23-3/4" Wide x 4-1/8" Tall

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Nice Condition - Some small scuffs on the white letters as shown in pictures.

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Duracell Inc. is an American manufacturer of alkaline batteries, specialty cells, rechargeables and smart power systems, owned by Berkshire Hathaway. The company has its origins in the 1920s, through the work of Samuel Ruben and Philip Mallory, and the formation of the P. R. Mallory Company.

Through a number of corporate mergers and acquisitions, Duracell came to be owned by the consumer products conglomerate Procter & Gamble (P&G). In November 2014, P&G reached an agreement to sell the company to Berkshire Hathaway through a transfer of shares. Under the deal, Berkshire Hathaway exchanged the shares it held in P&G for ownership of the Duracell business.[3]
History
Origins
A Mallory Duracell Battery from the 1970s

Duracell originated via the partnership of scientist Samuel Ruben and businessman Philip Rogers Mallory, who met during the 1920s. The P. R. Mallory Company of Burlington, Massachusetts, United States, relocated its headquarters to Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1924. The company produced mercury batteries for military equipment,[4] trumping the carbon-zinc batteries used then in virtually all applications. In 1956, P. R. Mallory & Co. acquired General Dry Batteries, Inc. (GDB) with headquarters in Cleveland, Ohio. GDB was then the third-largest U. S. manufacturer of zinc-carbon batteries and had made mercury batteries under license from P. R. Mallory during and post World War II until its acquisition in 1956.[5] During the 1950s, Kodak introduced cameras with a bulb flash. The design required a new zinc-carbon cell size; AAA was introduced.[4]
A Duracell flashlight from the 1980s

In 1964, the term "Duracell" was introduced as a brand, from "durable cell". Until 1980, the batteries also bore the Mallory brand.
Developments

P. R. Mallory was acquired by Dart Industries in 1978, which in turn, merged with Kraft in 1980. Kohlberg Kravis Roberts bought Duracell in 1988 and took the company public in 1989. It was acquired for $7 billion by The Gillette Company in 1996.[6]

In 2005, Procter & Gamble acquired Duracell's parent Gillette for $57 billion.[7]

In September 2011, Duracell and Powermat Technologies Ltd. started a joint venture, called Duracell Powermat, to make small wireless chargers for mobile phones and small electronics, with P&G owning 55% of the joint venture shares and Powermat 45%.[8]

In March 2012, along with Powermat Technologies, Duracell, under the Procter & Gamble corporate umbrella, founded the Power Matters Alliance (PMA), an alliance of leading industry and governmental organizations that is dedicated to advancing smart and environmentally sound wireless power.[9] AT&T and Starbucks joined the board later that year.[10]

In 2013, the company released a "Duracell Quantum" line as their top-performing alkaline batteries.
P&G spin-off and Berkshire Hathaway ownership

On October 24, 2014, Procter & Gamble announced it would spin off Duracell in 2015 as part of a wider restructuring scheme.[12] On November 14, 2014, Berkshire Hathaway declared its intent to acquire Duracell in an all-stock deal, consisting of $4.7 billion worth of P&G stock then owned by Berkshire Hathaway.[13] The acquisition received regulatory approval from the European Commission in July 2015.[14]

The transfer was completed on February 29, 2016, with P&G investing $1.8 billion in cash into Duracell, and Berkshire Hathaway giving P&G back 52 million shares.[3]

In September 2016, Duracell announced plans to move its executive team and 60 employees to Chicago.[15]

In February 2022, Duracell announced a long-term partnership deal with Williams Racing.[16] The deal culminated with the vertical air intake of the car designed like a Duracell battery, which was first introduced in the 2022 Miami Grand Prix.[17] Duracell also became the title sponsor of William Racing's eNASCAR team as Duracell Williams Esports eNASCAR.
Products
A Duracell AA battery

Duracell manufactures alkaline batteries in many common sizes, such as AAA, AA, C, D, and 9V. Lesser-used sizes such as AAAA (primarily for pagers, penlights, and blood glucose meters) and J size batteries (for hospital devices and photographic strobe flash units) are also manufactured and a range of "button cells" using zinc-air, silver-oxide, and lithium chemistries, used in calculators, watches, hearing aids, and other small (mostly medical-related) devices. Duracell entered into a brand licensing agreement with flash memory manufacturer Dane-Elec in 2008 for a line of products including memory cards, hard drives and USB flash drives with the Duracell brand mark and in the brand's trademark "copper top" coloring.[19]

Duracell also manufactures specialty batteries, including NiMH rechargeable batteries and batteries for cameras, watches, hearing aids, etc. Their two main battery brands are "CopperTop (Plus)," marketed as longer-lasting, and "Ultra," directed mainly at users of digital devices and devices that need more power. Duracell also makes some lithium batteries[20] and car batteries.[21]
Various Procell batteries from the Alkaline & Intense product ranges

Duracell manufactures alkaline and lithium batteries in prismatic as well as cylindrical shape. In 2006, Duracell introduced "Power Pix" batteries with NiOx technology, designed to power digital cameras and other high-drain devices for up to twice as long as alkaline batteries.

Duracell's professional batteries have been sold in the United States and Europe under the brand name "Procell" (previously "Industrial by Duracell" and "Duracell Procell"). Two main product lines are currently sold under the Procell brand, "Procell Alkaline" and "Procell Intense Power",[22] intended to provide longer endurance by tailoring the power profile of the batteries to the requirements of the device. "Procell Alkaline" are designed for use in low-drain applications such as clocks, and Procell Intense Power is designed for higher-drain devices.[23][24]

In the 1980s, the company briefly had a line of flashlights called Durabeam, marketed as being much stronger and brighter than other flashlights.

    Duracell Bunny
    The Puttermans

"P&G Completes Exchange of Duracell to Berkshire Hathaway". Business Wire. February 29, 2016. Archived from the original on March 1, 2016. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
"Duracell | History of the Duracell Company". Archived from the original on 2011-11-30. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
Annual Report of P. R. Mallory for 1956
Gilpin, Kenneth N. (September 13, 1996). "Gillette to Buy Duracell for $7 Billion". New York Times. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
"P&G to acquire Gillette for $57bn". BBC News. January 28, 2005. Archived from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
Melanson, Donald (September 15, 2011). "Power mat and Duracell forming joint venture to 'globalize wireless charging'". Engadget. Archived from the original on April 26, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
"AT&T, Google, Starbucks Back 'PMA' Wireless Power Ecosystem and Open Standard". PR Newswire. October 29, 2012. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
Gilbert, Ben (October 29, 2012). "Boston-area Starbucks testing wireless smartphone charging; Starbucks, Google and AT&T back PMA standard". Engadget. Archived from the original on January 18, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
"Duracell Introduces Quantum The World's Most Advanced Alkaline Battery". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
"P&G to shed Duracell". Cincinnati Business Journal. October 24, 2014. Archived from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
Morris, Patrick (November 14, 2014). "Why Warren Buffett Just Bought Duracell". Money.com. Archived from the original on May 30, 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
Blenkinsop, Philip (23 July 2015). "EU clears Berkshire Hathaway's purchase of Duracell". Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
Corilyn Shropshire (September 15, 2016). "Duracell to open Loop office". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on September 25, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
"Duracell to help power Williams Racing in 2022 and beyond". Williams Racing. 2022-02-14.
Agarwal, Armaan (2023-02-08). ""Genius. Absolute genius!!!" - Fans react as Williams cleverly blend sponsor Duracell with its 2023 F1 livery". FirstSportz.
"Duracell Becomes Title Partner of Williams eNASCAR Team". www.businesswire.com. 2022-07-06.
"Duracell Advances 'Trusted Everywhere' Brand Name To Flash Memory Products". Archived from the original on 2014-03-08. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
"Duracell Specialty batteries for all your specialty devices". Duracell. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
"Who makes duracell car batteries?". Auto. September 14, 2022.
"Alkaline Intense Power Batteries". Procell. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
"Four ways to improve alkaline battery performance in professional devices". AVNET.
In 1941 after the United States entered World War II, the slogan changed to "Change your batteries, get a nickel!" to encourage economic growth.

In the 1970s, actor Robert Conrad was the spokesman for Eveready Alkaline Power Cells, in which he compared his tough physique to the performance of the battery placed on his shoulder, and daring someone to knock it off.

In the early 1980s, it utilized the slogan, "Energized, for life!", showing people using Energizers in everyday situations.

In 1986, the company highlighted an advertising campaign best known for Mary Lou Retton averring: "It's supercharged!"

In the late 1980s, there was an advertising campaign featuring Mark 'Jacko' Jackson and his pitch line "Energizer! It'll surprise you! Oi!".[12]

Since 1988, the well-known Energizer Bunny has been featured in its television ads. The bunny was based on the similar Duracell Bunny, which was used in North America but is now used in the UK. Often, the bunny would appear in competition with inferior rival battery Supervolt, which was based on Duracell.

In Asia, Australia, NZ, and the UK, the mascot for Energizer is a muscle-bound anthropomorphic AA battery. He performs his actions with extreme speed, which is intended to illustrate that Energizer batteries are long lasting. This is primarily because Duracell advertises their batteries in the market using the Duracell Bunny.

Both the Eveready and Energizer marques are used under license by auto parts magnate Pep Boys for their in-house car batteries.[13] The Energizer logo used by Pep Boys is similar to the 1980s-era logo first used with the consumer dry cell batteries.

Both Eveready and Energizer are marketed as different brands in some markets in Asia. This has led to the availability of both "Eveready Gold" Alkaline batteries and Energizer Alkaline batteries on store shelves. However, both target different market segments and Eveready batteries tend to be marketed for lower end devices, while Energizer batteries are marketed for power-hungry devices and are priced accordingly.

A transistor radio is a small portable radio receiver that uses transistor-based circuitry. Following the invention of the transistor in 1947—which revolutionized the field of consumer electronics by introducing small but powerful, convenient hand-held devices—the Regency TR-1 was released in 1954 becoming the first commercial transistor radio. The mass-market success of the smaller and cheaper Sony TR-63, released in 1957, led to the transistor radio becoming the most popular electronic communication device of the 1960s and 1970s. Transistor radios are still commonly used as car radios. Billions of transistor radios are estimated to have been sold worldwide between the 1950s and 2012.[citation needed]

The pocket size of transistor radios sparked a change in popular music listening habits, allowing people to listen to music anywhere they went. Beginning around 1980, however, cheap AM transistor radios were superseded initially by the boombox and the Sony Walkman, and later on by digitally-based devices with higher audio quality such as portable CD players, personal audio players, MP3 players and (eventually) by smartphones, many of which contain FM radios.[1][2] A transistor is a semiconductor device that amplifies and acts as an electronic switch.
Background
A seven-transistor Soviet Orljonok radio with the back open, showing parts.

Before the transistor was invented, radios used vacuum tubes. Although portable vacuum tube radios were produced, they were typically bulky and heavy. The need for a low voltage high current source to power the filaments of the tubes and high voltage for the anode potential typically required two batteries. Vacuum tubes were also inefficient and fragile compared to transistors and had a limited lifetime.

Bell Laboratories demonstrated the first transistor on December 23, 1947.[3] The scientific team at Bell Laboratories responsible for the solid-state amplifier included William Shockley, Walter Houser Brattain, and John Bardeen.[4] After obtaining patent protection, the company held a news conference on June 30, 1948, at which a prototype transistor radio was demonstrated.[5]

There are many claimants to the title of the first company to produce practical transistor radios, often incorrectly attributed to Sony (originally Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation). Texas Instruments had demonstrated all-transistor AM (amplitude modulation) radios as early as May 25, 1954,[6][7] but their performance was well below that of equivalent vacuum tube models. A workable all-transistor radio was demonstrated in August 1953 at the Düsseldorf Radio Fair by the German firm Intermetall.[8] It was built with four of Intermetall's hand-made transistors, based upon the 1948 invention of the "Transistor"-germanium point-contact transistor by Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker. However, as with the early Texas Instruments units (and others) only prototypes were ever built; it was never put into commercial production. RCA had demonstrated a prototype transistor radio as early as 1952, and it is likely that they and the other radio makers were planning transistor radios of their own, but Texas Instruments and Regency Division of I.D.E.A., were the first to offer a production model starting in October 1954.[9]
Sanyo 8S-P3 transistor radio, which received AM and shortwave bands.

The use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes as the amplifier elements meant that the device was much smaller, required far less power to operate than a tube radio, and was more resistant to physical shock. Since the transistor's base element draws current, its input impedance is low in contrast to the high input impedance of the vacuum tubes.[10] It also allowed "instant-on" operation, since there were no filaments to heat up. The typical portable tube radio of the fifties was about the size and weight of a lunchbox and contained several heavy, non-rechargeable batteries — one or more so-called "A" batteries to heat the tube filaments and a large 45- to 90-volt "B" battery to power the signal circuits. By comparison, the transistor radio could fit in a pocket and weighed half a pound or less, and was powered by standard flashlight batteries or a single compact battery. The 9-volt battery was introduced for powering transistor radios.[citation needed]
Early commercial transistor radios
Regency TR-1
Regency TR-1.

Two companies working together, Texas Instruments of Dallas, and Industrial Development Engineering Associates (I.D.E.A.) of Indianapolis, Indiana, were behind the unveiling of the Regency TR-1, the world's first commercially produced transistor radio. Previously, Texas Instruments was producing instrumentation for the oil industry and locating devices for the U.S. Navy and I.D.E.A. built home television antenna boosters. The two companies worked together on the TR-1, looking to grow revenues for their respective companies by breaking into this new product area.[5] In May 1954, Texas Instruments had designed and built a prototype and was looking for an established radio manufacturer to develop and market a radio using their transistors. (The Chief Project Engineer for the radio design at Texas Instruments' headquarters in Dallas, Texas was Paul D. Davis, Jr., who had a degree in Electrical Engineering from Southern Methodist University. He was assigned the project due to his experience with radio engineering in World War II.) None of the major radio makers including RCA, GE, Philco, and Emerson were interested. The President of I.D.E.A. at the time, Ed Tudor, jumped at the opportunity to manufacture the TR-1, predicting sales of the transistor radios at "20 million radios in three years".[11] The Regency TR-1 was announced on October 18, 1954, by the Regency Division of I.D.E.A., was put on sale in November 1954 and was the first practical transistor radio made in any significant numbers.[12] Billboard reported in 1954 that "the radio has only four transistors. One acts as a combination mixer-oscillator, one as an audio amplifier, and two as intermediate-frequency amplifiers."[13] One year after the release of the TR-1 sales approached the 100,000 mark. The look and size of the TR-1 was well received, but the reviews of the TR-1's performance were typically adverse.[11] The Regency TR-1 was patented[14] by Richard C. Koch, former Project Engineer of I.D.E.A.
Raytheon 8-TP-1

In February 1955, the second transistor radio, the 8-TP-1, was introduced by Raytheon. It was a larger portable transistor radio, including an expansive four-inch speaker and four additional transistors (the TR-1 used only four). As a result, the sound quality was much better than the TR-1. An additional benefit of the 8-TP-1 was its efficient battery consumption. In July 1955, the first positive review of a transistor radio appeared in the Consumer Reports that said, "The transistors in this set have not been used in an effort to build the smallest radio on the market, and good performance has not been sacrificed."

Following the success of the 8-TP-1, Zenith, RCA, DeWald, Westinghouse, and Crosley began flooding the market with additional transistor radio models.[11]
Westinghouse transistor radio, Model H841P6 (c. 1963)
Westinghouse Model H-842P6 (c. 1962)
Chrysler Mopar 914HR
0:17
1955 Chrysler – Philco all transistor car radio – "Breaking News" radio broadcast announcement.

Chrysler and Philco announced that they had developed and produced the world's first all-transistor car radio in the April 28th 1955 edition of the Wall Street Journal.[15] Chrysler made the all-transistor car radio, Mopar model 914HR, available as an "option" in fall 1955 for its new line of 1956 Chrysler and Imperial cars, which hit the showroom floor on October 21, 1955. The all-transistor car radio was a $150 option (equivalent to $1,520 in 2021).[16][17][18][19]
Japanese transistor radios
The circuit of a Japanese 5 transistor radio.

While on a trip to the United States in 1952, Masaru Ibuka, founder of Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation (now Sony), discovered that AT&T was about to make licensing available for the transistor. Ibuka and his partner, physicist Akio Morita, convinced the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) to finance the $25,000 licensing fee (equivalent to $255,107 today).[20] For several months Ibuka traveled around the United States borrowing ideas from the American transistor manufacturers. Improving upon the ideas, Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation made its first functional transistor radio in 1954.[11] Within five years, Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation grew from seven employees to approximately five hundred.[citation needed]

Other Japanese companies soon followed their entry into the American market and the grand total of electronic products exported from Japan in 1958 increased 2.5 times in comparison to 1957.[21]
Sony TR-55

In August 1955, while still a small company, Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation introduced their TR-55 five-transistor radio under the new brand name Sony.[22][23] With this radio, Sony became the first company to manufacture the transistors and other components they used to construct the radio. The TR-55 was also the first transistor radio to utilize all miniature components. It is estimated that only 5,000 to 10,000 units were produced.[citation needed]
Advertising for TR-63
Sony TR-63

The TR-63 was introduced by Sony to the United States in December 1957. The TR-63 was 6 mm (1⁄4 in) narrower and 13 mm (1⁄2 in) shorter than the original Regency TR-1. Like the TR-1 it was offered in four colors: lemon, green, red, and black. In addition to its smaller size, the TR-63 had a small tuning capacitor and required a new battery design to produce the proper voltage. It used the nine-volt battery, which would become the standard for transistor radios. Approximately 100,000 units of the TR-63 were imported in 1957.[11] This "pocketable" (the term "pocketable" was a matter of some interpretation, as Sony allegedly had special shirts made with oversized pockets for their salesmen) model proved highly successful.[24]

The TR-63 was the first transistor radio to sell in the millions, leading to the mass-market penetration of transistor radios.[25] The TR-63 went on to sell seven million units worldwide by the mid-1960s.[26] With the visible success of the TR-63, Japanese competitors such as Toshiba and Sharp Corporation joined the market. By 1959, in the United States market, there were more than six million transistor radio sets produced by Japanese companies that represented $62 million in revenue.[11]

The success of transistor radios led to transistors replacing vacuum tubes as the dominant electronic technology in the late 1950s.[27] The transistor radio went on to become the most popular electronic communication device of the 1960s and 1970s. Billions of transistor radios are estimated to have been sold worldwide between the 1950s and 2012.[25]
Pricing

Prior to the Regency TR-1, transistors were difficult to produce. Only one in five transistors that were produced worked as expected (only a 20% yield) and as a result the price remained extremely high.[11] When it was released in 1954, the Regency TR-1 cost $49.95 (equivalent to $505 today) and sold about 150,000 units. Raytheon and Zenith Electronics transistor radios soon followed and were priced even higher. In 1955, Raytheon's 8-TR-1 was priced at $80 (equivalent to $809 today).[11] By November 1956 a transistor radio small enough to wear on the wrist and a claimed battery life of 100 hours cost $29.95.[28]

Sony's TR-63, released in December 1957, cost $39.95 (equivalent to $386 today).[11] Following the success of the TR-63 Sony continued to make their transistor radios smaller. Because of the extremely low labor costs in Japan, Japanese transistor radios began selling for as low as $25.[11] By 1962, the TR-63 cost as low as $15 (equivalent to $134 today),[25] which led to American manufacturers dropping prices of transistor radios down to $15 as well.[11]
In popular culture
An early 2000s transistor radio (Sony Walkman SRF-S84 transistor radio, released 2001, shown without earphones)

Transistor radios were extremely successful because of three social forces — a large number of young people due to the post–World War II baby boom, a public with disposable income amidst a period of prosperity, and the growing popularity of rock 'n' roll music. The influence of the transistor radio during this period is shown by its appearance in popular films, songs, and books of the time, such as the movie Lolita.

In the late 1950s, transistor radios took on more elaborate designs as a result of heated competition. Eventually, transistor radios doubled as novelty items. The small components of transistor radios that became smaller over time were used to make anything from "Jimmy Carter Peanut-shaped" radios to "Gun-shaped" radios to "Mork from Ork Eggship-shaped" radios. Corporations used transistor radios to advertise their business. "Charlie the Tuna-shaped" radios could be purchased from Star-Kist for an insignificant amount of money giving their company visibility amongst the public. These novelty radios are now bought and sold as collectors' items amongst modern-day collectors.[29][30][31]
Rise of portable audio players

Since the 1980s, the popularity of radio-only portable devices declined with the rise of portable audio players which allowed users to carry and listen to tape-recorded music. This began in the late 1970s with boom boxes and portable cassette players such as the Sony Walkman, followed by portable CD players, digital audio players, and smartphones.
See also

    Radio portal

    Broadcasting

References

Petraglia, Dave (5 March 2014). "Why You Owe Your Smartphone To The Transistor Radio". Thought Catalog.
Bray, Hiawatha (6 November 2014). "Is Your Smartphone Ready for Radio?". The Boston Globe.
Arns, R.G. (October 1998). "The other transistor: early history of the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor" (PDF). Engineering Science and Education Journal. 7 (5): 233–240. doi:10.1049/esej:19980509. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
Handy et al. (1993), p. 13.
"The Revolution in Your Pocket". Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
Invention and Technology Magazine, Fall 2004, Volume 20 Issue 2, "The Revolution in your Pocket", Author: Robert J. Simcoe
Book Title: TI, the Transistor, and Me, Author: Ed Millis, page 34
Article: "The French Transistor", Author: Armand Van Dormael, page 15, Source: IEEE Global History Network
website: www.regencytr1.com, Regency TR-1 Transistor Radio History
Donald L. Stoner & L.A. Earnshaw (1963). The Transistor Radio Handbook: Theory, Circuitry, and Equipment. Editors and Engineers, Ltd. page 32
David Lane & Robert Lane (1994). Transistor Radios: A Collector's Encyclopedia and Price Guide. Wallace-Homestead Book Company. pp. 2–7. ISBN 0-87069-712-9.
Deffree, Suzanne (17 October 2017). "TI announces 1st transistor radio, October 18, 1954". EDN. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
"Regency markets pocket transistor radio". Billboard. 30 October 1954.
US 2892931, Koch, Richard C., "Transistor radio apparatus", published 1959-06-30, assigned to IDEA Inc.
Wall Street Journal, "Chrysler Promises Car Radio With Transistors Instead of Tubes in '56", April 28th 1955, page 1
Hirsh, Rick. "Philco's All-Transistor Mopar Car Radio". Allpar.com. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
"Mopar 914-HR Ch= C-5690HR Car Radio Philco, Philadelphia". www.radiomuseum.org.
"North America | FCA Group". www.fcagroup.com.
Chrysler Imperial Owners Manual, 1956, Page 13
"Sony History. Chapter4: Ibuka's First Visit to the United States". Sony.net. Sony. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
Handy et al. (1993), pp. 23–29.
John Nathan (1999). SONY : the private life. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-89327-5. page 35
"Transistor Radios". ScienCentral. 1999. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
"Sony Global – Sony History". Archived from the original on 20 August 2008. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
Skrabec, Quentin R. Jr. (2012). The 100 Most Significant Events in American Business: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 195–7. ISBN 978-0313398636.
Snook, Chris J. (29 November 2017). "The 7 Step Formula Sony Used to Get Back On Top After a Lost Decade". Inc.
Kozinsky, Sieva (8 January 2014). "Education and the Innovator's Dilemma". Wired. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
"Broadcast Band – All Transistor Wrist Radio". Galaxy (advertisement). November 1956. p. 1. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
Handy et al. (1993), pp. 46–51.
"N.A.". Antique Radio Classified. John V. Terrey. June 2002. p. 10.

    "N.A.". Antique Radio Classified. John V. Terrey. March 2008. p. 6.

    Handy; Erbe; Blackham; Antonier (1993). Made in Japan: Transistor Radios of the 1950s and 1960s. Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-8118-0271-X.

Further reading
Michael F. Wolff: "The secret six-month project. Why Texas Instruments decided to put the first transistor radio on the market by Christmas 1954 and how it was accomplished." IEEE Spectrum, December 1985, pages 64–69
Transistor Radios: 1954–1968 (Schiffer Book for Collectors) by Norman R. Smith
Unique books on Transistor Radios by Eric Wrobbel
The Portable Radio in American Life by University of Arizona professor Michael Brian Schiffer, Ph.D. (The University of Arizona Press, 1991).
Restoring Pocket Radios (DVD) by Ron Mansfield and Eric Wrobbel. (ChildhoodRadios.com, 2002).
The Regency TR-1 story, based on an interview with Regency co-founder, John Pies (partner with Joe Weaver) "Regency's Development of the TR-1 Transistor Radio" website
Bryant & Cones (1995). The Zenith Transoceanic The Royalty of Radios. Schiffer Book for Collectors.