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GREGORY'S PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA SIXTH EDITION As the field of pediatric anesthesia advances and expands, so too does the gamut of challenges that are faced by today's anesthesiologists. Gregory's Pediatric Anesthesia aims to fully prepare trainees and experienced professionals for modern practice by equipping them with the knowledge and cutting-edge techniques necessary to safely and successfully anesthetize children for a range of different surgeries and other procedures. Supporting their work with current data and evidence, the authors explore topics including basic principles, potential complications, and best practice, and illustrate their findings with detailed case studies that cover all major subspecialties. This essential new edition features new and expanded sections and chapters: The Pediatric Perioperative Surgical Home and Early Recovery After Surgery (new chapter) Anesthesia for Non-Cardiac Surgery in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease (new chapter) Expanded treatment of cardiovascular development, burns and trauma, and ophthalmologic/ otorhinolaryngologic surgery Major updates and new images covering ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia Significant additions to point of care ultrasound sections: vascular access, cardiac, lung, gastric, and airway ultrasound Case studies have been updated in all clinical chapters Now in its sixth edition, Gregory's Pediatric Anesthesia continues to provide reliable and easy-to-follow guidance to all anesthesiologists caring for younger patients.

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GREGORY'S PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA SIXTH EDITION As the field of pediatric anesthesia advances and expands, so too does the gamut of challenges that are faced by today's anesthesiologists. Gregory's Pediatric Anesthesia aims to fully prepare trainees and experienced professionals for modern practice by equipping them with the knowledge and cutting-edge techniques necessary to safely and successfully anesthetize children for a range of different surgeries and other procedures. Supporting their work with current data and evidence, the authors explore topics including basic principles, potential complications, and best practice, and illustrate their findings with detailed case studies that cover all major subspecialties. This essential new edition features new and expanded sections and chapters: The Pediatric Perioperative Surgical Home and Early Recovery After Surgery (new chapter) Anesthesia for Non-Cardiac Surgery in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease (new chapter) Expanded treatment of cardiovascular development, burns and trauma, and ophthalmologic/ otorhinolaryngologic surgery Major updates and new images covering ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia Significant additions to point of care ultrasound sections: vascular access, cardiac, lung, gastric, and airway ultrasound Case studies have been updated in all clinical chapters Now in its sixth edition, Gregory's Pediatric Anesthesia continues to provide reliable and easy-to-follow guidance to all anesthesiologists caring for younger patients.

Author Biography

The Editors DEAN B. ANDROPOULOS, MD, Anesthesiologist-in-Chief, Texas Children's Hospital, and Professor of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA GEORGE A. GREGORY, MD, Professor Emeritus, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA

Table of Contents

List of Contributors vii Preface xii List of Abbreviations xiii Part 1 Principles of Pediatric Anesthesia 1 Ethics and Professionalism in Pediatric Anesthesia 1
David B. Waisel 2 History of Pediatric Anesthesia 17
T.C.K. Brown 3 Education in Pediatric Anesthesiology: Practice in the Present with the Future in Mind 45
Stephanie A. Black, Justin L. Lockman, and Alan Jay Schwartz 4 An Introduction to the Ethical Design, Conduct, and Analysis of Pediatric Clinical Trials 56
Myron Yaster, Jeffrey Galinkin, and Mark S. Schreiner 5 Development of the Cardiovascular System 76
Barry D. Kussman and Wanda C. Miller-Hance 6 Developmental Physiology of the Cardiovascular System 100
Dean B. Andropoulos 7 Developmental Physiology of the Respiratory System 120
Roland Neumann, Maria Victoria Fraga, Susan H. Guttentag, Dean B. Andropoulos, and Britta S. von Ungern-Sternberg 8 Developmental Physiology of the Central Nervous System 143
Zoel Quinonez, R. Blaine Easley, Bruno Bissonnette, and Ken M. Brady 9 Developmental Physiology of the Liver, Gastrointestinal Tract, and Renal System 164
Peter N. Bromley, Ellen Rawlinson, Zoe Harclerode, and James Bennett 10 Pharmacology 191
Jean X. Mazoit 11 Fluids, Electrolytes, and Nutrition 226
Peggy McNaull and Adam Suchar 12 Coagulation, Bleeding, and Blood Transfusion 247
Laura A. Downey, Margo R. Rollins, and Bruce E. Miller 13 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 276
Todd J. Kilbaugh, Robert M. Sutton, Ryan Morgan, Alexis A. Topjian, Vinay M. Nadkarni, and Robert A. Berg Part 2 Pediatric Anesthesia Management 14 Anxiety, Psychological Preparation, Awareness, and Behavior Change 298
Michelle Wright and Mike Sury 15 Principles of the Pediatric Perioperative Surgical Home 312
Lynne Ferrari 16 Pediatric Airway Management 323
John E. Fiadjoe, Paul A. Stricker, and Ronald S. Litman 17 Induction of, Maintenance of, and Emergence from Anesthesia 356
Remek Kocz, James Armstrong, and Jerrold Lerman 18 Postanesthesia Care Unit Management 386
Warwick Ames and Allison Kinder Ross 19 Monitoring and Vascular Access 406
Dean B. Andropoulos 20 Pediatric Regional Anesthesia 444
Claude Ecoffey Part 3 Practice of Pediatric Anesthesia 21 Anesthesia for Fetal Intervention and Surgery 475
Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Mark Rosen, and Mark D. Rollins 22 Anesthesia for Premature Infants 505
George A. Gregory 23 Anesthesia for the Full-term and Ex-premature Infant 524
Neil S. Morton, Ross Fairgrieve, Anthony Moores, and Ewan Wallace 24 Anesthesia for the Adolescent and Young Adult Patient 548
Rahul G. Baijal and Dean B. Andropoulos 25 Anesthesia for Neurosurgical Procedures 571
Nicholas Carling, Ken M. Brady, Bruno Bissonnette, and R. Blaine Easley 26 Anesthesia for Thoracic Surgery 607
Faith Ross, Grant McFadyen, Stefan Budac, Lynn D. Martin, and Michael Richards 27 Anesthesia for Congenital Heart Disease 626
David Whiting, James A. DiNardo, and Kirsten C. Odegard 28 Anesthesia for Non-cardiac Surgery in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease 689
Erin A. Gottlieb 29 Anesthesia for Spinal Surgery in Children 714
Joseph D. Tobias 30 Anesthesia for Transplantation 740
Manchula Navaratnam, Stephen A. Stayer, Glynn Williams, and Dean B. Andropoulos 31 Anesthesia for Abdominal Surgery 793
Lena S. Sun, Neeta R. Saraiya, and Philipp J. Houck 32 Anesthesia for Pediatric Urological Procedures 813
Laura N. Zeigler, Katharina B. Modes, and Jayant K. Deshpande 33 Anesthesia for Orthopedic Surgery 834
Cathy R. Lammers, Cecile Wyckaert, and Julianna Clark-Wronski 34 Otolaryngological and Dental Surgery 857
Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Arvind Chandrakantan, and Mehernoor Watcha 35 Anesthesia for Ophthalmological Surgery 881
Julia Chen and Olutoyin A. Olutoye 36 Anesthesia for Plastic and Craniofacial Surgery 893
Ehrenfried Schindler, Markus Martini, and Martina Messing-Jünger 37 Pain Management in Children 929
Christine Greco and Charles Berde 38 Outpatient Anesthesia 955
Joseph A. Scattoloni, Olubukola O. Nafiu, Shobha Malviya, and Dean B. Andropoulos 39 Anesthesia for Trauma 979
Monica S. Vavilala and Sarah A. Lee 40 Anesthesia for Burns 996
Gennadiy Fuzaylov 41 Anesthesia and Sedation Outside the Operating Room 1012
Mohamed Mahmoud, Robert S. Holzman, and Keira P. Mason 42 Pediatric Intensive Care 1041
Rajeev Wadia, Becky J. Riggs, Dheeraj Goswami, Jamie McElrath Schwartz, and Melania M. Bembea 43 Anesthesia for the Patient with a Genetic Syndrome 1085
David Mann, Priscilla J. Garcia, and Dean B. Andropoulos 44 Pediatric Anesthesia in Developing Countries 1106
Adrian T. Bosenberg Part 4 Quality, Outcomes, and Complications in Pediatric Anesthesia 45 Clinical Complications in Pediatric Anesthesia 1118
Randall Flick, Christina M. Pabelick, Tracy E. Harrison, Kara A. Bjur, and Elena Ashikhmina 46 Impact of Pediatric Surgery and Anesthesia on Brain Development 1151
Andreas W. Loepke and Sulpicio G. Soriano 47 Patient Simulation and its Use in Pediatric Anesthesia 1182
Anita Honkanen, Michael I. Chen, and David A. Young 48 Databases, Registries, and Outcome Research in Pediatric Anesthesia 1208
Joseph Cravero 49 Electronic Anesthesia Records: Anesthesia Information Management Systems 1227
Allan F. Simpao and Mohamed A. Rehman 50 Operating Room Safety, Communication, and Teamwork,1243
Thomas L. Shaw, Lauren M. Y. Lobaugh, and Stephen A. Stayer Appendices Appendix A: Pediatric Anesthesia Drugs and Other Treatments in the Perioperative Period 1258
Dean B. Andropoulos Appendix B: Pediatric Normal Laboratory Values 1263
Dean B. Andropoulos Index 1281

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