Author Biography

O.V. Gnana Swathika, PhD, earned her PhD in electrical engineering from VIT University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. She completed her postdoc at the University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka in 2019. Her current research interests include microgrid protection, power system optimization, embedded systems, and photovoltaic systems. K. Karthikeyan is an electrical and electronics engineering graduate with a master's in personnel management from the University of Madras. He has two decades of experience in electrical design. He is Chief Engineering Manager in Electrical Designs for Larsen & Toubro Construction. Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, PhD, Department of Electrical Engineering, IT and Cybernetics, University of South-Eastern Norway, Porsgrunn-Norway. He received his PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Bologna, Italy. He has almost ten years of teaching, research, and industrial experience and is an associate editor for a number of international scientific refereed journals. He has published more than 750 research papers and has won numerous awards for his research and teaching.

Table of Contents

Preface xvii 1 Carbon-Free Fuel and the Social Gap: The Analysis 1
Saravanan Chinnusamy, Milind Shrinivas Dangate and Nasrin I. Shaikh 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Objectives 3 1.3 Study Areas 3 1.3.1 Community A 4 1.3.2 Community B 4 1.3.3 community c 5 1.3.4 Community d 5 1.4 Data Collection 6 1.5 Data Analysis 9 1.6 Conclusion 10 References 13 2 Opportunities of Translating Mobile Base Transceiver Station (BTS) for EV Charging Through Energy Management Systems in DC Microgrid 15
A. Matheswaran, P. Prem, C. Ganesh Babu and K. Lakshmi 2.1 Introduction 16 2.1.1 Telecom Sector in India 16 2.1.2 Overview of Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 17 2.1.3 Electric Vehicle in India 19 2.1.4 Evolution of EV Charging Station 21 2.2 Translating Mobile Base Transceiver Station (BTS) for EV Charging 21 2.2.1 Mobile Base Transceiver Station (BTS) for EV Charging – A Substitute or Complementary Solution? 21 2.2.2 Proposed Methodology 23 2.2.3 System Description 24 2.2.3.1 Solar PV Array 24 2.2.3.2 DC-DC Boost Converter 25 2.2.3.3 Rectifier 25 2.2.3.4 Battery Backup System 26 2.2.3.5 Charge Controller 27 2.2.3.6 Bidirectional Converter 28 2.3 Implementation of Energy Management System in Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 29 2.3.1 Introduction 29 2.3.2 Control Strategies 30 2.3.2.1 MPPT Control 31 2.3.2.2 Charge Controller Control 31 2.3.2.3 Bidirectional Converter Control 32 2.3.3 Power Supervisory and Control Algorithm (PSCA) 33 2.3.3.1 Grid Available Mode 33 2.3.3.2 Grid Fault Mode 33 2.3.4 Results and Discussions 35 2.3.4.1 Grid Available Mode 35 2.3.4.2 Grid Failure Mode 35 2.4 Conclusion 35 References 38 3 A Review on Advanced Control Techniques for Multi-Input Power Converters for Various Applications 41
Kodada Durga Priyanka and Abitha Memala Wilson Duraisamy 3.1 Introduction 42 3.2 Multi-Input Magnetically Connected Power Converters 46 3.2.1 Dual-Source Power DC to DC Converter with Buck-Boost Arrangement 46 3.2.2 Bidirectional Multi-Input Arrangement 47 3.2.3 Full-Bridge Boost DC-DC Converter Formation 48 3.2.4 Multi-Input Power Converter with Half-Bridge and Full Bridge Configuration 49 3.3 Electrically Coupled Multi-Input Power DC-DC Converters 50 3.3.1 Combination of Electrically Linked Multi-Input DC/DC Power Converter 50 3.3.2 Multi-Input Power Converters in Series or Parallel Connection 51 3.3.3 Multi-Input DC/DC Fundamental Power Converters 52 3.3.4 Multiple-Input Boost Converter for RES 53 3.3.5 Multi-Input Buck-Boost/Buck/Boost-Boost Based Converter 54 3.3.6 Multi-Input Buck-Boost/Buck/Boost-Boost Based Converter 55 3.3.7 Multi-Input DC/DC Converter Using ZVS (Zero Voltage Switching) 57 3.3.8 Multi-Input DC-DC Converter Based Three Switches Leg 57 3.3.9 Multi-Input Converter Constructed on Switched Inductor/Switched Capacitor/Diode Capacitor 58 3.3.10 High/Modular VTR Multi-Input Converters 59 3.3.11 Multi/Input and Multi/Output (MIMO) Power Converter 60 3.4 Electro Magnetically Coupled Multi-Input Power DC/DC Converters 61 3.4.1 Direct Charge Multi-Input DC/DC Power Converter 61 3.4.2 Boost-Integrated Full-Bridge DC-DC Power Converter 62 3.4.3 Isolated Dual-Port Power Converter for Immediate Power Management 63 3.4.4 Dual Port Converter with Non-Isolated and Isolated Ports 63 3.4.5 Multi-Port ZVS And ZCS DC-DC Converter 64 3.4.6 Combined DC-Link and Magnetically Coupled DC/DC Power Converter 65 3.4.7 Three-Level Dual-Input DC-DC Converter 65 3.4.8 Half-Bridge Tri-Modal DC-DC Converter 66 3.4.9 Bidirectional Converter with Various Collective Battery Storage Input Sources 75 3.5 Different Control Methods Used in Multi-Input DC-DC Power Converters 75 3.5.1 Proportional Integral Derivation Controller (PID) 76 3.5.2 Model Predictive Control Method (MPC) 77 3.5.3 State Space Modelling (SSM) 78 3.5.4 Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) 79 3.5.5 Sliding Mode Control (SMC) 80 3.6 Comparison and Future Scope of Work 82 3.6.1 Comparison and Discussion 82 3.7 Conclusion 85 References 86 4 Case Study: Optimized LT Cable Sizing for an IT Campus 101
O.V. Gnana Swathika, K. Karthikeyan, Umashankar Subramaniam and K.T.M.U. Hemapala Abbreviations 102 4.1 Introduction 102 4.2 Methodology 103 4.2.1 Algorithm for Cable Sizing 103 4.3 Results and Discussion 103 4.3.1 Feeder Schedule 104 4.3.2 Design Consideration for LT Power Cable 104 4.3.3 Cable Sizing & Voltage Drop Calculation 107 4.4 Conclusion 114 References 114 5 Advanced Control Architecture for Interlinking Converter in Autonomous AC, DC and Hybrid AC/DC Micro Grids 115
M. Padma Lalitha, S. Suresh and A. Viswa Pavani 5.1 Introduction 116 5.2 Prototype Model of IC 117 5.3 Implemented Photo Voltaic System 118 5.4 Highly Reliable and Efficient (HRE) Configurations 120 5.5 MATLAB Simulink Results 122 5.6 Conclusion 127 References 127 6 Optimal Power Flow Analysis in Distributed Grid Connected Photovoltaic Systems 131
Neenu Thomas, T.N.P. Nambiar and Jayabarathi R. 6.1 Introduction 131 6.2 System Development and Design Parameters 132 6.3 Proposed Algorithm 138 6.4 Results and Discussion 138 6.5 Conclusion 141 References 141 7 Reliability Assessment for Solar and Wind Renewable Energy in Generation System Planning 143
S. Vinoth John Prakash and P.K. Dhal 7.1 Introduction 144 7.2 Generation & Load Model 146 7.2.1 Generation Model-RBTS 146 7.2.2 Wind Power Generation Model 147 7.2.2.1 Wind Speed and Wind Turbine Output Model 147 7.2.3 Solar Power Generation Model 150 7.2.3.1 Solar Radiation and Solar Power Output Model 150 7.2.4 Load Model 152 7.3 Results and Analysis 152 7.3.1 Reliability Indices Evaluation for Different Scenario 153 7.4 Conclusion 155 References 156 8 Implementation of Savonius Blad Wind Tree Structure by Super Lift Luo Converter for Smart Grid Applications and Benefits to Smart City 159
Jency Joseph J., Anitha Mary X., Josh F. T., Vinoth Kumar K. and Vinodha K. 8.1 Introduction 160 8.2 Savonius Wind Turbine – Performance Design 160 8.3 Design Modules 163 8.4 Results and Discussion 167 8.5 Positive Output Super Lift Luo Converter 170 8.6 Conclusion 171 References 172 9 Analysis: An Incorporation of PV and Battery for DC Scattered System 175
M. Karuppiah, P. Dineshkumar, A. Arunbalaj and S. Krishnakumar 9.1 Introduction 176 9.2 Block Diagram of Proposed System 179 9.2.1 Determine the Load Profile 180 9.2.2 Duration of Autonomy and Recharge 180 9.2.3 Select the Battery Rating 181 9.2.4 Sizing the PV Array 182 9.2.5 Analysis of Boost Converter 184 9.2.5.1 To Select a Proper Inductor Value 187 9.2.5.2 To Select a Proper Capacitor Value 187 9.3 Proposed System Simulations 188 9.4 Conclusion 192 References 193 10 Dead Time Compensation Scheme Using Space Vector PWM for 3Ø Inverter 195
Sreeramula Reddy, Ravindra Prasad, Harinath Reddy and Suresh Srinivasan 10.1 Introduction 195 10.2 Concept of Space Vector PWM 197 10.3 Proteus Simulation 200 10.4 Hardware Setup 201 10.4.1 Total Harmonic Distortion 206 10.4.2 Hardware Configuration 209 10.5 Conclusion 210 References 211 11 Transformer-Less Grid Connected PV System Using TSRPWM Strategy with Single Phase 7 Level Multi-Level Inverter 213
S. Sruthi, K. Karthikumar, D. Narmitha, P. Chandra Sekhar and K. Karthi 11.1 Introduction 214 11.2 Proposed System 215 11.3 DC-DC Influence Converter 216 11.4 Controlling of 7-Level Inverter 218 11.5 Controlling for Boost Converter and Inverter 221 11.6 MATLAB Simulation Results 221 11.7 Conclusion 224 References 225 12 An Enhanced Multi-Level Inverter Topology for HEV Applications 227
Premkumar E. and Kanimozhi G. 12.1 Introduction 227 12.2 E-MLI Topology 228 12.2.1 Switching Operation of the E-MLI Topology 229 12.2.2 Diode-Clamped Multi-Level Inverter (DC-MLI) 232 12.3 PWM for the E-MLI Topology 233 12.3.1 SPWM Based Switching for the E-MLI Topology 234 12.3.2 Phase Opposition Disposition (POD) Scheme for DC-MLI 234 12.4 Simulation Results & Discussions 236 12.5 Conclusion 249 References 249 13 Improved Sheep Flock Heredity Algorithm-Based Optimal Pricing of RP 253
P. Booma Devi, Booma Jayapalan and A.P. Jagadeesan 13.1 Introduction 254 13.2 RP Flow Tracing 257 13.2.1 Intent Function 257 13.2.1.1 System's Price Loss After RP Compensation 257 13.2.1.2 SVC Support Price for RP 258 13.2.1.3 Diesel Generator RP Production Price 258 13.2.1.4 Minimization Function 258 13.3 Existing Methodologies 259 13.3.1 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) 259 13.3.1.1 PSO Parameter Settings 259 13.3.2 Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (HPSO) 260 13.3.2.1 Flowchart for HPSO 260 13.4 Proposed Methodology 261 13.4.1 Improved Sheep Flock Heredity Algorithm 261 13.4.2 ISFHA Algorithm 263 13.5 Case Study 263 13.5.1 Realistic Seventy-Five Bus Indian System Wind Farm 263 13.6 Conclusion 266 References 267 14 Dual Axis Solar Tracking with Weather Monitoring System by Using IR and LDR Sensors with Arduino UNO 269
Rajesh Babu Damala and Rajesh Kumar Patnaik 14.1 Introduction 269 14.2 Associated Hardware Components Details 270 14.2.1 Arduino Uno 270 14.2.2 L293D Motor Driver 271 14.2.3 LDR Sensor 272 14.2.4 Solar Panel 273 14.2.5 RPM 10 Motor 274 14.2.6 Jumper Wires 274 14.2.7 16×2 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Module with I2C 275 14.2.8 DTH11 Sensor 276 14.2.9 Rain Drop Sensor 276 14.3 Methodology 277 14.3.1 Dual Axis Solar Tracking System Working Model 277 14.3.2 Dual Axis Solar Tracking System Schematic Diagram 279 14.4 Results and Discussion 279 14.5 Conclusion 281 References 282 15 Missing Data Imputation of an Off-Grid Solar Power Model for a Small-Scale System 285
Aadyasha Patel, Aniket Biswal and O.V. Gnana Swathika Abbreviations and Nomenclature 286 15.1 Overview 286 15.2 Literature Review 287 15.3 AI/ML for Imputation of Missing Values 288 15.3.1 Cbr 288 15.3.2 Mice 290 15.3.3 Results and Discussion 291 15.3.3.1 Data Collection 291 15.3.3.2 Error Metrics 292 15.3.3.3 Comparison Between CBR and MICE 293 15.4 Applications of MICE in Imputation 296 15.5 Summary 296 References 297 16 Power Theft in Smart Grids and Microgrids: Mini Review 299
P. Tejaswi and O.V. Gnana Swathika 16.1 Introduction 299 16.2 Smart Grids/Microgrids Security Threats and Challenges 300 16.2.1 Security Threats to Smart Grid/Microgrid by Classification of Sources 301 16.2.1.1 Smart Grid/Microgrid Threats Sources in Technical Point of View 302 16.2.2 Sources of Smart Grids/Microgrids Threats in Non-Technical Point of View 304 16.2.2.1 Security of Environment 304 16.2.2.2 Regulatory Policies of Government 304 16.3 Conclusion 304 References 304 17 Isolated SEPIC-Based DC-DC Converter for Solar Applications 309
Varun Mukesh Lal, Pranay Singh Parihar and Kanimozhi. G 17.1 Introduction 309 17.2 Converter Operation and Analysis 311 17.2.1 Mode A 311 17.2.2 Mode B 313 17.3 Design Equations 314 17.4 Simulation Results 316 17.5 Conclusion 321 References 321 18 Hybrid Converter for Stand-Alone Solar Photovoltaic System 323
R.R. Rubia Gandhi and C. Kathirvel 18.1 Introduction 324 18.2 Review on Converter Topology 324 18.3 Block Diagram 325 18.4 Existing Converter Topology 326 18.5 Proposed Tapped Boost Hybrid Converter 326 18.5.1 Novelty in the Circuit 327 18.5.2 Converter Modes of Operation 327 18.6 Derivation Part of Tapped Boost Hybrid Converter 327 18.6.1 Voltage Gain 328 18.6.2 Modulation Index 328 18.7 Design Specification of the Converter 329 18.8 Simulation Results for Both DC and AC Power Conversion 330 18.9 Hardware Results 330 18.10 TBHC Parameters for Simulation 332 18.11 Conclusion 334 References 334 19 Analysis of Three-Phase Quasi Switched Boost Inverter Based on Switched Inductor-Switched Capacitor Structure 337
P. Sriramalakshmi, Vachan Kumar, Pallav Pant and Reshab Kumar Sahoo 19.1 Introduction 337 19.1.1 Conventional Inverter (VSI) 339 19.1.2 Z-Source Inverter (ZSI) 339 19.1.3 SBI Based on SL-SC Structure 340 19.2 Working Modes of Three-Phase SL-SC Circuit 341 19.2.1 Shoot-Through State 341 19.2.2 Non-Shoot-Through State 342 19.3 Design of Three-Phase SL-SC Based Quasi Switched Boost Inverter 342 19.3.1 Steady State Analysis of SL-SC Topology 342 19.3.2 Design of Passive Elements 344 19.3.3 Design Equations 344 19.3.4 Design Specifications 344 19.4 Simulation Results and Discussions 344 19.4.1 Simulation Diagram of SBC PWM Technique 344 19.4.2 SBC PWM Technique 345 19.4.3 Switching Pulse Generated for the Power Switches 347 19.4.4 Expanded Switching Pulse 348 19.4.5 Input Current 348 19.4.6 Current in Inductor L 1 349 19.4.7 Current in Inductor L 2 349 19.4.8 Capacitor Voltage VC 2 350 19.4.9 dc Link Voltage 350 19.4.10 Output Load Voltage 351 19.4.11 Output Load Current 351 19.5 Performance Analysis 351 19.6 Conclusion 353 References 354 20 Power Quality Improvement and Performance Enhancement of Distribution System Using D-STATCOM 357
M. Sai Sandeep, N. Balaji, Muqthiar Ali and Suresh Srinivasan 20.1 Introduction 358 20.2 Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (d-statcom) 360 20.3 Modelling of Distribution System 361 20.3.1 Single Machine System 361 20.3.2 Modeling of IEEE 14 Bus System 362 20.4 Simulation Results & Discussions 363 20.4.1 Power Flow Analysis on Single Machine System 363 20.4.2 Different Modes of Operation of D-STATCOM on Single Machine System 365 20.4.3 Step Change in Reference Value of dc Link Voltage 368 20.5 IEEE-14 Bus Systems 370 20.6 Conclusion 374 References 374 Index 377

Details