New York University.

62 Originale Fotoabzüge aus dem Jahr 1908.

Abgebildet unter anderem:

Hall of Fame for Great Americans.

Hall of Languages (Gould Hall).

Library.

…

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1908, 20. Jahrhundert, 2155 University Ave #107 The Bronx, American Northeast, Amerika, architecture, Architektur, Beaux-Arts-Architektur, Big Apple, Bromsilber, Bronx Community College der City University of New York, Bundesstaat New York, Campus, Fotografie, Gesellschaftsleben, Großstadt, Gründerzeit, Hall of Fame for Great Americans, Historische Bilder, Kulturgeschichte, Landeskunde, Lichtbild, Manhattan, Metropole, Mid-Atlantic, Neoklassizistische Architektur, New York, Nordamerika, Nostalgia, Nostalgie, NY 10453, NYC, Ortsansichten, Ortskunde, Ostküste, Photographie, photography, Renaissance Revival architecture, Silbergelatineabzug, Silver bromide, silver gelatine print, Topographie, United States of America, University Heights, USA, US-NY 10010 New York City, Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika, Vintage Print Die Hall of Fame for Great Americans (Ruhmeshalle für große Amerikaner) ist eine Ruhmeshalle in New York City. Lage Die Hall of Fame for Great Americans befindet sich im New Yorker Stadtbezirk Bronx, auf dem Gelände des Bronx Community College der City University of New York. Ihr Standort ist der Gipfel eines Höhenzugs, der den Stadtteil University Heights überragt und der ursprünglich Teil des Campus der New York University war. Ursprünge Die Ruhmeshalle wurde am 30. Mai 1901 eingeweiht. Sie war ein Projekt von Henry Mitchell MacCracken, dem damaligen Kanzler der Universität, der auf diese Weise besonders verdienstvolle Bürger der USA angemessen ehren und in das Bewusstsein der Öffentlichkeit bringen wollte. Es handelte sich hierbei um die erste Ruhmeshalle der Vereinigten Staaten. Das aufwendige Bauwerk wurde von der Philanthropin Helen Miller Shepard gestiftet. Konzept und Architektur Die Ruhmeshalle, erbaut vom Architekten Stanford White, ist in Form einer geschwungenen 192 Meter langen neoklassizistischen Kolonnade unter freiem Himmel angelegt. Die Zwischenräume zwischen den Säulen bieten Platz für die Aufstellung von insgesamt 102 bronzenen Porträt-Büsten auf Postamenten. Unterhalb jedes Denkmals ist eine Bronzeplakette angebracht, die den Namen des Dargestellten, wichtige biographische Daten, herausragende Leistungen und denkwürdige Zitate nennt. Jede der Büsten musste eigens für die Ruhmeshalle geschaffen werden und durfte für einen Zeitraum von 50 Jahren nach ihrer Aufstellung nicht kopiert werden. Auswahlkriterien Um für eine Aufnahme in die Ruhmeshalle nominiert werden zu können, musste die betreffende Person US-Bürger durch Geburt oder – seit 1914 – Einbürgerung sein, mindestens 25 Jahre zuvor verstorben sein (von 1900 bis 1920 betrug diese Zeitspanne nur 10 Jahre) und einen bedeutenden Beitrag zu Wirtschaft, Politik oder Kultur der USA geleistet haben. Jeder Bürger der Vereinigten Staaten konnte Kandidaten zur Nominierung vorschlagen. Die Auswahl wurde alle fünf Jahre (nach 1970 alle drei Jahre) durch Abstimmung von einem Wahlgremium, bestehend aus prominenten Vertretern aller Bundesstaaten, getroffen. Zur Aufnahme reichte ursprünglich eine einfache Mehrheit; in den Jahren 1925 bis 1940 war eine drei-Fünftel-Mehrheit notwendig, danach kehrte man zum ursprünglichen Wahlmodus zurück. 1976 wurde die Mehrheitswahl durch ein Punktesystem abgelöst. Nur zwei Personen, Constance Fenimore Woolson (nominiert 1900) und Orville Wright (aufgenommen 1965), wurden ausnahmsweise vorzeitig zur Abstimmung zugelassen, da sie erst sechs beziehungsweise 17 Jahre tot waren. Heutige Situation In den ersten Jahrzehnten ihres Bestehens galt die Ruhmeshalle als wichtige New Yorker Sehenswürdigkeit und Ort von nationaler Bedeutung. Die Aufnahme in die Reihen der dort Geehrten wurde als gewichtiger Akt und herausragende Würdigung angesehen. Die Anziehungskraft und Bedeutung der Hall of Fame schwanden jedoch im Laufe der Jahre; die Einrichtung geriet in Vergessenheit, und die privaten Spenden, aus denen sie sich finanzierte, da der Eintritt kostenlos war, versiegten. 1973 zog die Universität auf einen neuen Campus um; das Gelände, und mit ihm das Bauwerk der Ruhmeshalle, wurde vom Staat New York übernommen. Die durch Vernachlässigung in Verfall begriffenen Kolonnaden wurden in den späten 1970er Jahren mit öffentlichen Mitteln für drei Millionen Dollar renoviert; in der Folgezeit wurden weitere 200.000 Dollar für die Restaurierung der zum Teil erheblich verwitterten Büsten aufgebracht. Da die Geldmittel der Hall of Fame durch das Ausbleiben von Spenden erschöpft sind, konnten seit 1976 keine neuen Versammlungen des Wahlgremiums mehr organisiert werden. Von den 102 Geehrten sind nur 98 durch Büsten vertreten, da es nicht gelang, Denkmäler für die in den 70er Jahren zuletzt Aufgenommenen zu finanzieren. Mitglieder der Hall of Fame for Great Americans Die Geehrten in der Reihenfolge ihrer Aufnahme in die Ruhmeshalle: George Washington Abraham Lincoln Daniel Webster Benjamin Franklin Ulysses S. Grant John Marshall Thomas Jefferson Ralph Waldo Emerson Robert Fulton Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Washington Irving Jonathan Edwards Samuel F. B. Morse David G. Farragut Henry Clay George Peabody Nathaniel Hawthorne Peter Cooper Eli Whitney Robert Edward Lee Horace Mann John James Audubon James Kent Henry Ward Beecher Joseph Story John Adams William Ellery Channing Gilbert Stuart Asa Gray John Quincy Adams James Russell Lowell Mary Lyon William T. Sherman James Madison John Greenleaf Whittier Emma Willard Maria Mitchell Harriet Beecher Stowe Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. Edgar Allan Poe James Fenimore Cooper Phillips Brooks William Cullen Bryant Frances E. Willard Andrew Jackson George Bancroft John Lothrop Motley Alexander Hamilton Mark Hopkins Francis Parkman Louis Agassiz Elias Howe Joseph Henry Charlotte Saunders Cushman Rufus Choate Daniel Boone William Thomas Green Morton Samuel Langhorne Clemens Augustus Saint-Gaudens Roger Williams Patrick Henry Alice Freeman Palmer James Buchanan Eads Edwin Booth John Paul Jones James McNeill Whistler James Monroe Matthew Fontaine Maury Walt Whitman William Penn Simon Newcomb Grover Cleveland Stephen Foster Booker T. Washington Thomas Paine Walter Reed Sidney Lanier William C. Gorgas Woodrow Wilson Susan B. Anthony Alexander Graham Bell Theodore Roosevelt Josiah Gibbs Wilbur Wright Thomas J. Jackson George Westinghouse Thomas Alva Edison Henry David Thoreau Edward MacDowell Jane Addams Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. Sylvanus Thayer Orville Wright Albert A. Michelson Lillian Wald George Washington Carver Louis D. Brandeis Franklin D. Roosevelt John Philip Sousa Clara Barton Luther Burbank Andrew Carnegie Die drei zuletzt in die Hall of Fame aufgenommenen Personen sowie Louis D. Brandeis sind nicht durch Büsten vertreten. The Battle of Golden Hill was a clash between British soldiers and the Sons of Liberty in the American colonies that occurred on January 19, 1770, in New York City. Along with the Boston Massacre and the Gaspée Affair, the event was one of the early violent incidents in what would become the American Revolution. Background During the imperial crisis with Britain in the 1760s, the Sons of Liberty (or "Liberty Boys") in New York City sometimes erected "Liberty poles" to symbolize their displeasure with British authorities. The first such pole was put up in City Hall Park on May 21, 1766, in celebration of the repeal of the 1765 Stamp Act. The British hated this pole and chopped it down in August in protest of the fact that the New York government had refused to enforce the Stamp Act. Another pole was put up which was quickly cut down. A third pole was put up which stayed up until 1767 when British soldiers cut it down after seeing colonists celebrating the anniversary of the repeal of the Stamp Act. A fourth was put up this time secured with iron bands. In 1767, the Quartering Act was passed which the New York government mostly left unenforced. Parliament reacted to this by dissolving the assembly and replacing it with one that did agree. The Sons of Liberty posted a broadside called “To the Betrayed Inhabitants of the City and Colony of New York” in response. The British blew up this liberty pole on January 16 because of the broadside and as a result of the fact soldiers were given 1800 pounds for supporting the act. They left the remains of the pole on the door of a tavern owner named Mr. Montanye. The "red coats" also posted their own handbills which attacked the Sons of Liberty as "the real enemies of society" who "thought their freedom depended on a piece of wood". Event On January 19, 1770, six weeks before the Boston Massacre, Isaac Sears and others tried to stop some soldiers from posting handbills. Sears captured some of the soldiers and marched his captives towards the mayor's office, while the rest of the British soldiers ran to the barracks to sound the alarm. A crowd of townsfolk arrived along with a score of soldiers. The soldiers were surrounded and badly outnumbered. Fellow soldiers tried to rescue them but were ordered to their barracks. As they were being escorted to their barracks, they reached Golden Hill, where an officer said, “Soldiers, draw your bayonets and cut your way through them." More soldiers arrived and a group of officers arrived to disperse the soldiers before the situation got totally out of hand. Several of the soldiers were badly bruised and one had a serious wound. Some of the townsfolk were wounded and according to some sources, there was one death, though this is disputed. Effects Although several people were wounded in the event, no one was killed. It also made Alexander McDougall famous in the area and later a general in the Continental Army. After the battle, the last Liberty Pole was raised on February 6, 1770. Though the event was not as famous as the Boston Massacre, it was remembered in 1898 with a plaque on the site of the battle, in current day Eden's Alley. However, the building was demolished and the plaque disappeared. The history of New York University begins in the early 19th century. A group of prominent New York City residents from the city's landed class of merchants, bankers, and traders established NYU on April 18, 1831. These New Yorkers believed the city needed a university designed for young men who would be admitted based on merit, not birthright or social class. Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury under Thomas Jefferson, described his motivation in a letter to a friend: "It appeared to me impossible to preserve our democratic institutions and the right of universal suffrage unless we could raise the standard of general education and the mind of the laboring classes nearer to a level with those born under more favorable circumstances." To the school's founders, the classical curriculum offered at American colonial colleges needed to be combined with a more modern and practical education. Educators in Paris, Vienna, and London were beginning to consider a new form of higher learning, where students began to focus not only on the classics and religion, but also modern languages, philosophy, history, political economy, mathematics, and physical science; so students might become merchants, bankers, lawyers, physicians, architects, and engineers. Although the new school would be non-denominational – unlike many American colonial colleges, which at the time offered classical educations centered on theology – the founding of NYU was also a reaction by evangelical Presbyterians to what they perceived as the Episcopalianism of Columbia College. A three-day-long "literary and scientific convention" held in City Hall in 1830 and attended by over 100 delegates debated the terms of a plan for a university modeled on the University of London, which had been founded in 1826. The trustees of the new institution sought funding from the city and state, but were turned down, and instead raised $100,000 privately to start up the college. The school would make available education to all qualified young men at a reasonable cost, would abandon the exclusive use of "classical" curriculum, and would be financed privately through the sale of stock. Establishing a joint stock company was aimed to prevent any religious group or denomination from dominating the affairs and management of the new institution. Although the university was designed to be open to all men regardless of background, NYU's early classes were composed almost entirely of the sons of wealthy, white, Protestant New York families. Albert Gallatin, who had been selected as the university's first president, resigned in less than a year, disgusted that the curriculum which had been drawn up was not centered on the "rational and practical" learning he thought was essential to a secular education. University development On April 21, 1831, the new institution received its charter and was incorporated as the University of the City of New York by the New York State Legislature; older documents often refer to it by that name. In 1832, NYU held its first classes in rented rooms in four-story Clinton Hall, situated near City Hall. In 1835, the School of Law, NYU's first professional school, was established. The university has been popularly known as New York University since its beginning. The school was officially renamed New York University in 1896. Clinton Hall, situated in New York's bustling and noisy commercial district, would only be NYU's home for a few years, as administrators searched uptown for a more suitable and permanent academic environment. For example, the administrators looked towards bucolic Greenwich Village. Land was purchased on the east side of Washington Square and, in 1833, construction began on the "Old University Building," a grand, Gothic structure that would house all the school's functions. Two years later, the university community took possession of its permanent home, thus beginning NYU's enduring (and sometimes tumultuous) relationship with the Village. Whereas NYU had its Washington Square campus since its beginning, the university purchased a campus at University Heights in the Bronx because of overcrowding on the old campus and the desire to follow New York City's development further uptown. NYU's move to the Bronx occurred in 1894, spearheaded by the efforts of Chancellor Henry Mitchell MacCracken. The University Heights campus was far more spacious than its predecessor was, and housed most of the university's operations and the undergraduate NYU College of Arts and Science and School of Engineering. The graduate schools of NYU remained at Washington Square when the undergraduate college and the school of engineering moved to the University Heights campus. In 1914, NYU founded Washington Square College as an undergraduate liberal arts college on the Washington Square campus. This college would become the downtown Arts and Sciences division of NYU. In 1900, NYU founded its undergraduate School of Commerce, Accounts, and Finance, which ultimately became the Leonard N. Stern School of Business, providing professional training in business for young people. The idea of a Long Island campus came about as a result of Truesdel Peck Calkins, former Hempstead superintendent of schools who was then with New York University, who suggested an NYU extension course on the estate of Dutch entrepreneur William S. Hofstra. In 1935, NYU opened the "Nassau College-Hofstra Memorial of New York University at Hempstead, Long Island". This extension would later become a fully independent Hofstra University. NYU offered women access to graduate studies in 1888, teaching and law in 1890, and undergraduate studies at Washington Square College (then a satellite campus). Important academic discussions took place at NYU around this time, as the American Chemical Society was founded here on April 6, 1876. When women were first admitted to the University Heights College (which would later become the College of Arts and Science) in 1959, many alumni and male undergraduates were unhappy. The student newspaper remarked on the instituting of coeducation by applying part of a quote from Lord Chesterfield on the subject of sex, “the position undignified, the pleasure momentary, and the consequences damnable”. One early attempt to increase the egalitarian nature of the university failed: In 1871, an attempt to offer free tuition to students who were academically qualified backfired. The wealthy, Protestant alumni viewed a free university as a charity institution inappropriate for their own children to attend; thus, the attempt of implementing free tuition was abandoned. Beginning in the 1920s, NYU attracted the most talented Jewish students, as they were turned away from Ivy League institutions due to “Jewish quotas” that especially targeted first generation Jewish (and other) immigrants living in New York City for exclusion. Despite NYU's experimentation with these quotas, a good portion of its students was Jewish during this period. During the 1920s NYU decided to grow by offering admission to almost all applicants. By 1929 it became the largest urban university in the United States with more than 40,000 students. Due in part to the G.I. Bill, enrollment after World War II was greater than 70,000. Most students failed to graduate, however, as they were unable to meet the university's academic standards. The university began a large construction campaign that continued until the early 1970s. In 1962 new president James McNaughton Hester decided to improve NYU's reputation by raising admissions standards, widening student recruiting, and hiring new faculty. The size of the freshman class declined by about one third, but average grades and test scores rose. Most of the new spending occurred on the Washington Square campus, however, causing tensions between it and University Heights. The smaller student body also caused the new buildings to be underused, and forced the university to directly spend donated money on operating costs. Enrollment declined to under 40,000 in 1972 compared to 45,000 a few years earlier. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, financial crisis gripped the New York City government and many of the city's institutions, including NYU. The university became concerned about urban decay in the Bronx during the mid-1960s, but feared publicizing the issue. A 1969 city government study stated that the neighborhood was still healthy, but expressed concern over the future. Several prominent newspaper articles during the decade that discussed the economic and social decline of the nearby Grand Concourse, however, contributed to widespread panic among both residents and the families of potential students. Enrollment on the University Heights campus rapidly declined; between 1969 and 1971, it lost more than 40% of its students, and the campus accounted for more than 40% of the university's budget deficit. Feeling the pressures of imminent bankruptcy, NYU sold the University Heights campus to the City University of New York (CUNY), which occurred in 1973 (it now serves as the Bronx Community College campus). NYU's School of Engineering and Science, its students, faculty, and programs, were merged into the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn to form the Polytechnic Institute of New York. The State University of New York (SUNY) was to have purchased the campus for a new engineering school, but CUNY objected to SUNY expanding into the city. Although University Heights alumni battled to keep the campus, many people suggest the sale was a "blessing in disguise" because the uptown campus was losing money; NYU managing two campuses was impracticable. Chancellor Sidney Borowitz said on the matter, "There was so much pressure from uptown alumni to preserve the Heights that it was only under the threat of possible financial ruin the campus could be sold. With two campuses, NYU could never have prospered as it has." After the sale of the University Heights campus, University College merged with Washington Square College. NYU's most significant loss from this challenging period was the School of Engineering that officially merged with Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn to form the Polytechnic Institute of New York, later to be called Polytechnic University.] Beginning in the mid-1980s, NYU became increasingly popular to students from outside New York City. To meet the demand for housing and classroom space, the university began purchasing old office buildings, hotels, and even nightclubs, becoming one of the largest landholders in New York City In the 1980s, under the leadership of President John Brademas, NYU launched a billion-dollar campaign that was spent almost entirely on updating facilities. In 2003, under the leadership of President John Sexton, the university launched a 2.5-billion dollar campaign for funds to be spent especially on faculty and financial aid resources. In the summer of 2008, Polytechnic University in Brooklyn, the second oldest engineering school in the nation, affiliated with NYU giving the university an engineering school for the first time since 1973, when NYU's School of Engineering and Science, its students, faculty, and programs, were merged into the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn to form the Polytechnic Institute of New York (which later became Polytechnic University). On January 1, 2014 it fully merged with NYU and was named the NYU Polytechnic School of Engineering. In 2015, a $100 million gift from Chandrika and Ranjan Tandon for engineering at NYU resulted in the school changing its name to NYU Tandon School of Engineering. Among its many engineering achievements, NYU is the birthplace of the tractor beam. NYU is currently one of the world's premier residential research and teaching institutions.