Everett is the county seat of and the largest city in Snohomish County, Washington, United States. It is 25 miles (40 km) north of Seattle and is one of the main cities in the metropolitan area and Puget Sound region. Everett is the seventh-largest city in the state by population, with a total of 103,019 residents at the 2010 census. The city is primarily situated on a peninsula at the mouth of the Snohomish River along Port Gardner Bay, an inlet of Possession Sound (itself part of Puget Sound), and extends to the south and west.

The Port Gardner Peninsula was historically inhabited by the Snohomish people, who had a winter village named Hibulb near the mouth of the river. Modern settlement in the area began with loggers and homesteaders arriving in the 1860s, but plans to build a city were not conceived until 1890. A consortium of East Coast investors seeking to build a major industrial city acquired land in the area and filed a plat for "Everett", which they named in honor of Everett Colby, the son of investor Charles L. Colby. The city was incorporated in 1893, shortly after the arrival of the Great Northern Railway, and prospered as a major lumber center with several large sawmills.

Everett became the county seat in 1897 after a dispute with Snohomish contested over several elections and a Supreme Court case. The city was the site of labor unrest during the 1910s, which culminated in the Everett massacre in 1916 that killed several members of the Industrial Workers of the World. The area was connected by new interurban railways and highway bridges in the 1920s, transforming it into a major commercial hub, and gained an airport at Paine Field in 1936.

The city's economy transitioned away from lumber and towards aerospace after World War II, with the construction of Boeing's aircraft assembly plant at Paine Field in 1967. Boeing's presence brought additional industrial and commercial development to Everett, as well as new residential neighborhoods to the south and west of the peninsula that was annexed by the city. Boeing remains the city's largest employer, alongside the U.S. Navy, which has operated Naval Station Everett since 1992.

Everett remains a major employment center for Snohomish County, but has also become a bedroom community for Seattle in recent decades. It is connected to Seattle by Interstate 5 and various public transit services at Everett Station, including the Sounder commuter train, Amtrak, and commuter buses. Everett stages several annual festivals and is also home to minor league sports teams, including the Everett Silvertips at Angel of the Winds Arena.

Contents

1 History

1.1 Early history and settlement

1.2 Incorporation and early years

1.3 Milltown and labor unrest

1.4 Inter-war years

1.5 Boeing and suburban development

1.6 Naval base and downtown revival

1.7 Contemporary redevelopment

2 Geography

2.1 Cityscape and neighborhoods

2.1.1 Downtown

2.2 Climate

3 Economy

3.1 Largest employers

4 Demographics

4.1 2010 census

4.2 2000 census

4.3 Crime

5 Government and politics

6 Culture

6.1 Arts

6.2 Events and tourism

6.3 Media

6.4 Libraries

6.5 Historic preservation

6.6 Sports

7 Parks and recreation

7.1 Major parks

8 Education

8.1 Higher education

9 Infrastructure

9.1 Transportation

9.2 Utilities

9.3 Healthcare

10 Notable people

11 Sister cities

12 References

13 Bibliography

13.1 Further reading

13.2 Archives

14 External links

History

Early history and settlement

Looking south on the Seattle and Montana Railroad as it passes Port Gardner Bay in 1891

The Port Gardner Peninsula was originally inhabited by local Coast Salish tribes who arrived in the region 10,000 years before present and settled near modern-day Everett approximately 2,000 years before present.[7] The Snohomish people lived around local waterways in the Possession Sound estuary and had a fortified winter village at Hibulb (also called Hebolb) at the mouth of the Snohomish River.[7][8] The first Europeans in the area were explorers from the 1792 Vancouver Expedition, landing on a beach on the modern Everett waterfront on June 4 and claiming the land for England on the birthday of King George III.[9] Puget Sound was further explored and charted by the Hudson's Bay Company in 1824 and the United States Exploring Expedition under Charles Wilkes in 1841, ahead of a larger American presence in the area.[10][11]

The Snohomish and other Coast Salish tribes were signatories to the Treaty of Point Elliott in 1855, which relinquished their lands to the territorial government and established the nearby Tulalip Indian Reservation, where they would be relocated.[12] The first permanent American settler to arrive on the peninsula was Dennis Brigham, a carpenter from Worcester, Massachusetts, who claimed a 160-acre (64.7 ha) homestead and built a cabin for himself. He was joined by several other families on their own homesteads, which included the establishment of a general store and a sawmill that quickly went out of business.[11] Over the next several years a handful of loggers moved to the area, but plans for a settlement were not conceived until 1890.[13]

During an Alaskan cruise via the Inside Passage aboard the steamship Queen of the Pacific in July 1890, plans were drawn up for an industrial city on Port Gardner Bay by lumberman Henry Hewitt Jr. and railroad executive Charles L. Colby. Hewitt and Colby had previously met in Wisconsin, where they operated lumber and maritime businesses, respectively, and in Tacoma, Washington, from which the voyage began. The pair sought to build an industrial center at a site they speculated would be the first ocean port for Great Northern Railway, to be constructed by James J. Hill, and turn it into a "Pittsburgh of the West".[14][15] On August 22, 1890, the plat for a 50-acre (20 ha) townsite on the peninsula was filed by the Rucker Brothers, who had moved north from Tacoma and had more modest plans for the area.[14]

By September, Colby had secured $800,000 in funding (equivalent to $21 million in 2018 dollars)[16] from oil magnate John D. Rockefeller and his railroad associate Colgate Hoyt to begin acquiring land while avoiding property speculators.[14] The Hewitt–Colby syndicate decided to use a name that would not identify a specific location, naming their planned city after Everett Colby, the fifteen-year-old son of investor Charles L. Colby, who had displayed a "prodigious appetite" at a group dinner.[15] The Everett Land Company was incorporated in Pierce County on November 19, 1890, and acquired 434.15 acres (175.69 ha) of property from the Rucker Brothers a week later.[17] Several businesses had already been established on the peninsula, generally dividing themselves between the Bayside facing Port Gardner and Riverside facing the Snohomish River.[18] The Rucker Brothers' plat was withdrawn after an agreement to donate half of their holdings was reached with Hewitt, who promised a series of industrial developments under the "Remarkable Document", which was also used to acquire property from other landowners in the area.[19][20]

Everett gained its first businesses in early 1891, as the new settlement on the Snohomish River attracted land speculators and commitments to build lumber mills and other industrial enterprises.[21] The first post office opened in July at a general store on the bayfront, where the Seattle and Montana Railroad was later built in October. By the end of the year, Everett had gained its first school, saloon, church, and sawmill.[22] The Swalwell Brothers had begun selling property in Riverside along Hewitt Avenue, which was laid 100 feet (30 m) wide and became the main east–west thoroughfare from the riverfront when it was completed in June 1892.[23][24] The Everett Land Company did not initially organize a municipal government, leaving local issues to be resolved by a "citizen's committee" formed by 21 residents on March 21, 1892.[25] The area had an estimated population of 5,000 by the end of the year, shortly before the completion of the Great Northern Railway across Stevens Pass on January 6, 1893. The railroad did not terminate in Everett as originally hoped by land speculators, instead continuing along the shoreline of Puget Sound to Seattle.[26]

Incorporation and early years

The town plat filed by the Everett Land Company in 1892

Following the acquisition of tidelands on the waterfront, which had been in dispute, the Everett Land Company allowed for a municipal government to be formed.[26] The initial city boundaries were set by the company to avoid taxing the industrial areas and exclude the town of Lowell, which predated Everett.[26] On April 27, 1893, the citizens of Everett voted 670–99 in favor of incorporating as a city, and elected Thomas Dwyer as mayor.[27] The incorporation was certified by the Snohomish County government on May 4, 1893.[26][28] The city's privately owned streetcar system launched on July 3, 1893, with lines connecting the Hewitt Avenue commercial district to mills, smelters, and areas as far as Lowell.[29]

The Everett Land Company ran into financial trouble within months of the city's incorporation as the impact of the national economic depression was felt in the region. The company's investment into the Monte Cristo area yielded ore of poorer quality than expected and it was unable to meet the promises in the "Remarkable Document", which was amended several times with the Rucker Brothers, by then junior partners in the company.[30] Rockefeller called his investment into question and appointed advisory Frederick Gates to begin divestment while Colby and Hoyt remained as the leaders of the company.[30] Several of the major businesses in Everett closed or failed during the three-year height of the economic depression, but work on Alexander McDougall's Whaleback was finished with the launch of SS City of Everett in October 1894, the largest to be built on Puget Sound at the time.[31] The Everett Women's Book Club was established in 1894 and opened the city's first hospital and public library, which would later expand into the Everett Public Library system.[32]

Despite the economic turmoil, Everett continued to grow with the addition of new businesses as the area's lumber activities increased.[33] Other industries also expanded in Everett, including a local cannery, a brick factory, and several ore smelters.[34] The discovery of new mineral deposits in Monte Cristo fueled a population boom, along with the completion of the Everett and Monte Cristo Railway under the ownership of Rockefeller.[35] The city also benefited from the Klondike Gold Rush, building several steamboats to transport prospectors and entrepreneurs.[35]

In its early years, Everett launched a campaign to become county seat by replacing Snohomish, which had waned in importance following the completion of several railroads serving other cities in the county. An election to determine which city would be named county seat was scheduled for November 6, 1894, beginning a heated debate by citizens and newspapers.[36] The initial count by the commissioners was announced on December 19 in Everett's favor, amid accusations of fraud and bought votes from both sides. Following an appeal from Snohomish, the Washington Supreme Court declared the result to be invalid and blocked the move, but a recount by the commissioners in October 1895 remained in Everett's favor.[37] A long legal battle was fought between the two cities and was decided in October 1895 by the Supreme Court, who ruled that Everett would become county seat per the legal and binding recount.[38] In January 1897, the county government's records were moved by wagons from Snohomish to Everett, where a three-story courthouse was opened on February 1, 1898.[36][39]

Milltown and labor unrest

See also: Everett massacre

The Everett waterfront, c. 1905

After outside investors withdrew their shares in the Everett Land Company, its holdings were transferred in 1899 to the Everett Improvement Company, controlled by James J. Hill and his trusted associate John T. McChesney.[40] Friedrich Weyerhäuser acquired Hill's timberland holdings in the Pacific Northwest and chose Everett for the site of his major lumber mill, which opened in 1902. By the end of the decade, Everett had 11 lumber mills, 16 shingle mills, and 17 combined mills—surpassing every other city in the state and earning it the nicknames of "Milltown" and the "City of Smokestacks".[41] The Weyerhaeuser Company opened its larger second mill, named Mill B, on the Snohomish River in April 1915 with the ability to process 1,000,000 board feet of timber and a 203-foot (62 m) smokestack.[42]

The city gained its first interurban railway in 1903 with the opening of the Snohomish Interurban. It was then followed by the Seattle Interurban on May 2, 1910, which ran hourly on an inland route via Alderwood Manor.[43] Everett became a first-class city in 1907 and had a population of nearly 25,000 residents by 1910, a quarter of whom were foreign-born. The local lumber economy prospered during the rebuilding of San Francisco following the 1906 earthquake, which created a high demand for West Coast wood products.[11] Everett itself suffered from a major fire on August 2, 1909, that destroyed 12 commercial buildings and the county courthouse.[44] The city's growth was not hindered by the fire and a new county courthouse opened in 1910 alongside the Everett High School campus.[45] Everett voters approved a new city charter in 1912 that reorganized the city government into a three-commissioner council with a ceremonial mayor.[46]

During the first decade of the 20th century, workers at mills and other factories began organizing labor unions under the Everett Central Trades Council, which had 27 member trades and six unions by 1901. The council had 25 unions by 1907 and became affiliated with the American Federation of Labor, using its influence to stage strikes and work stoppages that resulted in wage increases and safer conditions at mills, where 35 workers had died in 1909.[47][48] Everett was also home to local socialist groups and organizers, who published the Labor Journal and The Commonwealth on a weekly basis until 1914.[49] Several survivors of the September 1907 anti-Indian riots in Bellingham settled in Everett for two months, but were beaten and forcefully evicted by a mob.[50]

The city's labor unrest culminated in the Everett massacre on November 5, 1916, the deadliest event in Pacific Northwest labor history. A strike of shingle weavers began at local mills in May 1916 and continued for months with violent attacks from mill owners, which attracted attention from the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), a radical socialist union who provided speakers at Everett events.[49][51] The city government passed a new ordinance to restrict street speaking as a result of tensions between the IWW and county sheriff Donald McRae, who armed a local militia and beat 41 union members who were attempting to enter the city by boat on October 30, 1916.[52] The beatings drew anger from union members and other Everett citizens, prompting 300 IWW members to travel on the steamers Verona and Calista from Seattle to Everett on November 5, when they were confronted at the docks by McRae and his posse of 200 citizen deputies, who feared violence and arson from the group.[49][53] After a heated debate folloewd by several minutes of gunfire, five people on the Verona were killed and two deputies on the dock had been mortally wounded from friendly fire; an unofficial death toll of twelve IWW members was determined from the recovery of underwater bodies.[49] At least 50 people were injured, including McRae, and 297 were arrested in Everett and Seattle; only one IWW member, Thomas Tracy, was ultimately tried and found not guilty of first-degree murder after a two-month trial.[52][54]

The shingle weavers strike ended on November 10, 1916, with no concessions from the mill owners, and local residents turned against the IWW for escalating the dispute.[51] The labor tensions subsided with the entry of the U.S. into World War I, despite an attempted comeback by the IWW in disrupting logging for the war effort.[55] As a result of the massacre, the state government passed laws to prohibit citizens from advocating for anarchy or violent overthrow, which were not repealed until 1999.[56] The massacre was largely unacknowledged by local residents until the late 20th century, when book accounts were published and a historic marker was installed overlooking the former docks.[52][53]

Inter-war years

The Monte Cristo Hotel, completed in 1925

The local timber industry continued its boom and bust cycle into the 1920s, suffering from price swings but benefiting from the 1923 Japanese earthquake to supply lumber and the opening of the Panama Canal. The Clough-Hartley shingle mill claimed to be the largest in the world, producing 1.5 million wood shingles per day; the city produced approximately 4.5 million shingles and 3.5 million board feet of lumber per day in 1920.[57] The Port of Everett was created on July 13, 1918, to enable public ownership of the waterfront and promote economic development in the city. By the end of the 1920s, the port had opened the county's first airport on Ebey Island and acquired the 14th Street Dock and Jetty Island from the Everett Improvement Company.[58][59] The city also acquired the private water system in 1915 and replaced it with a new supply from the Sultan River basin that was fully activated four years later.[60]

Everett's central commercial district grew from a handful of businesses into a busy downtown during the 1920s, including the construction of several multi-story office and retail buildings, two junior high schools, a modern city hall, and additions to the city's two hospitals.[61] The six-story Monte Cristo Hotel opened in 1925 with 140 guest rooms, elaborate furnishings, and a banquet hall that would host civic functions for several decades.[61][62] The county's first radio station, KFBL (now KRKO), began broadcasting on August 25, 1922, and was among the earliest in the state.[63] In 1924, a third mill at the Weyerhaeuser complex, which employed 1,500 people and contributed to $28.125 million (equivalent to $329 million in 2018 dollars)[16] in annual timber output by the end of the decade.[64]

The widespread adoption of the automobile lead to the construction of new roads out of Everett and Snohomish County to neighboring regions. The earliest iteration of the Stevens Pass Highway opened in 1925, providing the second automobile crossing of the Cascade Mountains in the state and access to new timberland and other resources.[65] The highway was later improved with the opening of the Hewitt Avenue Trestle in 1939, crossing the Snohomish River and Ebey Island on an elevated viaduct.[66] The Pacific Highway (part of U.S. Route 99) was completed in 1927 with the opening of four bridges across the Snohomish River delta to Marysville.[67] Everett was also among the first cities in the U.S. to replace its streetcars with buses, doing so in 1923,[65] and the last train on the Seattle–Everett Interurban ran on February 20, 1939.[68]

Everett experienced a major rise in unemployment as demand for lumber products dropped, with an estimated 32 percent of property taxes left unpaid in 1932. Charitable organizations in the area set up relief programs and provided work for unemployed residents, including commencing work on a 185-acre (75 ha) park and golf course in North Everett that later became American Legion Memorial Park.[69] The federal Works Progress Administration employed local workers to construct a new downtown public library, develop parks, expand schools, and improve streets.[70] The works program also built a new county airport, later named Paine Field, that opened southwest of Everett in 1936 to serve commercial uses. The airport was appropriated for military use during World War II, but was later turned over to county ownership.[11][71] The war also brought a new shipyard operated by the Everett-Pacific Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company, which employed 6,000 workers and closed in 1949.[72]

Boeing and suburban development

The rollout of the first Boeing 747 from the Everett assembly plant in September 1968

Downtown Everett continued to grow as the regional commercial center following the end of the war, with four large department stores and dozens of smaller retailers and restaurants in a six-block radius of Hewitt Avenue and Colby Avenue. The population boom triggered construction of new housing areas around the peninsula and new schools, with enrollment in the Everett School District increasing from 6,000 in 1941 to 11,600 in 1951.[73] The school district also built Everett Memorial Stadium in 1947 to host high school sports and civic events.[74] A new public housing complex, Baker Heights, was built in 1943 to house military personnel amid a local shortage, providing a total of 1,275 apartments that later went to low-income families.[75]

The first suburban-style supermarket opened on Evergreen Way (part of U.S. Route 99) in 1950 and was followed by strip malls and similar big box stores along the highway by the end of the decade.[76] The areas surrounding the highway were developed into suburban housing and made up the bulk of the city's then-largest annexation, of 900 acres (360 ha) near Madison Street on December 31, 1959. A second round of South Everett annexations completed in 1961 and 1972 added 10,300 acres (4,200 ha) to the city, including the Lowell area, and boosted its population to over 50,000.[76][77] Everett's second high school, Cascade High School, opened in 1961 to serve the annexed areas.[76] The new suburban neighborhoods were linked via Interstate 5, which opened from North Seattle to Everett in February 1965 and bypassed U.S. Route 99 with a six-lane freeway roughly following the former interurban railway.[78][79] The freeway was extended around the east side of Downtown Everett in January 1968 and Interstate 5 was completed within Washington with the opening of the section connecting the city to Marysville in May 1969.[80][81]

The Boeing Company opened its first Everett factory in 1943 as part of its wartime production for the B-17 program. The company moved to the Everett–Pacific Shipyard in 1956 and grew to be the city's largest single employer by 1965, with 1,728 employees.[82] Boeing approved early development of its Boeing 747 passenger jetliner in March 1966 and purchased 780 acres (320 ha) near Paine Field in June to build its assembly plant for the plane, which would become the world's first "jumbo jet".[83] Work on the first 747 plane, named the "City of Everett", began at the unfinished factory in January 1967.[84] It was unveiled in September 1968 and made its maiden flight on February 9, 1969.[85] The Everett factory was expanded several times to accommodate later Boeing programs, including the 767, 777, and 787 Dreamliner.[84]

The impending construction of the Boeing plant triggered a new residential and commercial development in Everett and surrounding communities in the late 1960s.[86] By the end of the decade, Everett had annexed additional areas to stretch the city boundaries west to Mukilteo and south to Silver Lake.[77] A new freeway, State Route 526, was built to connect the plant to Interstate 5 at the Eastmont Interchange, where the Everett Mall was planned to be built.[80] The mall was built in stages, beginning with a Sears store in February 1969 and ending with a grand opening on October 9, 1974, with 14 stores.[87] The development of the mall was slowed by a local economic crash that began with the cancellation of Boeing's supersonic jetliner program in 1971 and financial issues for airliners that affected sales of the Boeing 747. The Everett factory reduced its number of employees from 25,000 to 4,700, causing a spike in local unemployment rates and an exodus of former employees; the Everett School District closed three of its elementary schools as enrollment dropped by 3,000 students.[87][88]

During the 1970s, several of Everett's surviving lumber and pulp mills closed as they were too costly to renovate or replace, marking the end of the "Mill Town". Lowell's pulp mill closed in 1972 and was followed by Weyerhaeuser's Mill B in 1979 and Mill A in 1981.[89] The final Weyerhaeuser mill closed in 1992, leaving the Scott Paper Company as the last remaining paper mill in Everett until its closure in 2012.[89][90] The city instead deepened its connections to the aerospace and high-tech industry, opening facilities in the 1980s for Hewlett-Packard, Fluke, and other electronics firms.[91] Downtown Everett also declined as an activity center as retailers and car dealerships moved to suburban areas, despite the opening of a large hotel and several high-rise office building.[92] A city landfill southeast of Downtown Everett was turned into a recycling plant for millions of rubber tires, nicknamed "Mount Firestone", which caught fire in September 1984 and burned for seven months as the incident gained national media attention.[93]

Naval base and downtown revival

Naval Station Everett, a U.S. Navy facility opened in 1994 under the Strategic Homeport program

Boeing recovered from its sales slump and increased employment at its Everett plant to 18,000 people in 1980 as it prepared to unveil the Boeing 767, the second family of jetliners to be produced in Everett. A neighboring industrial park along Seaway Boulevard was developed in the 1980s as demand for commercial space in the city grew.[92] The Port of Everett began developing a new shopping and retail complex on Port Gardner Bay as it looked to diversify away from industrial uses, but the project ran into financial issues as Everett-area employers failed or laid off workers amid an aerospace slump in 1981–82.[92] The U.S. Navy selected the former shipyard site on Port Gardner Bay as the site of a new military base in 1984 under the Strategic Homeport program.[94] Naval Station Everett and its 1,600-foot (490 m) pier were constructed between 1987 and 1994 alongside auxiliary facilities located to the north in Smokey Point.[95][96] The first ships arrived in September 1994, and Naval Station Everett was the long-term home of several aircraft carriers, including the USS Abraham Lincoln.[97]

The city underwent an urban revival in the 1990s, fueled by the upcoming centennial celebrations and a third expansion of the Boeing plant for the Boeing 777 program. The plant expansion was completed in 1993, enlarging the world's largest building by volume to 472,000,000 cubic feet (13,400,000 m3) covering 96 acres (39 ha).[98][99][100] Everett's inner neighborhoods grew with new residential and commercial development, including Downtown Everett, where a beautification and restoration program had begun in the 1980s.[101] The downtown program included a road diet for Colby Avenue, planter boxes on widened sidewalks, and new parks.[102][103] Several new office buildings were completed in Downtown Everett, including the 11-story Everett Mutual Tower, and other historic buildings were renovated or restored for new businesses and organizations.[102][104] The city also annexed 465 acres (188 ha) near Paine Field in March 2000, bringing Everett's population to over 91,000.[105] Everett was recognized as an All-America City by the National Civic League in 2002 and has been a member of the Tree City USA program since 1993.[106][107] The city's Delta neighborhood underwent extensive environmental cleanup that began in the 2000s with funds from Asarco after the discovery of soil contamination from the shuttered smelter.[108][109]

Everett was identified as a key transport hub under the regional Sound Transit system, which was approved in a ballot measure in 1996 after an earlier failed attempt. The transit agency opened a multimodal train and bus center, Everett Station, in February 2003 to replace scattered downtown facilities for Amtrak, Greyhound, and local transit. It would also serve as the northern terminus for Sounder commuter rail and Sound Transit Express buses, which both connect Everett to Seattle.[110] A six-mile (9.7 km) section of Interstate 5 was rebuilt by the state government from 2005 to 2008 by adding new lanes and improving several interchanges at a cost of $263 million.[111] Everett remains home to one of the most congested stretches of I-5, which is also among the worst in the United States for travel delays.[112]

Downtown Everett remained a center for new development in the 2000s and 2010s, with several projects completed by local governments and private developers. The Everett Events Center (now Angels of the Winds Arena) opened in 2003 to serve as an indoor sports venue, convention center, and community ice rink.[113] The county government redeveloped its Everett office campus by building a new administrative center, jail, parking garage, and public plaza that opened in 2005.[114][115] In the 2010s, two new downtown hotels were opened along with several apartment buildings that were encouraged by relaxed zoning policies.[116][117] As the region's homeless population grew, Everett added two supportive housing buildings in downtown to provide 150 units of low-income housing with access to social services.[118]

Boeing selected Everett as the main site of its 787 Dreamliner and 747-8 programs, which did not require major building expansions.[82] The company also partnered with the county government to create the Future of Flight Aviation Center & Boeing Tour, an aviation museum at Paine Field that opened in 2005.[119] The Boeing 777X program launched in 2013 with plans to build a wing assembly center adjacent to the Everett plant, which opened in 2016.[120] Commercial passenger service at Paine Field resumed at a new terminal on March 4, 2019, after earlier plans from the 1980s onward were blocked by nearby residents.[121][122]

Contemporary redevelopment

The city government began planning for a major redevelopment of a former landfill on the Snohomish River waterfront in the late 1990s, but the project was stalled as private developers declined to move the project forward.[123] The original concept for the 139-acre (56 ha) property was an entertainment center with shopping, housing, offices, and parks. The riverfront project was ultimately divided into three sections: a southern portion for 235 single-family homes that was constructed in 2016; a center portion with commercial space, apartments, a movie theater, and a small park; and a northern portion with 190 townhomes.[124] A similar redevelopment plan for the Port of Everett's 65 acres (26 ha) on the bayside waterfront, known as Port Gardner Wharf, was shelved in 2007 by the developer's financial issues.[125] A new development, named Fisherman's Harbor, began construction in 2018 with a hotel, apartments, restaurants, and shops adjacent to the city's public marina.[126]

Geography

Hewitt Avenue in Downtown Everett, looking west from Broadway

Everett is one of the core cities comprising the Seattle metropolitan area and is located 25 miles (40 km) north of Seattle.[132] It is primarily situated on the Port Gardner Peninsula, bordered to the west by Port Gardner Bay (part of Possession Sound in the Puget Sound estuary), and to the north and east by the Snohomish River delta.[133] The city also encompasses suburban and industrial areas to the south and southwest of the peninsula, which were annexed during the mid-to-late 20th century.[77][134] Everett has 11 miles (18 km) of freshwater shoreline and 11 miles (18 km) of saltwater shoreline, including public access points at parks and boat ramps on Port Gardner Bay and the Snohomish River.[135]:2 According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 48.49 square miles (125.59 km2), of which 33.45 square miles (86.64 km2) is land and 15.04 square miles (38.95 km2) is water.[2]

The city's western boundary with Mukilteo is generally defined by Japanese Gulch on the edge of the Boeing Everett Assembly Plant and its auxiliary buildings.[136] The southwestern edge of Everett borders an unincorporated area that includes Paine Field and the Lake Stickney/Mariner neighborhoods, which are part of the city's designated urban growth area that extends south towards Lynnwood.[137] The southern boundary wraps around Silver Lake and follows State Route 527 to State Route 96 at Murphy's Corner, where it borders Mill Creek.[138] Everett's boundaries follow various housing subdivisions in the Eastmont area before reaching the Snohomish River, which forms the primary eastern border. The northeastern boundary includes portions of Smith Island in the river delta reaching towards Marysville;[136] a series of highway bridges connect Everett to Marysville to the north and Lake Stevens to the east by crossing the Snohomish River delta.[139][140] The city boundaries also include 3,729 acres (1,509 ha) of forestland surrounding Lake Chaplain, a reservoir in the Cascade Mountains that provides part of the municipal water supply.[141]

The Port Gardner Peninsula was formed during the northward retreat of Vashon Glaciation during an ice age 14,000 years before present.[7] The underlying soil is generally loamy and includes gravelly sand in the glacial outwash.[142] Everett is near the Southern Whidbey Island Fault, a shallow earthquake fault zone that runs near the western edge of the city and was discovered in 1994.[143] In the 1990s, local geologists also found evidence of a tsunami and soil liquefaction in deposits under the Snohomish River delta that were not directly connected to the South Whidbey Island Fault.[144] The city government established its emergency management and preparedness office in 2002 and conducts regular disaster drills to simulate a potential response.[145] The southwestern neighborhoods of Everett include several ravines formed by local creeks that drain into Port Gardner Bay. The area is also prone to mudslides that interrupt passenger and freight service on the railroad that runs along the coastline of the bay.[146] Other areas of the city drain into the watersheds of the Snohomish River and Lake Washington.[147]

Cityscape and neighborhoods

The city of Everett maintains an Office of Neighborhoods which facilitate communication between the city and recognized neighborhood associations. The neighborhood associations are independent from the city and have elected leaders who communicate with the city government.[148] Various neighborhoods in Everett have views of the Cascade and Olympic mountains, including Mount Baker and Mount Rainier.[149][150]

As of 2019, Everett's 19 recognized neighborhood associations are:[151]

Bayside, which includes most of Downtown Everett, the Port of Everett, and Naval Station Everett, and surrounding residential areas.[151]

Boulevard Bluffs, a primarily residential area of the city bordering Mukilteo[152]

Cascade View, a residential area in South Everett, north of Everett Mall[151]

Delta, a primarily residential area north of Downtown Everett[153]

Evergreen, a primarily residential area in South Everett[151]

Glacier View, an older residential area south of downtown[151]

Harborview–Seahurst–Glenhaven, consisting of older residential areas south of downtown[151]

Holly, a mix of residential, commercial, and industrial areas on the southern edge of the city[151]

Lowell, a primarily residential area southeast of downtown and formerly an independent town founded in 1863[154]

Northwest Everett, which includes older residential areas northwest of downtown, a historic district, and the Everett Community College campus[155]

Pinehurst–Beverly Park, a mix of residential and commercial areas in South Everett[156]

Port Gardner, which includes parts of Downtown Everett and residential areas on Rucker Hill, a historic district[155]

Riverside, includes residential areas northeast of downtown and a historic district[155]

Silver Lake, includes residential and commercial areas surrounding Silver Lake in the extreme southeastern part of the city[157]

South Forest Park, a residential neighborhood near downtown[158]

Twin Creeks, which includes the area surrounding Everett Mall and a mix of residential and commercial areas.[159]

Valley View–Sylvan Crest–Larimer Ridge, residential areas in southeast Everett[160]

View Ridge–Madison, residential areas west and southwest of Forest Park[151]

Westmont, a primarily multi-family housing area in the southwestern part of the city[151]

Downtown

Downtown Everett is generally defined by the area north of Pacific Avenue, east of West Marine View Drive, south of Everett Avenue, and west of Broadway.[161] It is home to city and county government offices, high-rise office buildings, hotels, and apartment buildings.[116][117] The Angel of the Winds Arena is on the west side of Broadway, anchoring a small historic district on Hewitt Avenue.[162] Several downtown streets are named for the founders of the Everett Land Company and their associates, including John D. Rockefeller, the Rucker Brothers, Charles L. Colby, and Alexander McDougall.[163][164] The city government approved plans in 2018 to allow for high-rise buildings as tall as 25 stories and with reduced parking requirements to encourage denser development in anticipation of a future Link light rail station.[165]

Climate

Everett generally has an oceanic climate similar to most of the Puget Sound lowlands, with year-round moderate temperatures influenced by marine air masses. The variation of normal weather between seasons is less extreme than inland areas, with dry summers and mild, rainy winters due to the proximity of the Pacific Ocean.[166] Under the Köppen climate classification system, Everett is described as having a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb).[166][167] The city marks the north end of the Puget Sound Convergence Zone, a local weather phenomenon caused by colliding air currents from the region's mountain ranges that produces heavier rain and stronger winds than the rest of the region.[168][169]

The warmest month for Everett is August, with average high temperatures of 72.7 °F (22.6 °C), while January is the coolest, at an average high of 44.9 °F (7.2 °C).[170] The highest recorded temperature, 98 °F (37 °C), occurred on June 9, 1955, and the lowest, 0 °F (−18 °C), occurred on November 11, 1993.[170] The city receives 35.71 inches (907 mm) of annual rainfall, which mostly falls from October to March and peaks in December.[166][170] Everett rarely receives significant snowfall and its highest total, 26.6 inches (68 cm), occurred in 1965.[142][170]

Climate data for Everett

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high °F (°C) 72

(22) 74

(23) 82

(28) 85

(29) 93

(34) 98

(37) 93

(34) 94

(34) 89

(32) 83

(28) 74

(23) 66

(19) 98

(37)

Average high °F (°C) 44.9

(7.2) 48.8

(9.3) 52.8

(11.6) 58.1

(14.5) 63.6

(17.6) 68.3

(20.2) 72.6

(22.6) 72.7

(22.6) 67.8

(19.9) 59.5

(15.3) 50.9

(10.5) 45.7

(7.6) 58.8

(14.9)

Average low °F (°C) 33.1

(0.6) 34.4

(1.3) 36.8

(2.7) 40.4

(4.7) 45.3

(7.4) 50.2

(10.1) 52.9

(11.6) 52.8

(11.6) 48.3

(9.1) 43

(6) 37.6

(3.1) 34.3

(1.3) 42.4

(5.8)

Record low °F (°C) 1

(−17) 2

(−17) 10

(−12) 23

(−5) 29

(−2) 36

(2) 37

(3) 38

(3) 30

(−1) 22

(−6) 0

(−18) 5

(−15) 0

(−18)

Average precipitation inches (mm) 4.51

(115) 3.25

(83) 3.57

(91) 2.7

(69) 2.34

(59) 2.12

(54) 1.04

(26) 1.2

(30) 1.98

(50) 3.39

(86) 4.65

(118) 4.96

(126) 35.71

(907)

Average snowfall inches (cm) 3.3

(8.4) 1.2

(3.0) 0.6

(1.5) 0.2

(0.51) 0

(0) 0

(0) 0

(0) 0

(0) 0

(0) 0

(0) 0.6

(1.5) 1.4

(3.6) 7.3

(19)

Average precipitation days 19 16 18 15 12 10 6 6 9 15 18 19 163

Source: Western Regional Climate Center (1894–2015)[170]

Economy

Aerial view of the Boeing Everett Factory, the largest employer in Snohomish County

Everett has a workforce population of 88,146 people with 59,599 who are employed, according to a 2018 estimate from the U.S. Census Bureau.[171] The city also had an estimated 7,335 registered businesses in 2012 providing 94,000 jobs.[172][173] Everett's economy is centered around aerospace manufacturing, maritime activities, the technology sector, and the service industry.[173] The largest employer in the city is airplane manufacturer Boeing, with 31 percent of all jobs.[135] The company's main manufacturing plant near Paine Field is the world's largest building by volume.[174] The local economy of Everett and Snohomish County is heavily affected by Boeing's performance, with layoffs and strikes causing downturns in other industries.[175][176]

The city's economy in the 19th and early 20th centuries was tied to the lumber trade and maritime industries, including fishing and boat manufacturing.[177] Everett's last remaining wood pulp mill, owned by Kimberly-Clark, shut down in April 2012 and was demolished a year later, marking the end of the lumber economy's dominance.[90][178] The aerospace industry in Everett began growing in the late 1960s after Boeing began constructing its assembly plant at Paine Field, bringing suppliers and subcontractors to the area.[179] Since the 1990s, the city government has encouraged economic development in other industries to add diversity, particularly in the technology sector.[180] The Port of Everett has also developed its own industrial park in North Everett that is home to an aerospace supplier and distribution centers for Amazon and FedEx.[181][182]

As of 2018, the largest industry in Everett is manufacturing, with 18 percent of residents employed there, followed by educational services (18%), retail (12%), professional services (11%), and entertainment (11%).[171] Electronics manufacturer Fluke Corporation (now part of Fortive) is based in Everett and has 1,000 employees in Washington state.[183] Toymaker Funko is also headquartered in Downtown Everett, where it has its own retail store that opened in 2017, and operates a distribution center in the city.[184][185] Other large employers in Everett include the Providence Regional Medical Center, with 4,900 employees, the U.S. Navy with 2,900 employees, and Everett Public Schools with 2,440 employees.[135]

Approximately 28 percent of Everett workers are employed at businesses located within the city limits, while 15 percent commute to Seattle.[186] The majority of the city's employed residents (70%) commute to work in single-occupant vehicles, while 14 percent use carpools and 6 percent use public transportation.[171] Everett workplaces have employees who live across Snohomish and King counties, with 15 percent from within the city, 7 percent from Marysville, 5 percent from Seattle, and 4 percent from Lake Stevens.[186] The changing of first shift at the Boeing facility in Everett causes a spike in traffic congestion during the mornings and early afternoons that spills out from freeways onto local streets.[187]

The city's retailers had total sales of $2 million in 2012 and are concentrated along two major highways, Evergreen Way and Everett Mall Way, in strip malls and standalone big-box stores.[172][173] The intersection of the two corridors is home to a large auto row that developed in the 1980s after dealerships relocated from Downtown Everett.[188] The Everett Mall, located at the northeast end of Everett Mall Way (State Route 99), opened in 1974 and has over 100 stores. The mall was expanded in 2005, adding a movie theater and a new set of stores, but has since lost two major retailers and several other tenants.[189][190]

Largest employers

Source: 2018 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report[135]

Rank Employer Number of employees

1 Boeing 35,000

2 Providence Regional Medical Center Everett 4,906

3 State of Washington 3,000

4 Naval Station Everett 2,900

5 The Everett Clinic 2,871

6 Snohomish County 2,759

7 Everett Public Schools 2,443

8 Fluke Corporation (Fortive) 1,200

9 City of Everett 1,198

10 Snohomish County Public Utility District 1,004

Demographics

Historical population

Census Pop. %±

1900 7,838 —

1910 24,814 216.6%

1920 27,644 11.4%

1930 30,567 10.6%

1940 30,224 −1.1%

1950 33,849 12.0%

1960 40,304 19.1%

1970 53,622 33.0%

1980 54,413 1.5%

1990 69,961 28.6%

2000 91,488 30.8%

2010 103,019 12.6%

Est. 2019 111,475 8.2%

Sources: U.S. Decennial Census[191]

2019 U.S. Census Estimate[4]

Everett is the largest city in Snohomish County and the seventh largest in Washington state by population, ranking between Kent and Renton.[192] It had a population of 103,019 at the time of the 2010 U.S. census, and an estimated population of 111,800 in 2019 counts from the state government.[193] The city's urban growth area has a population of 44,596 residents as of 2016 that are part of unincorporated Snohomish County.[194] Everett's population grew by 47 percent from 1990 to 2000 and 13 percent from 2000 to 2010, due to annexations and increased housing development.[195] It is projected to increase by 40,000 to 60,000 residents by 2035 as part of state-mandated growth plans.[196][197] The city's population growth since 1990 has largely been driven by non-Caucasian racial groups, with the white majority decreasing from 92 percent in 1990 to 75 percent in 2010.[195]

The city had 16,394 housing units in 2010, 9,181 of which were single-family homes and 7,213 of which were in multi-family housing.[198] Everett's homeownership rate is among the lowest in Washington, with 44 percent of homes occupied by their owners, and its residents have a low median income relative to the county and Seattle metropolitan area.[199] The average monthly rent for housing units in Everett in 2013 ranged from $700 for a studio apartment to $2,723 for a five-bedroom home.[198]:12 The city also has several affordable housing complexes that provide 2,461 units to low-income households through federal and local grants.[198]:13

2010 census

As of the 2010 U.S. census, there were 103,019 people, 41,312 households, and 23,282 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,079.8 inhabitants per square mile (1,189.1/km2). There were 44,609 housing units at an average density of 1,333.6 per square mile (514.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 74.6% White, 4.1% African American, 1.4% Native American, 7.8% Asian, 0.7% Pacific Islander, 6.1% from other races, and 5.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 14.2% of the population.[3]

There were 41,312 households, of which 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.2% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.6% were non-families. 34.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 3.09.[3]

The median age in the city was 34.4 years. 22.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 30.6% were from 25 to 44; 25% were from 45 to 64; and 10.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.9% male and 49.1% female.[3]

2000 census

As of the 2000 U.S. census, there were 91,488 people, 36,325 households and 21,613 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,814.6 people per square mile (1,086.9/km2). There were 38,512 housing units at an average density of 1,184.8 per square mile (457.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 56% White, 9% African American, 1.56% Native American, 10% Asian, 4% Pacific Islander, 3.13% from other races and 4.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 13% of the population.[200]

There were 36,325 households, out of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.1% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.5% were non-families. 31.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.04.[200]

In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.1% under the age of 18, 12.3% from 18 to 24, 33.3% from 25 to 44, 18.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.8 males.[200]

The median income for a household in the city was $40,100 and the median income for a family was $46,743. Males had a median income of $35,852 versus $28,841 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,577. About 10.1% of families and 19.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16% of those under the age of 18 and 12.1% of those ages 65 and older.[200]

Crime

Everett

Crime rates* (2015)

Violent crimes

Homicide 5

Rape 44

Robbery 148

Aggravated assault 225

Property crimes

Burglary 974

Larceny-theft 4316

Motor vehicle theft 908

Arson 33

Notes

*Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population.

2015 population: 107,219

Source: 2015 FBI Crime Statistics

The Everett Police Department has 201 uniformed police officers and five unfilled positions as of 2020.[201] The city had 422 violent crimes and 6,198 property crimes reported to law enforcement in 2015.[202] The number of reported crimes in Everett has declined since reaching their peak in 2009–10, with 610 violent crimes and 7,672 property crimes.[201] Everett had ranked in the top 20 percent of U.S. cities for reported crimes in reports by CQ Press, which included property crimes and burglary among violent crimes.[203] It was ranked 49th among cities in Washington for crimes per capita in a 2019 study by the National Council for Home Safety and Security.[204]

The Everett Police Department and Snohomish County Sheriff's Office began criminal investigations against operators and employees of various bikini barista coffee stands in 2009 for violating adult entertainment laws.[205][206] The city government passed a dress code ordinance for food service workers in August 2017, but were met with a lawsuit from stand operators and employees over the constitutionality of the ordinance.[207] The ordinance was suspended by a preliminary injunction from the U.S. District Court in December 2017, but the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in favor of the city government in 2019.[208] The city government does not plan to enforce the dress code ordinance until the lawsuit is resolved with the lifting of the preliminary injunction.[205]

The city has a high rate of opioid abuse, particularly OxyContin and heroin, fueled by cross-state drug trafficking.[209][210] The Providence Regional Medical Center reported 655 patients with opioid overdoses from January to August 2017, while 34 percent of residents booked into the county jail tested positive for opioids.[211] The widespread opioid use also contributed to a 65 percent rise in homelessness in Everett from 2015 to 2017, straining local shelters and supportive housing systems.[212] The city government filed a lawsuit against OxyContin manufacturer Purdue Pharma in January 2017, claiming that the company had been grossly negligent in distributing the drug and containing its effect on Everett residents. The lawsuit also identified a drug trafficking ring based in Los Angeles, large prescriptions by doctors to procure the drug, and direct marketing by Purdue Pharma as contributing factors to the rise in opioid cases.[209] Everett's lawsuit was joined by complaints from other jurisdictions, including Snohomish County and the Tulalip Tribes, and was heard in the U.S. District Court of Northern Ohio.[213]

Government and politics

Everett is a first-class city with an organized charter and a mayor–council form of government.[214] The city's mayor and seven councilmembers are elected at-large to four-year terms in staggered elections that take place during odd-numbered years. Beginning in 2021, the Everett city council will elect five members from districts and two from at-large seats.[215] The city council meets weekly on Wednesdays and offers live television and web broadcasts via The Everett Channel.[216] The city government is based out of the Wall Street Building in Downtown Everett, a 10-story office tower adjacent to the historic Everett City Hall—now home to the city police department and city council chambers.[217][218]

Cassie Franklin, a former city councilmember, was elected as mayor in 2017 and is the second woman and first non-appointee to hold the office.[219] The mayor of Everett is responsible for appointing the heads of various city departments, the city clerk, the city treasurer, the police and fire chiefs, and members of service commissions and boards.[214] The city government has 1,200 employees and an operating budget of $148.7 million for 2020.[220][221] It provides a range of municipal services, including police, fire, emergency medical services, public works, a housing authority, zoning and planning, parks and recreation, and some utilities.[135]:2[222] Everett also has a municipal court that was established in 1987 and has two judges who are elected to four-year terms.[223] The city government runs its own public transit and library systems, which are separate from the countywide Community Transit and Sno-Isle Libraries.[224]

Everett is also the county seat of Snohomish County and houses several major government facilities on a campus in Downtown Everett. The campus includes the county courthouse, county jail, administrative offices, and the main precinct of the county sheriff