1st Lt., Treaty of Peace, Return of the Army, San Francisco,
Resignation, Outbreak of the Rebellion, Appointed Colonel of the 21st
Illinois,
Commissioned
Brig General, General Fremont in Command, General Halleck in Command,
Investment of Ft. Donelson, Promoted Maj. General of Volunteers, Army of
Pittsburg Landing, Struck By a Bullet, Halleck Assumes Command in the
Field, HQ's Moved to Memphis, Advance of Van Dorn, Van Dorn's Movements,
Campaign Against Vicksburg, HQ's Moved to Holly Springs, Bayous West of
the Miss., Attack on Grand Gulf, Capture of Port Gibson, Movement
Against Jackson, Battle of Black River Bridge, Siege of Vicksburg,
Johnstons Movements, Retrospect of The Campaign.
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![1885 Grant Mem pages 2 1885 Grant Mem pages 2](https://bulk-share.slickpic.com/album/share/EgzzE4z4MzEOzg/14551511.0/700/p/1885_Grant_Mem_pages_2.jpg)
Volume II continues in earnest regarding the War of the Rebellion. Chapters 40 thru 70 conclude Grants Memoirs as such:
XL. First Meeting with Secretary Stanton - General Rosecrans - Commanding
Military Division of Mississippi - Andrew Johnson's Address - Arrival at
Chattanooga.
CHAPTER XLI. Assuming the Command at Chattanooga - Opening a Line of Supplies - Battle of Wauhatchie - On the Picket Line.
CHAPTER
XLII. Condition of the Army - Rebuilding the Railroad - General
Burnside's Situation - Orders for Battle - Plans for the Attack -
Hooker's Position - Sherman's Movements.
CHAPTER
XLIII. Preparations for Battle - Thomas Carries the First Line of the
Enemy - Sherman Carries Missionary Ridge - Battle of Lookout Mountain -
General Hooker's Fight.
CHAPTER
XLIV. Battle of Chattanooga - A Gallant Charge - Complete Rout of the
Enemy - Pursuit of the Confederates - General Bragg - Remarks on
Chattanooga.
CHAPTER
XLV. The Relief of Knoxville - Headquarters moved to Nashville -
Visiting Knoxville - Cipher Dispatches - Withholding Orders.
CHAPTER
XLVI. Operations in Mississippi - Longstreet in East Tennessee -
Commissioned Lieutenant-General - Commanding the Armies of the United
States - First Interview with President Lincoln.
CHAPTER XLVII. The
Military Situation - Plans for the Campaign - Sheridan Assigned to
Command of the Cavalry - Flank Movements - Forrest at Fort Pillow -
General Banks's Expedition - Colonel Mosby - An Incident of the
Wilderness Campaign.
CHAPTER XLVIII. Commencement of the Grand Campaign - General Butler's Position - Sheridan's First Raid.
CHAPTER XLIX. Sherman's
Campaign in Georgia - Siege of Atlanta - Death of General McPherson -
Attempt to Capture Andersonville - Capture of Atlanta.
CHAPTER
L. Grand Movement of the Army of the Potomac - Crossing the Rapidan -
Entering the Wilderness - Battle of the Wilderness.
CHAPTER LI. After the Battle - Telegraph and Signal Service - Movement by the Left Flank.
CHAPTER LII. Battle
of Spottsylvania - Hancock's Position - Assault of Warren's and
Wright's Corps - Upton Promoted on the Field - Good News from Butler and
Sheridan.
CHAPTER LIII. Hancock's
Assoult - Losses of the Confederates - Promotions Recommended -
Discomfiture of the Enemy - Ewell's Attack - Reducing the Artillery.
CHAPTER LIV. Movement
by the Left Flank - Battle of North Anna - An Incident of the March -
Moving on Richmond - South of the Pamunkey - Position of the National
Army.
CHAPTER
LV. Advance on Cold Harbor - An Anecdote of the War - Battle of Cold
Harbor - Correspondence with Lee - Retrospective.
CHAPTER LVI. Left
Flank Movement across the Chickahominy and James - General Lee - Visit
to Butler - The Movement on Petersburg - The Investment of Petersburg.
CHAPTER
LVII. Raid on the Virginia Central Railroad - Raid on the Weldon
Railroad - Early's Movement upon Washington - Mining the Works before
Petersburg - Explosion of the Mine before Petersburg - Campaign in the
Shenandoah Valley - Capture of the Weldon Railroad
CHAPTER
LVIII. Sheridan's Advance - Visit to Sheridan - Sheridan's Victory in
the Shenandoah - Sheridan's Ride to Winchester - Close of the Campaign
for the Winter.
CHAPTER
LIX. The Campaign in Georgia - Sherman's March to the Sea - War
Anecdotes - The March on Savannah - Investment of Savannah - Capture of
Savannah.
CHAPTER LX. The Battle of Franklin - The Battle of Nashville.
CHAPTER
LXI. Expedition Against Fort Fisher - Attack on the Fort - Failure of
the Expedition - Second Expedition against the Fort - Capture of Fort
Fisher.
CHAPTER
LXII. Sherman's March North - Sheridan Ordered to Lynchburg - Canby
Ordered to Move against Mobile - Movements of Shofield and Thomas -
Capture of Columbia, South Carolina - Sherman in the Carolinas.
CHAPTER
LXIII. Arrival of the Peace Commissioners - Lincoln and the Peace
Commissioners - An Anecdote of Lincoln - The Winter before Petersburg -
Sheridan Destroys the Railroad - Gordon Carries the Picket Line - Parke
Recaptures the Line - The Battle of White Oak Road.
CHAPTER
LXIV. Interview with Sheridan - Grand Movement of the Army of the
Potomac - Sheridan's Advance on Five Forks - Battle of Five Forks -
Parke and Wright Storm the Enemy's Line - Battles before Petersburg.
CHAPTER
LXV. The Capture of Petersburg - Meeting President Lincoln in
Petersburg - The Capture of Richmond - Pursuing the Enemy - Visit to
Sheridan and Meade.
CHAPTER
LXVI. Battle of Sailor's Creek - Engagement at Farmville -
Correspondence with General Lee - Sheridan Intercepts the Enemy.
CHAPTER
LXVII. Negotiations at Appomattox - Interview with Lee at McLean's
House - The Terms of Surrender - Lee's Surrender - Interview with Lee
after the Surrender.
CHAPTER
LXVIII. Morale of the Two Armies - Relative Conditions of the North and
South - President Lincoln Visits Richmond - Arrival at Washington -
President Lincoln's Assassination - President Johnson's Policy.
CHAPTER
LXIX. Sherman and Johnston - Johnston's Surrender to Sherman - Capture
of Mobile - Wilson's Expedition - Capture of Jefferson Davis - General
Thomas's Qualities - Estimate of General Canby.
CHAPTER
LXX. The End of the War - The March to Washington - One of Lincoln's
Anecdotes - Grand Review at Washington - Characteristic of Lincoln and
Stanton - Estimate of the Different Corps Commanders. and CONCLUSION
Don't be mistaken by other auctions stating they have the 1885 Memoirs of
Grant, when in fact they may be reprinted editions, I.E. 1892, 1933,
1981, etc. This set is THE 1885 edition.....1st Edition, and Original Tomes.
![1885 Grant and Lee memoirs BIN June 3rd 4 1885 Grant and Lee memoirs BIN June 3rd 4](https://bulk-share.slickpic.com/album/share/I4TjEB-izu1O1g/18748868.0/700/p/1885_Grant_and_Lee_memoirs_BIN_June_3rd_4.jpg)
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![1885 Grant and Lee memoirs BIN June 3rd 3 1885 Grant and Lee memoirs BIN June 3rd 3](https://bulk-share.slickpic.com/album/share/I4TjEB-izu1O1g/18748865.0/700/p/1885_Grant_and_Lee_memoirs_BIN_June_3rd_3.jpg)
Last, is this Original Set of 4 Volumes of Douglas Southall Freeman's Robert E. Lee - A Biography, 1st editions (copyright 1935 published by Charles Scribner's and Sons). The set includes ...the complete collection as intended from the author, (see story below).
![1885 Grant and Lee memoirs BIN June 3rd 7 1885 Grant and Lee memoirs BIN June 3rd 7](https://bulk-share.slickpic.com/album/share/I4TjEB-izu1O1g/18748872.0/700/p/1885_Grant_and_Lee_memoirs_BIN_June_3rd_7.jpg)
These rare books come in Near MINT condition.
![Lee Memoirs by Freeman 1 Lee Memoirs by Freeman 1](https://bulk-share.slickpic.com/album/share/Ngw5jEMwkjuAMM/17454521.0/700/p/Lee_Memoirs_by_Freeman_1.jpg)
Book One covers Lees early years, from a brief genealogy of the Generals ancestors. This almost 700 page tome goes into his youth and young man stage.
With 36 chapters, this 1st volume really gets you started in knowing the real Lee. The volume does go into the start of the civil war, but ends in the early months of 1862, thereby encouraging the reader to delve into volume 2 thru 4.
![Lee Memoirs by Freeman 4 Lee Memoirs by Freeman 4](https://bulk-share.slickpic.com/album/share/Ngw5jEMwkjuAMM/17454525.0/700/p/Lee_Memoirs_by_Freeman_4.jpg)
![Lee Memoirs by Freeman 5 Lee Memoirs by Freeman 5](https://bulk-share.slickpic.com/album/share/Ngw5jEMwkjuAMM/17454526.0/700/p/Lee_Memoirs_by_Freeman_5.jpg)
A sample of the 36 various chapters are:
A Carriage Road to Alexandria, The Education of the Cadet, Marriage, Lee is Close to Frustration, A Campaign without a Cannon Shot, Laurels in the Lava Fields, Education by Court Martial, Virginia Looks to Lee, The War Opens on 3 Virginia Fronts, An Early Lesson in Combating Sea Power, and much more.
Volume II continues in earnest regarding the war of the Rebellion. Up to at least May of 1863. The heart of the war is where you find Lee and his men. This approx. 600 pager has a multitude of pictures (as does Volume 1), and includes 35 chapters.
![Lee Memoirs by Freeman 6 Lee Memoirs by Freeman 6](https://bulk-share.slickpic.com/album/share/Ngw5jEMwkjuAMM/17454527.0/700/p/Lee_Memoirs_by_Freeman_6.jpg)
![Lee Memoirs by Freeman 7 Lee Memoirs by Freeman 7](https://bulk-share.slickpic.com/album/share/Ngw5jEMwkjuAMM/17454528.0/700/p/Lee_Memoirs_by_Freeman_7.jpg)
![Lee Memoirs by Freeman 8 Lee Memoirs by Freeman 8](https://bulk-share.slickpic.com/album/share/Ngw5jEMwkjuAMM/17454529.0/700/p/Lee_Memoirs_by_Freeman_8.jpg)
It's sample of 35 Chapters include:
Lee and the Conscription Act. Lee as the King of Spades, Lee's 1st Victory, Federal Artillery Proves Too Strong (Malvern Hill), A Domestic Interlude, "My Maryland...or His", The First Warning of Coming Ruins, Lee Loses his "Right Arm".
![Lee Memoirs by Freeman 9 Lee Memoirs by Freeman 9](https://bulk-share.slickpic.com/album/share/Ngw5jEMwkjuAMM/17454530.0/700/p/Lee_Memoirs_by_Freeman_9.jpg)
![Lee Memoirs by Freeman 10 Lee Memoirs by Freeman 10](https://bulk-share.slickpic.com/album/share/Ngw5jEMwkjuAMM/17454532.0/700/p/Lee_Memoirs_by_Freeman_10.jpg)
Volume III, another well written book of almost 600 pages, has 29 chapters and continues with the South's struggles to win valuable territory over the North's forces. This tome takes us to the winter of 1864, where the troops are war weary and Lee finds the desertion rate approaches 10 percent.
Although the General has used his exemplary battle skills to survive the vast onslaught of the Union Army, one can tell that his beloved south may be fighting a lost cause. But Volume 4 will tell the tale.....
A smattering of the 29 Chapters include:
The Army Starts Northward Again, Why was Gettysburg Lost?, A Sacrificed Christmas, Preparing for the Campaign of 1864, A Vain Invitation to Attack, Rapidan to Petersburg, The Loss of the Welden RR, and many more.
![Lee Memoirs by Freeman 14 Lee Memoirs by Freeman 14](https://bulk-share.slickpic.com/album/share/Ngw5jEMwkjuAMM/17454535.0/700/p/Lee_Memoirs_by_Freeman_14.jpg)
![Lee Memoirs by Freeman 15 Lee Memoirs by Freeman 15](https://bulk-share.slickpic.com/album/share/Ngw5jEMwkjuAMM/17454537.0/700/p/Lee_Memoirs_by_Freeman_15.jpg)
Volume Four, with its 600 plus pages, brings us to the end of war and life for Lee and his wife in retirement. The story ends with 28 chapters of Lee's military career coming to a sad conclusion, along with the South's hope and dreams. Here we see the epilogue of General Lee's life as he pursues an academic route in starting the famed University "Washington and Lee" (formerly Washington College). The next to last Chapter details the end of life for the proud General.
A sample of the 28 Chapters include:
Lee makes His Last Desperate Plan, A Letter Comes to HQs, The Final Bivouacs, First Fruits of Washington College, The Return to Petersburg, Salvaging the Wrecked Family Fortunes, Farwell to Northern Virginia, The Pattern of a Life, and more......
![Lee Memoirs by Freeman 19 Lee Memoirs by Freeman 19](https://bulk-share.slickpic.com/album/share/Ngw5jEMwkjuAMM/17454540.0/700/p/Lee_Memoirs_by_Freeman_19.jpg)
Again, these rare books come in Near MINT condition..........
I will ship these media mail, unless you would like it faster, and insurance is your option. Please Pay within 7 days of close of auction. Paypal is preferred, and in accordance with Ebay policy, please email me about payment options.
Douglas Southall Freeman (1886-1953),
was an American historian, biographer, newspaper editor, radio commentator, and author. He is best known for his multi-volume
biographies of R.E Lee and George Washington, for both of which he was awarded Pulitzer Prizes. Following the immediate critical success of Lee's Dispatches, Freeman was approached by New York publisher Charles Scribner's Sons
and invited to write a biography of Robert E. Lee.
Freeman accepted, but
chose to retain his position at The Richmond News Leader and
work longer days to work on the biography. Freeman' research of Lee was
exhaustive. He evaluated and cataloged every item about Lee, and
reviewed records at West Point, the War Department, and material in
private collections.
In narrating the general's Civil War years, he used what came to be known as the "fog of war" technique—providing readers only the limited information that Lee
himself had at a given moment.
This helped convey the confusion of war
that Lee experienced, as well as the processes by which Lee grappled
with problems and made decisions. R. E. Lee: A Biography was published in four volumes in 1934 and 1935. In its book review, The New York Times declared it "Lee complete for all time." Historian Dumas Malone wrote,
"Great as my personal expectations were, the realization far surpassed
them." In 1935, Freeman was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his
four-volume biography.
More on U.S. Grant............
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
1822–85, commander in chief of the Union army in
the Civil War and 18th President (1869–77) of the United States, b. Point
Pleasant, Ohio. He was originally named Hiram Ulysses Grant.
Military Career
Grant spent his youth in Georgetown, Ohio, was
graduated from West Point in 1843, and served creditably in the Mexican War. He
was forced to resign from the army in 1854 because of excessive drinking. Grant
failed in attempts at farming and business, and was working as a clerk in the
family leather store in Galena, Ill., when the Civil War broke out. He was
commissioned colonel of the 21st Illinois Volunteers, and in Aug., 1861, became
a brigadier general of volunteers. Grant assumed command of the district of Cairo,
Ill., in Sept. and fought his first battle, an indecisive affair at Belmont,
Mo., on Nov. 9. In Feb., 1862, aided by Union gunboats, he captured Fort Henry
on the Tennessee River and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland. This was the first
major Union victory, and Lincoln at once made Grant a major general of
volunteers. In April at Shiloh, however, only the arrival of the army of Gen.
Don Carlos Buell may have saved him from defeat. The Vicksburg campaign
(1862–63) was one of Grant’s greatest successes. After repeated failures to get
at the town, he advanced in cooperation with a fleet and finally took Vicksburg
by siege. The victory of Braxton Bragg, the Confederate general, at
Chickamauga, led to Grant’s accession to the supreme command in the West, Oct.,
1863. At Chattanooga in November his forces thoroughly defeated Bragg. The
President, in Mar., 1864, made Grant commander in chief with the rank of
lieutenant general, a grade especially revived by Congress for him. Grant
himself directed George G. Meade’s Army of the Potomac against Gen. Robert E.
Lee in the Wilderness campaign. His policy of attrition against Lee’s forces
was effective, though it resulted in slaughter at Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor.
Failing to carry Petersburg by assault in June, 1864, Grant had that city under
partial siege until Apr., 1865. Philip H. Sheridan’s victory at Five Forks made
Petersburg and Richmond no longer tenable. Lee retreated, but was cut off at
Appomattox Courthouse, where he surrendered, receiving generous terms from
Grant, on Apr. 9, 1865. Grant went about the distasteful business of war
realistically and grimly. He was a skilled tactician and at times a brilliant
strategist (as at Vicksburg, regarded by many as one of the great battles of
history). His courage as a commander of forces and his powers of organization
and administration made him the outstanding Northern general. Grant also was
notably wise in supporting good commanders, especially Sheridan, William T.
Sherman, and George H. Thomas. Made a full general in 1866, he was the first
U.S. citizen to hold that rank.
Presidency
Grant at first seemed to favor the
Reconstruction policy of President Andrew Johnson. In Apr., 1867, Johnson
appointed him interim Secretary of War, replacing Edwin Stanton. Johnson expected
him to hold the office against Stanton and thus bring about a test of the
constitutionality of the Tenure of Office Act, but Grant turned the office back
to Stanton when the Senate refused to sanction Stanton’s removal. It was
apparent then that the general had thrown his lot in with the radical
Republicans. The inevitable choice of the Republicans for President, Grant was
victorious over the Democratic candidate, Horatio Seymour, in 1868.
Characterized chiefly by bitter partisan politics and shameless corruption, his
administrations remain notorious. The punitive Reconstruction program was
pushed with new vigor, and legislation favorable to commercial and industrial
interests was passed. The President associated with disreputable politicians
and financiers; James Fisk and Jay Gould deceived him when they tried to corner
the gold market in 1869. In foreign affairs, however, much was accomplished by
the able Secretary of State, Hamilton Fish. The party unanimously renominated
Grant in 1872, and he was reelected easily over Horace Greeley, the candidate
of the Liberal Republican party and the Democrats. Toward the end of his second
term his Secretary of War, William W. Belknap, and his private secretary,
Orville E. Babcock, were implicated in graft scandals. Through the loyalty of
the deceived Grant, both escaped punishment.
Later Years
The two years following his
retirement from the White House were spent in making a triumphal tour of the
world. In 1880 the Republican “Old Guard,” led by Roscoe Conkling, tried to
secure another nomination for Grant but failed. He took up residence in New
York City, where he invested money in a fraudulent private banking business. It
collapsed in 1884, leaving him bankrupt. Dying of cancer of the throat, he set
about writing his Personal Memoirs (2 vol., 1885–86) in order to provide
for his family. He died a few days after the manuscript was completed. These
memoirs are ranked among the great narratives of military history. The remains
of the general and his wife lie in New York City in Grant’s Tomb