275- tir64
Bronze medal, from the Paris Mint (cornucopia hallmark since January 1, 1880).
Minted in 1972 .
Traces of handling on the obverse.
Engraver / Artist / Sculptor : G Simon.
Dimensions : 68mm.
Weight : 214 g.
275- tir64
THE easel is not has sell .
The stand is not for sale.
Dimensions : 68mm.
Weight : 214 g.
Metal : bronze.
Hallmark on the edge (mark on the edge) : cornucopia + bronze + 1972.
Quick and neat delivery.
THE easel is not has sell .
The stand is not for sale.
Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (Devanagari: इन्दिरा प्रियदर्शिनी गान्धी, API: /ɪnd̪ɪraː prɪjəd̪ərʃɪni ː gaːnd̪ʰiː/), born Nehru, November 19, 1917 and died assassinated October 31, 1984, is an Indian stateswoman, Prime Minister from 1966 to 1977 then from 1980 until his death in 1984.
The only daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, she is the second woman in the world to be democratically elected head of government, after Sirimavo Bandaranaike in Sri Lanka. He is a major figure in Congress and Indian politics in the second half of the 20th century and his mandates at the head of India are marked by a strong centralization of power. She led the Third Indo-Pakistani War, developed an Indian nuclear weapons program, and increased India's influence over South Asia. His government presided over the Green Revolution and the nationalization of banks and major industries. From 1975 to 1977, Indira Gandhi established a controversial state of emergency which allowed her to suspend public freedoms.
Defeated in 1977 in the Indian legislative elections, Indira Gandhi became Prime Minister again following the 1980 legislative elections. She was assassinated in 1984 by her Sikh bodyguards after ordering the attack (Operation Blue Star) on the Golden Temple against the separatists (Khalistan) of Punjab.
Youth
In her youth, Indira Nehru was a spectator and sometimes actress in some of the best-known episodes of the struggle for Indian independence. His early years were also marked by long stays abroad, particularly in Switzerland, and by the illness of his mother Kamala. During his frequent travels, but also during his stays in prison, Jawaharlal Nehru exchanged abundant correspondence with his daughter which was partly published during his lifetime in the form of books, notably Letters from a Father to His Daughter (1929). ).
Childhood (1917–1927)
The Nehru are a family of Brahmins from Kashmir who settled in the early 18th century in the plains of North India. Indira's grandfather, Motilal Nehru (born in 1861), is a wealthy lawyer who had a vast forty-two room mansion built in Prayagraj in which he resides with his extended family. Indira's father, Jawaharlal (born 1889), also a lawyer, married Kamala Kaul (born 1899) in February 1916 and Indira was born on 19 November 1917. A son, born premature in 1924, died after only two days. The couple has no other children1.
The early years of Indira's life correspond to an active period of the Indian independence movement. Prominent members of the Indian National Congress, Motilal and Jawaharlal Nehru were both imprisoned in 1921. This intense period followed a respite in the mid-1920s and, when his wife Kamala was diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1924, Jawaharlal Nehru undertook to have her treated in Switzerland where the family settled in 19263. Indira first attended the international school of Geneva, then a boarding school in Chesières and finally the international school of Bex. She quickly learned French and had the opportunity to travel with her parents to Paris, London and Berlin4.
Adolescence (1927–1935)
The Nehru returned to India in December 1927, at the dawn of a new period of independence agitation. Indira was present in December 1929 in Lahore when Jawaharlal Nehru took over from his father Motilal as head of the Congress5. In Mars 1930, she herself took over the leadership of the Vanar Sena, the Congress youth brigade. Aged only twelve, she paraded and gave a speech in front of tens of thousands of people6.
After the arrest of Jawaharlal Nehru in the spring of 1930 and of Kamala at the end of December, Indira found herself deprived of her parents for a month. To prevent such a situation from happening again, she was sent to boarding school in Poona from May 19317. It was also in Poona, behind the walls of Yaruvda prison, that Mahatma Gandhi launched one of his most famous hunger strikes on September 20, 1932. When he breaks his fast six days later, it is Indira who prepares him his first snack, orange juice8. Indira was still in Poona in October 1933 when Feroze Gandhi (born in 1912), a young Congress activist who had entered the service of her mother Kamala three years earlier, proposed to marry her for the first time9.
At the start of the 1934 school year, she boarded at the Santiniketan school founded by the poet Rabindranath Tagore10. But her mother's health deteriorates: Kamala is treated in a sanatorium in Bhowali. Indira spends two months at his side — Feroze Gandhi is also present. Faced with the lack of improvement in Kamala's health, doctors advise her to go to Europe. Nehru being in prison at the time, it was decided that Indira should accompany him11.
Second stay in Europe (1935–1941)
Indira and her mother arrive
The only daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, she is the second woman in the world to be democratically elected head of government, after Sirimavo Bandaranaike in Sri Lanka. He is a major figure in Congress and Indian politics in the second half of the 20th century and his mandates at the head of India are marked by a strong centralization of power. She led the Third Indo-Pakistani War, developed an Indian nuclear weapons program, and increased India's influence over South Asia. His government presided over the Green Revolution and the nationalization of banks and major industries. From 1975 to 1977, Indira Gandhi established a controversial state of emergency which allowed her to suspend public freedoms.
Defeated in 1977 in the Indian legislative elections, Indira Gandhi became Prime Minister again following the 1980 legislative elections. She was assassinated in 1984 by her Sikh bodyguards after ordering the attack (Operation Blue Star) on the Golden Temple against the separatists (Khalistan) of Punjab.
Youth
In her youth, Indira Nehru was a spectator and sometimes actress in some of the best-known episodes of the struggle for Indian independence. His early years were also marked by long stays abroad, particularly in Switzerland, and by the illness of his mother Kamala. During his frequent travels, but also during his stays in prison, Jawaharlal Nehru exchanged abundant correspondence with his daughter which was partly published during his lifetime in the form of books, notably Letters from a Father to His Daughter (1929). ).
Childhood (1917–1927)
The Nehru are a family of Brahmins from Kashmir who settled in the early 18th century in the plains of North India. Indira's grandfather, Motilal Nehru (born in 1861), is a wealthy lawyer who had a vast forty-two room mansion built in Prayagraj in which he resides with his extended family. Indira's father, Jawaharlal (born 1889), also a lawyer, married Kamala Kaul (born 1899) in February 1916 and Indira was born on 19 November 1917. A son, born premature in 1924, died after only two days. The couple has no other children1.
The early years of Indira's life correspond to an active period of the Indian independence movement. Prominent members of the Indian National Congress, Motilal and Jawaharlal Nehru were both imprisoned in 1921. This intense period followed a respite in the mid-1920s and, when his wife Kamala was diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1924, Jawaharlal Nehru undertook to have her treated in Switzerland where the family settled in 19263. Indira first attended the international school of Geneva, then a boarding school in Chesières and finally the international school of Bex. She quickly learned French and had the opportunity to travel with her parents to Paris, London and Berlin4.
Adolescence (1927–1935)
The Nehru returned to India in December 1927, at the dawn of a new period of independence agitation. Indira was present in December 1929 in Lahore when Jawaharlal Nehru took over from his father Motilal as head of the Congress5. In Mars 1930, she herself took over the leadership of the Vanar Sena, the Congress youth brigade. Aged only twelve, she paraded and gave a speech in front of tens of thousands of people6.
After the arrest of Jawaharlal Nehru in the spring of 1930 and of Kamala at the end of December, Indira found herself deprived of her parents for a month. To prevent such a situation from happening again, she was sent to boarding school in Poona from May 19317. It was also in Poona, behind the walls of Yaruvda prison, that Mahatma Gandhi launched one of his most famous hunger strikes on September 20, 1932. When he breaks his fast six days later, it is Indira who prepares him his first snack, orange juice8. Indira was still in Poona in October 1933 when Feroze Gandhi (born in 1912), a young Congress activist who had entered the service of her mother Kamala three years earlier, proposed to marry her for the first time9.
At the start of the 1934 school year, she boarded at the Santiniketan school founded by the poet Rabindranath Tagore10. But her mother's health deteriorates: Kamala is treated in a sanatorium in Bhowali. Indira spends two months at his side — Feroze Gandhi is also present. Faced with the lack of improvement in Kamala's health, doctors advise her to go to Europe. Nehru being in prison at the time, it was decided that Indira should accompany him11.
Second stay in Europe (1935–1941)
Indira and her mother arrive
On April 27, 1941, Indira went to Dehra Dun prison, where her father was incarcerated, to announce her decision to marry Feroze Gandhi25. Nehru was reluctant, but ultimately did not oppose the marriage, even though this union between a Hindu and a Parsi aroused the indignation of a part of Indian society26. The marriage was celebrated on Mars 26, 1942 in the presence of Nehru, who was released in December. The couple spent a two-month honeymoon in Kashmir27. A first son, Rajiv, was born in 1944, followed by a second, Sanjay, in 1946.
Tensions quickly appear in the couple. Feroze is a fickle husband who, although leading an honorable journalistic and political career (he was elected MP in 1952), finds it difficult to live in the shadow of the Nehru28. For her part, Indira would have had a long relationship with her father's private secretary, MO Mathai (en)29. The marriage was at its lowest point when Feroze suffered a first heart attack in September 195830, and the reconciliation that followed was short-lived. When, struck down once again by a heart attack, Feroze died on the morning of September 8, 1960, Indira was at his side31.
Beginnings in politics
Independence of India (1942–1949)
Returning from their honeymoon, Indira and Feroze Gandhi took part in the Quit India movement launched by Nehru on August 8, 1942. British repression was brutal: Nehru was arrested and imprisoned the next day, August 9, and Indira and Feroze a month later. Detained without being tried, Indira was released on May 13, 1943 after spending eight months behind bars32. His health and morale experience ups and downs; she gave birth to her first son on August 20, 194433.
The end of the world conflict marks the beginning of the process of independence for India. Nehru settled in Delhi, first as vice-president of the executive council34 he became Prime Minister on August 15, 1947, India's Independence Day. Indira, who lives in Lucknow where Feroze runs a daily, makes frequent visits to her father whom she helps to settle first in a house on York Road then, after independence, in Teen Murti Bhavan (in ), which becomes the official residence of the head of government. Increasingly indispensable to her father, Indira plays the role of hostess at receptions, while at the same time her marriage is fading. She eventually settled with her two sons at Teen Murti Bhavan35.
Ascension (1949–1966)
In 1949, Indira Gandhi went with her father for an official trip to the United States, the first in a list of twenty-four trips made with Nehru in the ten years that followed36. During the first legislative elections organized in 1951, she supported the candidacy of Feroze who was elected in Rae Bareli but did not run as a candidate herself, believing that she was too busy with her role with her father and her children37. Four years later, however, she joined the executive committee of the Congress and participated in the Bandung conference38 before demonstrating her organizational abilities during the legislative elections of 195739. It was probably this same year that she underwent treatment which permanently cured her of tuberculosis40. On February 2, 1959, she was elected president of the Congress41 despite Nehru's opposition, but she chose not to run again the following year42.
After a period of depression and mourning following Feroze's death, Indira returns to work with her father, whose end is approaching43. The fight for Nehru's succession to the post of Prime Minister is open and Indira's name begins to circulate44. When Nehru died in 1964, Lal Bahadur Shastri ultimately became Prime Minister. Indira agrees to join the government as Minister of Information, but her personality and her aura soon make her a key figure in power. She stands out in particular for her interventions during the linguistic riots in Tamil Nadu in Mars 1965 and during the second Indo-Pakistani war the same year45.
The sudden disappearance of Shastri, struck down by a heart attack after the signing of the Tashkent Accords in January 1966, opened for the second time in two years the succession of leadership of the “largest democracy in the world”. Faced with other contenders such as interim Prime Minister Gulzarilal Nanda or the representative of the right wing of the party Morarji Desai, Indira received the support of the influential K. Kamaraj (in), the "kingmaker", who hopes to be able to manipulate its action behind the scenes and benefit from its aura in the run-up to the 1967 general elections. She then only appears to him as a transitional political figure who will be easy to replace once this deadline has passed46.
First term as head of government
Indira Gandhi with United States President Richard Nixon in 1971.
The first challenge
Tensions quickly appear in the couple. Feroze is a fickle husband who, although leading an honorable journalistic and political career (he was elected MP in 1952), finds it difficult to live in the shadow of the Nehru28. For her part, Indira would have had a long relationship with her father's private secretary, MO Mathai (en)29. The marriage was at its lowest point when Feroze suffered a first heart attack in September 195830, and the reconciliation that followed was short-lived. When, struck down once again by a heart attack, Feroze died on the morning of September 8, 1960, Indira was at his side31.
Beginnings in politics
Independence of India (1942–1949)
Returning from their honeymoon, Indira and Feroze Gandhi took part in the Quit India movement launched by Nehru on August 8, 1942. British repression was brutal: Nehru was arrested and imprisoned the next day, August 9, and Indira and Feroze a month later. Detained without being tried, Indira was released on May 13, 1943 after spending eight months behind bars32. His health and morale experience ups and downs; she gave birth to her first son on August 20, 194433.
The end of the world conflict marks the beginning of the process of independence for India. Nehru settled in Delhi, first as vice-president of the executive council34 he became Prime Minister on August 15, 1947, India's Independence Day. Indira, who lives in Lucknow where Feroze runs a daily, makes frequent visits to her father whom she helps to settle first in a house on York Road then, after independence, in Teen Murti Bhavan (in ), which becomes the official residence of the head of government. Increasingly indispensable to her father, Indira plays the role of hostess at receptions, while at the same time her marriage is fading. She eventually settled with her two sons at Teen Murti Bhavan35.
Ascension (1949–1966)
In 1949, Indira Gandhi went with her father for an official trip to the United States, the first in a list of twenty-four trips made with Nehru in the ten years that followed36. During the first legislative elections organized in 1951, she supported the candidacy of Feroze who was elected in Rae Bareli but did not run as a candidate herself, believing that she was too busy with her role with her father and her children37. Four years later, however, she joined the executive committee of the Congress and participated in the Bandung conference38 before demonstrating her organizational abilities during the legislative elections of 195739. It was probably this same year that she underwent treatment which permanently cured her of tuberculosis40. On February 2, 1959, she was elected president of the Congress41 despite Nehru's opposition, but she chose not to run again the following year42.
After a period of depression and mourning following Feroze's death, Indira returns to work with her father, whose end is approaching43. The fight for Nehru's succession to the post of Prime Minister is open and Indira's name begins to circulate44. When Nehru died in 1964, Lal Bahadur Shastri ultimately became Prime Minister. Indira agrees to join the government as Minister of Information, but her personality and her aura soon make her a key figure in power. She stands out in particular for her interventions during the linguistic riots in Tamil Nadu in Mars 1965 and during the second Indo-Pakistani war the same year45.
The sudden disappearance of Shastri, struck down by a heart attack after the signing of the Tashkent Accords in January 1966, opened for the second time in two years the succession of leadership of the “largest democracy in the world”. Faced with other contenders such as interim Prime Minister Gulzarilal Nanda or the representative of the right wing of the party Morarji Desai, Indira received the support of the influential K. Kamaraj (in), the "kingmaker", who hopes to be able to manipulate its action behind the scenes and benefit from its aura in the run-up to the 1967 general elections. She then only appears to him as a transitional political figure who will be easy to replace once this deadline has passed46.
First term as head of government
Indira Gandhi with United States President Richard Nixon in 1971.
The first challenge
Return to power
Arrested and judged by the Janata Dal government which put an end to the state of emergency, she posed as a victim of the new power and regained strong popularity which, faced with the dissensions of the new leaders of the country, reinforced her as the representative of the opposition and brought it back to power in the 1980 elections. She then exercised a much less authoritarian mandate but Sanjay Gandhi continued to play a leading role with her and was the designated heir apparent. The latter's disappearance in a plane accident in June 1980 destabilized her. She then pushes her eldest son Rajiv to assist her and start a career.
Arrested and judged by the Janata Dal government which put an end to the state of emergency, she posed as a victim of the new power and regained strong popularity which, faced with the dissensions of the new leaders of the country, reinforced her as the representative of the opposition and brought it back to power in the 1980 elections. She then exercised a much less authoritarian mandate but Sanjay Gandhi continued to play a leading role with her and was the designated heir apparent. The latter's disappearance in a plane accident in June 1980 destabilized her. She then pushes her eldest son Rajiv to assist her and start a career.