The euphonium is a valved instrument; nearly all current models are piston valved, though rotary valved models do exist. It is pitched in concert B♭, meaning that when no valves are in use the instrument will produce partials of the B♭ harmonic series. It is included in much concert band music. In continental European music, parts for the euphonium are sometimes written in the bass clef a major second higher than sounding.

4 valve euphonium are professional models have three top-action valves, played with the first three fingers of the right hand, plus a "compensating" fourth valve, found midway down the right side of the instrument, played with the left index finger; such an instrument is shown in the above picture.

It has an extensive range, comfortably from E2 to about D5 for intermediate players . It extends from B0 to as high as B♭5. The lowest notes obtainable depend on the valve set-up of the instrument. All instruments are chromatic down to E2, but 4-valved instruments extend that down to at least C2. Thus, on a compensating four-valved instrument, the lowest note possible is B0, sometimes called double pedal B, which is six ledger lines below the bass clef.

The euphonium's tubing gradually increases in diameter throughout its length, resulting in a softer, gentler tone .

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