1821-2021.
200 years from the Greek revolution.
ΓΙΑ ΕΛΛΑΔΑ ΓΙΝΕΤΑΙ ΚΑΙ ΑΝΤΙΚΑΒΟΛΗ Η ΚΑΤΑΘΕΣΗ/ΜΕΤΑΦΟΡΑ ΣΕ ΤΡΑΠΕΖΑ.
Επικοινωνήστε για λεπτομέρειες.
The item on the pictures is the one that you will receive. Look carrefully and judge for your self for the quallity and the grade.
BID WITH CONFIDENCE. . SELLER with 100% POSITIVE FEEDBACK.
Οδυσσέας Ανδρούτσος
 Portrait by Dionysios Tsokos | |
| Birth name | Odysseas Verousis |
| Born | 1788[1] Ithaca, Republic of Venice |
| Died | 5 June 1825 (aged 37) Athens, Greece |
| Buried | First Cemetery of Athens (July 1967 moved to Preveza) |
| Rank | Commander in Chief of the Greek forces in Central Greece |
| Battles/wars | Greek War of Independence |
| Relations | Andreas Verousis (father) Akrivi Tsarlampa (mother) |
Odysseas Androutsos (Greek: Οδυσσέας Ανδρούτσος; 1788 – 1825; born Odysseas Verousis Greek: Οδυσσέας Βερούσης) was a military and political chieftain in eastern mainland Greece and a prominent figure of the Greek War of Independence. He grew up in the court of Ali Pasha of Tepelena and was one of his commanders. In 1818 he joined the Greek organization Filiki Eteria.[2][3] After Ali Pasha's defeat, he joined the Greek War of Independence and was distinguished as a commander in the Battle of Gravia Inn in 1821. In 1825, after falling out with the rebels, he asked for amnesty from the Imperial court and joined the Ottomans. In a battle near Livadeia, he was captured by the rebels and executed a few days later.
Early life
He was born in Ithaca in 1788, his family was from the village of Livanates in Phthiotis prefecture. Androutsos was an Arvanite.[4] His father was Andreas Verousis, a klepht from Livanates, while his mother, Akrivi Tsarlampa was from Preveza.[5]
Ali Pasha era
After losing his father, Androutsos was taken by Ali Pasha in Ioannina and later became an officer.[6] In Ali's court Androutsos became one of his distinguished Greek military commanders.[7][8] He also managed to learn Arvanitika and Italian fluently.[9] Androutsos was soon found in antagonism with Ali's men, as such Ali had ordered his execution but was saved after intervention by Alexis Noutsos.[9] Ali Pasha positioned him as armatolos of Livadeia in eastern central Greece in 1816. In 1818 he became a member of the Filiki Eteria with Athanasios Diakos, an organisation that aimed at the independence of Greece.[10] In 1820, in a local factional dispute he lost his position to Athanasios Diakos.[11] In late 1820, the Ottomans sent an army to remove Ali Pasha from power in Yannina. Androutsos who was involved with the upcoming Greek War of Independence met on September 1, 1820 with Albanian commanders from Ali Pasha's court who had defected to the Ottomans - including Omer Vrioni, Ali Pasha's steward. He condemned their betrayal of Ali Pasha and after negotiations they all signed an agreement, which stipulated that in the upcoming revolt in Greece they would not send their troops against the rebels, but revolt in favor of Ali Pasha.[12]
Greek Revolution
In May 1821, Omer Vrioni, now the commander of the Ottoman army, advanced with 8,000 men, after crushing the resistance of the Greeks at the river of Alamana and putting Athanasios Diakos to death, headed south into the Peloponnese to crush the Greek uprising.[13]
Odysseas Androutsos with a band of 100 or so men took up a defensive position at an inn near Gravia, supported by Panourgias and Diovouniotis and their men. Vrioni (Vryonis) attacked the inn but was repulsed with heavy casualties (over 300 dead). Finally, he was forced to ask for reinforcements and artillery, but the Greeks managed to slip out before the reinforcements arrived. Androutsos lost six men in the battle and earned the title of Commander in Chief of the Greek forces in Central Greece.[14]
Androutsos seeked to establish his power base in Attica and Euboea and sent his bands in the region in 1822. The regional government sent a Christos Palaskas and an Alexios Noutsos to replace him. Palaskas was to relieve him of the military command and Noutsos was to take over the taxation apparatus. Androutsos had both men killed.[15] The regional assembly fearing for their lives fled to other areas and the army of Dramali passed through his area of command virtually uninterrupted. In the consequent clash with his political opponent Ioannis Kolettis and the Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece he was accused for collaboration with the Ottomans and the government dismissed him from commander. However, soon, he was restored and kept command in Eastern Central Greece. In September 1822, Androutsos, on the instances of the Athenian municipal authorities, with Gouras and Makrigiannis took control of the Acropolis in Athens which had capitulated in June. To ensure the occupation he had a bastion built to protect the ancient Klepsydra spring, which had just being rediscovered by chance on the north-western slope of the rock.[16] Androutsos made himself general-in-chief of Attica and sent his men to plunder the wealthy villages of Attica. In late 1822 he contacted the Ottomans and offered them to sign a secret agreement under which he would recognize their authority if they gave him as a hereditary title an armatolik. Androutsos (referred to as Disava in Ottoman sources of his era)[11] explained his position in a letter to the Ottoman government in November 1822 when he presented the Greek revolt not as a "national revolution" but as the result of social grievances which could be resolved if he was to be appointed in the right position.[17] Androutsos seems to have gained in the aftermath the compliance of both Ottomans and Greeks for the continuation of his hold in the region, but was mistrusted by both governments.
Downfall
In early 1825, as the Greek Government still wanted to take the command of him and replace him, Androutsos, in anger,[18] began a correspondence with Omer Pasha of Karystos, offering to hand over the Acropolis if aided by Ottoman troops and placed in control of the districts of Livadia, Thebes, and Atalanti. Though the terms of their agreement are not preserved in Ottoman archives, Androutsos was sent a firman granting him amnesty on March 31. In the next days, the locals from Livadeia, Thebes and Atalanti asked for amnesty from the court.[11] He joined forces with the Ottoman army to defend the villages around Livadia. After promised reinforcements failed to arrive, he wanted to retreat towards Megara but was captured by Greek insurgents.[19] The provisional government placed him under arrest in the Frankish Tower of the Acropolis of Athens, accusing him again for collaboration with the Ottomans. His rivals didn't give him a fair trial, believing that Androutsos, due to his democratic character, could turn the people against the Government.[20] All contemporary sources agree that when he was imprisoned, he was tortured and then executed.[11]
The new commander, Yannis Gouras, who once was Androutsos' second in command, ordered his execution on 5 June 1825. In some narratives, his treatment by Gouras is treated negatively.[21] Androutsos' sister Tersitsa married Edward John Trelawny, who commanded Androutsos' forces in his absence.[22]
Legacy
Androutsos is listed among the main Greek military figures and heroes of the Greek war of Independence.[23][24] Among those who lived in the same period, Edward Trelawny who was married to his half-sister presents him as a noble figure, while Thomas Gordon calls him a "physically imposing man" who was "bloodthirsty, vindictive and as treacherous as an Arnaut" and "guilty of barbarious acts".[25][15] G. Finlay adds that "his ambition was to ape the tyranny of Ali in a small sphere" and describes him also as "Odysseus, a partisan of Ali's".[25] Androutsos has been held up as symbol of innate Greek values and freedom, in particular by the Greek left wing
The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution (Greek: Ελληνική Επανάσταση, Elliniki Epanastasi; referred to by Greeks in the 19th century as simply the Αγώνας, Agonas, "Struggle"; Ottoman: يونان عصياني Yunan İsyanı, "Greek Uprising"), was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1830. The Greeks were later assisted by Great Britain, France and Russia, while the Ottomans were aided by their North African vassals, particularly the eyalet of Egypt. The war led to the formation of modern Greece. The revolution is celebrated by Greeks around the world as independence day on 25 March.
Greece came under Ottoman rule in the 15th century, in the decades before and after the fall of Constantinople.[2] During the following centuries, there were sporadic but unsuccessful Greek uprisings against Ottoman rule.[3] In 1814, a secret organization called Filiki Eteria (Society of Friends) was founded with the aim of liberating Greece, encouraged by the revolutionary fervor gripping Europe in that period. The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolts in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities, and Constantinople itself. The insurrection was planned for 25 March 1821 (on the Julian Calendar), the Orthodox Christian Feast of the Annunciation. However, the plans of Filiki Eteria were discovered by the Ottoman authorities, forcing the revolution to start earlier. The first revolt began on 6 March/21 February 1821 in the Danubian Principalities, but it was soon put down by the Ottomans. The events in the north urged the Greeks in the Peloponnese (Morea) into action and on 17 March 1821, the Maniots were first to declare war. In September 1821, the Greeks under the leadership of Theodoros Kolokotronis captured Tripolitsa. Revolts in Crete, Macedonia, and Central Greece broke out, but were eventually suppressed. Meanwhile, makeshift Greek fleets achieved success against the Ottoman navy in the Aegean Sea and prevented Ottoman reinforcements from arriving by sea.
Tensions soon developed among different Greek factions, leading to two consecutive civil wars. The Ottoman Sultan called in his vassal Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gains. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and brought most of the peninsula under Egyptian control by the end of that year. The town of Missolonghi fell in April 1826 after a year-long siege by the Turks. Despite a failed invasion of Mani, Athens also fell and the revolution looked all but lost.
At that point, the three Great Powers—Russia, Britain and France—decided to intervene, sending their naval squadrons to Greece in 1827. Following news that the combined Ottoman–Egyptian fleet was going to attack the island of Hydra, the allied European fleets intercepted the Ottoman navy at Navarino. After a tense week-long standoff, the Battle of Navarino led to the destruction of the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet and turned the tide in favor of the revolutionaries. In 1828 the Egyptian army withdrew under pressure of a French expeditionary force. The Ottoman garrisons in the Peloponnese surrendered, and the Greek revolutionaries proceeded to retake central Greece. Russia invaded the Ottoman Empire and forced it to accept Greek autonomy in the Treaty of Adrianople (1829). After nine years of war, Greece was finally recognized as an independent state under the London Protocol of February 1830. Further negotiations in 1832 led to the London Conference and the Treaty of Constantinople; these defined the final borders of the new state and established Prince Otto of Bavaria as the first king of Greece.