PHOTOGRAPHS, MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PREFACE   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
PART 1: THE RISE AND FALL OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1300-1918
CHAPTER     1
 THE OTTOMAN  HERITAGE:  DIVERSITY, INDIVIDUALISM AND DECENTRALIZATION
CHAPTER 2. EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM AND OTTOMAN REFORM,
1600-1908
Ottoman Decline
Traditionalistic Ottoman Reform
Nineteenth Century European Imperialism
Modern Ottoman Reform
Economic Problems
Christian Nationalism and Christian Terrorism
Sultan Abdulhamid II, 1876-1909
The Young Turk Movement
CHAPTER 3. OTTOMAN SECULARISM AND THE GREAT WAR, 1908-
19181
Ottoman Constitutional Democracy, 1908-1912
The Great War and the Collapse of Ottoman Constitutional Democracy,
1910-1923
The Albanian Revolt and the Tripolitanian War, 1910-1911
The Balkan WTars
Secular Reforms
World War I;
PART 2: THE ALLIED OCCUPATION, 1918-1920
CHAPTER 4. THE ARMISTICE OF MONDROS
The Ottoman Military Situation in October 1918
Ottoman Political Changes and Initial Efforts to Achieve Peace
The Mondros Armistice Negotiations
The Original British Proposals-Compared with the Final Mondros
Treaty
Aftermath of the Agreement: Triumph and Treachery
CHAPTER 5. THE OTTOMANS AND THE ALLIED OCCUPATION ....
The Ottoman Government
The Allied Representatives
Istanbul in November 1918
Allied Administration and Police in Istanbul
Istanbul Greeks and Armenians during the Occupation
Politics in Istanbul during the Occupation
The First Damad Ferid Government
Parties Supporting Damad Ferid
Hiirriyet ve Itilaf Firkasi (Liberal Union Party)
Ingiliz Muhibleri Cemiyeti (Friends of England Society)
Nigehban-i Askeri Cemiyeti (Society of Army Watchmen)
Cemiyet-i Miiderrisin (Society of Teachers) and Te'ali-i Islam
(Society to Advance Islam)
Ilayi Vatan Cemiyeti (Exhaltation of the Nation Society)
Tarikat-i Selahiye Cemiyeti/Tarik-i Salah Cemiyeti (Order of
Selah Society)
The Opposition Parties
Ittihad ve Terakki Firkasi (Union and Progress Party)
Teceddiid Firkasi (Renewal Party)
Hiirriyetpei-ver Avam Firkasi (Progressive Peoples' Party)
Milli Kongre (National Congress)
Wilson Prensipleri Dernegi (Society for Wilsonian Principles)
Milli Ahrar Firkasi (National Liberal Party)
Sosyal Demokrat Firkasi (Social Democratic Party)
Tiirkiye Sosyalist Firkasi (Socialist Party of Turkey)
Tiirkiye Isci ve Ciftci Firkasi (Workers and Peasants Party of
Turkey)
Vahdet-i Milliye Heyeti (National Unity Committee)
Ottoman Istanbul and Anatolia during the Allied Occupation
The Refugee Problem
Shortages of Food and Fuel
Famine and Disease
Fires
Public Assistance and Remedies
Resettlement of Refugees and the Resulting Violence
Financial and Economic Difficulties
Popular Life in Occupied Istanbul
Fine Arts and Literature
The Advancement of Ottoman Women
Labor Problems, Socialist Activity, and Popular Unrest
War Crimes Accusations, Investigations, Arrests and Trials
The Turkish Reaction to the Allied Occupauon in Istanbul
The Karakol Cemiyeti (Guard Society)
Popular Protest and Resistance in Istanbul
Mustafa Kemal prepares to lead a Turkish national resistance

PART 2: TURKISH RESISTANCE TO ALLIED OCCUPATION 1918-1920
CHAPTER  6.   THE   PARIS   PEACE   CONFERENCE:   EFFORTS  TO
PARTITION THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Conflicting Claims in Eastern Anatolia
Armenian claims
Kurdish claims
Conflicting Claims in Western Anatolia
Greek claims
Italian claims
Russian claims
British claims
Allied Discussions and Proposals and Ottoman Responses
The King-Crane Commission
The Harbord Commission
The First London Conference
CHAPTER 7. OCCUPATION AND INVASION
The Greek Invasion and Turkish Resistance in Thrace
The Greek Invasion of Izmir and Western Anatolia
Greek Preparations and Plotting: The Propaganda of Hysteria
The Turkish Reaction
Preparations for Invasion
The Allied Decision
The Greek Invasion
Greek Atrocities and Allied Condemnation
Expansion of the Greek Occupation Zone
Greek Government in Izmir
Greek Efforts to Create a Pontus State in Northern Anatolia
The French Occupation of Zonguldak and the Black Sea Coast
The Italian Occupation of South Central Anatolia
The Turkish Resistance
Protest Meetings
Assembly of the Sultanate
Turkish Armed Resistance: Defense of Rights Societies and the
Turkish National Forces

CHAPTER 8. UNIFICATION OF THE TURKISH NATIONAL RESISTANCE
Mustafa Kemal takes the Lead
The Amasya Circular
The Erzurum Congress, July 23-August 7, 1919
The Sivas Congress, September 4-September 11, 1919
Aftermath of the Sivas Congress
Turkish Opposition to the Turkish Nationalists
The Ahmed Anzavur Revolts
The Kurdish Dilemma
CHAPTER 9. FROM ISTANBUL TO ANKARA: EMERGENCE OF THE NEW
TURKEY
The Ali Riza Government in Istanbul
Efforts to Reconcile Istanbul and die Kemalists: The Amasya Conference
and its Aftermam
The Ottoman Parliamentary Elecdons of 1919
Emergence of die Ankara Government
The Last Ottoman Chamber of Deputies meets in Istanbul
The Second Allied Occupation of Istanbul
Support for the Turks from India and England
Damad Ferid Pa§a and the Last Ottoman Parliament
CHAPTER  10. THE  FRENCli  OCCUPATION  OF SOUTHEASTERN
ANATOLIA:
The Initial British occupation of Cilicia
The French Occupation
The Armenian Legion
Turkish Militias in Southeastern Anatolia: The Turkish Resistance
The Siege of Maras,
Turkish-French Negotiations
CHAPTER  11. THE RUSSIAN ALLIANCE, BOLSHEVISM AND THE
SOUTHERN CAUCASUS
Conflict in Northeastern Anatolia
Turkish Resistance at Trabzon
Initial Relations with the Russian Bolsheviks: War and Peace in die
Caucasus
Enver Pa§a Joins the Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks and Islam
The Rise of Mustafa Suphi

VOLUME 3: FROM TURKISH RESISTANCE TO TURKISH WAR FOR LIBERATION, 1920-1922-PART 1
CHAPTER 12. THE TURKISH REVOLUTION
Creation of the Grand National Assembly in Ankara
The Government of the Grand National Assembly, 1920-1923
The Cabinet and the Executive
The National Army and Ministry of National Defense
Justice and Security
The Independence Courts
Restrictions on Individual Freedoms
Economic and Financial Policies
Agriculture
Social Programs
Education
Care for Refugees
Health
Labor
Conservatism in Ankara
Intelligence Services
The Hamza / Fellah Group
The National Defense Group (Mim-Mim)
The Military Manufacturing Group
The Naval Assistance Group
Smuggling of Arms and People to Anatolia
The Military Police Organization and Investigation Committee
Command
Life in Ankara during the War of National Liberation
Women in the Turkish Resistance Movement
Postal and Telegraphic Communication
Roads and Railroads
Political Parties and Political Action in Anatolia during the Turkish War
of National Liberation
The Green Army Society
The Popular Front
The Communist Party of Turkey
The Turkish Communist Party at Baku
The Peoples' Communist Party of Turkey
The Kurdish Dilemma Revisited
CHAPTER 13. CONFERENCES AND CONFLICTS: SAN REMO TO
LONDON
The San Remo Conference
The Conference and Treaty of Sevres
The Fighting Fronts: The Greek Occupation of Thrace and the Turkish
Resistance
The Fighting Fronts: Western Anatolia after die Treaty of Sevres
The Fall of Venizelos. Return of King Constantine to Greece
End of the Turkish National Forces: The Turkish Western Front Army
revitalized by Ismet Pa§a
The New Greek Offensive in Anatolia
The Third London Conference: Turkish Treaties with the Allies
CHAPTER 14. AFTERMATH OF THE CONFERENCES
The Political Aftermadi in Ankara: Defeat of die Treaties with France and
Italy
Aftermadi in Anatolia: Resumption of die War
Second Batde of the Inonii: The First Turkish Victory
The Greek Atrocides Revisited: The International Reports Come In
The End of Allied Military Assistance to Greece
The Constantinople Committee Meeting in London
The Climactic Greek Offensive in Anatolia: Towards the Sakarya and
Ankara
Reaction in Ankara: The Dark Moment
The Battle of the Sakarya

VOLUME 3: FROM TURKISH RESISTANCE TO TURKISH WAR OF NATIONAL LIBERATION, 1920-1922, PART 2
CHAPTER 15. AFTERMATH OF THE BATTLE OF THE SAKARYA
The Political Aftermath in Ankara
The Anatolia and Rumeli Defense of Rights Group
The Second Group and the Opposition
The Aftermath in Istanbul: Open Support for the Nationalists
The Diplomatic Aftermath: Changing Relations with the Powers
Peace with France: End to the War in Cilicia
The Siege of Antep, April 1, 1920-February 11, 1921
Turkish-French Negotiations Resume
The Treaty of Ankara, October 20, 1921
Liberation of Cilicia
Italian Assistance to the Turkish Nationalists
The Military Aftermath: War in the Caucasus. Changing Relations with
Soviet Russia
Agreements with Russia
War and Peace widi Armenia
The Treaty of Alexandropol, December 2, 1920
The Baku Congress of the Peoples of the East, September 1-7, 1920
Enver Pa§a and die Bolsheviks
The Mysterious Deadi of Mustafa Suphi
The Treaty of Moscow, March 16, 1921
Changing Relations widi Russia
New Boy on the Block: The United States of America enters die
Picture
European Diplomatic Maneuvers
The Military Aftermadi: The Western Front
Deterioration of the Greek Political and Military Position
Rebuilding the Turkish Army

VOLUME 4: FINAL VICTORY: EMERGENCE OF THE TURKISH
REPOBUC, 1922-1923
CHAPTER 16. THE GREAT OFFENSIVE AND THE ARMISTICE OF
MUDANYA'.
The Great Offensive and the Greek Collapse
The Turkish Reconquest of Izmir
Life Returns to Normal in Izmir and Western Anatolia
TheCanakkale Crisis
Revolution in Athens
The Mudanya Conference and Armistice
Fulfilling the Armistice Agreement in Thrace
Refet Bele in Istanbul
CHAPTER 17. THE CONFERENCE AND TREATY OF LAUSANNE
The Invitations
Abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate
The Preparations
The Negotiations
The Conference Adjourns
Negotiations Resume: The Treaty of Lausanne
Establishment of the Turkish Republic