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Introduction

As the U.S. Government’s dedicated center for
countering foreign disinformation and propaganda,
the Global Engagement Center (GEC) at the U.S.
Department of State has a mandate to expose
and counter threats from malign actors that
utilize these tactics. In this field, Russia continues
to be a leading threat. The Department works
with interagency and global partners to meet
this challenge, with the GEC playing a key role
in coordinating efforts and helping lead a global
response.

A central part of this effort is exposing Russia’s
tactics so that partner and allied governments, civil
society organizations, academia, the press, and the
international public can conduct further analysis of
their own and thereby increase collective resilience
to disinformation and propaganda.

In line with that goal, this report draws on publicly
available reporting to provide an overview
of Russia’s disinformation and propaganda
ecosystem. Russia’s disinformation and propaganda
ecosystem is the collection of official, proxy,
and unattributed communication channels and
platforms that Russia uses to create and amplify
false narratives. The ecosystem consists of five
main pillars: official government communications,
state-funded global messaging, cultivation of
proxy sources, weaponization of social media, and
cyber-enabled disinformation. The Kremlin bears
direct responsibility for cultivating these tactics
and platforms as part of its approach to using
information as a weapon.