Diameter: 78mm (approx.3") Weight: 240g (approx.9oz) Edge/Relief: 6mm
Bronze medal, in excellent condition as scanned, by Raphael Pépin, edge marked with horn of plenty* (Paris mint)+1986.
Montségur is a commune of the Ariège département in France. It is famous for its fort and was one of the last strongholds of the Cathars. The present fortress on the site, though described as one of the "Cathar castles," is actually of a later period. It has been listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture since 1862. Population (1999): 117 (Montséguriens)
Catharism was a name given to a religious sect with gnostic elements that appeared in the Languedoc region of France in the 11th Century and flourished in the 12th and 13th Centuries. Catharism had its roots in the Paulician movement in Armenia and was also influenced by the Bogomiles with whom the Paulicians eventually merged. They also became influenced by dualist and perhaps Manichaean beliefs.
Like many medieval movements, there were various schools of thought and practice amongst the Cathari; some were dualistic, other gnostic, some closer to orthodoxy while abstaining from an acceptance of Roman Catholic doctrines. The dualist theology was the most prominent however and held that the physical world was evil and created by Satan, who was taken to be identical with the God of the Old Testament; and that men underwent a series of reincarnations before reaching the pure realm of spirit, the presence of the God of Love described in the New Testament and his messenger Jesus.
The Roman Catholic Church regarded the sect as heretical; faced with the rapid spread of the movement across the Languedoc and the failure of peaceful attempts at conversion, the Church launched the Albigensian Crusade and suppressed the Cathars with the help of nobility from northern France.Montségur
The Fortress of Montségur June 22, 1987.
The ruins of Montségur are perched at a precarious 3000-foot (1207 m) altitude in the south of France near the Pyrenees Mountains. Located in the heart of France's Languedoc-Midi-Pyrénées regions, 80 km southwest of Carcassonne, Montségur dominates a rock formation known as a pog — a term derived from the local Occitan dialect — pueg, or puog, meaning "peak," "hill," "mountain."
History
In 1243–44, the Cathars (a religious sect considered heretical by the Roman Catholic Church) were besieged at Montségur by 10,000 royal Catholic French troops at the end of the Albigensian Crusade. In March 1244, the Cathars finally surrendered and approximately 220 were burned en masse in a bonfire at the foot of the pog when they refused to renounce their faith. Some 25 actually took the ultimate Cathar vow of consolamentum perfecti in the two weeks before the final surrender.
In the days prior to the fall of the fortress, several Cathars allegedly slipped through the French lines carrying away a mysterious "treasure" with them. While the nature and fate of this treasure has never been identified, there has been much speculation as to what it might have consisted of — from the treasury of the Cathar Church to esoteric books or even the actual Holy Grail.
Montségur is often named as a candidate for the Holy Grail castle — and indeed there are linguistic similarities in the Grail romance Parzival (circa 1200–1210) written by Wolfram von Eschenbach. In Parzival, the grail castle is called Monsalvat, similar to Montségur and with the same meaning: "safe mountain, secure mountain." The name of Raymond de Péreille, the actual historic seigneur of Montségur, has a slight similarity to the protagonist of Eschenbach's epic, the knight Parzival. In Jüngerer Titurel (1272) by Albrecht von Scharfenberg, another Grail epic, the first king of the Holy Grail is named Perilla.
Myths and legends apart, the history of Montségur in actual fact is both dramatic and mysterious. The siege was an epic event of heroism and zealotry: a veritable Masada of the Cathar faith whose demise is symbolized by the fall of the mountain-top fortress (although isolated Cathar cells persisted into the 1320s in southern France and northern Italy).
The present fortress ruin at Montségur is not from the Cathar era. The original Cathar fortress of Montségur was entirely pulled down by the victorious royal French forces after its capture in 1244. It was gradually rebuilt and upgraded over the next three centuries by royal forces. The current ruin so dramatically occupying the site, and featured in illustrations, is referred to by French archeologists as "Montsegur III" and is typical of post-medieval royal French defensive architecture of the 1600s. It is not "Montsegur II," the structure in which the Cathars lived and were besieged and of which no trace remains today.
This is a discrepancy that the French tourist authority underplays and one that Cathar enthusiasts often overlook, especially when discussing Montségur's alleged solar alignment characteristics said to be visible on the morning of the summer solstice. This often mentioned solar phenomenon, allegedly occurring in an alignment of two windows in the fortress wall, has not been scientifically surveyed, measured, recorded, or confirmed.
The Groupe de Récherches Archéologiques de Montségur et Environs (GRAME) (Archeological Research Group of Montsegur and Vicinity), which conducted a definitive 13-year archeological excavation of Montségur in 1964–76, concluded in its final report that:
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"There remains no trace of the actual ruin of the first fortress which was abandoned before the 13th century (Montsegur I), nor of the one which was built by Raymond de Péreille around 1210 (Montsegur II)..." (Il ne reste aucune trace dan les ruines actuelles ni du premier chateau qui était a l'abandon au début du XIIIe siecle (Montsegur I), ni de celui que construisit Raimon de Pereilles vers 1210 (Montségur II)...)
The small ruins of the terraced dwellings, immediately outside the perimeter of the current fortress walls on the northeastern flank are, however, confirmed to be traces of authentic former Cathar habitations.
The Nazis at Montsegur
The Nazis learned of the myths surrounding Montségur from a man named Otto Rahn in 1929, one year after the probable formation of the Ahnenerbe, an institution for research into German racial and cultural ancestry. Rahn wrote two bestseller Grail novels linking Montségur and Cathars with the Holy Grail: Kreuzzug gegen den Gral ("Crusade Against the Grail") in 1933 and Luzifers Hofgesind ("Lucifer's Court") in 1937. Rahn went on to join the Ahnenerbe as a junior NCO in 1936, the same year that Heinrich Himmler took overall control of the organization, proclaiming himself chairman of the Kuratorium. Himmler's wish was to try and rediscover and reinvigorate Germanic culture. On March 13, 1939 — near the anniversary of the fall of Montsegur — Otto Rahn mysteriously froze to death on a Tyrolean mountain top. His death is believed to be likely a suicide. Some sources claim that the very secretive Ahnenerbe SS, as it was renamed, was part of the Third Reich's plan to win the war by discovering a superweapon such as the grail, but there is no conclusive evidence that the Ahnenerbe was involved in anything other than "racial hereditary research."[citation needed]
Some sources report that in 1944, on the 700th anniversary of the fall of Montségur, German aircraft were seen in the area directly above Montségur flying in strange formations, either Celtic crosses or swastikas, depending on the source of the reports. Some claim that Alfred Rosenberg, Nazi Germany's ideologue and author of The Myth of the Twentieth Century, was aboard one of the aircraft. It is not known why the aircraft were allegedly in the area or what their mission was, if any.
Mint Marks used at the PARIS MINT:
Plain Edge ==> All medals before March 30th 1832 have plain edges and before 1841 for bronze or copper. Antique Lamp ==> from March 30th 1832 until October 21st 1841 (on gold & silver only). Anchor ==> from October 21st 1841 until September 25th 1842. Ship Prow ==> from September 26th 1842 until June 12th 1845. Pointing Hand ==> from June 13th 1845 until October 1st 1860. Bee ==> from November 1st 1860 until December 31st 1879. Cornucopia (Horn of Plenty) ==> from 1880 until now.
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