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Includes the Adobe Acrobat Reader for reading and printing publications.

Numerous illustrations and matrices.

Contains the following key public domain (not copyrighted) U.S. Government publication(s) on one CD-ROM in both Microsoft PowerPoint and Adobe Acrobat PDF file formats:

TITLE:

Range Estimation, 70 pages (slides)

SLIDE TOPICS, SUBTOPICS and CONTENTS:

RANGE ESTIMATION
The majority of misses are due to an incorrect range estimation. To rectify this, constant practice and applications will ensure that you are proficient and will give you the best chance to achieve

“One Shot, One Kill”
TLO
ACTION: Determine range to a target.

CONDITIONS: In a classroom; Given an FM 23-10
and course handouts.

STANDARD: Students will determine the range of targets by using Range Estimation techniques and score 70% or higher on practical exercises and course exams.

INTRODUCTION
Safety Considerations
Risk Management Level
Environmental Considerations
Evaluation

ELO A
ACTION: Define the 8 range estimation methods.

CONDITIONS: In a classroom; Given an FM 23-10
and course handouts.

STANDARDS: Students will define the 8 Range Estimation methods by scoring 70% or higher on course exams.
RANGE ESTIMATION METHODS
Map Estimation (paper strip)
100 Meter unit-of-measure
Appearance-of-objects
Bracketing
Range Card
Laser Range Finder
Combination Method
Mil- Relation Formula
MAP ESTIMATION
Place an edge of a strip of paper adjacent to both points
Mark points with a tick mark at both locations
Measure the distance between them on the map’s bar scale
100 METER UNIT-OF-MEASURE
Must visualize 100 meters on the ground
Accurate to 500 meters
Past 500 meters, use halving method
Requires constant practice
100M UNIT-OF-MEASURE (RANGES UP TO 500M)
APPEARANCE-OF- OBJECTS METHOD
Determine range by the size and characteristics of an object
Depends on visibility
Requires constant practice
APPEARANCE-OF- OBJECTS METHOD CONT.
200m--Clear in all detail, i.e. color of skin, equipment, etc
300m--Clear body outline, face color good, remaining detail blurred
400m--Body outline clear, remaining detailed blurred
500m--Body tapers, head becomes indistinct
600m--Body now a wedge shape, no head apparent
700m--Solid wedge shape of outline of body
BRACKETING METHOD
Sniper assumes the target is no less than “X” meters away, but no more than “Y” meters away
Averages of the two distances as the estimated range
BRACKETING METHOD
RANGE CARD METHOD
Prior and proper preparation of a range card allows the team to quickly determine ranges throughout a target area
Once the target is seen, the team determines it’s location on the range card to find the proper range

SNIPER’S RANGE CARD
LASER RANGE FINDERS
LRFs provide an extremely accurate and fast method of range estimating a target
Requires extra equipment and training (i.e. extra batteries, tripod, etc.)
Snipers must not rely on this only
LASER RANGE FINDERS
AN-PVS 6 (MELIOS) Mini Eye-Safe Laser Infrared Observation Set
Leica Viper
Leica PLRF (Pocket Laser Range Finder)
Mark 7 night vision LRF
COMBINATION METHOD
Perfect conditions rarely exist in combat.
The use of only one method of range estimation may not be enough
Terrain with a lot of dead space limits the accuracy of the 100-m method
Poor Visibility limits the appearance of object method
By combining 2 or more methods, a team can arrive at a range estimation that is close to the actual range
Do not limit yourself!
MIL-RELATION FORMULA
Requires a steady position to achieve the most accurate reading
Utilized when Laser Range Finders are not available
Most common range estimation technique and must be practiced often
QUESTIONS?
Q: Name 4 of the Range estimation techniques.
A: Appearance of objects, Bracketing, Map estimation, Mil-Relation formula, Laser range finder, Combination, 100 meter unit of measure, Range card.
Q: Which Method is most accurate?
A: Laser range finder
Q: Which method requires a steady position?
A: Mil-Relation formula

ELO B
ACTION: Describe the three main factors that affect the
appearance of objects when determining by eye estimation.

CONDITIONS: In a classroom; Given an FM 23-10
and course handouts.

STANDARDS: Students will describe the factors that effect appearance of objects by scoring 70% or higher on course exams and practical exercises.
RANGE ESTIMATION
Range can be determined by measuring or by estimating. Below are the three main factors that affect the appearance of objects when estimating range by eye.
Nature of the target
Nature of the terrain
Light conditions
NATURE OF THE TARGET
A target will appear closer if:

The object has a regular outline
An object contrasts with its background
NATURE OF THE TARGET
A target will appear more distant if:

The object has an irregular outline
An object blends with its background
The object is only partially exposed

NATURE OF THE TERRAIN
A target will appear closer:

When observing over smooth terrain
When observing across a depression, when most of which is hidden from view
When looking uphill
When looking down a straight, open road, or along railroad tracks
NATURE OF TERRAIN

Smooth terrain surfaces makes the target appear close
r
NATURE OF TERRAIN
Ground that slopes upward makes the target appear closer
NATURE OF THE TERRAIN
A target will appear farther:

If the observer’s eye follows the contours of the terrain
When observing across a depression, all of which is visible
When looking downhill
When field of vision is narrowly confined

NATURE OF TERRAIN
Irregular terrain surfaces makes the target appear further
NATURE OF TERRAIN
Ground that slopes downward makes the target appear further
LIGHT CONDITIONS
The target will appear closer:

When a target can be clearly seen
When a target is viewed in full sunlight
When the sun is behind the viewer

LIGHT CONDITIONS
The target will appear farther:

When a target is viewed during limited visibility
When the sun is behind the target

QUESTIONS?
Q: What are the factors that affect appearance of objects?
A: Nature of Target, Nature of Terrain, Light conditions

Q: Give an example of how a target can appear farther by nature of terrain?
A: When looking downhill, Field of vision is narrowly confined, Observing across a depression which is all visible.

ELO C
ACTION: Determine range to a target using the mil
relation formula.

CONDITIONS: In a field environment; Given a M24 SWS, Sand Sock, M22 Binoculars, Pen, Calculator, Clipboard, an open range no less than 100 meters and not to exceed 800 meters, and a variable known point.

STANDARDS: Students will determine range to a target using the mil relation formula and score 70% or higher on Range Estimation practical exercises and course exams.
UNITS OF MEASURE
Degrees are commonly used to express angular measurement.
Due to their size degrees are often too large for a sniper’s use.
Snipers have adopted the use of Minutes of Angle (MOA), and Milliradians (MILs) for measurements smaller than a degree.
HOW DO WE MEASURE ANGLES?
American Standard
Degrees = 360
Minutes = 21600 or 1/60th of a degree
Seconds = 1/60th of a Minute
Metric
Mil= 6400
HOW DOES A MINUTE OF ANGLE RELATE TO A DEGREE?
A MOA is a proportional unit of measure equal to 1/60th of a degree.

1 Milliradian is equal to 3.375 Minutes of Angle
Just as
1 meter is equal to 3 feet

HOW DOES A MIL RELATE TO A MINUTE OF ANGLE?
1 MIL is equal to 3.375 MOA.
BECAUSE:
There are 21600 MOA in one circle (or revolution).
There are 6400 MILS in one circle (or revolution).
21600 MOA / 6400 MILS = 3.375 MOA per MIL.
For ease of math, 3.5 MOA per MIL is used.
UNITS OF MEASURE
UNITS OF MEASURE
To convert Mils to MOA multiply 3.5 by the first number of the range to your target

Example 3.5 x 4 = 14 MOA @ 400 meters
UNITS OF MEASURE
WHY SO MANY MEASUREMENTS?
6283 = true mils
6280 or 1/6280th = 1 mil

M3A/PVS10 RETICLE
M3A/PVS10 RETICLE
MIL-RELATION FORMULA
While using the mil-relation formula, the key element is a steady position
Your position must be as steady as when you fire at a long-range target
If you are not steady, you will not get an accurate mil reading
MIL-RELATION FORMULA
Requires you to know the size of the target (inches)
Size in inches x 25.4 = size in mm. (constant)
Divide constant by MIL reading
Round answer to the nearest meter

MIL-RELATION FORMULA
Determine Constant
Size of Object (Inches) X 25.4 = Constant
Example:
67 inches X 25.4 = 1701.8
Rounded = 1702 = Constant

Determine Constant
40” Top to Bottom
1016 = Constant
19.5” Side to Side
495.3 = Constant

MIL-RELATION FORMULA
Determine Range
Constant Divided by Mil Reading of the Target = Target Range
Example:
1016 Divided by 2.5 Mils =
495 Divided by 2.5 Mils =

M22 BINO RETICLE
M22 BINO RETICLE
DATA BOOK MEASUREMENT SHEET
Snipers must have measurements.
Your best contact is the S-2, or the out going unit. It is good to have these measurements:
Average size of human targets in A.O.
Size of road signs. (national and international)
Vehicles used by locals.
Average size of structures in A.O (doorways, windows ect.)
The only bad measurement is a measurement you do not
have.
DATA BOOK MEASUREMENT SHEET
QUESTIONS?
Q: 40” tall = 2.4 mils
A: 424 Meters

Q: 190” long = 15 mils
A: 322 Meters

Q: 20” = 1.8 mils
A: 283 Meters
ELO D
TACTICAL MILING RETICLE
TACTICAL MILING RETICLE
TACTICAL MILING RETICLE

RETICLE
As a Sniper, you should always be prepared to use multiple scope reticles. You may not always have the mil-dot reticle available.
ELO E
ACTION: Determine the range to a target during a Range Estimation Practical Exercise.

CONDITIONS: In a field environment; Given a M24 SWS, Sand Sock, M22 Binoculars, Pen, Calculator, Clipboard, An open range no less than and not to exceed 800 meters and a variable known point.

STANDARD: Students will Conduct Range Estimation Exercise and score 70% or higher on course exams.
RANGE ESTIMATION EXERCISE SET-UP
Down Range

center

All equipment will be directly behind you and on line.
EXERCISE GRADE SHEET
Fill out the heading:
Date, Exercise # and Roster #.
Fill in “m” for meters.
Only use pen for exercise (No Pencils).
All corrections need Instructor Initials except the M3A reading and last exposure!
EXERCISE GRADE SHEET

QUESTIONS?
Q. What is the formula to determine range?
The Mil Relation Formula:
in x 25.4 / Mil = Range to target.

Q. Name the three factors that affect Appearance of Objects Method?
A. Nature of target, nature of terrain, and light conditions.

Q. How many Mils are in the M3A reticle?
A. 20 Mils.
SUMMARY

On Sep-16-09 at 20:58:06 PDT, seller added the following information: