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A puzzle featuring Rae Dunn's wonderful watercolor art

RAE DUNN BY MAGENTA "HOUSE PLANTS" 1000 PC. JIGSAW PUZZLE

DETAILS:

Artwork by Rae Dunn!

Are you a fan of Rae Dunn's beautiful artistic renderings and have a love for puzzles? Then we have the perfect item for you - the Rae Dunn by Magenta "House Plants" 1000 piece jigsaw puzzle!

This high-quality puzzle features some of Rae Dunn's own botanical-themed artistic renderings. Her lovely illustration-style watercolor painting focuses on various plants in various planters or pots, making it the perfect addition to any home décor or office setting. You'll notice a snake plant, moon cactus, bunny ears cactus, haworthia, echiveria, peperomia, and more!

Not only is this puzzle aesthetically pleasing, but it's also designed to challenge and engage the mind. With 1000 pieces, it offers hours of entertainment and relaxation as you piece together Dunn's beautiful artwork. And as you work on the puzzle, you'll notice the incredible attention to detail that went into each and every piece. It's a puzzle that's as enjoyable to look at as it is to complete.

It's the perfect gift for any puzzle enthusiast, art lover, or plant enthusiast!

Dimensions:

27" x 20" (69 x 51 cm).

CONDITION:

New in sealed box. Box has some light storage wear. Please see photos.

To ensure safe delivery all items are carefully packaged before shipping out.

THANK YOU FOR LOOKING. QUESTIONS? JUST ASK.

"Rae Dunn (born 1962 or 1963),[1][2] is an American ceramist best known for her eponymous brand of ceramic wares and pottery.
Early life

Rae Dunn was born in Fresno, California, where she grew up.[3][4] Her brand's about page describes her as a classical pianist and painter.[5] Dunn began taking piano lessons at the age of four.[1] In her youth, Dunn and her siblings were in a band named "The Dunns".[6] She earned a Bachelor of Arts Degree from her hometown Fresno State in Industrial Design before moving to San Francisco in the 1980s.[4][6]

While in San Francisco, Dunn worked in retail, graphic design, and fashion, and also opened a French bistro in Pacific Heights with her then-fiancé.[4]
Working with clay

Dunn later found a passion for clay art while working as a waitress in 1994.[4][5] Her waitressing job allowed her free time during the day, which she used to go exploring.[4] Then in her 30s, while walking in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, Dunn came across the Sharon Art Studio.[1] The public space offered workshops and classes; Dunn signed up for a clay art class after flipping a coin.[6] Dunn's work is "strongly influenced by the Japanese aesthetic of wabi-sabi".[1][5] Country Living described Dunn's art style as "simple, cozy, and organic."[1]

In 1995, she began to pursue ceramics full-time and founded her eponymous brand.[4] Her ceramic work was featured in Martha Stewart Living.[1] In 2013, Dunn opened her own studio and gallery.[7]
Brand
Main article: Rae Dunn (brand)

After deciding to pursue ceramic art as a full-time career, she founded her eponymous brand of ceramic wares in 1995.[4] She later secured a licensing deal with Magenta, Inc. and since 2003, the ceramics manufacturer has mass-produced her line of wares.[4][6][8] The brand gained increased popularity in the 2010s due to a confluence of the "farmhouse chic" trend and rise of social media platforms such as Instagram and Facebook.[8][9]

The brand's wares are known for featuring simple designs and one- or two-word phrases, like "yum" or "family" emblazoned on them.[2][9][10] These phrases are also labeled with the brand's signature font, a "delicate, unadorned, hand-crafted" typeface.[2][11] White or cream-colored ceramic mugs and containers have been cited by media outlets as among the brand's most popular.[2][12]

Products from the brand have been cited to be considerably coveted, with shoppers of the brand lining up early prior to a store's opening in order to acquire products.[9][13] Dunn's brand has attracted a cult following, with shoppers being nicknamed "Rae Dunners" and "Rae Dunn Women" and labeled as "rabid" and "feral" by media outlets.[1][12][14] Additionally, "a voraciously focused secondary market of resellers, traders, and collectors has grown around the brand."[8] Dunn herself has acknowledged the following behind her brand, referring to it as a "weird phenomenon" that she never intended to cause.[2] She also expressed being sad and upset about resellers, stating "I wish I could sell more of my handmade stuff. But when I do it, I know that people are buying it and reselling it for hundreds of dollars more," adding "I feel like I'm just being used."[2]
Other ventures

Since launching her brand, Dunn has ventured into writing. She has authored three books.[1]
Personal life

Dunn is married and resides in the San Francisco Bay Area,[1] having been based in Berkeley and Emeryville.[7][4] She also has annual residencies in France. Dunn has been cited as "shy", "quiet", and "an introvert" in her personal life.[1][2]
Bibliography

Wilma's World: Good Advice from a Good Dog (2015)
France: Inspiration du Jour (2017)

In Pursuit of Inspiration: Trust Your Instincts and Make More Art (2019)" (wikipedia.org)

"Rae Dunn is a retail home wares brand founded by ceramist Rae Dunn in 1995. Its product line features a range of products including pillows, frames, and pet products, among other items, and is best known for its ceramic mugs and containers. All of the brand's items are also noted for featuring simple phrases emblazoned on them.

These products are exclusively found in retail stores operated by TJX Companies (such as T.J. Maxx, Marshalls, and HomeGoods).
History and products

After deciding to pursue ceramic art as a full-time career, she founded her eponymous brand of ceramic wares in 1995.[1] She later secured a licensing deal with Magenta, Inc. and since 2003, the ceramics manufacturer has mass-produced her line of wares.[1][2][3] The brand gained increased popularity in the 2010s "as part of the now hegemonic HGTV–'modern farmhouse'–Chip and Joanna Gaines domestic aesthetic."[2] In addition to the "farmhouse chic" trend, social media platforms as Instagram and Facebook also helped propel the brand's popularity.[4] In March 2017, TJX Companies employed a companywide policy that prohibited placing Rae Dunn items on hold due to the popularity of the brand at its stores.[4] In August 2018, Dunn released her first home line, featuring items such as pillows and frames.[5] This line was sold at Kirkland's.[5] By 2022, Rae Dunn products were exclusively sold at TJX Companies stores.[2]

The brand's wares are known for featuring simple designs and one- or two-word phrases, like "yum" or "family" emblazoned on them.[4][6][7] These phrases are also labeled with the brand's signature font, a "delicate, unadorned, hand-crafted" typeface.[6][8] White or cream-colored ceramic mugs and containers have been cited by media outlets as among the brand's most popular.[6][9] Holiday-themed and seasonal items are distributed by the brand, featuring phrases like "merry" or "cheer".[10] Halloween items are widely considered the "most beloved" of the holiday lines.[2] Rae Dunn has also partnered with Disney on specific lines.[2]

Due to Dunn's success with selling ceramic decor under her name, her brand expanded to included merchandise such as toasters, eyeglasses, jewellery, and pet products.[6][8][11]
Reception and popularity

Writing for The Cut about Rae Dunn's emergence as a popular brand, Kathryn Jezer-Morton postulated that the "'handwritten' font on a slightly irregular neutral surface did important visual work at a time when the speculative real-estate market and social media were converging in an economic tsunami across the United States."[2] Francky Knapp, writing for Vice wrote that "price and retail accessibility is also key to Rae Dunn's cult success. Many of the brand's items sell for under $20, offering easy entry points into the thrilling world of competitive upselling."[12]

The brand has often been cited as being popular among women, particularly suburban women, "wine moms", and those in the millennial cohort.[6][9][12] In 2018, The Houston Chronicle wrote "since it's only been a year or so since popularity began peaking, there's no proper name for a Rae Dunn collector."[4] Later, Rae Dunn enthusiasts were dubbed by themselves and media outlets alike as "Rae Dunn Hunters", "Rae Dunnies", "Rae Dunners", and "Rae Dunn Women" among other nicknames.[2][6][9][10]

Products from the brand have been cited to be considerably coveted, with shoppers of the brand lining up early prior to a store's opening "to shop the latest collections."[4][12][13] While they have been described as "avid followers",[14] shoppers of the brand have also been described as "feral" and "rabid".[9] The brand's following has also been described as "cult-like".[9][15][16] TJX Companies employees have detailed instances of "crowds of customers swarming stores and shoppers getting into physical fights over mugs, jars, and spoons."[15] In 2021, videos of Rae Dunners avidly shopping for the brand's products went viral on TikTok.[9][12]

The Cut has written that "since about 2016, a voraciously focused secondary market of resellers, traders, and collectors has grown around the brand."[2] Rae Dunners often join Facebook groups dedicated to the brand's products and resell these products at higher prices. For these shoppers, there is a heightened appeal for the brand's seasonal collections and particularly rare items, such as a "ceramic pig-shaped canister with the word 'oink' on its side.[6] Due to this reselling culture, Rae Dunn shoppers have been likened to contemporary sneakerheads or hypebeasts, as well as Beanie Baby collectors of the late 1990.[2][6] Jezer-Morton opined that the comparison is "reductive and maybe … a touch misogynistic."[2] Knapp wrote that "Therein lies the brand's success within Live-Laugh-Love/wine-mom culture: the notion of doing the most, with less. It gives buyers a price-accessible, gold star on the forehead with an influx of one-word affirmations and reminders for self-care, or valuing family (although the latter of which lives in a very his-and-hers, hetero-traditional Nuclear Fam zone)."[12]

Dunn herself has acknowledged the following behind her brand, referring to it as a "weird phenomenon" that she never intended to cause.[6] She also expressed being sad and upset about resellers, stating "I wish I could sell more of my handmade stuff. But when I do it, I know that people are buying it and reselling it for hundreds of dollars more," adding "I feel like I'm just being used."" (wikipedia.org)

""Live, Laugh, Love" is a motivational three-word phrase that became a popular slogan on motivational posters and home decor in the late 2000s and early 2010s. By extension, the saying has also become pejoratively associated with a style of "basic" Generation X[1] decor and with what Vice described as "speaking-to-the-manager shallowness".[2]

The phrase is an abridged form[3] of the 1904 poem "Success" by Bessie Anderson Stanley which begins:

    He achieved success who has lived well, laughed often, and loved much

This phrase was subsequently popularized by Ann Landers[failed verification] and a 1990 Dear Abby column, where it was misattributed to Ralph Waldo Emerson.[3][4]
Other usages

A similar phrase appears as a lyric in the 1926 song "When the Red, Red Robin", most famously recorded by singer, actor, and vaudevillian Al Jolson:[5]

    Wake up, wake up you sleepy head,
    Get up, get up, get out of bed,
    Cheer up, cheer up, the sun is red,
    Live, Love, laugh and be happy

Another similar wording appears in James Joyce's 1939 novel Finnegans Wake:

    They lived und laughed ant loved end left.[6]

A Campaign Address at Boston, Massachusetts by Franklin D. Roosevelt on October 30, 1940, concludes with:

    We are free to live and love and laugh.[7]

A 1979 episode of The Love Boat features a female character explaining her philosophy of getting through her troubled marriage as: "I'm here to live, love and laugh, or words to that effect!"[8]

A similar phrase is used in the poem "The Villa" published in the June 1854 issue of Blackwood's Magazine, attributed to "Trevor":

    Shall saints not be? The saints shall rule the world;
    Sit upon thrones—be ministers and kings;
    Teach in the highways ; shake glad hands among
    The fairs, and marketplaces; laugh, love, live;
    Be all with all men until all be saints.[9]

2010s merchandise
A small container bearing the slogan

"Live, Laugh, Love" and variants on the phrase have appeared on framed posters, wall decals, ornaments, cushions, mugs, bed linen, jewellery and even on coffins.[3][4] The Live Love Laugh Foundation, a mental health organization in India founded by Deepika Padukone, takes its name from the phrase.

Vice noted that the trend had largely passed by 2020.[2] Google Trends shows that searches for the phrase peaked between 2009 and 2014 in the United States, falling in popularity since then.[10]
See also
Keep Calm and Carry On, another motivational phrase that became popular around the same time." (wikipedia.org)

"A houseplant, sometimes known as a pot plant, potted plant, or an indoor plant, is an ornamental plant that is grown indoors.[1] As such, they are found in places like residences and offices, mainly for decorative purposes. Common houseplants are usually tropical or semi-tropical, and are often epiphytes, succulents or cacti.[2]
Cultural history
Early history

The history of houseplants is intertwined with the history of container gardening in general. Ancient Egyptians and Sumerians grew ornamental and fruiting plants in decorative containers. Ancient Greeks and the Romans cultivated laurel trees (Laurus nobilis) in earthenware vessels. In ancient China, potted plants were shown at garden exhibitions over 2,500 years ago.[citation needed]

In the medieval era, gillyflowers were displayed in containers.[3]
Early modern era

During the Renaissance, plant collectors and affluent merchants from Italy, the Netherlands and Belgium imported plants from Asia Minor and the East Indies. Creeping groundsel was introduced in Malta and the rest of Europe in the 15th century as an ornamental plant.[4]

In the 17th century, fascination in exotic plants grew among the aristocracy of France and England. Inventor and writer Sir Hugh Platt published Garden of Eden in 1660, a book which directed indoor plant growing methods.[5] Wealthy British households purchased imported fruit trees, especially citrus trees, to grow in specialized orangeries.[6] Less wealthy people would also grow plants, especially flowers, indoors.[7] Orange trees became less fashionable as international commerce in oranges became more widespread.[8] Succulents, such as aloes, were also cultivated.[9]
18th century

In the early 18th century, windows in London became wider and brighter, expanding the opportunities for the lower classes to grow plants indoors.[10]

The expansion of European colonialism brought Europeans into contact with a wide variety of new plants, especially tropical plants more suited to growing as houseplants. Explorers and botanists brought over 5,000 species to Europe from South America, Africa, Asia and Australia.[5]

Forcing plants to bloom out of season, especially bulbs, grew in popularity during this era.[11] The decorative pot or cachepot specifically for growing houseplants (as opposed to a simple terracotta pot, or a decorative vase) was developed in this era as ceramic manufacturing took off.[12]

Plant breeding developed in the late 17th and 18th centuries. These innovations were drawn and presented in the botanical gardens and in private court collections. At the end of the 18th century, flower tables became part of the salons. Furthermore, nurseries were flourishing in the 18th century, which stocked thousands of plants, including citrus, jasmines, mignonette, bays, myrtles, agaves and aloes.[12]
19th century

The Victorian era saw the first use of houseplants by the middle class, which were perceived as a symbol of social status and moral value.[13] Some foliage plants which tolerated the typical gloomy and snug environment inside a Victorian house became popular.[14] The quintessential Victorian plants were palms (such as kentia palms and parlour palms), the cast iron plant, and ferns. Ferns were grown in Wardian cases, an early type of terrarium. Geraniums were often placed on window ledges and in drawing rooms and were the most affordable houseplant for the average Briton.[12][15]

In 1818, orchids were introduced to Europe when they were used as packing material for the shipment of other rare plants.[12] German ivy was introduced in the United States sometime in the 19th century as a houseplant.[16][17]

Other typical Victorian houseplants included mop-head chrysanthemums and yuccas.[15]

At the end of the 19th century, the range already included begonias, cineraria, clivia, cyclamen and flamingo flowers, but also leafy ornamental plants such as silver fir, ornamental asparagus, lilium, snake plant, and rubber tree.[5]
20th century

In the early 20th century, there was a turn against houseplants as they were seen as dated relics of the cluttered Victorian era. When there were houseplants, the more architecturally shaped cacti and succulents were the most common.[15] In the 1920s, commercial houseplant production began in California, focused on the Kentia palm and the pothos, later expanding to include Philodendron and Araucaria species in the 1940s.[5]

During World War II, houseplants became more common in offices, which began to more closely resemble the domestic environment as more women entered the workforce.[18]

By 1960, Florida produced more than 55% of American houseplants, and has since remained the main producer of houseplants for the American market.[5] Philodendrons, rubber plants and geraniums were mainstays of the postwar era.[19] Many plants entered the United States and the United Kingdom through the influence of Scandinavian design, which featured plants.[15] Tropical plants like bromeliads, birds of paradise, and philodendrons were popular accents in tiki-themed spaces.[18] The postwar years also saw a broader commercialization of houseplants. In the 1960s, plant care labels were introduced, and garden centers became ubiquitous in the 1970s.[19][20]

A lush display of houseplants fit into the environmentalist and hippie movements in the 1970s; a large indoor garden is characteristic of 1970s design.[21][22] Leafy plants were popular, particularly ferns and spider plants, often in macramé hanging planters.[18] Monstera deliciosa, ferns, aloes and snake plants (Dracaena sp., usually sold under their former genus of Sanseveria) were also popular.[23] Terrariums and bottle gardens began to appear as well.

In the 1980s, houseplants were often limited to large, lush statement pieces, particularly in bathrooms. The rise of shopping malls with large skylights created a new place for plants to be grown.[18] In the 1990s, moth orchids became trendy.[24] The 1990s also brought a wave of interest in artificial plants.[25]
21st century

Beginning in the mid-to-late 2010s, fashionable plants from earlier decades were revitalized and popularized by social media, especially Instagram, with "plantstagram" becoming a major driver of trendy plants. In 2015, 5 million Americans took up plant-related hobbies.[27] In 2017, 30% of American households purchased at least one houseplant.[28]

Interest in houseplants exploded during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.[29] With people forced to spend more time indoors, many sought to fill their homes with houseplants. Plants were mentioned on Instagram an average of more than 3,000 times a day in July 2021 and the hashtag "#plantmom" has been used more than 2.6 million times.[29] Plant sales in 2020 were at an all-time high, which brought concerns about the environmental impact of the industry.[30]

Some of the most popular plants in the 2020s are the Monstera deliciosa and other aroids,[31] as well as the fiddle-leaf fig. This era saw a larger interest in growing plants with interesting or attractive forms or foliage, rather than focusing solely on flowers....Tropical and subtropical

    Aglaonema (Chinese evergreen)
    Alocasia and Colocasia spp. (elephant ear)
    Anthurium spp.
    Aphelandra squarrosa (zebra plant)
    Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island pine)
    Aspidistra elatior (cast iron plant)
    Begonia species and cultivars
    Bromeliaceae (bromeliads, including air plants)
    Calathea, Goeppertia and Maranta spp. (prayer plants)
    Chlorophytum comosum (spider plant)
    Citrus (compact cultivars such as the Meyer lemon)
    Cyclamen
    Dieffenbachia (dumbcane)
    Epipremnum aureum (pothos)
    Ferns and plants treated like ferns, such as Asparagus aethiopicus (asparagus fern) and Nephrolepis exaltata (Boston fern)

    Ficus spp., including Ficus benjamina (weeping fig), Ficus elastica (rubber plant) and Ficus lyrata (fiddle-leaf fig)
    Hoya spp.
    Orchidaceae (orchid) spp.
    Peperomia spp.
    Palms, such as Chamaedorea elegans (parlor palm) and Dypsis lutescens (areca palm),
    Philodendron spp.
    Monstera species (Swiss cheese plants)
    Heptapleurum arboricola (umbrella plant)
    Sinningia speciosa (gloxinia)
    Spathiphyllum (peace lily)
    Stephanotis floribunda (Madagascar jasmine)
    Streptocarpus, including Streptocarpus sect. Saintpaulia (African violets)
    Tradescantia zebrina (purple wandering Jew)
    Pilea peperomioides
    Scindapsus pictus (satin pothos)

Succulents

    Aloe spp. including Aloe vera
    Cactaceae (cacti)
        Epiphyllum (orchid cacti)
        Mammillaria
        Opuntia (paddle cacti, including the prickly pear)
        Zygocactus (Christmas cactus)
        Gymnocalycium mihanovichii (chin cactus)
    Crassula ovata (jade plant)
    Echeveria spp.
    Haworthia spp.
    Dracaena spp., including plants formerly in the genus Sansevieria, such as the snake plant or mother-in-law's tongue, Dracaena trifasciata.
    Senecio angulatus (creeping groundsel)
    Senecio rowleyanus (string of pearls)
    Yucca spp.

Forced bulbs

Note: Many forced bulbs are also temperate.

    Crocus
    Hippeastrum (amaryllis)
    Hyacinthus (hyacinth)
    Narcissus (narcissus or daffodil)

Temperate plants

    Hedera helix (English ivy)
    Saxifraga stolonifera (strawberry begonia)" (wikipedia.org)

"In botany, succulent plants, also known as succulents, are plants with parts that are thickened, fleshy, and engorged, usually to retain water in arid climates or soil conditions. The word succulent comes from the Latin word sucus, meaning "juice" or "sap".[1]

Succulent plants may store water in various structures, such as leaves and stems. The water content of some succulent organs can get up to 90–95%,[2] such as Glottiphyllum semicyllindricum and Mesembryanthemum barkleyii.[3] Some definitions also include roots, thus geophytes that survive unfavorable periods by dying back to underground storage organs may be regarded as succulents. The habitats of these water-preserving plants are often in areas with high temperatures and low rainfall, such as deserts, but succulents may be found even in alpine ecosystems growing in rocky soil. Succulents are characterized by their ability to thrive on limited water sources, such as mist and dew, which makes them equipped to survive in an ecosystem that contains scarce water sources.

Succulents are not a taxonomic category, since the term describes only the attributes of a particular species; some species in a genus (such as Euphorbia spp) or family (such as Asphodelaceae) may be succulent, whereas others are less so or not at all. Many plant families have multiple succulent species found within them (more than 25 plant families).[4] In some families, such as Aizoaceae, Cactaceae, and Crassulaceae, most species are succulents. In horticultural use, the term is sometimes used in a way that excludes plants that botanists would regard as succulents, such as cacti. Succulents are often grown as ornamental plants because of their striking and unusual appearance, as well as their ability to thrive with relatively minimal care.
Definition

By definition, succulent plants are drought-resistant plants in which the leaves, stem, or roots have become more than usually fleshy by the development of water-storing tissue.[5] Other sources exclude roots as in the definition "a plant with thick, fleshy and swollen stems and/or leaves, adapted to dry environments".[6] The difference affects the relationship between succulents and "geophytes"–plants that survive unfavorable seasons as a resting bud on an underground organ.[7] The underground organs, such as bulbs, corms, and tubers, are often fleshy with water-storing tissues. Thus, if roots are included in the definition, many geophytes would be classed as succulents. Plants adapted to living in dry environments such as succulents, are termed xerophytes. However, not all xerophytes are succulents, since there are other ways of adapting to a shortage of water, e.g., by developing small leaves which may roll up or having leathery rather than succulent leaves.[8] Nor are all succulents xerophytes, as plants such as Crassula helmsii are both succulent and aquatic.[9]

Some who grow succulents as a hobby may use the term in a different way from botanists. In horticultural use, the term succulent regularly excludes cacti. For example, Jacobsen's three volume Handbook of Succulent Plants does not include cacti.[10] Many books covering the cultivation of these plants include "cacti and succulents" as the title or part of the title.[11][12][13] However, in botanical terminology, cacti are succulents,[5] but not the reverse as many succulent plants are not cacti. Cacti form a monophyletic group and apart from one species are native only to the New World (the Americas), but through parallel evolution similar looking plants in completely different families like the Apocynaceae evolved in the Old World.[citation needed]

A further difficulty for general identification is that plant families are neither succulent nor non-succulent and can contain both. In many genera and families, there is a continuous gradation from plants with thin leaves and normal stems to those with very clearly thickened and fleshy leaves or stems. The succulent characteristic becomes meaningless for dividing plants into genera and families. Different sources may classify the same species differently.[14] Species with intermediate characteristics such as somewhat fleshy leaves or stems may be described as semi-succulent.[15]

Horticulturists often follow commercial conventions and may exclude other groups of plants such as bromeliads, that scientifically are considered succulents.[16] A practical horticultural definition has become "a succulent plant is any desert plant that a succulent plant collector wishes to grow", without any consideration of scientific classifications.[17] Commercial presentations of "succulent" plants will present those that customers commonly identify as such. Plants offered commercially then as "succulents" (such as hen and chicks), will less often include geophytes (in which the swollen storage organ is wholly underground), but will include plants with a caudex,[18] that is a swollen above-ground organ at soil level, formed from a stem, a root, or both.

Appearance

The storage of water often gives succulent plants a more swollen or fleshy appearance than other plants, a characteristic known as succulence. In addition to succulence, succulent plants variously have other water-saving features. These may include:

    crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) to minimize water loss
    absent, reduced, or cylindrical-to-spherical leaves
    reduction in the number of stomata
    stems as the main site of photosynthesis, rather than leaves
    compact, reduced, cushion-like, columnar, or spherical growth form
    ribs enabling rapid increases in plant volume and decreasing surface area exposed to the sun
    waxy, hairy, or spiny outer surface to create a humid micro-habitat around the plant, which reduces air movement near the surface of the plant, and thereby reduces water loss and may create shade
    roots very near the surface of the soil, so they are able to take up moisture from very small showers or even from heavy dew
    ability to remain plump and full of water even with high internal temperatures (e.g., 52 °C or 126 °F)[19]
    very impervious outer cuticle (skin)[19]
    fast wound sealing and healing [20]
    mucilaginous substances, which retain water abundantly...Habitat

Other than in Antarctica, succulents can be found within each continent. According to the World Wildlife Fund, South Africa is home to around a third of all succulent species, most residing in the succulent Karoo biome.[21][22] While it is often thought that most succulents come from dry areas such as steppes, semi-desert, and desert, the world's driest areas do not make for proper succulent habitats, mainly due to the difficulty such low growing plants or seedlings would have to thrive in environments where they could easily be covered by sand.[23] Australia, the world's driest inhabited continent, hosts very few native succulents due to the frequent and prolonged droughts[citation needed]. Even Africa, the continent with the most native succulents, does not host many of the plants in its most dry regions.[24] However, while succulents are unable to grow in these harshest of conditions, they are able to grow in conditions that are uninhabitable by other plants. In fact, many succulents are able to thrive in dry conditions, and some are able to last up to two years without water depending on their surroundings and adaptations.[25] Occasionally, succulents may occur as epiphytes, growing on other plants with limited or no contact with the ground, and being dependent on their ability to store water and gaining nutrients by other means; it is seen in Tillandsia. Succulents also occur as inhabitants of sea coasts and dry lakes, which are exposed to high levels of dissolved minerals that are deadly to many other plant species. California is home to close to hundred succulent species that are native to the state, many of them live in coastal environments.[26] Potted succulents are able to grow in most indoor environments with minimal care." (wikipedia.org)

"Watercolor (American English) or watercolour (British English; see spelling differences), also aquarelle (French: [akwaʁɛl]; from Italian diminutive of Latin aqua "water"),[1] is a painting method[2] in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water-based[3] solution. Watercolor refers to both the medium and the resulting artwork. Aquarelles painted with water-soluble colored ink instead of modern water colors are called aquarellum atramento (Latin for "aquarelle made with ink") by experts. However, this term has now tended to pass out of use.[4][5]

The conventional and most common support — material to which the paint is applied—for watercolor paintings is watercolor paper. Other supports or substrates include stone, ivory, silk, reed, papyrus, bark papers, plastics, vellum, leather, fabric, wood, and watercolor canvas (coated with a gesso that is specially formulated for use with watercolors). Watercolor paper is often made entirely or partially with cotton.[6][7] This gives the surface the appropriate texture and minimizes distortion when wet.[8] Watercolor papers are usually cold-pressed papers that provide better texture and appearance with a weight at least 300 gsm. Under 300 gsm is commonly not recommended for anything but sketching.[9][10] Transparency is the main characteristic of watercolors.[11] Watercolors can also be made opaque by adding Chinese white. This is not a method to be used in "true watercolor" (traditional). [12]

Watercolor paint is an ancient form of painting, if not the most ancient form of art itself.[2] In East Asia, watercolor painting[13] with inks is referred to as brush painting or scroll painting. In Chinese, Korean and Japanese painting[14] it has been the dominant medium, often in monochrome black or browns, often using inkstick or other pigments. India, Ethiopia and other countries have long watercolor painting traditions as well.

Many Western artists, especially in the early 19th century, used watercolor primarily as a sketching tool in preparation for the "finished" work in oil or engraving.[15] Until the end of the eighteenth century, traditional watercolors were known as 'tinted drawings'....Watercolor paint
A set of watercolors

Watercolor paint consists of four principal ingredients:[60] a pigment; gum arabic[61][62] as a binder to hold the pigment in suspension; additives like glycerin, ox gall,[63] honey, and preservatives to alter the viscosity, hiding, durability or color of the pigment and vehicle mixture; and, evaporating water, as a solvent used to thin or dilute the paint for application.

The more general term watermedia refers to any painting medium that uses water as a solvent and that can be applied with a brush, pen, or sprayer. This includes most inks, watercolors, temperas, caseins, gouaches, and modern acrylic paints.

The term "watercolor" refers to paints that use water-soluble, complex carbohydrates as a binder. Originally (in the 16th to 18th centuries), watercolor binders were sugars and/or hide glues, but since the 19th century, the preferred binder is natural gum arabic, with glycerin and/or honey as additives to improve plasticity and solubility of the binder, and with other chemicals added to improve product shelf life.

The term "bodycolor" refers to paint that is opaque rather than transparent. It usually refers to opaque watercolor, known as gouache.[64] Modern acrylic paints use an acrylic resin dispersion as a binder.
Commercial watercolors

Watercolor painters before the turn of the 18th century had to make paints themselves using pigments purchased from an apothecary or specialized "colorman", and mixing them with gum arabic or some other binder. The earliest commercial paints were small, resinous blocks that had to be wetted and laboriously "rubbed out" in water to obtain a usable color intensity. William Reeves started his business as a colorman around 1766. In 1781, he and his brother, Thomas Reeves, were awarded the Silver Palette of the Society of Arts, for the invention of the moist watercolor paint-cake, a time-saving convenience, introduced in the "golden age" of English watercolor painting. The "cake" was immediately soluble when touched by a wet brush.[65]

Modern commercial watercolor paints are available in tubes, pans and liquids.[66] The majority of paints sold today are in collapsible small metal tubes in standard sizes and formulated to a consistency similar to toothpaste by being already mixed with a certain water component. For use, this paste has to be further diluted with water. Pan paints (actually small dried cakes or bars of paint in an open plastic container) are usually sold in two sizes, full pans and half pans.

Owing to modern industrial organic chemistry, the variety, saturation, and permanence of artists' colors available today has been vastly improved. Correct and non-toxic primary colors are now present through the introduction of hansa yellow, phthalo blue and quinacridone (PV 122). From such a set of three colors, in principle all others can be mixed, as in a classical technique no white is used. The modern development of pigments was not driven by artistic demand. The art materials industry is too small to exert any market leverage on global dye or pigment manufacture. With rare exceptions such as aureolin, all modern watercolor paints utilize pigments that have a wider industrial use. Paint manufacturers buy, by industrial standards very small, supplies of these pigments, mill them with the vehicle, solvent, and additives, and package them. The milling process with inorganic pigments, in more expensive brands, reduces the particle size to improve the color flow when the paint is applied with water.

Transparency
In the partisan debates of the 19th-century English art world, gouache was emphatically contrasted to traditional watercolors and denigrated for its high hiding power or lack of "transparency"; "transparent" watercolors were exalted. The aversion to opaque paint had its origin in the fact that well into the 19th century lead white was used to increase the covering quality. That pigment tended to soon discolor into black under the influence of sulphurous air pollution, totally ruining the artwork.[67] The traditional claim that "transparent" watercolors gain "luminosity" because they function like a pane of stained glass laid on paper—the color intensified because the light passes through the pigment, reflects from the paper, and passes a second time through the pigment on its way to the viewer—is false. Watercolor paints typically do not form a cohesive paint layer, as do acrylic or oil paints, but simply scatter pigment particles randomly across the paper surface; the transparency is caused by the paper being visible between the particles.[68] Watercolors may appear more vivid than acrylics or oils because the pigments are laid down in a purer form, with few or no fillers (such as kaolin) obscuring the pigment colors. Typically, most or all of the gum binder will be absorbed by the paper, preventing the binder from changing the visibility of the pigment.[68] The gum being absorbed does not decrease but increase the adhesion of the pigment to the paper, as its particles will then penetrate the fibres more easily. In fact, an important function of the gum is to facilitate the "lifting" (removal) of color, should the artist want to create a lighter spot in a painted area.[68] Furthermore, the gum prevents flocculation of the pigment particles." (wikipedia.org)

"A jigsaw puzzle (with context, sometimes just jigsaw or just puzzle) is a tiling puzzle that requires the assembly of often irregularly shaped interlocking and mosaicked pieces, each of which typically has a portion of a picture. When assembled, the puzzle pieces produce a complete picture.

In the 18th century, jigsaw puzzles were created by painting a picture on a flat, rectangular piece of wood, then cutting it into small pieces. The name "jigsaw" derives from the tools used to cut the images into pieces—variably identified as jigsaws, fretsaws or scroll saws. Assisted by Jason Hinds, John Spilsbury, a London cartographer and engraver, is credited with commercialising jigsaw puzzles around 1760. His design took world maps, and cut out the individual nations in order for them to be reassembled by students as a geographical teaching aid.[1] They have since come to be made primarily of interlocking cardboard pieces, incorporating a variety of images and designs.

Jigsaw puzzles have been used in research studies to study cognitive abilities such as mental rotation visuospatial ability in young children.

Typical images on jigsaw puzzles include scenes from nature, buildings, and repetitive designs—castles and mountains are common, as well as other traditional subjects. However, any picture can be used. Artisan puzzle-makers and companies using technologies for one-off and small print-run puzzles utilize a wide range of subject matter, including optical illusions, unusual art, and personal photographs. In addition to traditional flat, two-dimensional puzzles, three-dimensional puzzles have entered large-scale production, including spherical puzzles and architectural recreations.

A range of jigsaw puzzle accessories, including boards, cases, frames, and roll-up mats, have become available to assist jigsaw puzzle enthusiasts. While most assembled puzzles are disassembled for reuse, they can also be attached to a backing with adhesive and displayed as art.

Competitive Jigsaw Puzzling has grown in popularity in recent years, with both regional and national competitions held in many countries, and annual World Jigsaw Puzzle Championships held from 2019.

History

John Spilsbury is believed to have produced the first jigsaw puzzle around 1760, using a marquetry saw.[1]

Early puzzles, known as dissections, were produced by mounting maps on sheets of hardwood and cutting along national boundaries, creating a puzzle useful for teaching geography.[1] Royal governess Lady Charlotte Finch used such "dissected maps" to teach the children of King George III and Queen Charlotte.[4][5] Cardboard jigsaw puzzles appeared in the late 1800s, but were slow to replace wooden ones because manufacturers felt that cardboard puzzles would be perceived as low-quality, and because profit margins on wooden jigsaws were larger.[1]

The name "jigsaw" came to be associated with the puzzle around 1880 when fretsaws became the tool of choice for cutting the shapes.[1] Along with fretsaws, jigsaws and scroll saws have also been noted as tools used to cut jigsaw puzzles into pieces.[6] The term "jigsaw puzzle" dates back to 1906.[6]
Wooden jigsaw pieces, cut by hand

Jigsaw puzzles soared in popularity during the Great Depression, as they provided a cheap, long-lasting, recyclable form of entertainment.[1][7] It was around this time that jigsaws evolved to become more complex and appealing to adults.[1] They were also given away in product promotions and used in advertising, with customers completing an image of the promoted product.[1][7]

Sales of wooden puzzles fell after World War II as improved wages led to price increases, while improvements in manufacturing processes made paperboard jigsaws more attractive.[7]

Demand for jigsaw puzzles saw a surge, comparable to that of the Great Depression, during the COVID-19 pandemic's stay-at-home orders.[8][9]
Modern construction
Paperboard jigsaw pieces

Most modern jigsaw puzzles are made of paperboard as they are easier and cheaper to mass-produce. An enlarged photograph or printed reproduction of a painting or other two-dimensional artwork is glued to cardboard, which is then fed into a press. The press forces a set of hardened steel blades of the desired pattern, called a puzzle die, through the board until fully cut.

The puzzle die is a flat board, often made from plywood, with slots cut or burned in the same shape as the knives that are used. The knives are set into the slots and covered in a compressible material, typically foam rubber, which ejects the cut puzzle pieces.

The cutting process is similar to making shaped cookies with a cookie cutter. However, the forces involved are tremendously greater: A typical 1000-piece puzzle requires upwards of 700 tons of force to push the die through the board.

Beginning in the 1930s, jigsaw puzzles were cut using large hydraulic presses that now cost hundreds of thousands of dollars. The precise cuts gave a snug fit, but the cost limited jigsaw puzzle production to large corporations. Recent roller-press methods achieve the same results at a lower cost.[citation needed]

New technology has also enabled laser-cutting of wooden or acrylic jigsaw puzzles. The advantage is that the puzzle can be custom-cut to any size or shape, with any number or average size of pieces. Many museums have laser-cut acrylic puzzles made of some of their art so visiting children can assemble puzzles of the images on display. Acrylic pieces are very durable, waterproof, and can withstand continued use without the image degrading. Also, because the print and cut patterns are computer-based, missing pieces can easily be remade.

By the early 1960s, Tower Press was the world's largest jigsaw puzzle maker; it was acquired by Waddingtons in 1969.[10] Numerous smaller-scale puzzle makers work in artisanal styles, handcrafting and handcutting their creations.[11][12][13][14]
Variations
Jigsaw puzzle software allowing rotation of pieces
A three-dimensional puzzle composed of several two-dimensional puzzles stacked on top of one another
A puzzle without a picture

Jigsaw puzzles come in a variety of sizes. Among those marketed to adults, 300-, 500- and 750-piece puzzles are considered "smaller". More sophisticated, but still common, puzzles come in sizes of 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, and 5,000 pieces.

Jigsaw puzzles geared towards children typically have many fewer pieces and are typically much larger. For very young children, puzzles with as few as 4 to 9 large pieces (so as not to be a choking hazard) are standard. They are usually made of wood or plastic for durability and can be cleaned without damage.

The most common layout for a thousand-piece puzzle is 38 pieces by 27 pieces, for an actual total of 1,026 pieces. Most 500-piece puzzles are 27 pieces by 19 pieces, for a total of 513 pieces. A few puzzles are double-sided so they can be solved from either side—adding complexity, as the enthusiast must determine if they are looking at the right side of each piece.

"Family puzzles" of 100–550 pieces use an assortment of small, medium and large pieces, with each size going in one direction or towards the middle of the puzzle. This allows a family of different skill levels and hand sizes to work on the puzzle together. Companies like Springbok, Cobble Hill, Ceaco, Buffalo Games and Suns Out make this type of specialty puzzle. Ravensburger, on the other hand, formerly made this type of puzzle from 2000 until 2008.

There are also three-dimensional jigsaw puzzles. Many are made of wood or styrofoam and require the puzzle to be solved in a particular order, as some pieces will not fit if others are already in place. One type of 3-D jigsaw puzzle is a puzzle globe, often made of plastic. Like 2-D puzzles, the assembled pieces form a single layer, but the final form is three-dimensional. Most globe puzzles have designs representing spherical shapes such as the Earth, the Moon, and historical globes of the Earth.

Also common are puzzle boxes, simple three-dimensional puzzles with a small drawer or box in the center for storage.

Jigsaw puzzles can vary significantly in price depending on their complexity, number of pieces, and brand. In the US, children's puzzles can start around $5, while larger ones can be closer to $50. The most expensive puzzle to date was sold for $US27,000 in 2005 at a charity auction for The Golden Retriever Foundation.[15]

Several word-puzzle games use pieces similar to those in jigsaw puzzles. Examples include Alfa-Lek, Jigsaw Words, Nab-It!, Puzzlage, Typ-Dom, Word Jigsaw, and Yottsugo.[16][citation needed]
Puzzle pieces
A "whimsy" piece in a wooden jigsaw puzzle
A 3D jigsaw puzzle

Many puzzles are termed "fully interlocking", which means that adjacent pieces are connected so that they stay attached when one is turned. Sometimes the connection is tight enough to pick up a solved part by holding one piece.

Some fully interlocking puzzles have pieces of a similar shape, with rounded tabs (interjambs) on opposite ends and corresponding indentations—called blanks—on the other two sides to receive the tabs. Other fully interlocking puzzles may have tabs and blanks variously arranged on each piece; but they usually have four sides, and the numbers of tabs and blanks thus add up to four. Uniformly shaped fully interlocking puzzles, sometimes called "Japanese Style", are the most difficult because the differences in the pieces' shapes are most subtle.[citation needed]

Most jigsaw puzzles are square, rectangular or round, with edge pieces with one straight or smoothly curved side, plus four corner pieces (if the puzzle is square or rectangular). However, some puzzles have edge, and corner pieces cut like the rest, with no straight sides, making it more challenging to identify them. Other puzzles utilize more complex edge pieces to form unique shapes when assembled, such as profiles of animals.

The pieces of spherical jigsaw, like immersive panorama jigsaw, can be triangular-shaped, according to the rules of tessellation of the geoid primitive.

Designer Yuu Asaka created "Jigsaw Puzzle 29". Instead of four corner pieces, it has five. The puzzle is made from pale blue acrylic without a picture.[17] It was awarded the Jury Honorable Mention of 2018 Puzzle Design Competition.[18] Because many puzzlers had solved it easily, he created "Jigsaw Puzzle 19" which composed only with corner pieces as revenge.[19] It was made with transparent green acrylic pieces without a picture.[20]
Calculating the number of edge pieces

Jigsaw puzzlers often want to know in advance how many border pieces they are looking for to verify they have found all of them. Puzzle sizes are typically listed on commercially distributed puzzles but usually include the total number of pieces in the puzzle and do not list the count of edge or interior pieces.

Puzzlers, therefore, calculate the number of border pieces. To calculate B (border pieces) from P (the total piece count), follow this method:

    List the prime factors of P.

        For a 513-piece jigsaw, the prime factorization tree is 3×3×3×19=513

    Take the square root of P and round off.

        √513 ≈ 22.6
        round to 23

    Look for numbers in the prime factor list within ±20% of the square root of P.
        Calculate 20% of the rounded square root of P.

            1⁄5 × 23 = 4.6

        Develop the range, ±20%, from the rounded square root of P.

            23 ±4.6 = 18.4 to 27.6

        Compare the range with the factor list. Define this as E1.

            The factor list shows 19 in the range.

    Determine the horizontal / vertical dimensions.
        Divide P (the total number of pieces) by E1 to determine the horizontal / vertical dimensions, E1xE2.

            513 / 19 = 27
            This is probably a 19×27 puzzle.

        Alternative method: take the remaining numbers from the prime factorization tree.

            3x3x3 = 27

    Add the four sides and subtract 4 to correct for the corner pieces, which would otherwise be counted in both the horizontal and vertical.

        (27 × 2)+(19 × 2)-4 = 88

These 88 border pieces include 4 corners, 17 pieces between corners on the short sides, and 25 between corners on the long sides.

Common puzzle dimensions:

    1000 piece puzzle: 1026 pieces, 126 border pieces (38x27)[21]

World records
Largest commercially available jigsaw puzzles
Pieces     Name of puzzle     Company     Year     Size [cm]     Area [m2]
60,000     What A Wonderful World     Dowdle Folk Art     2022     883 × 243     21.46
54,000     Travel around Art     Grafika     2020     864 × 204     17.63
52,110     (No title: collage of animals)     MartinPuzzle     2018     696 × 202     14.06
51,300     27 Wonders from Around the World     Kodak     2019     869 × 191     16.60
48,000     Around the World     Grafika     2017     768 × 204     15.67
42,000     La vuelta al Mundo     Educa Borras     2017     749 × 157     11.76
40,320     Making Mickey's Magic     Ravensburger     2018     680 × 192     13.06
40,320     Memorable Disney Moments     Ravensburger     2016     680 × 192     13.06
33,600     Wild Life     Educa Borras     2014     570 × 157     8.95
32,000     New York City Window     Ravensburger     2014     544 × 192     10.45
32,000     Double Retrospect     Ravensburger     2010     544 × 192     10.45
24,000     Life, The greatest puzzle     Educa Borras     2007     428 × 157     6.72
Largest-sized jigsaw puzzles

The world's largest-sized jigsaw puzzle measured 5,428.8 m2 (58,435 sq ft) with 21,600 pieces, each measuring a Guinness World Records maximum size of 50 cm by 50 cm. It was assembled on 3 November 2002 by 777 people at the former Kai Tak Airport in Hong Kong.[22]
Largest jigsaw puzzle – most pieces
The Guinness record of CYM Group in 2011 with 551,232 pieces

The jigsaw with the greatest number of pieces had 551,232 pieces and measured 14.85 × 23.20 m (48 ft 8.64 in × 76 ft 1.38 in). It was assembled on 25 September 2011 at Phú Thọ Indoor Stadium in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, by students of the University of Economics, Ho Chi Minh City. It is listed by the Guinness World Records for the "Largest Jigsaw Puzzle – most pieces", and was divided into 3,132 sections each containing 176 pieces, which were assembled individually and then connected to compose the full puzzle.[23][24]
Research studies

Studies have shown that the ability to solve jigsaw puzzles develops during early childhood. During this time there is significant development in cognitive abilities such as mental rotation and visuospatial ability, which can be used to solve a puzzle. Throughout life those abilities can continue to develop.

In 2021, researchers conducted a study during which a group of children between the ages of 3 and 5 years old were asked to complete three different types of jigsaw puzzles. Each child was given a normal jigsaw puzzle with a picture on it, another with normal shaped pieces but without an image on it and finally a puzzle with an image on it but all the pieces were shaped the same. They were shown the completed versions then asked to reassemble them. The children were given three minutes to complete each puzzle; half of the group was given a guide picture while the other half was not. The results revealed that 4 and 5 year olds were able to complete all three puzzles within the allotted time, meanwhile most 3-year-olds were able to complete the normal jigsaw puzzle and the puzzle of normal shaped pieces without an image on it but struggled more with the puzzle that had an image but all the pieces were shaped the same. With all of the children the fastest completion time was with the normal puzzle and the slowest was with the puzzle with an image and same shaped pieces; there were also fewer errors in with the children that had a guide.[25] The cognitive development between the different ages can be seen in their completion times and how many errors were made. The older children were able to complete the puzzles with fewer errors because their mental rotation abilities, which is the ability to rotate an object in your mind to see it from a different perspective, are further developed than they are for younger children who are more likely to resort to trial and error.

The difference in the visuospatial abilities between boys and girls were studied in 2017 using jigsaw puzzles. A second-grade class was asked to complete three different puzzles, the first was a neutral one of a horse, second was a male-oriented one of a tractor, and the third was a female-oriented one of the character Bambi. The Bambi puzzle had the fastest completion time with all the children which is believed to be caused by their previous experience, and because it was finished the fastest with all of the children researchers don't believe there is a connection between the puzzles' targeted audience and the sex of the children. Overall the girls in the class were faster, and made fewer errors.[26]
Society

The logo of Wikipedia is a globe made out of jigsaw pieces. The incomplete sphere symbolizes the room to add new knowledge.[citation needed]

In the logo of the Colombian Office of the Attorney General appears a jigsaw puzzle piece in the foreground. They named it "The Key Piece": "The piece of a puzzle is the proper symbol to visually represent the Office of the Attorney General because it includes the concepts of search, solution and answers that the entity pursues through the investigative activity."[27]
Art and entertainment

The central antagonist in the Saw film franchise is nicknamed Jigsaw,[28] due to his practice of cutting the shape of a puzzle piece from the remains of his victims.

In the 1933 Laurel and Hardy short Me and My Pal, several characters attempt to complete a large jigsaw puzzle.[29]

Lost in Translation is a poem about a child putting together a jigsaw puzzle, as well as an interpretive puzzle itself.

Life: A User's Manual, Georges Perec's most famous novel, tells as pieces of a puzzle a story about a jigsaw puzzle maker.

Jigsaw Puzzle (song), sometimes spelled "Jig-Saw Puzzle" is a song by the rock and roll band The Rolling Stones, featured on their 1968 album Beggars Banquet.

In ‘‘Citizen Kane‘’ Susan Alexander Kane (Dorothy Comingore) is reduced to spending her days completing jigsaws after the failure of her operatic career. After Kane’s death when ‘’Xanadu’’ is emptied, hundreds of jigsaw puzzles are discovered in the cellar.

Rhett And Link Do A Rainy Day Jigsaw Puzzle is a short video by self-described “internetainers” (portmanteau of “Internet” and “entertainers”) Rhett & Link which portrays the frustration of discovering a puzzle piece is missing.
Mental health

According to the Alzheimer Society of Canada, doing jigsaw puzzles is one of many activities that can help keep the brain active and may reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease.[30]
An "autism awareness" ribbon, featuring red, blue, and yellow jigsaw pieces

Jigsaw puzzle pieces were first used as a symbol for autism in 1963 by the United Kingdom's National Autistic Society.[31] The organization chose jigsaw pieces for their logo to represent the "puzzling" nature of autism and the inability to "fit in" due to social differences, and also because jigsaw pieces were recognizable and otherwise unused.[32] Puzzle pieces have since been incorporated into the logos and promotional materials of many organizations, including the Autism Society of America and Autism Speaks.

Proponents of the autism rights movement oppose the jigsaw puzzle iconography, stating that metaphors such as "puzzling" and "incomplete" are harmful to autistic people. Critics of the puzzle piece symbol instead advocate for a gold-colored or red infinity symbol representing diversity.[33] In 2017, the journal Autism concluded that the use of the jigsaw puzzle evoked negative public perception towards autistic individuals. They removed the puzzle piece from their cover in February 2018." (wikipedia.org)