Doolittle Raid

Doolittle Raid
	Part of World War II, Pacific War
	; A B-25 taking off from USS Hornet (CV-8) for the raid
Date	Saturday, April 18, 1942
Location	Tokyo and other Japanese cities
Result	US propaganda victory; US morale improved; No significant military effect;
Belligerents
United States	Japan
Commanders and leaders
James H. Doolittle	Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni
Strength
16 B-25 Mitchell medium bombers 80 airmen (52 officers, 28 enlisted); 2 aircraft carriers; 4 cruisers; 8 destroyers	Unknown number of troops and homeland defense
Casualties and losses
3 dead; 8 POWs (4 lived to be rescued and 4 died in captivity: 3 executed, 1 by disease); 15 B-25s; 1 interned in the Soviet Union	About 50 dead, 400 injured (including civilians); 5 sailors captured; 5 patrol boats sunk; At least 3 aircraft shot down; One nearly converted aircraft carrier damaged;

Crew No. 1 in front of B-25 #40-2344 on the deck of Hornet, 18 April 1942. From left to right: (front row) Lt. Col. Doolittle, pilot; Lt. Richard E. Cole, copilot; (back row) Lt. Henry A. Potter, navigator; SSgt. Fred A. Braemer, bombardier; SSgt. Paul J. Leonard, flight engineer/gunner. (U.S. Air Force photo)

The Doolittle Raid, also known as the Tokyo Raid, on Saturday, April 18, 1942, was an air raid by the United States of America on the Japanese capital Tokyo and other places on the island of Honshu during World War II, the first air strike to strike the Japanese Home Islands. It demonstrated that Japan itself was vulnerable to American air attack, served as retaliation for the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on Sunday, December 7, 1941, and provided an important boost to American morale. The raid was planned and led by Lieutenant Colonel James "Jimmy" Doolittle of the United States Army Air Forces.

Sixteen B-25B Mitchell medium bombers were launched without fighter escort from the U.S. Navy's aircraft carrier USS Hornet (CV-8) deep in the Western Pacific Ocean, each with a crew of five men. The plan called for them to bomb military targets in Japan, and to continue westward to land in China—landing a medium bomber on Hornetwas impossible. Fifteen aircraft reached China, but all crashed, while the 16th landed at Vladivostok in the Soviet Union. All but three of the 80 crew members initially survived the mission. Eight airmen were captured by theJapanese Army in China; three of those were later executed. The B-25 that landed in the Soviet Union was confiscated and its crew interned for more than a year. Fourteen complete crews, except for one crewman who was killed in action, returned either to the United States or to American forces.^[1]^[2]

After the raid, the Japanese Imperial Army conducted a massive sweep through the eastern coastal provinces of China, in an operation now known as the Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign, searching for the surviving American airmen and inflicting retribution[disambiguation needed] on the Chinese who aided them, in an effort to prevent this part of China from being used again for an attack on Japan.

The raid caused negligible material damage to Japan, but it achieved its goal of raising American morale and casting doubt in Japan on the ability of its military leaders to defend their home islands. It also contributed to Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto's decision to attack Midway Island in the Central Pacific—an attack that turned into a decisive strategic defeat of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) by the U.S. Navy in the Battle of Midway. Doolittle, who initially believed that the loss of all his aircraft would lead to his court-martial, received the Medal of Honorand was promoted two ranks to brigadier general.

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