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King Charles III, the new monarch
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27 April
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Coronation of King Charles III
King Charles III
IMAGE SOURCE,GETTY IMAGES
At
the moment the Queen died, the throne passed immediately and without
ceremony to the heir, Charles, the former Prince of Wales.
He
becomes a monarch at the age of 73. But there are a number of practical -
and traditional - steps which he must go through to be crowned King.
Who is Charles?
Charles was born at Buckingham Palace on 14 November 1948. He was 4 years old when his mother was crowned as Queen Elizabeth II.
Instead
of being tutored at the palace, his education was in school. He
attended Hill House in West London, Cheam Preparatory School in
Berkshire and Gordonstoun in Eastern Scotland.
In 1969, at the
age of 20, he was invested by the Queen as Prince of Wales at Caerfarnon
Castle. Before the investiture, the then prince learnt Welsh at
University College of Wales in Aberystwyth.
Royal Family tree and the order of succesion
Family life
He
married Lady Diana Spencer on 29 July 1981 at St. Paul's Cathedral in
London. From that marriage they had two sons: Prince William, born on 21
June 1982; and Prince Harry, born on 15 September 1984.
Their
marriage was dissolved on 28 August 1996, although The Princess of Wales
continued to live at Kensington Palace and to carry out her public
work. Lady Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris on 31 August 1997.
On 9 April 2005, he married the Queen Consort Camilla in a civil ceremony at the Guildhall, Windsor.
What will he be called?
He will be known as King Charles III.
That
was the first decision of the new king's reign. He could have chosen
from any of his four names - Charles Philip Arthur George.
He is
not the only one who faces a change of title. Prince William and his
wife Catherine are now titled Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and
Cambridge, and the king has conferred on them the title of Prince and
Princess of Wales.
There is also a new title for Charles' wife,
Camilla, who becomes the Queen Consort - consort is the term used for
the spouse of the monarch.
Formal ceremonies
Charles was
officially proclaimed King on the Saturday following the Queen's death.
This event took place at St James's Palace in London, in front of a
ceremonial body known as the Accession Council.
This was made up
of members of the Privy Council - a group of senior MPs, past and
present, and peers - as well as some senior civil servants, Commonwealth
high commissioners, and the Lord Mayor of London.
The Accession Council has two parts and King Charles was only present for the second.
Prince Charles file photo
IMAGE SOURCE,PA MEDIA
Around 200 privy counsellors attended the ceremony - the same number who attended the last Accession Council in 1952.
In
the first part of the meeting, the death of Queen Elizabeth was
announced by the Lord President of the Privy Council (currently Penny
Mordaunt MP), and the proclamation was read aloud.
It included a series of prayers and pledges, commending the previous monarch and pledging support for the new one.
The
proclamation was then signed by a number of senior figures including
the prime minister, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Lord
Chancellor. It was read aloud from a balcony above Friary Court in St
James's Palace and for the first time since 1952, the national anthem
was played with the words "God Save the King".
The grand ceremony that announced Charles as new king
The King's first declaration
King Charles attended the second meeting of the Accession Council, along with the Privy Council.
This
was not a "swearing in" at the start of a British monarch's reign, in
the style of some other heads of state, such as the president of the US.
Instead
the King made a declaration to uphold the constitutional government and
- in line with a tradition dating from the early 18th Century - he made
an oath to preserve the Church of Scotland.
Queen Elizabeth II crowns her son Charles, Prince of Wales, during his investiture ceremony at Caernarvon Castle. 1969
IMAGE SOURCE,GETTY IMAGES
Image caption,
Queen Elizabeth II crowned her son Charles as Prince of Wales in 1969
1px transparent line
After
this the Accession Council concluded. The proclamation announcing
Charles as the King was later read out in Edinburgh, Cardiff and
Belfast.
The Coronation
The symbolic high point of the
accession will be the Coronation, when Charles is formally crowned.
Because of the preparation needed, the Coronation is not likely to
happen very soon after Charles's accession - Queen Elizabeth succeeded
to the throne in February 1952, but was not crowned until June 1953.
For
the past 900 years the coronation has been held in Westminster Abbey -
William the Conqueror was the first monarch to be crowned there, and
Charles will be the 40th.
It is an Anglican religious service,
carried out by the Archbishop of Canterbury. At the climax of the
ceremony, he will place St Edward's Crown on Charles's head - a solid
gold crown, dating from 1661.
This is the centrepiece of the
Crown Jewels at the Tower of London, and is only worn by the monarch at
the moment of coronation itself (not least because it weighs a hefty
2.23kg - almost 5lbs).
Unlike royal weddings, the coronation is a state occasion - the government pays for it, and ultimately decides the guest list.
Royal Family on Balcony at Buckingham Palace, London, pictured after Coronation, 2nd June 1953.
IMAGE SOURCE,MIRRORPIX / GETTY IMAGES
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There
will be music, readings and the ritual of anointing the new monarch,
using oils of orange, roses, cinnamon, musk and ambergris.
The
new King will take the Coronation oath in front of the watching world.
During this elaborate ceremony he will receive the orb and sceptre as
symbols of his new role and the Archbishop of Canterbury will place the
solid gold crown on his head.
Everything you need to know about King Charles III's coronation
Head of the Commonwealth
Charles
has become head of the Commonwealth, an association of 56 independent
countries and 2.5 billion people. For 14 of these countries, as well as
the UK, the King is head of state.
These countries, known as the
Commonwealth realms, are: Australia, Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas,
Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, Papua New Guinea, St Christopher and
Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, New Zealand, Solomon
Islands, Tuvalu.
Coronation of Charles III and Camilla
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Coronation
of Charles III and CamillaKing Charles III and Queen Camilla during the
coronation procession in the Gold State Coach.
Charles and Camilla on the front balcony of Buckingham Palace
Date 6 May 2023
Venue Westminster Abbey
Location Westminster, London, United Kingdom
Participants
King Charles III
Queen Camilla
Great Officers of State
Bishops of the Church of England
Selected members of the armed forces of the Commonwealth
Heralds of the College of Arms and the Lyon Court
Peers of the Realm
Faith representatives
Arrests See below
Website coronation.gov.uk Edit this at Wikidata
The
coronation of Charles III and his wife, Camilla, as king and queen of
the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, took place on 6
May 2023 at Westminster Abbey. Charles acceded to the throne on 8
September 2022 upon the death of his mother, Elizabeth II.
The
ceremony was structured around an Anglican service of Holy Communion. It
included Charles taking an oath, being anointed with holy oil, and
receiving the coronation regalia, emphasising his spiritual role and
secular responsibilities.[a] Representatives of the Church of England
and the British royal family declared their allegiance to him, and
people throughout the Commonwealth realms were invited to do so. Camilla
was crowned in a shorter and simpler ceremony. After the service,
members of the royal family travelled to Buckingham Palace in a state
procession and appeared on the palace's rear and front balconies. The
service was altered from past British coronations to represent multiple
faiths, cultures, and communities across the United Kingdom; it was
shorter than Elizabeth II's coronation in 1953, and had a peak UK
television audience of 20.4 million.
The coronation elicited both
celebrations and protests in the United Kingdom, with surveys carried
out in April 2023 suggesting that the British public was ambivalent
towards the event and its funding. Celebrations included street parties,
volunteering, special commemorative church services, and a concert at
Windsor Castle on 7 May. The events in London and Windsor drew large
crowds, but were also protested against by republican groups. There were
52 people arrested on suspicion of offences related to protesting,
drawing criticism from Human Rights Watch. The response in the other
Commonwealth realms was similarly mixed; while there were many
celebrations, some governments and indigenous groups took the
opportunity to voice republican sentiments and call for reparatory
justice.
Charles and Camilla's coronation was the first of a
British monarch in the 21st century and the 40th to be held at
Westminster Abbey since the coronation of William the Conqueror in
1066.[1][b] Unofficial estimates for the event's cost range from £50
million to £250 million.
Preparation
Background
Charles III
became king immediately upon the death of his mother, Elizabeth II, at
15:10 BST on Thursday 8 September 2022. He was proclaimed king by the
Accession Council of the United Kingdom on Saturday 10 September,[3]
which was followed by proclamations in other Commonwealth realms.[4]
During Elizabeth's reign, planning meetings for Charles's coronation,
codenamed "Operation Golden Orb", were held at least once a year,
attended by representatives of the government, the Church of England,
and Charles's staff.[5][6][7]
Service and procession
Order of service for the coronation
The
organisation of the coronation was the responsibility of the earl
marshal, the Duke of Norfolk.[8] A committee of privy counsellors
arranged the event.[9][7] On 11 October 2022, the date of the coronation
was announced as 6 May 2023, a choice made to ensure sufficient time to
mourn the death of Queen Elizabeth II before holding the
ceremony.[10][7]
A Coronation Claims Office was established
within the Cabinet Office to handle claims to perform a historic or
ceremonial role at the coronation, replacing the Court of Claims.[11]
The posts of lord high steward and lord high constable of England, which
are now only named for coronations, were given to General Sir Gordon
Messenger and Admiral Sir Tony Radakin, respectively.[12]
The
holy anointing oil used in the service was consecrated at the Church of
the Holy Sepulchre on 6 March 2023 by Patriarch Theophilos III of
Jerusalem, under the supervision of Hosam Naoum, the Anglican archbishop
of Jerusalem. It was based on the same formula as the oil used in the
coronation of Elizabeth II, but without animal products such as
civet.[13][14][15]
Military dress rehearsals took place on 17,
18, and 19 April.[16][17] On 3 May, Charles and Camilla, William, Prince
of Wales, Catherine, Princess of Wales, their children, and Anne,
Princess Royal, attended coronation rehearsals at Westminster Abbey.[18]
Westminster
Abbey was closed to tourists and worshippers from 25 April for
preparations, and would not re-open until 8 May.[19] As at previous
coronations, many attendees had an obscured view, as the abbey's nave
was filled to capacity.[20]
Guests
Main article: List of guests at the coronation of Charles III and Camilla
Countries that sent representatives
The
coronation was a state event funded by the British government, which
also decided the guest list.[21] Approximately 2,200 guests from 203
countries were invited.[22] They included members of the British royal
family, representatives from the Church of England and other British
faith communities, prominent politicians from the United Kingdom and the
Commonwealth, and foreign heads of state.[23]
The number of
British political attendees was reduced significantly from 1953, when
virtually the entire Parliament of the United Kingdom attended.[24]
Invitations were extended to 850 community and charity representatives,
including 450 British Empire Medal recipients and 400 young people, half
of whom were nominated by the British government.[25] Following a
tradition dating from 1189, fourteen barons of the Cinque Ports were
also invited.[26] Safety regulations at Westminster Abbey restricted the
number of guests, as in contrast to earlier coronations no temporary
stands were erected in the building.[27]
Charles meeting foreign dignitaries invited to the coronation during a reception prior the ceremony
In
addition to the coronation, several dignitaries invited to the event
also attended related gatherings hosted by Charles on 5 May in London.
Several receptions were hosted by Charles on that day, including one for
dignitaries from the Commonwealth realms at Buckingham Palace, and
another reception at Marlborough House for all the leaders of the
Commonwealth of Nations.[28][29] In the evening, the King hosted a
reception for foreign royalty and other overseas dignitaries at
Buckingham Palace,[30] and family members and guests also attended a
reception at Oswald's.[31]
Vestments and crowns
In a break
with tradition, Charles's coronation vestments (ceremonial clothes) were
largely reused from previous coronations instead of being newly
made.[32][33] While it is customary for the supertunica and robe royal
to be reused, Charles also wore vestments first used by George IV,
George V, George VI, and Elizabeth II. Camilla similarly reused
vestments, including Elizabeth II's robe of state, but also wore a new
robe of estate featuring her cypher, bees, a beetle, and various plants
and flowers.[33] She also wore a new coronation gown, created by Bruce
Oldfield and embroidered with wildflowers, the United Kingdom's floral
emblems, her cypher, a pair of dogs, and her grandchildren's
names.[34][35]
St Edward's Crown, which was used to crown the
King, was removed from the Tower of London in December 2022 for
resizing.[36][21] In February 2023 Queen Mary's Crown, which was used to
crown Camilla, was also removed from display to be reset with Cullinan
III, IV and V and for four of its eight detachable arches to be
removed.[37] The Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother was not used,
to avoid a potential diplomatic dispute with India; the crown contains
the Koh-i-Noor diamond, which is claimed by India.[38]
The dress
code for peers without a role in the ceremony was originally business
suits or parliamentary robes, rather than the coronets, coronation
robes, and court dress traditionally worn.[39][20] This was changed in
the week before the coronation after protests, with peers allowed to
wear coronation robes but not coronets.[40] The general dress code for
men was morning dress, a lounge suit or national dress.[41]
Art
Invitation to the coronation of King Charles III and Queen Camilla
The
official photographer of the coronation was Hugo Burnand, who had
previously been the official photographer for Charles and Camilla's
wedding in 2005.[42] Eileen Hogan was selected to paint the coronation
ceremony, and Peter Kuhfeld and Paul Benney to paint the coronation
portraits of Charles and Camilla respectively.[43] Three alumni of The
Royal Drawing School, Fraser Scarfe, Phoebe Stannard and Gideon
Summerfield, were picked to document the procession.[44]
The United Kingdom coronation emblem
Andrew
Jamieson was commissioned to create the coronation invitation, which
featured the couple's coats of arms, the floral emblems of the United
Kingdom, and a Green Man amid other British wildflowers and
wildlife.[45][46] The coronation emblem was designed by Jony Ive with
his creative collective LoveFrom, and depicts the floral emblems of the
United Kingdom in the shape of St Edward's Crown.[47][48] There are
versions of the emblem in both English and Welsh.[49]
The
procession into the abbey was led by the Cross of Wales, a new
processional cross commissioned by Charles to mark the centenary of the
Church in Wales. It includes relics of the True Cross gifted to the King
by Pope Francis.[50] The screen which concealed the King during his
anointing was designed by iconographer Aidan Hart and embroidered by the
Royal School of Needlework. It includes 56 leaves embroidered with the
names of the members of the Commonwealth of Nations.[51][52]
The
Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom, Simon Armitage, released a new
poem, An Unexpected Guest, to mark the coronation. The poem follows a
woman invited to attend the coronation in Westminster Abbey, and quotes
Samuel Pepys' experience at the coronation of Charles II in
1661.[53][54][55]
Music
Twelve new pieces were commissioned
for the service and used alongside older works, including several used
at previous coronations.[56][57]
Six of the new commissions were
performed by the orchestra before the service — those by Judith Weir;
Sir Karl Jenkins; a vocal piece by Sarah Class performed by Pretty
Yende; Nigel Hess, Roderick Williams, and Shirley J. Thompson; Iain
Farrington; and a new march by Patrick Doyle.[58] New compositions by
Roxanna Panufnik, Tarik O'Regan, and Andrew Lloyd Webber were part of
the service, and Debbie Wiseman composed two related pieces, one of
which was performed by the Ascension Choir.[58][59] Existing works by
William Byrd, George Frideric Handel, Edward Elgar, Walford Davies,
William Walton, Hubert Parry, and Ralph Vaughan Williams were included,
as they had been at previous coronations.[59] Six pieces were performed
in new arrangements by John Rutter.[60]
In tribute to the King's
64-year tenure as Prince of Wales the Kyrie was set in Welsh by Paul
Mealor and was sung by Sir Bryn Terfel.[58] A Greek Orthodox chant was
included in the service in tribute to the King's father, Prince Philip,
Duke of Edinburgh.[56]
The director of music for the coronation
was Andrew Nethsingha, the organist and master of the choristers at the
abbey.[59] Before the service John Eliot Gardiner conducted the
Monteverdi Choir and English Baroque Soloists.[56][59] The main choir
was a combination of the choirs of Westminster Abbey, the Chapel Royal,
the Monteverdi Choir, and girl choristers from Methodist College Belfast
and Truro Cathedral.[59][58][61] The orchestra players were drawn from
the Philharmonia Orchestra, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, BBC National
Orchestra of Wales, Regina Symphony Orchestra, English Chamber
Orchestra, Scottish Chamber Orchestra, Royal Opera House Orchestra and
Welsh National Opera Orchestra, which are all patronised by
Charles.[59][58] The orchestra, situated in the organ loft,[62] was
conducted by Antonio Pappano and led by Vasko Vasilev.[58] The State
Trumpeters of the Household Cavalry and the Fanfare Trumpeters of the
Royal Air Force played the fanfares.[59]
Percussionists of the Mounted Band of the Household Cavalry during the procession to Buckingham Palace
All
eight of the massed bands in the coronation procession played the same
music, keeping time with each other with the help of a radio broadcast
click track – the first time such technology has been used on such a
large-scale ceremonial event; previously bands would march to different
pieces of music starting at different times. The tempo set was 108 beats
per minute, slowed down from the regulation 116 beats per minute
because of the size of the bands.[63]
An official coronation
album, which includes all music and spoken word from the pre-service and
service was recorded and released by Decca Records after the
ceremony.[64]
List of music played at the coronation service
Cost
As
a state event, the event was paid for by the British government as well
as Buckingham Palace through the Sovereign Grant and Privy Purse. The
Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) stated that it
was "unable to give costs, or a breakdown of funding" until after the
coronation, but unofficial estimates of £50 million to £250 million have
been reported.[69][70][71][72]
The cost of the coronation was
criticised by the campaign group Republic and the Scottish National
Party MP Ronnie Cowan in light of the ongoing cost-of-living crisis in
the United Kingdom. In comparison, Elizabeth II's coronation cost
£912,000 in 1953, equating to £20.5m in May 2023, while George VI's cost
£454,000 in 1937, equating to £24.8m in May 2023. George VI's
coronation prior to the coronation of Charles III and Camilla was the
most expensive in the last 300 years.[73] The elevated expenses for
Charles and Camilla's coronation has been partly attributed to the
increased cost for security measures.[74][75]
Coronation service
The Diamond Jubilee State Coach carrying Charles and Camilla outside Buckingham Palace
The
events of the coronation day included a procession from Buckingham
Palace to Westminster Abbey, the coronation service itself, a procession
back to Buckingham Palace, and an appearance by the King and Queen,
with other members of the royal family, on the palace balcony for a
flypast by the Royal Air Force.[76]
The coronation was conducted
by the Church of England and contained several distinct elements, which
were structured around a service of Holy Communion.[77] Charles and
Camilla first proceeded into the abbey, then Charles was presented to
the people and recognised as monarch. After this Charles took an oath
stating that he will uphold the law and maintain the Church of England.
He then was anointed with holy oil, invested with the coronation
regalia, and crowned with St Edward's Crown. After this he was enthroned
and received homage from Justin Welby, Archbishop of Canterbury, and
William, Prince of Wales, and the people were invited to swear
allegiance. Camilla then was anointed, crowned, and enthroned. The King
and Queen ended the service by taking Holy Communion, and processed out
of the abbey.[78]
Procession to the abbey
On the day of the
coronation Charles and Camilla travelled to Westminster Abbey in
procession.[79][80] They departed Buckingham Palace at 10:20 BST and
went along The Mall, down Whitehall and along Parliament Street, and
around the east and south sides of Parliament Square before reaching the
Great West Door of Westminster Abbey, a distance of 1.42 miles (2.29
km).[79][81] Charles and Camilla used the Diamond Jubilee State Coach,
drawn by six Windsor Greys, and were accompanied by the Sovereign's
Escort of the Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment.[79][82]
Procession into the abbey
Flag bearers and leaders from the Commonwealth realms prior to their procession into the abbey
The
procession into the abbey was led by leaders and representatives from
non-Christian religions, including the Baháʼí, Buddhist, Hindu, Jain,
Jewish, Shia and Sunni Muslim, Sikh, and Zoroastrian
communities.[12][83] They were followed by leaders from different
Christian denominations, including the Church of England. After this the
flags of the Commonwealth realms were carried by representatives,
accompanied by their governors general and prime ministers. The choir
followed.[12][83][81]
Charles and Camilla arrived shortly before
11:00 and formed their own procession. It was led by four peers[c]
carrying heraldic standards displaying the arms of England, Northern
Ireland, Scotland, and Wales,[12][83] followed by the King's champion,
Francis Dymoke, carrying the royal standard.[12] The Lord High Constable
of England and the Earl Marshal also took part.[12] Charles and Camilla
were each attended by four pages of honour, including Prince George of
Wales and Camilla's grandsons.[d][84] Camilla was also accompanied by
two ladies in attendance: Annabel Elliot, her sister, and the
Marchioness of Lansdowne.[85] Unexpectedly the Prince and Princess of
Wales and their two younger children arrived at the Abbey after the
King, "whose horses went a lot faster than they had in the practice",
and joined the procession after their majesties. [86][87] The choir sang
Hubert Parry's "I was glad", during which the King's Scholars of
Westminster School sang "Vivat Regina Camilla" and "Vivat Rex Carolus"
('Long live Queen Camilla' and 'Long live King Charles').[83][88]
After
this the coronation regalia was processed to the altar.[12][89] At
Charles's request, the sixth-century St Augustine Gospels was also
carried in the procession.[90]
Bearers and presenters of regalia
Recognition
The
Coronation Chair, which housed the Stone of Scone, was used by Charles
during the ceremony. For this coronation, the chair was fitted with a
new seat cushion and armrests.
The service, conducted by the
Archbishop of Canterbury, began with the King and Queen having a silent
moment of prayer before seating themselves on their chairs of estate,
made for the 1953 coronation.[83][93][94] In a new element of the
service, the king was welcomed by one of the Children of the Chapel, to
which he replied that he came "not to be served but to serve".[95] Paul
Mealor's "Coronation Kyrie" was sung in Welsh by Sir Bryn Terfel. After
this the Archbishop of Canterbury, Lady Elish Angiolini, Christopher
Finney, and Baroness Amos stood facing east, south, west, and north and
in turn asked the congregation to recognise Charles as king; the crowd
replied "God save King Charles!" each time.[83][81] Charles was then
presented with a new Bible by the Moderator of the General Assembly of
the Church of Scotland.[83]
Oath and accession declaration
The
Archbishop of Canterbury acknowledged the existence of multiple faiths
and beliefs in the United Kingdom.[81] Charles then took the coronation
oath, in which he swore to govern each of his countries according to
their respective laws and customs, to administer law and justice with
mercy, and to uphold Protestantism in the United Kingdom and protect the
Church of England. Subsequently, he made the statutory accession
declaration.[83] Charles then signed a written form of the oath, before
kneeling before the altar and saying a prayer.[83]
The service of
Holy Communion then continued. The Archbishop of Canterbury delivered
the collect, and the epistle and gospel were read by the prime minister,
Rishi Sunak, and the bishop of London, Sarah Mullally,
respectively.[83] This was followed by a sermon by the Archbishop of
Canterbury.[83]
Anointing
Charles removed his robe of state
and was seated on the Coronation Chair.[96][97] He then was anointed
with holy oil by the Archbishop of Canterbury, using the ampulla and a
medieval spoon, the latter the oldest part of the coronation regalia.
The anointing emphasised the spiritual role of the sovereign. It was a
private part of the service; as in 1953 it was not televised, and
Charles was concealed by a screen. During this the choir sang the anthem
Zadok the Priest.[98]
Investment and crowning
St Edward's Crown, the Orb, the Sovereign's Sceptre with Cross, the Sovereign's Sceptre with Dove, and the Sovereign's Ring
In
the next part of the service, Charles was presented with several items
from the coronation regalia. The spurs, armills, Sword of State, and
Sword of Offering were given to the King, who touched them with his
hand, before they were removed again.[83] During this, Psalm 71 was
chanted in Greek by an Orthodox choir in tribute of the King's father,
Prince Philip, who was born a prince of Greece.[83] The King was
invested with the stole royal, robe royal, and the sovereign's orb, and
presented with the sovereign's ring, which he touched but did not wear.
He was then invested with the glove, the Sovereign's Sceptre with Cross,
and the Sovereign's Sceptre with Dove.[83][89]
Army gun salute at Stirling Castle the moment Charles is crowned
The
King then was crowned by the Archbishop of Canterbury, with the
Archbishop and then the congregation chanting, "God save the King!".[83]
At the moment of crowning the church bells of the abbey rang, 21-gun
salutes were fired at 13 locations around the United Kingdom and on
deployed Royal Navy ships, and 62-gun salutes and a six-gun salvo were
fired from the Tower of London and Horse Guards Parade.[99]
Charles
then received a blessing read by the Archbishop of York, the Archbishop
of Thyateira and Great Britain, the Moderator of the Free Churches, the
Secretary General of Churches Together in England, the Cardinal
Archbishop of Westminster, and the Archbishop of Canterbury,
representing the Anglican, Greek Orthodox, Nonconformist, ecumenical,
and Roman Catholic traditions respectively.[83]
Enthronement and homage
Charles
moved to the throne (originally made for George VI in 1937) and the
Archbishop of Canterbury and William, Prince of Wales, offered him their
fealty.[94][83] The Archbishop of Canterbury then invited the people of
the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms to swear
allegiance to the King, the first time this has occurred.[83][100]
Coronation of the Queen
Queen Mary's Crown (here depicted in its original form) was used to crown Queen Camilla
The
next part of the service concerned Camilla. She was anointed in public
view, thought to be the first time this has occurred, and then presented
with the Queen Consort's Ring.[83][101] The Queen then was crowned by
the Archbishop of Canterbury using Queen Mary's Crown.[83] Camilla then
was presented with the Queen Consort's Sceptre with Cross and the Queen
Consort's Rod with Dove (which, unlike other queens consort, she chose
not to carry), before sitting on her own throne (originally made for
Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother in 1937) beside the King.[83][89][94]
This was the first coronation of a consort since that of Charles's grandmother Queen Elizabeth in 1937.[7]
Holy Communion
The
offertory followed, during which gifts of bread and wine were brought
before the King and prayed over; the prayer was a translation from the
Liber Regalis, which dates from c. 1382 and is one of the oldest sources
for the English coronation service.[83] Charles and Camilla then
received Holy Communion from the Archbishop of Canterbury and the
congregation recited the Lord's Prayer, before a final blessing.[83]
End of the service
At
the end of the service the King changed into the Imperial State
Crown.[102] Charles and Camilla then proceeded to the west door of the
abbey as the national anthem, "God Save the King", was sung. At the end
of the procession the King received a greeting by leaders and
representatives from the Jewish, Hindu, Sikh, Muslim, and Buddhist
faiths.[83]
State procession to Buckingham Palace
The King and Queen returning from Westminster Abbey to Buckingham Palace in the Gold State Coach
The
second procession followed the same route as the first, but in reverse
and on a larger scale. The King and Queen were carried in the Gold State
Coach, drawn by eight Windsor Grey horses, with other members of the
royal family in other vehicles.[79]
The armed forces of the
United Kingdom, the Commonwealth, and the British Overseas Territories
played a significant part. Over 5,000 members of the British Armed
Forces and 400 Armed Forces personnel from at least 35 other
Commonwealth countries were part of the two processions, and 1,000 lined
the route.[99] The Sovereign's Bodyguard, the Royal Canadian Mounted
Police, and Royal Watermen also took part in the procession, and the
Royal British Legion formed a Guard of Honour of 100 Standard Bearers in
Parliament Square.[79][103] The Princess Royal and the Commander of the
Household Cavalry served as the Gold Stick-in-Waiting and Silver
Stick-in-Waiting, respectively.[104]
The King and Queen and other members of the royal family on the balcony of Buckingham Palace
At
Buckingham Palace, the King and Queen stood on the rear balcony and
received a royal salute and three cheers from the armed forces, who were
massed in the palace garden, then joined other members of the royal
family on the front balcony to review a flypast by helicopters and the
Red Arrows aerobatic team. A six-minute flypast of 68 aircraft was
planned, but prevented by rain and low cloud.[105][e]
A
grandstand was built in front of Buckingham Palace from which to watch
the procession and flypast, with 3,800 seats offered to Armed Forces
veterans, NHS and social care workers, and representatives of charities
with links to the King and Queen.[107] In addition, 354 uniformed cadet
forces viewed the procession at Admiralty Arch.[107]
Public events and commemorations
United Kingdom
A Coronation Big Lunch held in London
The Coronation Concert, with drones in formation overhead
In April 2023, Buckingham Palace revealed a new hashflag emoji depicting St Edward's Crown for use on Twitter.[108]
On
2 May, the King and Queen attended a celebratory pre-coronation
reception at Westminster Hall.[109] They are due to host coronation
garden parties at Buckingham Palace on 3 and 9 May and at the Palace of
Holyroodhouse on 4 July.[110][111] On 5 May, Charles, together with the
Prince and Princess of Wales, greeted crowds at The Mall during a
walkabout.[28]
Between 6–8 May people in Britain held "Coronation
Big Lunch" street parties.[93] More than 3,000 parties were planned,
with English councils having approved the closure of 3,087 roads. Most
street parties were scheduled for Sunday, 7 May.[112] Coronation quiche
was chosen by Charles and Camilla as the official dish of the Coronation
Big Lunch.[113] Pubs also remained open until 01:00 on the coronation
weekend.[114]
The Coronation Concert was planned for 7 May on
Windsor Castle's east lawn.[93][80] In addition to performances by
singers, musicians, and stage and screen actors, the show also featured a
"Coronation Choir" composed of community choirs and amateur
singers.[80][93][115] During the concert, landmarks, areas of natural
beauty, and street parties were featured.[116] 5,000 pairs of free
tickets were distributed by public ballot, and volunteers from the King
and Queen's charities were also invited.[93][117] Several musical
performers reportedly turned down the palace's invitation to perform
citing scheduling conflicts.[118]
Staff from the British Embassy in
Washington D.C. volunteer at the Capital Area Food Bank on 8 May as a
part of the Big Help Out initiative
A public holiday was declared
on 8 May to commemorate the coronation.[119] On the same day, the
Together Coalition, in partnership with The Scout Association, the Royal
Voluntary Service, and various faith groups, organised the Big Help Out
initiative to encourage volunteering and community service.[93][80] An
estimated 6 million took part in the initiative.[120] The Royal
Voluntary Service, of which Camilla is president, also launched the
Coronation Champions Awards, which recognised 500 volunteers nominated
by the public.[121][122] The National Literacy Trust, of which Camilla
is patron, announced the opening of 50 special primary school libraries
to mark the coronation.[123]
Ecclesiastical initiatives
Twenty-eight
days prior to the coronation of Charles III and Camilla, the Church of
England established a period of prayer for them, and to this end,
published a Book of Daily Prayers that included "daily themes,
reflections and prayers for use by individuals, churches or
groups".[124][125][126]
Congregations of the Church of England held special commemorative services throughout the country on 6–7 May 2023.[127]
Government initiatives
The
government of the United Kingdom issued coronation medals to 400,000
individuals, including those involved in supporting the coronation,
front line emergency and prison services workers, and members of the
British Armed Forces. The medals are made of nickel silver and plated in
nickel and feature an effigy of the King and Queen, on a red, white and
blue ribbon.[128]
A crowned roundel for Green Park tube station
The
Transport for London announced several initiatives. The roundels used
by the London Underground, the Overground, and the Elizabeth line were
redesigned to include a crown for the coronation.[129] Voice
announcement were also replaced by announcements recorded by the King
and Queen on 5 May, and were used on railway station and all Underground
stations throughout the coronation weekend and bank holiday on
Monday.[130] The London North Eastern Railway also named its daily 11:00
passenger train from London King's Cross to Edinburgh Waverley the
Carolean Express, starting on 6 May.[131]
Natural England will
mark the coronation with the creation of the King's Series of National
Nature Reserves, which will see five major national nature reserves
named every year for the next five years.[132][133]
Memorabilia
The
Royal Mint released a new collection of coins, including 50p and £5
coin depicting the King wearing the Tudor Crown.[134] Royal Mail issued
four stamps to mark the King's coronation, as it did for the coronations
of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II. The company will also apply a
special postmark from 28 April to 10 May.[135]
Signage for a store advertising the sale of coronation memorabilia in Weymouth
The
Royal Collection Trust released official coronation memorabilia to mark
the occasion.[136][137] In February 2023, Buckingham Palace announced
it would temporarily relax the "rules governing the commercial use of
royal photographs and official insignia" to allow other groups to
produce coronation memorabilia.[138]
Companies that have produced
coronation memorabilia include Emma Bridgewater, Jan Constantine,
Merrythought, and Royal Crown Derby.[136][139] Greene King produced a
special brew to mark the coronation and auctioned several unopened
crates of a special brew created for the cancelled coronation of Edward
VIII in 1937, with proceeds from the auction going to The Prince's
Trust.[139]
Crown Dependencies
A public holiday was declared
on 8 May in Guernsey, the Isle of Man, and Jersey.[140][141][142] As in
the United Kingdom, Big Help Outs will also be organised in all three
Crown Dependencies on the day of the holiday.[80][143][144]
The
states of Guernsey planned events to celebrate the coronation from 5 to 8
May. A vigil was held on 5 May at Forest Methodist Church to reflect on
the coronation's spiritual element. On 6 May, bells rang from Town
Church, Vale, Forest, and St Pierre du Bois. A live broadcast of the
coronation service was played on a large screen at the King George V
Sports Ground (KGV), followed by a military parade from Fort George to
the Model Yacht Pond. A 21-gun salute was fired at noon from Castle
Cornet as part of the national salute. On 7 May, a Coronation Big Lunch
was held at Saint Peter Port seafront, along with a service of
thanksgiving at the Town Church. That evening the Coronation Concert was
planned to be screened live at the KGV playing fields, and buildings
including Castle Cornet and Fort Grey were illuminated in red, white,
and blue in the evening.[145]
In Jersey, on 6 May, Coronation
Park hosted a large-screen broadcast of the coronation, musical
entertainment, and activities. Licensed establishments were encouraged
to open ahead of the ceremony's broadcast, and seventh category licensed
establishments could apply for special extensions to stay open until 3
am on 7 May. On 7 May, the Coronation Big Lunch took place in Liberation
Square, where a public screening of the coronation concert was also
held.[143][146]
A crowd in the Isle of Man watches the coronation
The
Isle of Man government organised three days of festivities from 6 to 8
May. A Coronation Event Fund was established to assist local
authorities, community groups, and charities help finance celebrations.
On 7 May, a Biosphere Bee Community Picnic took place, and the
Legislative Buildings in Douglas was also lit up.[144][147] A collection
of 12 Isle of Man stamps featuring photos of Charles and Camilla,
portraits of the King, and the royal cypher were also released in April
2023.[148]
British Overseas Territories
A public holiday was declared in Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, and Gibraltar on 8 May.[119][149]
Several
events were planned in Bermuda. On 6 May, commemorative tree planting
and the opening of a Coronation Garden, designed to reflect Prince
Charles's work in support of the environment and sustainable farming,
took place at Bermuda Botanical Gardens. On 7 May, a service of
thanksgiving was held at the Cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity, and on 8
May the Children's Reading Festival took place to recognise Camilla's
commitment to literacy, particularly for young people.[150][151]
Celebrations
in the Falkland Islands included a children's fancy dress party, a live
music and karaoke event for young adults, as well as the Big Lunch and
the Big Help Out.[152]
In Gibraltar, festivities took place on 3
May, including a parade of British Forces Gibraltar and essential
services, garden and street parties, concerts, and a 21-gun salute
performed by the Royal Gibraltar Regiment.[153][154] A live screening of
the event also took place at Grand Casemates Square.[153]
Canada
Emblem and commemorative items
The Canadian coronation emblem
A
Canadian coronation emblem was created by Cathy Bursey-Sabourin, Fraser
Herald of Arms, and registered with the Canadian Heraldic Authority. It
includes Charles III's royal cypher inside a ring of 13 triangular
shapes, the number corresponding to Canada's provinces and territories.
The circular arrangement symbolises inclusion and the Indigenous concept
of equity and the natural world's cycles. The colour green is a
reference to the King's commitment to the natural environment, while the
white spaces may be viewed as a sunburst, symbolising innovation and
new ideas.[155]
Several commemorative items were also produced to
mark the coronation, with the Royal Canadian Mint producing several
commemorative coins, and the Canadian Heritage Mint producing two
commemorative medallions approved by Charles.[156][157] A special
edition of Canadian Geographic which focused on Charles was also
distributed.[158]
Federal initiatives
On 6 May, a televised
national ceremony to mark the coronation of the king of Canada took
place at the Sir John A. Macdonald Building in Ottawa.[159] It featured
speeches by Algonquin spiritual leader Albert Dumont and aerospace
engineer Farah Alibay, and performances by the Eagle River Singers,
Sabrina Benaim, Florence K, Inn Echo, and the Ottawa Regional Youth
Choir.[160] During the event, Dominic Laporte created a spray-paint
artpiece thematically linked to flowers, as an homage to Charles's
support for the natural environment.[161] Several items were unveiled at
the ceremony, including a new standard for the monarch, a heraldic
crown incorporating distinctly Canadian elements, and a definitive stamp
with an image of the King by Canada Post.[160][162] It was also
announced that an effigy of Charles would replace that of Elizabeth II
on Canadian coinage and the Canadian twenty-dollar note.[156] The
ceremony concluded with a 21-gun salute and a performance by the Central
Band of the Canadian Armed Forces on Parliament Hill.[160]
The interior arch of Princes' Gates illuminated in emerald green to mark the coronation
Landmarks
across Canada were illuminated emerald green on 6 and 7 May. Tours were
offered at Rideau Hall, the official residence of the monarch and
governor general of Canada, and the Central Band of the Canadian Armed
Forces performed there, while members of the Governor General's Foot
Guards performed changing of the guard ceremonies.[160][162][163]
Several Royal Canadian Legion branches hosted receptions.[164][165] On 8
May the government announced a donation of $100,000 to the Nature
Conservancy of Canada to mark the coronation.[166] The official Canadian
portrait of Charles III will be unveiled on 31 May.[167]
The
Department of Canadian Heritage provided $257,000 to the Royal Canadian
Geographical Society to produce educational material for schools on the
King's association with Indigenous peoples in Canada and his tours of
the country,[160] Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada
approved the use of a special call sign in Canada for amateur radio
operators to use from 5 May to 2 June.[168]
The government will
issue coronation medals to 30,000 Canadians who made significant
contributions to the country or their local region.[169]
Provincial and territorial initiatives
Ceremonial shovels placed next to a plaque to mark the ceremonial tree planting at Coronation Park in Toronto
Lieutenant
governors and territorial commissioners organised events that included
exhibitions, military parades, and tree plantings.[162][160] The
lieutenant governors of Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick,
Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Saskatchewan hosted events
at their respective Government Houses on 6 May.[167][170][171][172][173]
Additional events were planned at Government House, Nova Scotia, for 2
May and 22 June, and at Government House, Saskatchewan for 7 and 13
May.[167][173] The latter will feature a debut musical performance by
Jeffery Straker, who composed a new song for the coronation.[173] The
Lieutenant Governor of Ontario hosted a panel on the coronation with the
Empire Club of Canada on 2 May and will open the Lieutenant Governor's
Suite at the Ontario Legislative Building to the public as a part of
Doors Open Toronto on 27 and 28 May.[174] Government House, British
Columbia will host a garden festival and unveil a new garden pathway
later in 2023 to mark the coronation.[175] The Lieutenant Governor of
Alberta will also hold an event at the University of Alberta Botanic
Garden later in 2023 to honour the occasion.[176]
A coronation fair hosted by the government of Ontario at Queen's Park
Other
celebrations organised by provincial governments included events
organised at the Saskatchewan Legislative Building on 5 May and the
Manitoba Legislative Building on 6 May.[177][178] The government of
Ontario hosted a fair at Queen's Park in Toronto and offered free
admission to provincially-owned attractions and 39 provincial parks on
the date of the coronation.[174][179] A program by the government of
Newfoundland and Labrador to distribute seedlings from the Wooddale
Provincial Tree Nursery to the public was launched on 6 May to honour
Charles's focus on environmentalism.[180]
Several coronation
concerts were also organised. The Office of the Lieutenant Governor of
Ontario initiated a six-part coronation concert series for long-term
care homes from April to May.[174] Several places hosted concerts during
the coronation weekend, including the Cathedral Church of St James in
Toronto, Christ Church Cathedral in Victoria, and Knox-Metropolitan
United Church in Regina.[174][175][177]
Australia
Celebrating
Charles III's coronation as king of Australia, buildings and monuments
across the country were illuminated in royal purple on 6 and 7 May.[181]
A flag notice was also issued, urging the display of the national flag,
the Aboriginal flag, and Torres Strait Islander flag throughout the
coronation weekend.[182] On 7 May, the Australian Defence Force fired a
21-gun salute from the forecourt of Parliament House, followed by a
flypast by the Royal Australian Air Force.[183] The Federal Executive
Council also made a $10,000 donation in the King's name to a charity
working to conserve the western ground parrot, as an official
"coronation gift" to Charles.[184]
The ballroom of Government House,
Perth during an open house to mark the coronation. A group poses next to
a photo portrait of Charles and Camilla in the background.
Government
Houses in Brisbane, Darwin, Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney hosted open
houses on 6 and 7 May. Government House in Adelaide will do the same on
21 May,[185][186][187][188][189][190] after a garden party took place
there during the coronation weekend, when the same was held at
Government House in Sydney.[189][190] Government House, Melbourne will
host a reception to mark the occasion later in 2023.[187]
The
Australian Monarchist League hosted several low-key events and
screenings of the coronation on 5 and 6 May, including in Adelaide,
Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney; but, opted not to organise
street parties over concerns that they might be disrupted by republican
protesters.[191][192] The Australian Government was criticised by
monarchists for not declaring a public holiday, or organising official
government events to mark the coronation.[191][192][193]
New Zealand
The Sky Tower in Auckland illuminated in purple on 6 May 2023 to mark the coronation
To
celebrate the coronation of Charles III as king of New Zealand, a
national event featuring performances was held at the Auckland Domain on
7 May. The New Zealand Defence Force performed a gun salute at
Devonport and Point Jerningham in Wellington on the same day.[194][195]
Trees
That Count and the Department of Conservation initiated a tree planting
campaign, with the New Zealand Government providing one million dollars
to support the planting of 100,000 trees by local councils during the
coronation weekend.[194] The campaign was launched on the grounds of
Parliament House, Wellington on 26 April, during a tree planting
ceremony with various parliamentarians, including Prime Minister Chris
Hipkins and Opposition Leader Christopher Luxon.[196]
NZ Post
released commemorative coins and stamps on 3 May.[197] An initiative to
illuminate landmarks in purple also took place in Auckland, Hawera, and
Wellington on 6 May.[194][195] The chefs of Government House shared a
Coronation Pie recipe to commemorate the occasion.[198]
Several
other public services and private groups also organised commemorative
events. The New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts is holding a special
exhibition to mark the coronation from 21 April to 21 May, featuring
works from 68 practising artists and pieces belonging to the Royal New
Zealand Navy.[199] Libraries in South Taranaki hosted coronation events
from 1 to 6 May. The Wellington Cathedral of St Paul held a coronation
festival from 5 to 7 May.[195]
Papua New Guinea
A ceremony was
held at Sir Hubert Murray Stadium in Port Moresby on 6 May to
commemorate Charles III's coronation as king of Papua New Guinea. The
event was held simultaneously with the coronation ceremony in the United
Kingdom.[200] The ceremony included a parade by members of the Papua
New Guinea Defence Force, Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary, Papua New
Guinea Fire Services, Papua New Guinea Correctional Services and St
John Ambulance, a live screening of the coronation, and various speeches
and live musical performances, and a fireworks finale. Keynote speeches
by acting Governor-General Job Pomat and Prime Minister James Marape
were also made at the ceremony.[201][202]
Solomon Islands
To
celebrate Charles III's coronation as king of Solomon Islands, a wake-up
call by drumbeaters, pan pipers and the Royal Solomon Islands Police
Force band took place in Honiara on 6 May. A commemorative church
service was held at the St Barnabas Provincial Cathedral to celebrate
the coronation,[203] which also included a cake-cutting ceremony. The
service was attended by several ministers of the Crown, including Prime
Minister Manasseh Sogavare.[204] A public musical performance by One
Drop Band was also held at the Unity Square, where a photographic
slidehow of historic royal visits to Solomon Islands was also
displayed.[203]
From 5 to 12 May, the National Art Gallery held
an exhibition displaying portraits, historical records, and visits by
members of the royal family to Solomon Islands.[203]
Antigua and Barbuda
Events
to mark the coronation of Charles as king of Antigua and Barbuda took
place in St. John's. On 7 May, a parade featuring the Antigua and
Barbuda Defence Force (ABDF), Girl Guides, Boy Scouts, Boys and Girls
Brigades, The Duke of Edinburgh Award recipients, Seventh Day Adventist
Pathfinder, and Cadet Corps marched from the Multipurpose Cultural
Centre to Government House.[205] There, a ceremony took place that
included a bonfire and performances by the ABDF Band, Salvation Army
Timbralists, and SDA Parthfinders Drum Corps. On 8 May, a service of
Thanksgiving to mark the occasion took place at the St John's
Pentecostal House of Restoration Ministries.[206]
Vanuatu
The
Kastom people who worshipped Prince Philip on the Vanuatuan island of
Tanna marked the coronation of his son. Events were organised in the
villages of Yakel and Yaohnanen throughout 6 May, including a
flag-raising ceremony of the Union Flag, and drinking and dancing.
Around 5,000 to 6,000 people gathered to celebrate, with an additional
100 chiefs also attending.[207]
Coverage and ratings
The BBC
suspended the television licence fee for the coronation weekend, so that
venues could screen the coronation on 6 May, and the coronation concert
the next day, without needing to buy a television licence.[208] The
Department for Culture, Media and Sport announced that the event would
be shown on big screens across 57 locations in Britain, including in
Hyde Park, Green Park and St James's Park.[107]
A reporter with the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation speaking with a spectator on the coronation procession route
Media
outlets in Britain, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, New Zealand and
the United States broadcast the coronation live. Several broadcasters
in those countries provided coverage of the occasion throughout the
coronation weekend.[209][210][211][212][213]
The coronation was
viewed by an average television audience of 18.8 million across 11
channels, with a peak television audience of 20.4 million in the United
Kingdom, making it the most-watched broadcast of the year so
far.[214][215] This was, however, smaller than the television audience
for Queen Elizabeth II's funeral the previous year, which averaged at
26.2 million viewers and peaked at 29.2 million.[215] The BBC showed the
coronation on BBC One, BBC Two with British Sign Language
interpretation and the BBC News Channel, and its peak audience of 15.5
million was the largest of any broadcaster.[214] ITV had an audience of
3.6 million people, with ITV3 carrying British Sign Language
interpretation from 10:45am to 1pm, and a further 800,000 watched on Sky
News and Sky Showcase.[214]
Outside the United Kingdom, the
ceremony was watched by over 3 million people in Australia, 7.6 million
people in Canada, nearly 9 million people in France, over 4.8 million
people in Germany, and 12 million people in the
US.[216][217][218][219][220]
Reactions
Public opinion
In
April 2023, YouGov conducted multiple surveys related to the coronation
in the United Kingdom. A survey on 13 April revealed that 46 per cent of
British adults were likely to watch the coronation. Another survey
conducted on the same day found that only 33 per cent of the respondents
cared about the ceremony.[221] A survey on 18 April found that 51 per
cent of Britons believed that the coronation should not be financed by
taxpayers.[222]
YouGov also conducted a poll in Australia, where
it found that 57 per cent of respondents expressed some interest in the
coronation, with 14 per cent being very interested in the event. Among
the respondents, 43 per cent expressed no interest in the
coronation.[223]
An Angus Reid Institute poll in Canada found
that 59 per cent of respondents paid some attention to the coronation,
although only nine per cent of respondents highly anticipated the event.
Another 20 per cent of respondents said they would likely watch the
coronation, while 29 per cent planned to read about it. Among the
respondents, 41 per cent expressed no interest for the
coronation.[220][224]
Protests
The "Abolish the Monarchy" demonstration in Trafalgar Square while the coronation was occurring
The
British republican group Republic protested against the coronation in
London; its chief executive, Graham Smith, called the ceremony a
"celebration of hereditary power and privilege".[225] The organisation
anticipated an attendance of around 1,500–2,000 in Trafalgar Square, the
focus of the London protests, with smaller groups of one to three
people spread throughout the procession route.[226][227] According to
BBC News, there were hundreds of protesters.[228] Republic encouraged
protesters to wear yellow during the protest.[227][229]
Pro–Scottish
independence and republican marches took place in both Edinburgh and
Glasgow on the day of the coronation. The group All Under One Banner
marched in Glasgow, and the Radical Independence Campaign and Our
Republic in Edinburgh. The latter group also promoted the Declaration of
Calton Hill during its march.[230]
The Welsh republican advocacy
group Cymru Republic staged a protest on 6 May in Cardiff, with a march
from the statue of Aneurin Bevan to Bute Park.[231] Around 300
protesters took part.[228]
Security arrangements
A police surveillance booth on the coronation procession route
To
control disruptive protests, as well as terror threats and general
crime, the police and security services from across the United Kingdom
deployed a large number of physical barriers, armed officers, and police
drones in London.[232] Over 11,500 police officers were on duty on the
day of the coronation, and units of the UK Counter Terrorism Defence
Mechanism were also placed on standby.[233] Extensive security planning
had been ongoing for several years leading up to the coronation as part
of Operation Golden Orb.[232]
Republic had been engaged in
consultations with the police in the months leading up to the event
regarding their demonstration plans. They had been assured by the police
until 5 May that there would be no complications with their
protest.[234]
Arrests
The Metropolitan Police stated that 52
people were arrested for offences related to protesting during the
coronation and "concerns people were going to disrupt the event, and
arrests included to prevent a breach of the peace and conspiracy to
cause a public nuisance"; a further 12 arrests were made during the
coronation for other offences.[235] Those arrested included individuals
from Animal Rising, eight members from Just Stop Oil, and six members
from Republic, including their chief executive, Graham
Smith.[236][237][238] An Australian bystander who was mistaken for a
Just Stop Oil protester was also arrested.[239]
The Metropolitan
Police said that some arrests were due to plans by protesters to "throw
rape alarms" in an attempt to startle horses in the parade, potentially
injuring riders and spectators, something about which they had briefed
Oliver Dowden, the deputy prime minister, in April
2023.[240][241][242][243] Three members of the women's safety campaign
group Night Stars were arrested for distributing rape alarms to women in
Westminster, prompting criticism from the Green Party politician
Caroline Russell.[244]
Human Rights Watch described the arrests
as alarming and something "you would expect to see in Moscow not
London".[245] On 8 May the Metropolitan Police apologised to six of the
arrested protesters, including Smith, after a review found no proof that
the protesters in question were going to engage in unlawful behaviour.
The Metropolitan Police expressed "regret" over the arrest of Smith and
the five other protesters.[246] Smith indicated that he would not be
willing to accept the apology, and that he would be considering legal
action.[234] The City of Westminster Council have requested an apology
from the police for the arrest of the night voluntary workers.[247]
The
Home Affairs Committee will hold an evidence session on the policing of
the coronation and arrest of republican protesters on 17 May.[248] The
Metropolitan Police and Lincolnshire Police also submitted a voluntary
complaint referral to the Independent Office for Police Conduct
concerning the arrest of the Australian bystander on 17 May.[249] The
Mayor of London has also demanded answers from the Metropolitan Police
over the arrests.[250]
Reparatory demands
In the lead-up to
the coronation, indigenous republican and reparations campaigners from
12 Commonwealth realms signed an open letter to Charles, asking him to
formally apologise for the effects of British colonialism and to begin a
"process of reparatory justice".[251] The prime ministers of Belize,
Saint Kitts and Nevis, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, used the
occasion to argue that Britain should apologise for the slave
trade.[252][253][254]
The use of the Cullinan diamonds in the
coronation was controversial in South Africa. The ceremony prompted some
South Africans to demand their return, following a petition on the same
topic after the death of Queen Elizabeth II which attracted 8,000
signatures.[255][256]
Republicanism
Marlene Malahoo Forte, the
minister of legal and constitutional affairs of Jamaica, used the
coronation to emphasise the Jamaican government's intention to
transition to being a republic as early as 2024, and that the coronation
had accelerated the government's plans for a referendum on the
subject.[257] A constitutional reform committee on the issue was set up
earlier in 2023.[258]
The prime ministers of Belize, Saint Kitts
and Nevis, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, voiced their desires
for their respective countries to transition towards a republic. A
constitutional commission to look into the issue was formed in November
2022 in Belize. In the lead-up to the coronation, the prime ministers of
Saint Kitts and Nevis and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines also pledged
to create constitutional commissions to look into the
issue.[252][253][254]
In the lead-up to the coronation,
republicans in Australia criticised Prime Minister Anthony Albanese for
attending the coronation,[259] and he faced pressure from republicans to
not partake in the oath of allegiance.[260][261]
See also
iconMonarchy portalflagUnited Kingdom portal
Canadian Coronation Contingent
Coronation of the British monarch
List of British coronations
List of people involved in coronations of the British monarch
Notes
The monarch of the United Kingdom is the supreme governor of the Church of England and is styled the Defender of the Faith.
King
Harold Godwinson was almost certainly crowned at the newly consecrated
Westminster Abbey in January 1066, although this is not specifically
confirmed by any contemporary source.[2] If Harold's coronation is
included, this was the 41st at the abbey.
The Marquess of Anglesey, the Duke of Westminster, the Earl of Caledon and the Earl of Dundee
For
Charles: Prince George of Wales, Lord Oliver Cholmondeley (son of the
Marquess and Marchioness of Cholmondeley), Nicholas Barclay (grandson of
Sarah Troughton), and Ralph Tollemache (son of the Hon. Edward
Tollemache). For Camilla, her grandsons Gus and Louis Lopes (sons of
Laura Lopes) and Frederick Parker Bowles (son of Tom Parker Bowles), and
her great-nephew, Arthur Elliot (son of Ben Elliot).
Other
aircraft, which were removed from the flypast on safety grounds,
included Spitfires, a Lancaster and Hurricanes; F-35B Lightning jets;
the P-8A Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft; transport aircraft from the
RAF Air Mobility Force; 18 Eurofighter Typhoons; and the RAF's new Envoy
IV CC1[106]
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Bibliography
Blair, Claude, ed.
(1998). The Crown Jewels: The History of the Coronation Regalia …. The
Stationery Office. ISBN 978-0-11-701359-9.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coronation of Charles III and Camilla.
Wikinews has related news:
Archbishop of Canterbury crowns King Charles III in the UK
Official website
The Coronation at the Royal Family website
The Coronation of King Charles III at the website of the Church of England
The Coronation Service – The Royal Family
Order of service and liturgy
Order of Service for the Coronation of Their Majesties King Charles III and Queen Camilla at the Royal Family website
The Authorised Liturgy for the Coronation Rite of His Majesty King Charles III at website of the Church of England
All the Bible verses in the Coronation at the website of the British and Foreign Bible Society
Government websites
Coronation at the website of the Government of the United Kingdom
Canadian celebrations of His Majesty King Charles III's Coronation at the website of the Government of Canada
The Coronation of His Majesty the King and Her Majesty The Queen
Consort at the website of the Department of the Prime Minister and
Cabinet (Australian Government)
Coronation of King Charles III and the Queen Consort at the website of the Governor-General of New Zealand
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Monarchs
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Charles III
King (2022–present)
Realms
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Documentaries
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Film
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Chorus Girls (1981) Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story (1982) The
Royal Romance of Charles and Diana (1982) Spitting Image (1984–1996,
2020–2021) Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After (1992) Willi und die
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23 good things already happening in 2023
Behind the scary headlines, the human race is making quiet progress.
By Chris Taylor on February 1, 2023
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The year 2023 in large, fuzzy, colorful numbers.
Credit: Diyun Zhu
> Science > Environment
Congratulations
everyone, we made it through the first and most depressing month of
2023. While "Blue Monday" isn't actually a thing(opens in a new tab) —
there's no one day in January more depressing than any other — the whole
month can feel miserable, a dark slog between the Xmas cards and the
Valentines.
And in January 2023, the news didn't seem like it
was helping. War(opens in a new tab) and mass shootings(opens in a new
tab) dominated the headlines. As did storms(opens in a new tab) and
floods(opens in a new tab) and cold snaps(opens in a new tab), all made
worse and more frequent by the growing specter of climate change.
Meanwhile the entire U.S. economy was under threat from Republicans in
Congress, who appeared to want to throw the government into
default(opens in a new tab).
SEE ALSO: Climate disasters defined 2022. These were some of the biggest.
But
do the headlines give us the full long-term picture? They do not. For
that, you have to look at overall trends: the news climate, not the news
weather. And more of the trends are more optimistic than you might
expect.
So here, at the end of the first round of '23, let us
warm your worst month with reasons to stay sunny in your soul — along
with a cautionary "what we're waiting to see" in each case. Because it's
important to remember how bad things can get, and could still get, in
order to properly see the best of this moment.
1. There are more electric cars on the road than in 2022. A lot more.
Electric cars charging in the snow in China
Electric cars charging in a snowstorm in China, January 2023. Credit: CFOTO/Future Publishing via Getty Images
It
may not look like it just yet — well, maybe it does if you're living in
a country like Norway, which just passed a milestone (80 percent of all
Norwegian cars sold last year were electric(opens in a new tab)). But
we're in the midst of a revolution on our roads. Electric vehicles are
going mainstream, and the trend is spiking.
There were 7.8
million EVs sold around the world in 2022(opens in a new tab) — a
year-on-year growth of 68 percent, blasting through projections, even as
auto sales overall fell one percent. We're now in a world where one in
10 new cars sold is electric. In China, where EV sales have doubled in a
year, that number is one in every three. This is really, really good
news about the country with the largest carbon emissions.
The
U.S. was lagging, but EV subsidies in the Inflation Reduction Act(opens
in a new tab) (IRA) just kicked in on Jan 1. For the first time ever,
Americans in the market for a used car can get that sweet $4,000 federal
tax credit for EVs. There are a record 43 EV models(opens in a new tab)
going on sale in the U.S. by the end of 2023. For 90 percent of
Americans, a new study says(opens in a new tab), it's already cheaper to
operate an EV than a gas car. The sidelining of combustion engines is
happening sooner than we knew.
What to watch: EV sales would be
growing a lot faster if the U.S. had a public charging infrastructure to
match. The IRA offers tax credits for 30 percent of charging station
construction costs (in rural and poor communities). But that isn't the
same as giving local authorities the desire or understanding necessary
to build the damn things.
2. Coal is dying out faster…
Having
a fleet full of EVs won't help the climate if the electricity in them
came from dirty energy. Thankfully, coal makes up less of a share of our
electric grids than ever before. The U.S. just started its first year
in history with renewable energy generating more power than coal(opens
in a new tab). Around the world, coal plants are getting hard to
fund(opens in a new tab) and harder to insure(opens in a new tab).
What
to watch: China's coal extraction, which hit record highs at the end of
2022(opens in a new tab). A new "unified electricity market"(opens in a
new tab) means Chinese coal will be forced to compete with Chinese
solar on price, a losing proposition for the blackstuff — but that won't
kick in until 2025.
3. ...while solar power is exploding.
Solar panels in Austin, Texas.
Solar panels in Austin, Texas in July 2022. Credit: Jordan Vonderhaar/Bloomberg via Getty Images
More
than ever, in 2023, humans are sun-worshippers. Solar panel
manufacturers churned out almost 295 Gigawatts'(opens in a new tab)
worth of solar panels in 2022, a 45 percent increase in capacity in just
one year. The 2023 forecast — 319 Gigawatts — may be an underestimate.
The projection for 2025(opens in a new tab) says that year will see 940
Gigawatts' worth of panels built, or roughly as much solar power as
exists in the entire world right now.
Featured Video For You
Why aesthetics are the secret weapon we need to popularise solar energy
And
is it the cheapest energy source out there? You bet. It's now 33
percent cheaper than natural gas in the U.S.(opens in a new tab), and
will only get cheaper as the IRA's solar installation incentives kick in
this year. It's cheaper in China too, where nearly half of the world's
solar panels were installed last year.
What to watch: How fast
the U.S. can ramp up its solar production industry to compete with
China. Incentives are one thing; global supply chain problems
another(opens in a new tab).
4. Energy is more renewable than ever — especially in Texas.
Wind turbines in Papalote, Texas.
Wind turbines in Papalote, Texas in 2021. Credit: Brandon Bell/Getty Images
It's
not just solar. Wind, hydro, and all other renewable sources are on the
march, even in the depths of winter. In the U.S., battery production is
going strong and is also about to be supercharged by the IRA. That
makes storing power easier, which lets local grids supply us with more
clean electricity. According to the U.S. Energy Information Agency,
renewables' share across the country will rise to 23 percent in 2023,
while natural gas is falling to 37 percent.
But those numbers
mask a huge surprise: Renewable energy in Texas is growing so fast(opens
in a new tab), it's set to beat natural gas this year. Texas, once the
poster child for carbon-based fuel, is outpacing California when it
comes to renewable installations, mostly in wind power.
The
largest red state isn't going green for political reasons, but for
financial ones; even GOP Governor Greg Abbott has changed his tune on
renewables(opens in a new tab) a year after blaming them for winter
storm outages(opens in a new tab). It's simply cheaper and easier now to
make money exploiting the state's abundant sunshine and fast-moving air
than to keep going at the dirty, expensive and dangerous activity that
is drilling.
What to watch: Renewable project construction is
currently trending down(opens in a new tab) thanks to regulatory and
supply bottlenecks — temporarily, we hope.
5. The ozone layer is healing, and should soon heal faster.
Remember
that time humanity almost killed Earth's main layer of protection
against UV radiation? A UN report(opens in a new tab) released this
month says we can pat ourselves on the back: our efforts to heal the
ozone layer by banning dangerous CFC gasses in a 1987 treaty, actually
worked.
The hole we punched in that layer is on course to
completely heal over by midcentury, and progress should be even faster
now the U.S. Senate has (finally(opens in a new tab), and in a
bipartisan vote!) ratified an amendment to the international treaty
tightening curbs on HFCs. That's another nasty atmospheric gas, used in
AC units, which also contributes to climate change.
What to
watch: All that progress could be rolled back if the world needs to
geoengineer its way out of climate catastrophe. Seeding the upper
atmosphere with sulfate particles(opens in a new tab), a proposal that
would reflect sunlight and cool the world, could also rip another hole
in our collective UV protection.
6. The bees just had a big win.
A hive of bees.
Go bees. Credit: Ozkan Bilgin/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images
Score
one for our hardest-working pollinators. In January, the European
Union's highest court banned all exemptions to an EU regulation
outlawing three popular pesticides(opens in a new tab), all of which are
lethal to honeybees and were implicated in colony collapse
disorder(opens in a new tab). That's on top of new regulations that just
kicked in, banning all but trace amounts of bee-killing pesticide
residue(opens in a new tab) on food or feed imported to Europe – which
should have a chilling effect on the pesticides' use in the developing
world.
What to watch: The U.S. is painfully slow to do anything
about the pesticides, although a few states have banned them and
California is poised to do the same(opens in a new tab).
7. Inflation is coming down.
That
vertigo-inducing rise in prices we call inflation? The thing we were
worried about for pretty much all of 2022? It hasn't vanished, but it is
easing faster than we feared. Prices of consumer goods rose by five
percent in December(opens in a new tab), an improvement on November's
seven percent inflation. In fact, inflation has been falling for six
months in a row, so barring any sudden new shocks to the economy, it's
falling as you read this. The Fed expects inflation could drop as low as
two percent per month(opens in a new tab) by the end of 2023 …
What
to watch: …although the rate could bounce back soon after that(opens in
a new tab), presenting a whole new set of challenges for the economy.
8. Ukraine is still winning.
It's
the David vs. Goliath story of our age. A nation that had been invaded
by its neighbor, one of the world's most feared military superpowers,
beat it back with an indomitable spirit and a steadily increasing amount
of technical support. Ukraine's slow-motion success against Russia has
been going on for so long, we're likely to miss it, especially in winter
when progress is naturally slower.
But make no mistake, Ukraine
is still winning in 2023 — to the point where Russia is running so low
on ammunition(opens in a new tab), it's digging up 40-year-old shells.
The U.S., Poland and even once-reluctant Germany have decided to supply
Ukraine with tanks(opens in a new tab). The U.S. is set to send
long-range missiles(opens in a new tab) that could help Ukraine retake
Crimea, an outcome that would have been unthinkable a year ago.
SEE ALSO: The people using torrents to talk to Russians about the war in Ukraine
What
to watch: The increasing number of nuclear threats coming out of the
Kremlin(opens in a new tab). It's saber-rattling – such extreme
mad-bomber tactics would rebound on Russian territory, destroy Russia's
relationships with remaining friends like China, and not even help on
the battlefield — but it's still chilling. After all, 70-year-old
Vladimir Putin is sending ever more inexperienced men to a pointless
meat grinder; he clearly doesn't give a damn if he destroys giant chunks
of Russia in pursuit of victory.
9. The world is weaning itself off Russian fuel.
Time
was when European countries were terrified of poking the Russian bear
because of their dependence on cheap Russian natural gas and oil. But
Russia's energy exports have fallen by a stunning nine percent(opens in a
new tab) in the last month, ever since the EU banned crude oil imports.
The U.S. is now poised to become Europe's largest gas supplier. That's
what you get for invading sovereign nations.
What to watch: Some
oil experts suggest Europe will hook itself back up to cheaper Russian
gas(opens in a new tab), shunning the pricey American liquid stuff, as
soon as the war in Ukraine ends.
10. We're in the first year of the fusion age.
A scientist explaining images on a screen
Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratories Director Dr. Kim Budil explains her
lab's fusion breakthrough. Credit: Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images
The
breakthrough nuclear fusion experiment announced by Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory a month ago has been compared to the Wright
Brothers' first flight at Kitty Hawk. That event didn't change the world
immediately, but it did lead ineluctably to our present-day reality of
commercial flights everywhere. If we start to see nuclear fusion
reactors appear in a few decades' time(opens in a new tab), providing
virtually limitless clean fuel for the entire human race, we can say it
started here.
What to watch: Research dollars will make the
difference. Does the divided U.S. government have what it takes to agree
to more fusion R&D to speed the process along? Will politicians and
the public understand the difference between basically safe nuclear
fusion(opens in a new tab) with minimal environmental impact, and
nuclear fission with its far larger spent fuel problem?
11. The GOP insurgency is weaker than it might have been.
Yes,
the Republican-led House of Representatives is already forcing a
showdown with the Biden administration over raising the debt ceiling,
threatening to tank the global economy if the U.S. goes into default.
But
compared to previous GOP efforts(opens in a new tab) to extract
concessions from a threatened debt default, this one is a damp squib.
House Speaker Kevin McCarthy, elected to that role only after 15 votes,
finds himself incredibly weak. Serial fabulist George Santos is a daily
reminder of the majority's lack of ethical standards. McCarthy's caucus
is divided. They can't even agree on what they want from the White House
in return for a debt ceiling raise, and the administration isn't in a
bargaining mood anyway(opens in a new tab).
If Kevin McCarthy
blinks and loses the fight, we can all enjoy another round of
schadenfreude as the House majority tears itself apart again, and maybe
even tries to elect a new speaker.
What to watch: Maybe the GOP is just unhinged enough to tank the global economy this time?
12. Trump is in trouble…
Prosecutors
are closing in on the former president from all angles(opens in a new
tab), and legal experts expect Trump will be fighting off multiple
criminal indictments by the end of 2023(opens in a new tab). So many
chickens are coming home to roost, it's already hard to keep track.
Witness the judge who this month imposed a $1 million sanction on Trump
and his legal team(opens in a new tab) for a frivolous lawsuit against
Hillary Clinton back in 2016. The wheels of justice grind slowly, but
still they grind — and even Trump's reinstated Facebook account can't
hold them back forever.
What to watch: Will the Supreme Court,
including the three conservative justices Trump himself appointed, make a
Bush v Gore-style ruling — basically and conveniently holding that
indictments cannot be brought against a former head of the executive
branch?
13. …as is Bolsonaro.
Moving faster than their
American counterparts, Brazilian authorities have already launched an
investigation(opens in a new tab) into their coup-fomenting former
president. Jair Bolsonaro's defeat in the presidential election last
year may have helped to save the Amazon rainforest(opens in a new tab),
but it also led to thousands of protestors smashing up government
buildings on January 8 – protestors who believed Bolsonaro's
long-standing claims that elections could be rigged.
What to
watch: Just how much was Bolsonaro directing the protests from his
self-imposed exile in Florida, and will the U.S. allow him to be
extradited to face charges in Brazil?
14. Twitter remains undefeated.
Tesla CEO Elon Musk leaves the Phillip Burton Federal Building on January 24, 2023 in San Francisco, California.
Elon
Musk leaves the Phillip Burton Federal Building on January 24, 2023 in
San Francisco, California. Credit: Justin Sullivan/Getty Images
Speaking
of right-wing leaders beset by legal troubles, Elon Musk is in the
midst of an embarrassing trial(opens in a new tab) over his 2018 tweet
claiming that he had secured funding to take Tesla private — a possible
manipulation of the stock price. Lawsuits against him are piling
up(opens in a new tab), including one over his Twitter firings and a
couple over Musk's deadbeat approach to paying rent(opens in a new tab).
Meanwhile, despite a troubling outage at the end of December,
Twitter the service is still standing strong. All of Musk's efforts to
bend the site to his will — banning parody accounts, banning
journalists, banning links to other social networks — were reversed. His
version of Twitter Blue, with paid checkmarks, stalled. Advertisers are
fleeing. Tesla stock has had a bit of a rebound in January, but it's
still worth just over half what it was when Musk took over Twitter.
In
2023, either Musk steps back, sells Twitter to his fellow investors at a
loss, or faces the legal and financial consequences of owning a service
he never understood. Whichever one it is, the criticism factory of
Twitter(opens in a new tab) will be there to mock its fragile narcissist
owner at every turn.
What to watch: Whether the next owner of Twitter, or Musk's handpicked CEO, will be someone even worse for the service.
15. COVID is rolling back in the U.S.
There
was a troubling spike in COVID-19 cases at the beginning of the year.
With yet more new variants making the rounds, health officials around
the country were braced for a rough month. Since Jan. 5, however, every
trend line is in the right direction(opens in a new tab): deaths,
hospitalizations, cases, and positive tests. It's not the state of
equilibrium required for authorities to declare COVID officially
endemic(opens in a new tab), rather than a pandemic, but it is a very
encouraging sign — and European countries are seeing the same trend.
What
to watch: There was a global spike in COVID cases(opens in a new tab)
later in January, much of it apparently related to China lifting its
"zero COVID" policy in December. That seems to be receding too(opens in a
new tab), but the world may not be out of the woods yet.
16. Vaccines are quietly saving lives.
Despite
what you might have heard from the vaccine-denier crowd that Musk
allowed back on Twitter, the COVID-19 vaccines are still doing what
vaccines always do: save lives. A recent study(opens in a new tab) from
the Yale School of Public Health concluded that the U.S. would have
suffered 3 million more deaths without them in 2021 and 2022. By that
measure, January 2023 would have contained somewhere around 125,000 more
deaths in a vaccine-less world. Moreover, there's a growing body of
evidence that vaccines may significantly reduce the risk of long
COVID(opens in a new tab) — especially if you get another shot after you
get sick.
What to watch: Only about 14 percent of eligible
U.S. adults have had both booster shots, which help tackle the more
recent variants of the virus. With COVID apparently fading in the public
mind, chances of increasing the uptake on boosters seem grim.
17. The outlook for abortion rights is improving (but the battle is just beginning).
A
woman shouts slogans during a protest for abortion rights marking the
50th anniversary of the US Supreme Court Roe v. Wade decision on January
22, 2023, in New York City.
A protest for abortion rights marked
the 50th anniversary of the U.S. Supreme Court Roe v. Wade decision on
January 22, 2023, in New York City. Credit: Leonardo Munoz/VIEWpress
The
year 2022 saw a great leap forward in access to safe and legal
abortions — if you lived in Colombia(opens in a new tab), France(opens
in a new tab), Spain(opens in a new tab), Finland(opens in a new tab),
or any of the other countries where lawmakers passed pro-choice
legislation. In the U.S., of course, it was a year that will live in
infamy: A hard-right Supreme Court erased the rights of millions of
women by striking down Roe v. Wade. But voters arguably punished the
anti-abortion GOP at the midterm elections, and everywhere abortion
rights were on the ballot — even in deep-red Kansas(opens in a new tab) —
they won.
SEE ALSO: How to help abortion funds and reproductive justice networks
In
January 2023, there were more incremental wins for the pro-choice side.
The FDA expanded access to medication abortion(opens in a new tab), the
most commonly-used procedure. President Biden directed the
government(opens in a new tab) to do everything it could to support that
access. New York lawmakers voted to codify abortion rights in the state
constitution(opens in a new tab), pending likely voter approval;
Virginia is getting started on the same process; New Mexico is looking
to get its rights enshrined faster(opens in a new tab).
What to
watch: Undeterred by the midterms, red states are set to introduce a
wave of anti-abortion bills(opens in a new tab) in their coming
legislative sessions. Some will attempt to curtail that medication
access via local pharmacies. This battle is shaping up to be a long one,
and it's just beginning.
18. Tech layoffs aren't telling the whole story.
On
the surface, the numbers coming out of the tech world are brutal.
Salesforce recently announced layoffs covering 10 percent of the
company(opens in a new tab). Meta is in the midst of a 13 percent cut.
Elon Musk's Twitter is down to a skeleton staff. Google and Amazon are
slashing many thousands of jobs too.
But don't break out the
violins for tech workers yet. There is nothing approaching a recession
in the industry. The unemployment rate in Silicon Valley is a mere 2.3
percent(opens in a new tab), lower than the 3.5 percent national
average. California overall, and the Bay Area in particular, are still
adding jobs. So is the tech sector, according to the latest
analysis(opens in a new tab).
Large layoffs at giant firms are
best seen as a correction to the overly optimistic hiring spree those
companies went on(opens in a new tab) during the pandemic, when we
needed their services more than ever. There are no signs of a recession
in this industry that is increasingly important to the economy as a
whole.
What to watch: If the tech giants get a bad rep among
engineers for poor planning during this pink-slip parade, they may find
it harder to attract talent in the future. When there are an array of
intriguing startups, who would want the hassle of working for someone as
mercurial as Musk — or any of the other tech titans using workers as
pawns(opens in a new tab) in their ongoing battle with organized labor?
19. California got the water it needed.
You
didn't have to live in the Golden State to see the havoc that climate
change wrought in January: increased and repeated rounds of storms,
leading to flooding and mudslides. Here's the upside, though: Record
levels of rainfall have replenished the reservoirs(opens in a new tab)
and built up the all-important snowpack in the Sierras(opens in a new
tab). Gavin Newson's state will need a lot more water to get out of its
years-long statewide megadrought — which, yes, is still ongoing — but
the largely unexpected storms have helped make its 2023 outlook more
rosy.
What to watch: Billions of gallons of water were still
lost from the storms as they headed back to the sea without being
captured. California is embarking on a series of new water-capturing
projects(opens in a new tab), but it's still anyone's guess whether that
will help end the megadrought in the longterm.
20. More artifacts are being returned to their rightful countries.
A group of German and Nigerian officials holding artifacts
German and Nigerian ministers at a ceremony returning the looted art. Credit: Florian Gaertner/Photothek via Getty Images
It
began last year with the Benin Bronzes, sculptures that had been seized
in Nigeria by British soldiers in 1897 and since dispersed into public
and private collections around the world. Germany signed a deal to
return 1,100 Benin Bronzes(opens in a new tab) and "right a wrong" from
colonial history. That started a groundswell. Museums and universities
with Benin Bronzes in the UK, plus the Smithsonian, followed suit(opens
in a new tab); a Houston museum returned a looted sarcophagus to
Egypt(opens in a new tab) – and though the British Museum is dithering
about its Benin collection, it is at least negotiating with the Greek
government about returning the Elgin Marbles(opens in a new tab).
It's
early days for what is likely to be a multi-decade process of deciding
where looted treasures should go, but the museum world's ethical arrows
are starting to point in the right direction.
What to watch: The
coronation of King Charles III in May, and specifically whether his
Queen Consort Camilla will be wearing a crown with the Koh-i-noor
diamond(opens in a new tab). If so — or even if she shuns it — that
attention could raise the temperature on a heated debate about whether
the Koh-i-noor should be returned to India (or Pakistan or Afghanistan,
which also claim it.)
21. The air is getting cleaner.
In the
U.S.(opens in a new tab), in Europe(opens in a new tab), and yes, even
in China(opens in a new tab), the trend is clear: you can see further
and breathe easier with each year that passes. Fine particulate matter
pollution has fallen by 41 percent in the U.S. since 1990, saving
370,000 lives a year – which means around 30,000 people this month are
not dropping dead from gunk in their lungs). European clean air laws are
now saving 700,000 lives a year (58,000 a month) in the same time
frame. Meanwhile, China is soaking up its smog so fast (in part by
planting a Belgium-sized amount of forest every year(opens in a new
tab)) that it has achieved the same percentage reduction as the U.S. –
but just in the last 10 years, not 30.
What to watch: Megacities
around the world are seeing worsening smog this winter, including
Bangkok(opens in a new tab), Delhi(opens in a new tab) and Mumbai(opens
in a new tab). How bad will it have to get for their governments to take
aggressive action?
22. More of the Earth's non-human inhabitants are safe.
Female Fender's blue butterfly among grasslands.
In
Oregon, the Fender's blue butterfly was downlisted from endangered to
threatened under the federal Endangered Species Act in January 2023.
Credit: Jeff Dillon/USFWS
America's Endangered Species Act turns
50(opens in a new tab) in 2023; the Center for Biological Diversity says
it has saved 291 species so far(opens in a new tab), and that 80
percent of species on the endangered list are on the road to recovery.
Just take a look at the announcements from the first month of the year: a
sparrow in San Clemente(opens in a new tab), a rare butterfly in
Oregon,(opens in a new tab) and mussels in Virginia(opens in a new tab)
are among species to have officially bounced back from the brink, thanks
to biologists (and in some cases, an assist from the Pentagon(opens in a
new tab)).
On top of that, a foal was just born to a critically
endangered species of horse(opens in a new tab) thanks in part to
cloned DNA. Our species preservation know-how is just getting started.
What
to watch: Montana, where an out-of-control hunting culture has killed
vast numbers of recently delisted wolves – and may be coming for grizzly
bears next(opens in a new tab).
23. AI continues to amuse and outrage — but not threaten creativity.
Finally,
let's look at the future fear du jour, artificial intelligence. January
2023 was prime time for OpenAI's ChatGPT, which has seen a stunning
adoption curve — and just passed the 1 million user mark. OpenAI's
previous and equally controversial product, DALL-E, synthesizes the work
of online artists to create all the visuals a user can request. Both
have inspired awe, fear, and outrage over their apparent capabilities to
create texts and art like a human.
SEE ALSO: The ChatGPT chatbot from OpenAI is amazing, creative, and totally wrong
But
do those capabilities stand up to scrutiny? Sure, ChatGPT theoretically
enables student plagiarism — but it also works as a tool for teachers
and professors to help them detect ChatGPT-written homework. Yes, it
seems to help professionals write pro forma documents — January saw a
flurry of stories about real-estate agents in particular loving it for
property listings(opens in a new tab).
Try to make it write
something creative or thoughtful and truthful, and ChatGPT flounders.
Use it for a while and you'll start to get bored by its grade-school
story writing skills. You'll spot more and more of ChatGPT's alternative
facts creep in; one Princeton professor calls the app a "bullshit
generator(opens in a new tab)," and he's not far from the mark.
What
to watch: Two lawsuits targeting AI art apps(opens in a new tab) that
are allegedly using copyrighted material in a way that isn't covered by
fair use. A landmark court decision on the topic, whichever way it goes,
could make the rest of 2023 very interesting indeed.
Elizabeth II
queen of United Kingdom
Alternate
titles: Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, Elizabeth II, by the Grace of God, of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of her
other realms and territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender
of the Faith
By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Last Updated: Sep 19, 2022 Edit History
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II
See all media
Born: April 21, 1926 London England
Died: September 8, 2022 (aged 96) Balmoral Castle Scotland
House / Dynasty: house of Windsor
Notable
Family Members: spouse Philip, Duke of Edinburgh father George VI
mother Elizabeth daughter Anne, the Princess Royal son Prince Edward,
earl of Wessex son Prince Andrew, duke of York son Charles III sister
Princess Margaret
Summary
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Elizabeth
II, in full Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, officially Elizabeth II, by the
Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland and of her other realms and territories Queen, Head of the
Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith, (born April 21, 1926, London,
England—died September 8, 2022, Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire,
Scotland), queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland from February 6, 1952, to September 8, 2022. In 2015 she
surpassed Victoria to become the longest-reigning monarch in British
history.
Early life
Queen Elizabeth, King George VI, Princess Margaret, and Princess Elizabeth
Queen Elizabeth, King George VI, Princess Margaret, and Princess Elizabeth
Princess Elizabeth
Princess Elizabeth
Elizabeth
was the elder daughter of Prince Albert, duke of York, and his wife,
Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon. As the child of a younger son of King George
V, the young Elizabeth had little prospect of acceding to the throne
until her uncle, Edward VIII (afterward duke of Windsor), abdicated in
her father’s favour on December 11, 1936, at which time her father
became King George VI and she became heir presumptive. The princess’s
education was supervised by her mother, who entrusted her daughters to a
governess, Marion Crawford; the princess was also grounded in history
by C.H.K. Marten, afterward provost of Eton College, and had instruction
from visiting teachers in music and languages. During World War II she
and her sister, Princess Margaret Rose, perforce spent much of their
time safely away from the London blitz and separated from their parents,
living mostly at Balmoral Castle in Scotland and at the Royal Lodge,
Windsor, and Windsor Castle.
Britain's Queen Elizabeth II smiles
to the crowd from Buckingham Palace (London, England) balcony at the end
of the Platinum Pageant in London on June 5, 2022 as part of Queen
Elizabeth II's platinum jubilee celebrations. The curtain comes down on
four days of momentous nationwide celebrations to honor Queen Elizabeth
II's historic Platinum Jubilee with a day-long pageant lauding the 96
year old monarch's record seven decades on the throne. (British royalty)
READ MORE ON THIS TOPIC
Elizabeth II: A Life in Pictures
Remembering a life of dignity, grace, and duty.
Princess Elizabeth and Philip, duke of Edinburgh: wedding
Elizabeth II: family
Philip, duke of Edinburgh
Early
in 1947 Princess Elizabeth went with the king and queen to South
Africa. After her return there was an announcement of her betrothal to
her distant cousin Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten of the Royal Navy,
formerly Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark. The marriage took place in
Westminster Abbey on November 20, 1947. On the eve of the wedding her
father, the king, conferred upon the bridegroom the titles of duke of
Edinburgh, earl of Merioneth, and Baron Greenwich. They took residence
at Clarence House in London. Their first child, Prince Charles (Charles
Philip Arthur George), was born November 14, 1948, at Buckingham Palace.
Accession to the throne
Elizabeth II: crtion
proclamation declaring Elizabeth II queen of the United Kingdom
Elizabeth II: opening of Parliament
Elizabeth II: Christmas broadcast
In
the summer of 1951 the health of King George VI entered into a serious
decline, and Princess Elizabeth represented him at the Trooping the
Colour and on various other state occasions. On October 7 she and her
husband set out on a highly successful tour of Canada and Washington,
D.C. After Christmas in England she and the duke set out in January 1952
for a tour of Australia and New Zealand, but en route, at Sagana,
Kenya, news reached them of the king’s death on February 6, 1952.
Elizabeth, now queen, at once flew back to England. The first three
months of her reign, the period of full mourning for her father, were
passed in comparative seclusion. But in the summer, after she had moved
from Clarence House to Buckingham Palace, she undertook the routine
duties of the sovereign and carried out her first state opening of
Parliament on November 4, 1952. Her crtion was held at Westminster Abbey
on June 2, 1953.
Elizabeth II: royal tour of New Zealand
Beginning
in November 1953 the queen and the duke of Edinburgh made a six-month
round-the-world tour of the Commonwealth, which included the first visit
to Australia and New Zealand by a reigning British monarch. In 1957,
after state visits to various European nations, she and the duke visited
Canada and the United States. In 1961 she made the first royal British
tour of the Indian subcontinent in 50 years, and she was also the first
reigning British monarch to visit South America (in 1968) and the
Persian Gulf countries (in 1979). During her “Silver Jubilee” in 1977,
she presided at a London banquet attended by the leaders of the 36
members of the Commonwealth, traveled all over Britain and Northern
Ireland, and toured overseas in the South Pacific and Australia, in
Canada, and in the Caribbean.
Elizabeth II: family
Elizabeth II: corgis
On
the accession of Queen Elizabeth, her son Prince Charles became heir
apparent; he was named prince of Wales on July 26, 1958, and was so
invested on July 1, 1969. The queen’s other children were Princess Anne
(Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise), born August 15, 1950, and created
princess royal in 1987; Prince Andrew (Andrew Albert Christian Edward),
born February 19, 1960, and created duke of York in 1986; and Prince
Edward (Edward Anthony Richard Louis), born March 10, 1964, and created
earl of Wessex and Viscount Severn in 1999. All these children have the
surname “of Windsor,” but in 1960 Elizabeth decided to create the
hyphenated name Mountbatten-Windsor for other descendants not styled
prince or princess and royal highness. Elizabeth’s first grandchild
(Princess Anne’s son) was born on November 15, 1977.
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The modern monarchy
Elizabeth II: funeral for Princess Diana
Queen Elizabeth II: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
The
queen seemed increasingly aware of the modern role of the monarchy,
allowing, for example, the televising of the royal family’s domestic
life in 1970 and condoning the formal dissolution of her sister’s
marriage in 1978. In the 1990s, however, the royal family faced a number
of challenges. In 1992, a year that Elizabeth referred to as the royal
family’s annus horribilis, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, princess
of Wales, separated, as did Prince Andrew and his wife, Sarah, duchess
of York. Moreover, Anne divorced, and a fire gutted the royal residence
of Windsor Castle. In addition, as the country struggled with a
recession, resentment over the royals’ lifestyle mounted, and in 1992
Elizabeth, although personally exempt, agreed to pay taxes on her
private income. The separation and later divorce (1996) of Charles and
the immensely popular Diana further eroded support for the royal family,
which was viewed by some as antiquated and unfeeling. The criticism
intensified following Diana’s death in 1997, especially after Elizabeth
initially refused to allow the national flag to fly at half-staff over
Buckingham Palace. In line with her earlier attempts at modernizing the
monarchy, the queen subsequently sought to present a less-stuffy and
less-traditional image of the monarchy. These attempts were met with
mixed success.
British royal family
Elizabeth II with U.S. Pres. Barack Obama
Elizabeth II and Catherine, duchess of Cambridge
In
2002 Elizabeth celebrated her 50th year on the throne. As part of her
“Golden Jubilee,” events were held throughout the Commonwealth,
including several days of festivities in London. The celebrations were
somewhat diminished by the deaths of Elizabeth’s mother and sister early
in the year. Beginning in the latter part of the first decade of the
21st century, the public standing of the royal family rebounded, and
even Charles’s 2005 marriage to Camilla Parker Bowles found much support
among the British people. In April 2011 Elizabeth led the family in
celebrating the wedding of Prince William of Wales—the elder son of
Charles and Diana—and Catherine Middleton. The following month she
surpassed George III to become the second longest-reigning monarch in
British history, behind Victoria. Also in May, Elizabeth made a historic
trip to Ireland, becoming both the first British monarch to visit the
Irish republic and the first to set foot in Ireland since 1911. In 2012
Elizabeth celebrated her “Diamond Jubilee,” marking 60 years on the
throne. On September 9, 2015, she surpassed Victoria’s record reign of
63 years and 216 days.
Elizabeth II at the funeral of Philip, duke of Edinburgh
Elizabeth II and Prince Philip
In
August 2017 Prince Philip officially retired from public life, though
he periodically appeared at official engagements after that. In the
meantime, Elizabeth began to reduce her own official engagements,
passing some duties on to Prince Charles and other senior members of the
royal family, though the pool of stand-ins shrank when Charles’s
younger son, Prince Harry, duke of Sussex, and his wife, Meghan, duchess
of Sussex, controversially chose to give up their royal roles in March
2020. During this period, public interest in the queen and the royal
family grew as a result of the widespread popularity of The Crown, a
Netflix television series about the Windsors that debuted in 2016.
Having dealt with several physical setbacks in recent years, Philip, who
had been Elizabeth’s husband for more than seven decades, died in April
2021. On their 50th wedding anniversary, in 1997, Elizabeth had said of
Philip, “He has, quite simply, been my strength and stay all these
years.” Because of social-distancing protocols brought about by the
cvd-19 pandemic, the queen sat alone in a choir stall in St. George’s
Chapel (in Windsor Castle) at Philip’s funeral. The widely disseminated
images of her tragic isolation were heartbreaking but emblematic of the
dignity and courage that she brought to her reign.
Elizabeth II and Liz Truss
In
June 2022 Britain celebrated Elizabeth’s 70 years on the throne with
the “Platinum Jubilee,” a four-day national holiday that included the
Trooping the Colour ceremony, a thanksgiving service at St. Paul’s
Cathedral, a pop music concert at Buckingham Palace, and a pageant that
employed street arts, theatre, music, circus, carnival, and costume to
honour the queen’s reign. Health issues limited Elizabeth’s involvement.
Concerns about the queen’s health also led to a break in tradition
when, in September, she appointed Boris Johnson’s replacement as prime
minister, Liz Truss, at Balmoral rather than at Buckingham Palace, where
she had formally appointed more than a dozen prime ministers.
Just
days later, on September 8, Elizabeth’s death, at age 96, shocked
Britain and the world. Prince Charles succeeded her on the throne as
King Charles III. Ten days of national commemoration of her life and
legacy—long planned as “Operation London Bridge”—followed. Notably, the
queen lay in state for a day in St. Giles’ Cathedral in Edinburgh and
then for three days in Westminster Hall in London, outside of which
mourners stood in a line that stretched for miles, in some cases waiting
for more than 24 hours to view Elizabeth’s casket. Her sombre funeral
ceremony in Westminster Abbey on September 19 was attended by an
estimated 100 heads of foreign governments. Following a procession to
Wellington Arch, during which Big Ben tolled, the queen’s casket was
borne by hearse to her final resting place in St. George’s Chapel at
Windsor Castle.
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth was known to favour
simplicity in court life and was also known to take a serious and
informed interest in government business, aside from the traditional and
ceremonial duties. Privately, she became a keen horsewoman; she kept
racehorses, frequently attended races, and periodically visited the
Kentucky stud farms in the United States. Her financial and property
holdings made her one of the world’s richest women.
Charles III
Head of the Commonwealth
Photograph of Charles III
Charles as Prince of Wales, 2017
King of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms
Reign 8 September 2022 – present
Predecessor Elizabeth II
Heir apparent William, Prince of Wales
Born Prince Charles of Edinburgh
14 November 1948 (age 73)
Buckingham Palace, London, England
Spouses
Diana Spencer
(m. 1981; div. 1996)
Camilla Parker Bowles
(m. 2005)
Issue
Detail
William, Prince of Wales
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex
Names
Charles Philip Arthur George[fn 1]
House Windsor[1]
Father Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Mother Elizabeth II
Religion Protestant[fn 2]
Signature Charles's signature in black ink
Education Gordonstoun
Alma mater Trinity College, Cambridge (MA)
Military career
Allegiance United Kingdom[fn 3]
Service/branch
Royal Navy
Royal Air Force[fn 3]
Active service 1971–1976
Rank See list
Commands held HMS Bronington
Royal family of
the United Kingdom and the
other Commonwealth realms
Charles
III (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948) is King of
the United Kingdom and 14 other Commonwealth realms.[fn 4] He acceded to
the throne on 8 September 2022 upon the death of his mother, Elizabeth
II. He was the longest-serving heir apparent in British history and, at
the age of 73, is the oldest person to ascend the British throne.
Charles
was born in Buckingham Palace during the reign of his maternal
grandfather, King George VI. Charles was three when his mother ascended
the throne in 1952, making him the heir apparent. He was made Prince of
Wales in 1958 and his investiture was held in 1969. He was educated at
Cheam and Gordonstoun schools, as was his father, Prince Philip, Duke of
Edinburgh. Charles later spent six months at the Timbertop campus of
Geelong Grammar School in Victoria, Australia. After earning a Bachelor
of Arts degree from the University of Cambridge, Charles served in the
Air Force and Navy from 1971 to 1976. In 1981, he married Lady Diana
Spencer, with whom he had two sons, William and Harry. In 1996, the
couple divorced after they had each engaged in well-publicised
extramarital affairs. In 2005, Charles married his long-time partner,
Camilla Parker Bowles.
As Prince of Wales, Charles undertook
official duties on behalf of Queen Elizabeth II. He founded the youth
charity the Prince's Trust in 1976, sponsors the Prince's Charities, and
is a patron, president, or a member of over 400 other charities and
organisations. He has advocated for the conservation of historic
buildings and the importance of architecture in society.[3] A critic of
modernist architecture, Charles worked on the creation of Poundbury, an
experimental new town based on his architectural tastes. He is also an
author or co-author of over 20 books. An environmentalist, Charles
supported organic farming and action to prevent climate change during
his time as the manager of the Duchy of Cornwall estates, earning him
awards and recognition from environmental groups.[4] He is also a
prominent critic of the adoption of genetically modified food. Charles's
support for homeopathy and other alternative medicine has been the
subject of criticism.
Early life, family and education
Christening
of Charles (centre, wearing the royal christening gown) in 1948: (from
left to right) his grandfather George VI, his mother Princess Elizabeth
holding the infant Charles, his father Philip and his grandmother Queen
Elizabeth
Charles was born at 21:14 (GMT) on 14 November 1948,[5]
during the reign of his maternal grandfather, King George VI. He was the
first child of Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh (later Queen
Elizabeth II), and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.[6] His parents would have
three additional children, Anne (born 1950), Andrew (born 1960) and
Edward (born 1964). On 15 December 1948, at four weeks old, he was
christened in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace by the Archbishop of
Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher.[fn 5][8]
In February 1952, upon the
death of his grandfather and the accession of his mother as Queen
Elizabeth II, Charles became the heir apparent. Under a charter of King
Edward III in 1337, and as the monarch's eldest son, he automatically
assumed the traditional titles of the Duke of Cornwall and, in the
Scottish peerage, the titles Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of
Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, and Prince and Great Steward of
Scotland.[9] On 2 June 1953, Charles attended his mother's crtion at
Westminster Abbey.[10]
When Charles turned five, a governess,
Catherine Peebles, was appointed to oversee his education at Buckingham
Palace.[11] On 7 November 1956, Charles commenced classes at Hill House
School in west London.[12] He was the first heir apparent to attend
school rather than be educated by a private tutor.[13] He did not
receive preferential treatment from the school's founder and headmaster,
Stuart Townend, who advised the Queen to have Charles train in football
because the boys were never deferential to anyone on the football
field.[14] Charles then attended two of his father's former schools,
Cheam Preparatory School in Hampshire, England,[15] from 1958,[12]
followed by Gordonstoun in the north-east of Scotland,[16] beginning
classes there in April 1962.[12]
With his parents and sister Anne, October 1957
In
Charles's 1994 authorised biography by Jonathan Dimbleby, Elizabeth and
Philip were described as physically and emotionally distant parents,
and Philip was blamed for his disregard of Charles's sensitive nature
and forcing him to attend Gordonstoun, where he was bullied.[17] Though
Charles reportedly described Gordonstoun, noted for its especially
rigorous curriculum, as "Colditz in kilts",[15] he subsequently praised
Gordonstoun, stating it had taught him "a great deal about myself and my
own abilities and disabilities. It taught me to accept challenges and
take the initiative." In a 1975 interview, he said he was "glad" he had
attended Gordonstoun and that the "toughness of the place" was "much
exaggerated".[18] He spent two terms in 1966 at the Timbertop campus of
Geelong Grammar School in Victoria, Australia, during which time he
visited Papua New Guinea on a school trip with his history tutor,
Michael Collins Persse.[19][20] In 1973, Charles described his time at
Timbertop as the most enjoyable part of his whole education.[21] Upon
his return to Gordonstoun, Charles emulated his father in becoming head
boy. He left in 1967 with six GCE O-levels and two A-levels in history
and French, at grades B and C respectively.[19][22] On his early
education, Charles later remarked, "I didn't enjoy school as much as I
might have, but that was only because I'm happier at home than anywhere
else."[18]
Charles broke royal tradition a second time when he
proceeded straight to university after his A-levels, rather than joining
the British Armed Forces.[15] In October 1967, he was admitted to
Trinity College, Cambridge, where he read archaeology and anthropology
for the first part of the Tripos, and then changed to history for the
second part.[23][19] During his second year, Charles attended the
University College of Wales in Aberystwyth, studying Welsh history and
language for a term.[19] He graduated from the University of Cambridge
with a 2:2 Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree on 23 June 1970, the first
British heir apparent to earn a university degree.[19][24] As per
tradition, on 2 August 1975, his BA was promoted to a Master of Arts (MA
Cantab) degree: at Cambridge, Master of Arts is not a postgraduate
degree.[19]
Prince of Wales
Charles and his first wife
Diana with Sir James Ramsay, Governor of Queensland (far left), and
Ramsay's wife Janet (far right), Brisbane, 1983
Charles was created
Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 26 July 1958,[25] though his
investiture was not held until 1 July 1969, when he was crowned by his
mother in a televised ceremony held at Caernarfon Castle.[26] He took
his seat in the House of Lords in 1970,[27] and he made his maiden
speech in June 1974,[28] the first royal to speak from the floor since
the future Edward VII in 1884.[29] He spoke again in 1975.[30] Charles
began to take on more public duties, founding the Prince's Trust in
1976,[31] and travelling to the United States in 1981.[32] In the
mid-1970s, Charles expressed an interest in serving as Governor-General
of Australia, at the suggestion of Australian prime minister Malcolm
Fraser, but because of a lack of public enthusiasm nothing came of the
proposal.[33] Charles commented: "So, what are you supposed to think
when you are prepared to do something to help and you are just told
you're not wanted?"[34]
Military training and career
Charles
served in the Royal Air Force and, following in the footsteps of his
father, grandfather and two of his great-grandfathers, in the Royal
Navy. During his second year at Cambridge, he requested and received
Royal Air Force training, learning to fly the Chipmunk aircraft with
Cambridge University Air Squadron. On 8 March 1971, he flew himself to
the Royal Air Force College Cranwell to train as a jet pilot.[35] He was
presented with his RAF wings in August 1971.[36] After the passing-out
parade that September, he embarked on a naval career and enrolled in a
six-week course at the Royal Naval College Dartmouth. He then served on
the guided-missile destroyer HMS Norfolk (1971–1972) and the frigates
HMS Minerva (1972–1973) and HMS Jupiter (1974). In 1974, he qualified as
a helicopter pilot at RNAS Yeovilton, and then joined 845 Naval Air
Squadron, operating from HMS Hermes.[37] He gave up flying after
crash-landing a BAe 146 in Islay in 1994, for which the crew was found
negligent by a board of inquiry.[38]
On 9 February 1976, Charles
took command of the coastal minehunter HMS Bronington for his last ten
months of active service in the navy.[37] In 1978, he took part in a
parachute training course at RAF Brize Norton after being appointed
colonel-in-chief of the Parachute Regiment a year earlier.[39]
Relationships and marriages
Bachelorhood
In his youth, Charles was amorously linked to a number of women. His great-uncle Lord Mountbatten advised him:
In
a case like yours, the man should sow his wild oats and have as many
affairs as he can before settling down, but for a wife he should choose a
suitable, attractive and sweet-charactered girl before she has met
anyone else she might fall for ... It is disturbing for women to have
experiences if they have to remain on a pedestal after marriage.[40]
Photograph by Allan Warren, 1972
Charles's
girlfriends included Georgiana Russell, the daughter of Sir John
Russell, who was British ambassador to Spain;[41] Lady Jane Wellesley,
the daughter of the 8th Duke of Wellington;[42] Davina Sheffield;[43]
Lady Sarah Spencer;[44] and Camilla Shand,[45] who later became his
second wife.[46]
Early in 1974, Mountbatten began corresponding
with Charles about a potential marriage to Amanda Knatchbull, who was
Mountbatten's granddaughter.[47] Charles wrote to Amanda's mother—Lady
Brabourne, who was also his godmother—expressing interest in her
daughter, to which she replied approvingly, though she suggested that a
courtship with the not yet 17-year-old girl was premature.[48] Four
years later, Mountbatten arranged for Amanda and himself to accompany
Charles on his 1980 tour of India. Both fathers, however, objected;
Philip feared that Charles would be eclipsed by his famous uncle (who
had served as the last British Viceroy and first Governor-General of
India), while Lord Brabourne warned that a joint visit would concentrate
media attention on the cousins before they could decide on becoming a
couple.[49] However, in August 1979, before Charles would depart alone
for India, Mountbatten was assassinated by the Irish Republican Army.
When Charles returned, he proposed to Amanda, but in addition to her
grandfather, she had lost her paternal grandmother and youngest brother
Nicholas in the bomb attack and was now reluctant to join the royal
family.[49] In June 1980, Charles officially turned down Chevening
House, placed at his disposal since 1974, as his future residence.
Chevening, a stately home in Kent, was bequeathed, along with an
endowment, to the Crown by the last Earl Stanhope, Amanda's childless
great-uncle, in the hope that Charles would eventually occupy it.[50] In
1977, a newspaper report mistakenly announced his engagement to
Princess Marie-Astrid of Luxembourg.[51]
Marriages
Marriage to Lady Diana Spencer
Main article: Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer
Charles and Diana visit Uluru in Australia, March 1983
Charles
first met Lady Diana Spencer in 1977 while he was visiting her home,
Althorp. He was the companion of her elder sister, Sarah, and did not
consider Diana romantically until mid-1980. While Charles and Diana were
sitting together on a bale of hay at a friend's barbecue in July, she
mentioned that he had looked forlorn and in need of care at the funeral
of his granduncle Lord Mountbatten. Soon, according to Charles's chosen
biographer, Jonathan Dimbleby, "without any apparent surge in feeling,
he began to think seriously of her as a potential bride", and she
accompanied Charles on visits to Balmoral Castle and Sandringham
House.[52]
Charles's cousin Norton Knatchbull and his wife told
Charles that Diana appeared awestruck by his position and that he did
not seem to be in love with her.[53] Meanwhile, the couple's continuing
courtship attracted intense attention from the press and paparazzi. When
Prince Philip told him that the media speculation would injure Diana's
reputation if Charles did not come to a decision about marrying her
soon, and realising that she was a suitable royal bride (according to
Mountbatten's criteria), Charles construed his father's advice as a
warning to proceed without further delay.[54]
Charles proposed to
Diana in February 1981; she accepted and they married in St Paul's
Cathedral on 29 July of that year. Upon his marriage, Charles reduced
his voluntary tax contribution from the profits generated by the Duchy
of Cornwall from 50% to 25%.[55] The couple lived at Kensington Palace
and at Highgrove House, near Tetbury, and had two children: Princes
William (b. 1982) and Henry (known as "Harry") (b. 1984). Charles set a
precedent by being the first royal father to be present at his
children's births.[13]
Within five years, the marriage was in
trouble due to the couple's incompatibility and near 13-year age
difference.[56][57] By November 1986, Charles had fully resumed his
affair with Camilla Parker Bowles (née Shand).[58] In a videotape
recorded by Peter Settelen in 1992, Diana admitted that by 1986, she had
been "deeply in love with someone who worked in this
environment."[59][60] It is thought she was referring to Barry
Mannakee,[61] who was transferred to the Diplomatic Protection Squad in
1986 after his managers had determined that his relationship with Diana
had been inappropriate.[60][62] Diana later commenced a relationship
with Major James Hewitt, the family's former riding instructor.[63]
Charles and Diana's evident discomfort in each other's company led to
them being dubbed "The Glums" by the press.[64] Diana exposed Charles's
affair with Camilla in a book by Andrew Morton, Diana, Her True Story.
Audio tapes of her own extramarital flirtations also surfaced.[64]
Persistent suggestions that Hewitt is Prince Harry's father have been
based on a physical similarity between Hewitt and Harry. However, Harry
had already been born by the time Diana's affair with Hewitt began.[65]
Legal separation and divorce
In
December 1992, British prime minister John Major announced the couple's
legal separation in Parliament. Earlier that year, the British press
had published transcripts of a passionate bugged telephone conversation
between Charles and Camilla from 1989, which was dubbed Camillagate by
the press.[66] Charles sought public understanding in a television film,
Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role, with Jonathan Dimbleby that
was broadcast on 29 June 1994. In an interview in the film, he confirmed
his own extramarital affair with Camilla, saying that he had rekindled
their association in 1986 only after his marriage to Diana had
"irretrievably broken down".[67][68] This was followed by Diana's own
admission of marital troubles in an interview with the BBC current
affairs show Panorama, broadcast on 20 November 1995.[69] Referring to
Charles's relationship with Camilla, she said: "Well, there were three
of us in this marriage, so it was a bit crowded." She also expressed
doubt about her husband's suitability for kingship.[70] Charles and
Diana divorced on 28 August 1996,[71] after being formally advised by
the Queen in December 1995 to end the marriage.[72] Diana was killed in a
car crash in Paris on 31 August of the following year; Charles flew to
Paris with Diana's sisters to accompany her body back to Britain.[73]
Marriage to Camilla Parker Bowles
Main article: Wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles
Charles and Camilla in Jamaica, March 2008
The
engagement of Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles was announced on 10
February 2005; he presented her with an engagement ring that had
belonged to his grandmother.[74] The Queen's consent to the marriage (as
required by the Royal Marriages Act 1772) was recorded in a Privy
Council meeting on 2 March.[75] In Canada, the Department of Justice
announced its decision that the Queen's Privy Council for Canada was not
required to meet to give its consent to the marriage, as the union
would not result in offspring and would have no impact on the succession
to the Canadian throne.[76]
Charles was the only member of the
royal family to have a civil rather than a church wedding in England.
Government documents from the 1950s and 1960s, published by the BBC,
stated that such a marriage was illegal, though these were dismissed by
Charles's spokesman,[77] and explained to be obsolete by the sitting
government.[78]
The marriage was scheduled to take place in a
civil ceremony at Windsor Castle, with a subsequent religious blessing
at St George's Chapel. The venue was subsequently changed to Windsor
Guildhall, because a civil marriage at Windsor Castle would oblige the
venue to be available to anyone who wished to be married there. Four
days before the wedding, it was postponed from the originally scheduled
date of 8 April until the following day in order to allow Charles and
some of the invited dignitaries to attend the funeral of Pope John Paul
II.[79]
Charles's parents did not attend the civil marriage
ceremony; the Queen's reluctance to attend possibly arose from her
position as Supreme Governor of the Church of England.[80] The Queen and
the Duke of Edinburgh did attend the service of blessing and later held
a reception for the newlyweds at Windsor Castle.[81] The blessing, by
the Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, at St George's Chapel,
Windsor Castle, was televised.[82]
Official duties
See also: List of official overseas trips made by Charles III
In
2008, The Daily Telegraph described Charles as the "hardest-working
member of the royal family".[83] He carried out 560 official engagements
in 2008,[83] 499 in 2010,[84] and over 600 in 2011.
During his
time as Prince of Wales, Charles undertook official duties on behalf of
the Queen.[85] He officiated at investitures and attended the funerals
of foreign dignitaries.[86] Charles made regular tours of Wales,
fulfilling a week of engagements each summer, and attending important
national occasions, such as opening the Senedd.[87] The six trustees of
the Royal Collection Trust met three times a year under his
chairmanship.[88]
In 1970, Charles visited Bermuda to mark the
Parliament of Bermuda's 350th anniversary. In his speech to parliament
and referring to the actions of Charles I, Charles said "Bearing in mind
I am the first Charles to have anything to do with a Parliament for 350
years, I might have turned nasty and dissolved you".[89] Charles also
represented the Queen at the independence celebrations in Fiji in
1970,[90] the Bahamas in 1973,[91] Papua New Guinea in 1975,[92]
Zimbabwe in 1980,[93] and Brunei in 1984.[94]
In 1983,
Christopher John Lewis, who had fired a shot with a .22 rifle at the
Queen in 1981, attempted to escape a psychiatric hospital in order to
assassinate Charles, who was visiting New Zealand with his first wife
Diana and son William.[95] While Charles was visiting Australia on
Australia Day in January 1994, David Kang fired two shots at him from a
starting pistol in protest of the treatment of several hundred Cambodian
asylum seekers held in detention camps.[96] In 1995, Charles became the
first member of the royal family to visit the Republic of Ireland in an
official capacity.[97] In 1997, Charles represented the Queen at the
Hong Kong handover ceremony.[98] At the ceremony, he read the Queen's
message to Hong Kongers, which said: "Britain is part of Hong Kong's
history and Hong Kong is part of Britain's history. We are also part of
each other's future".[99]
In 2000, Charles revived the tradition
of the Prince of Wales having an official harpist, in order to foster
Welsh talent at playing the harp, the national instrument of Wales.[100]
His service to the Canadian Armed Forces permits him to be informed of
troop activities, and allows him to visit these troops while in Canada
or overseas, taking part in ceremonial occasions.[101] For instance, in
2001 he placed a specially commissioned wreath, made from vegetation
taken from French battlefields, at the Canadian Tomb of the Unknown
Soldier,[102] and in 1981 he became the patron of the Canadian Warplane
Heritage Museum.[103] At the funeral of Pope John Paul II in 2005,
Charles unintentionally caused controversy when he shook hands with
Robert Mugabe, the President of Zimbabwe, who had been seated next to
him. Charles's office subsequently released a statement saying: "The
Prince of Wales was caught by surprise and not in a position to avoid
shaking Mr Mugabe's hand. The Prince finds the current Zimbabwean regime
abhorrent. He has supported the Zimbabwe Defence and Aid Fund, which
works with those being oppressed by the regime. The Prince also recently
met Pius Ncube, the Archbishop of Bulawayo, an outspoken critic of the
government."[104] In November 2001, Charles was struck in the face with
three red carnations by teenager Alina Lebedeva, whilst he was on an
official visit to Latvia.[105]
Official opening of the Fourth
Assembly at the Senedd in Cardiff, Wales. From left to right: Welsh
first minister Carwyn Jones, Prince Charles, his wife Camilla, Queen
Elizabeth II, and Senedd Llywydd Rosemary Butler, 7 June 2011
In
2010, Charles represented the Queen at the opening ceremony of the 2010
Commonwealth Games in Delhi, India.[106] He attends official events in
the United Kingdom in support of Commonwealth countries, such as the
Christchurch earthquake memorial service at Westminster Abbey in
2011.[107] From 15 to 17 November 2013, he represented the Queen for the
first time at a Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, in Colombo,
Sri Lanka.[108]
In 2013, Charles donated an unspecified sum of
money to the British Red Cross Syria Crisis appeal and DEC Syria appeal,
which is run by 14 British charities to help victims of the Syrian
civil war.[109] According to The Guardian, it is believed that after
turning 65 years old in 2013, Charles donated his state pension to an
unnamed charity that supports elderly people.[110] In March 2014,
Charles arranged for five million measles-rubella vaccinations for
children in the Philippines on the outbreak of measles in South-East
Asia. According to Clarence House, Charles was affected by news of the
damage caused by Typhoon Yolanda in 2013. International Health Partners,
of which he has been Patron since 2004, sent the vaccines, which are
believed to protect five million children below the age of five from
measles.[111]
Letters sent by Charles to government ministers
during 2004 and 2005 – the so-called black spider memos – presented
potential embarrassment following a challenge by The Guardian newspaper
to release the letters under the Freedom of Information Act 2000. In
March 2015, the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom decided that
Charles's letters must be released.[112] The letters were published by
the Cabinet Office on 13 May 2015.[113] Reaction to the memos upon their
release was largely supportive of Charles, with little criticism of
him.[114] The memos were variously described in the press as
"underwhelming"[115] and "harmless"[116] and that their release had
"backfired on those who seek to belittle him",[117] with reaction from
the public also supportive.[118] In 2015, it was revealed that Charles
had access to confidential UK cabinet papers.[119]
Charles's ninth visit to New Zealand in 2015
Charles
and Camilla made their first joint trip to the Republic of Ireland in
May 2015. The trip was called an important step in "promoting peace and
reconciliation" by the British Embassy.[120] During the trip, Charles
shook hands in Galway with Gerry Adams, leader of Sinn Féin and widely
believed to be the leader of the IRA, the militant group that had
murdered Charles's relatives in a terror attack. The Galway event was
described by the media as a "historic handshake" and a "significant
moment for Anglo-Irish relations".[121] In the run up to Charles's
visit, two Irish republican dissidents were arrested for planning a bomb
attack. Semtex and rockets were found at the Dublin home of suspect
Donal Ó Coisdealbha, member of a self-styled Óglaigh na hÉireann
organisation, who was later jailed for five and a half years.[122] He
was connected to a veteran republican, Seamus McGrane of County Louth, a
member of the Real IRA, who was jailed for 11 and a half years.[123]
Charles
has made frequent visits to Saudi Arabia in order to promote arms
exports for companies such as BAE Systems. In 2013,[124] 2014,[125] and
2015,[126] he met with the commander of Saudi Arabia's National Guard
Mutaib bin Abdullah. In February 2014, he took part in a traditional
sword dance with members of the Saudi royal family at the Janariyah
festival in Riyadh.[127] At the same festival, British arms company BAE
Systems was honoured by Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz.[128] Charles was
criticised by Scottish MP Margaret Ferrier in 2016 over his role in the
sale of Typhoon fighter jets to Saudi Arabia.[129] According to
Charles's biographer Catherine Mayer, a Time magazine journalist who
claims to have interviewed several sources from Charles's inner circle,
he "doesn't like being used to market weaponry" in deals with Saudi
Arabia and other Arab Gulf states. According to Mayer, Charles has only
raised his objections to being used to sell weapons abroad in
private.[130] Commonwealth heads of government decided at their 2018
meeting that Charles would be the next Head of the Commonwealth after
the Queen.[131] The head is chosen and therefore not hereditary.[132]
With Queen Elizabeth II and other world leaders to mark the 75th anniversary of D-Day on 5 June 2019
On
7 March 2019, the Queen hosted a Buckingham Palace event to mark the
50th anniversary of Charles's investiture as the Prince of Wales. Guests
at the event included the Duchess of Cornwall, the Duke and Duchess of
Cambridge, the Duke and Duchess of Sussex, Prime Minister Theresa May
and Welsh first minister Mark Drakeford.[133] The same month, at the
request of the British government, Charles and Camilla went on an
official tour to Cuba, making them the first British royalty to visit
the country. The tour was seen as an effort to form a closer
relationship between the UK and Cuba.[134]
In January 2020,
Charles became the first British patron of the International Rescue
Committee, a charity which aims to help refugees and those displaced by
war, persecution, or natural disaster.[135] In April 2021 and following a
surge in cvd-19 cases in India, Charles issued a statement, announcing
the launch of an emergency appeal for India by the British Asian Trust,
of which he is the founder. The appeal, called Oxygen for India, helped
with buying oxygen concentrators for hospitals in need.[136]
On
25 March 2020, it was announced that Charles had contracted cvd-19
during the pandemic. He and his wife subsequently isolated at their
Birkhall residence. Camilla was also tested but returned a negative
result.[137][138] Clarence House stated that he showed "mild symptoms"
but "remains in good health". They further explained, "It is not
possible to ascertain from whom the prince caught the virus owing to the
high number of engagements he carried out in his public role during
recent weeks."[138] Several newspapers were critical that Charles and
Camilla were tested promptly at a time when many NHS doctors, nurses and
patients had been unable to be tested expeditiously.[139] On 30 March
2020, Clarence House announced that Charles had recovered from the
virus, and that, after consulting his doctor, he was no longer
isolating.[140] Two days later, he stated in a video that he would
continue to practise social distancing.[141]
In October 2020, a
letter sent by Charles to Australian governor-general John Kerr after
the 1975 dismissal from office of Prime Minister Gough Whitlam was
released as a part of the collection of palace letters regarding the
1975 Australian constitutional crisis.[142] In the letter, Charles
appeared to be supportive of Kerr's decision, writing that what Kerr
"did last year was right and the courageous thing to do – and most
Australians seemed to endorse your decision when it came to the point,"
adding that he should not worry about "demonstrations and stupidities"
that arose following his decision.[142]
Delivering a speech in Bridgetown, after Barbados became a republic, November 2021
In
November 2021, Charles attended the ceremonies held to mark Barbados's
transition into a parliamentary republic, which removed the Queen as
Barbadian head of state.[143] Charles was invited by Prime Minister Mia
Mottley as the future head of the Commonwealth,[144] and it was the
first time that a member of the royal family attended the transition of a
realm to a republic.[145]
On 10 February 2022, it was announced
that Charles had tested positive for cvd-19 for a second time and was
self-isolating.[146] His wife later also confirmed contracting the
virus, followed by the Queen herself 10 days after Charles's second
diagnosis.[147] Charles and his wife had received doses of a cvd-19
vaccine in February 2021.[148]
Delivering the Queen's Speech on behalf of his mother, May 2022
In
May 2022, Charles attended the State Opening of Parliament and
delivered the Queen's Speech on behalf of his mother as a counsellor of
state for the first time.[149] In June 2022, The Times reported that
Charles had privately described the UK Government's Rwanda asylum plan
as "appalling" and feared that it would overshadow the June Commonwealth
Heads of Government meeting in Rwanda, where Charles represented the
Queen.[150] It was later reported that cabinet ministers had warned
Charles to avoid making political comments, as they feared a
constitutional crisis could arise if he continued to make such
statements once he became king.[151]
Reign
Pre-accession polling
Prior
to acceding to the British throne, opinion polls put Charles's
popularity with the British people at 42%,[152] with a 2018 BMG Research
poll finding that 46% of Britons wanted Charles to abdicate immediately
upon accession to the throne, in favour of William.[153] A 2021 opinion
poll reported that 60% of the British public had a favourable opinion
of him.[154]
Accession and crtion plans
See also: Proclamation of accession of Charles III and crtion of Charles III and Camilla
Charles III walking in Elizabeth II's funeral cortège towards Westminster Hall six days after her death
Charles
acceded to the British throne on 8 September 2022, following the death
of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II. Charles was the longest-serving
British heir apparent, surpassing Edward VII's record on 20 April
2011.[155] When he became monarch at the age of 73, he was the oldest
person to do so, the previous record holder being William IV, who was 64
when he became king in 1830.[156]
Plans for Charles's crtion
have been made for many years, under the code name Operation Golden
Orb.[157] Reports before his accession suggested that Charles's crtion
would be simpler and smaller in scale than his mother's in 1953,[158]
with the ceremony expected to be "shorter, smaller, less expensive and
more representative of different faiths and community groups – falling
in line with the King's wish to reflect the ethnic diversity of modern
Britain".[159] Nonetheless, the crtion will be a Church of England
ceremony and will require a crtion oath, the anointment, the delivery of
the orb and the enthronement.[160]
There had been speculation as
to what regnal name Charles would choose upon his succession to the
throne. In 2005, it was reported that Charles had suggested he might
choose to reign as George VII in honour of his grandfather George VI,
and to avoid associations with previous royals named Charles.[161][fn 6]
Charles's office said at the time that no decision had yet been
made.[162] Following the death of Queen Elizabeth II, Clarence House
confirmed that Charles would use the regnal name "Charles III".[163]
Charles
gave his first speech to the nation on 9 September at 18:00 BST, in
which he mourned his late mother and proclaimed his elder son, William,
Prince of Wales.[164]
On 10 September 2022, Charles was publicly
proclaimed king by the Accession Council. The ceremony was televised for
the first time.[165][131] Attendees included Prince William, Queen
Camilla, British prime minister Liz Truss, and her predecessors John
Major, Tony Blair, Gordon Brown, David Cameron, Theresa May and Boris
Johnson.[166]
The crtion of Charles III and Camilla is due to take place on 6 May 2023 at Westminster Abbey.[167]
Philanthropy and charity
Since
founding the Prince's Trust in 1976, Charles has established 16 more
charitable organisations and now serves as president of all of
those.[168][85] Together, these form a loose alliance called the
Prince's Charities, which describes itself as "the largest multi-cause
charitable enterprise in the United Kingdom, raising over £100 million
annually ... [and is] active across a broad range of areas including
education and young people, environmental sustainability, the built
environment, responsible business and enterprise and
international."[168]
In 2010, the Prince's Charities Canada was
established in a similar fashion to its namesake in the UK.[169] Charles
is also patron of over 400 other charities and organisations.[170] He
uses his tours of Canada as a way to help draw attention to youth, the
disabled, the environment, the arts, medicine, the elderly, heritage
conservation, and education.[171] In Canada, Charles has supported
humanitarian projects. Along with his two sons, he took part in
ceremonies that marked the 1998 International Day for the Elimination of
Racial Discrimination.[171] Charles has also set up the Prince's
Charities Australia, which is based in Melbourne, Victoria. The Prince's
Charities Australia is to provide a coordinating presence for Charles's
Australian and international charitable endeavours.[172]
Charles
was one of the first world leaders to express strong concerns about the
human rights record of Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu, initiating
objections in the international arena,[173] and subsequently supported
the FARA Foundation,[170] a charity for Romanian orphans and abandoned
children.[174]
Personal interests
Built environment
Charles
has openly expressed his views on architecture and urban planning; he
fostered the advancement of New Classical Architecture and asserted that
he "care[s] deeply about issues such as the environment, architecture,
inner-city renewal, and the quality of life."[175] In a speech given for
the 150th anniversary of the Royal Institute of British Architects
(RIBA) on 30 May 1984, he memorably described a proposed extension to
the National Gallery in London as a "monstrous carbuncle on the face of a
much-loved friend" and deplored the "glass stumps and concrete towers"
of modern architecture.[176] He asserted that "it is possible, and
important in human terms, to respect old buildings, street plans and
traditional scales and at the same time not to feel guilty about a
preference for facades, ornaments and soft materials,"[176] called for
local community involvement in architectural choices, and asked:
Why
can't we have those curves and arches that express feeling in design?
What is wrong with them? Why has everything got to be vertical,
straight, unbending, only at right angles – and functional?[176]
At the newly opened At-Bristol, 14 June 2000
Charles's
book and BBC documentary A Vision of Britain (1987) were also critical
of modern architecture, and he has continued to campaign for traditional
urbanism, human scale, restoration of historic buildings, and
sustainable design,[177] despite criticism in the press. Two of his
charities (the Prince's Regeneration Trust and the Prince's Foundation
for Building Community, which were later merged into one charity)
promote his views, and the village of Poundbury was built on land owned
by the Duchy of Cornwall to a master plan by Léon Krier under the
guidance of Charles and in line with his philosophy.[175]
Charles
helped establish a national trust for the built environment in Canada
after lamenting, in 1996, the unbridled destruction of many of the
country's historic urban cores. He offered his assistance to the
Department of Canadian Heritage in creating a trust modelled on
Britain's National Trust, a plan that was implemented with the passage
of the 2007 Canadian federal budget.[178] In 1999, Charles agreed to the
use of his title for the Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage
Leadership, awarded by the Heritage Canada Foundation to municipal
governments that have shown sustained commitment to the conservation of
historic places.[179] While visiting the United States and surveying the
damage caused by Hurricane Katrina, Charles received the National
Building Museum's Vincent Scully Prize in 2005, for his efforts in
regard to architecture; he donated $25,000 of the prize money towards
restoring storm-damaged communities.[180]
From 1997, Charles has
visited Romania to view and highlight the destruction of Orthodox
monasteries and Transylvanian Saxon villages during the Communist rule
of Nicolae Ceaușescu.[181][182] Charles is patron of the Mihai Eminescu
Trust, a Romanian conservation and regeneration organisation,[183] and
has purchased a house in Romania.[184] Historian Tom Gallagher wrote in
the Romanian newspaper România Liberă in 2006 that Charles had been
offered the Romanian throne by monarchists in that country; an offer
that was reportedly turned down,[185] but Buckingham Palace denied the
reports.[186] Charles also has "a deep understanding of Islamic art and
architecture", and has been involved in the construction of a building
and garden at the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies that combine Islamic
and Oxford architectural styles.[187]
Charles has occasionally
intervened in projects that employ architectural styles such as
modernism and functionalism.[188][189] In 2009, Charles wrote to the
Qatari royal family, the developers of the Chelsea Barracks site,
labelling Lord Rogers's design for the site "unsuitable". Subsequently,
Rogers was removed from the project and the Prince's Foundation for the
Built Environment was appointed to propose an alternative.[190] Rogers
claimed the Prince had also intervened to block his designs for the
Royal Opera House and Paternoster Square, and condemned Charles's
actions as "an abuse of power" and "unconstitutional".[190] Lord Foster,
Zaha Hadid, Jacques Herzog, Jean Nouvel, Renzo Piano, and Frank Gehry,
among others, wrote a letter to The Sunday Times complaining that the
Prince's "private comments" and "behind-the-scenes lobbying" subverted
the "open and democratic planning process".[191] Piers Gough and other
architects condemned Charles's views as "elitist" in a letter
encouraging colleagues to boycott a speech given by Charles to RIBA in
2009.[189] CPC Group, the developer of the project, took a case against
Qatari Diar to the High Court, which described Charles's intervention as
"unwelcome".[192] After the case was settled, the CPC Group apologised
to him "for any offence caused by the decision to commence litigation
against Qatari Diar and the allegations made by CPC during the course of
the proceedings".[192]
In 2010, the Prince's Foundation for the
Built Environment decided to help reconstruct and redesign buildings in
Port-au-Prince, Haiti after the capital was destroyed by the 2010 Haiti
earthquake.[193] The foundation is known for refurbishing historic
buildings in Kabul, Afghanistan and Kingston, Jamaica. The project has
been called the "biggest challenge yet" for the Prince's Foundation for
the Built Environment.[194] For his work as patron of New Classical
Architecture, in 2012 Charles was awarded the Driehaus Architecture
Prize for patronage. The prize, awarded by the University of Notre Dame,
is considered the highest architecture award for New Classical
Architecture and urban planning.[195]
Livery company commitments
The
Worshipful Company of Carpenters installed Charles as an Honorary
Liveryman "in recognition of his interest in London's
architecture."[196] Charles is also Permanent Master of the Worshipful
Company of Shipwrights, a Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Drapers,
an Honorary Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Musicians, an Honorary
Member of the Court of Assistants of the Worshipful Company of
Goldsmiths, and a Royal Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of
Gardeners.[197]
Natural environment
Charles and Camilla
meeting Federal Emergency Management Agency officials in Louisiana, as
they arrive to tour the damage created by Hurricane Katrina, November
2005
Since the 1970s, Charles has promoted environmental
awareness.[198] At the age of 21, he delivered his first speech on
environmental issues in his capacity as the chairman of the Welsh
Countryside Committee.[199] In order to decrease his carbon footprint,
he has used biomass boilers for heating Birkhall, where he has also
installed a hydroelectric turbine in the river beside the estate. He has
utilised solar panels at Clarence House and Highgrove, and – besides
using electric cars on his estates – runs his Aston Martin DB6 on
E85.[200] An avid gardener, Charles has also emphasised the importance
of talking to plants, stating that "I happily talk to the plants and
trees, and listen to them. I think it's absolutely crucial".[201]
Upon
moving into Highgrove House, Charles developed an interest in organic
farming, which culminated in the 1990 launch of his own organic brand,
Duchy Originals,[202] which now sells more than 200 different
sustainably produced products, from food to garden furniture; the
profits (over £6 million by 2010) are donated to the Prince's
Charities.[202][203] His organic interest extends beyond farming into
landscaped spaces and Highgrove House practices organic lawn management
to increase biodiversity.[204] Documenting work on his estate, Charles
co-authored (with Charles Clover, environment editor of The Daily
Telegraph) Highgrove: An Experiment in Organic Gardening and Farming,
published in 1993, and offers his patronage to Garden Organic. Along
similar lines, Charles became involved with farming and various
industries within it, regularly meeting with farmers to discuss their
trade. Although the 2001 foot-and-mouth epidemic in England prevented
Charles from visiting organic farms in Saskatchewan, he met the farmers
at Assiniboia town hall.[205] In 2004, he founded the Mutton Renaissance
Campaign, which aims to support British sheep farmers and make mutton
more attractive to Britons.[206] His organic farming has attracted media
criticism: According to The Independent in October 2006, "the story of
Duchy Originals has involved compromises and ethical blips, wedded to a
determined merchandising programme."[207] A prominent critic of the
practice,[208] Charles III has also spoken against the use of GM crops
and in a letter to British prime minister Tony Blair in 1998, Charles
criticised the development of genetically modified foods.[209] He
repeated the same sentiments in 2008, arguing that having "one form of
clever genetic engineering after another then … will be guaranteed to
cause the biggest disaster environmentally of all time."[210]
In
2007, Charles received the tenth annual Global Environmental Citizen
Award from the Harvard Medical School's Center for Health and the Global
Environment, the director of which, Eric Chivian, stated: "For decades
the Prince of Wales has been a champion of the natural world ... He has
been a world leader in efforts to improve energy efficiency and in
reducing the discharge of toxic substances on land, and into the air and
the oceans".[211] Charles's travels by private jet drew criticism from
Plane Stupid's Joss Garman.[212]
In 2007, Charles launched the
Prince's May Day Network, which encourages businesses to take action on
climate change. Speaking to the European Parliament on 14 February 2008,
he called for European Union leadership in the war against climate
change. During the standing ovation that followed, Nigel Farage, the
leader of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), remained seated
and went on to describe Charles's advisers as "naive and foolish at
best."[213] In a speech to the Low Carbon Prosperity Summit in a
European Parliament chamber on 9 February 2011, Charles said that
climate change sceptics are playing "a reckless game of roulette" with
the planet's future and are having a "corrosive effect" on public
opinion. He also articulated the need to protect fisheries and the
Amazon rainforest, and to make low-carbon emissions affordable and
competitive.[214] In 2011, Charles received the Royal Society for the
Protection of Birds Medal for his engagement with the environment, such
as the conservation of rainforests.[215]
On 27 August 2012,
Charles addressed the International Union for Conservation of Nature –
World Conservation Congress, supporting the view that grazing animals
are needed to keep soils and grassland productive:
I have been
particularly fascinated, for example, by the work of a remarkable man
called Allan Savory, in Zimbabwe and other semi arid areas, who has
argued for years against the prevailing expert view that is the simple
numbers of cattle that drive overgrazing and cause fertile land to
become desert. On the contrary, as he has since shown so graphically,
the land needs the presence of feeding animals and their droppings for
the cycle to be complete so that soils and grassland areas stay
productive. Such that, if you take grazers off the land and lock them
away in vast feedlots, the land dies.[216]
In February 2014,
Charles visited the Somerset levels to meet residents affected by winter
flooding. During his visit, Charles remarked that "There's nothing like
a jolly good disaster to get people to start doing something. The
tragedy is that nothing happened for so long." He pledged a £50,000
donation, provided by the Prince's Countryside Fund, to help families
and businesses.[217] In December 2015, Charles delivered a speech at the
opening ceremony for COP21, making a plea to industries to put an end
to practices that cause deforestation.[218] In August 2019, it was
announced that Charles had collaborated with British fashion designers
Vin and Omi to produce a line of clothing made out of nettles found in
his Highgrove estate. Nettles are a type of plant which are usually
"perceived to have no value". The Highgrove plant waste was also used to
create the jewellery worn with the dresses.[219] In September 2020,
Charles launched RE:TV, an online platform featuring short films and
articles on issues such as climate change and sustainability. He serves
as the platform's editor-in-chief.[220] The platform later partnered
with Amazon Prime Video and WaterBear, another streaming platform
dedicated to environmental issues.[221] In the same month, he stated in a
speech that a military-style response similar to the Marshall Plan was
required to combat climate change.[222]
In January 2020, Charles
launched the Sustainable Markets Initiative at the World Economic
Forum's annual meeting in Davos, a project which encourages putting
sustainability at the centre of all activities.[223] In May 2020, his
Sustainable Markets Initiative and the World Economic Forum launched the
Great Reset project, a five-point plan concerned with enhancing
sustainable economic growth following the global recession caused by the
cvd-19 pandemic.[224] In January 2021, Charles launched Terra Carta
("Earth Charter"), a sustainable finance charter that would ask its
signatories to follow a set of rules towards becoming more sustainable
and make investments in projects and causes that help with preserving
the environment.[225] In July 2021, Charles and Jony Ive announced the
Terra Carta Design Lab, a competition conceived by the Royal College of
Art to find solutions to climate change and environmental issues,
winners of which would be supported financially and introduced to the
industry leads of the Sustainable Markets Initiative.[226] In September
2021, he launched the Food for the Future initiative, a programme with
contributions from Jimmy Doherty and Jamie Oliver which aims to educate
secondary school children about the food system and eliminating food
waste.[227] In his role as patron of the National Hedgelaying Society,
Charles has hosted receptions for the organisation's rural competition
at his Highgrove estate to assist with preserving hedgerows planted in
the UK.[228]
In June 2021, Charles attended a reception hosted by
the Queen during the 47th G7 summit, and a meeting between G7 leaders
and sustainable industry CEOs to discuss governmental and corporate
solutions to environmental problems.[229] In October 2021, he delivered a
speech at the 2021 G20 Rome summit, describing COP26 as "the last
chance saloon" for preventing climate change and asking for actions that
would lead to a green-led sustainable economy.[230] In his speech at
the opening ceremony for COP26, he repeated his sentiments from the
previous year, stating that "a vast military-style campaign" was needed
"to marshal the strength of the global private sector" for tackling
climate change.[231]
In 2021, Charles spoke to the BBC about the
environment and said two days a week he eats no meat nor fish and one
day a week he eats no dairy products.[232] In 2022, it was reported that
he eats a breakfast of fruit salad, seeds and tea. He does not eat
lunch, but takes a break for tea at 5 p.m. and eats dinner at 8:30 p.m.
and then returns to work until midnight or after.[233]
Charles,
who is patron of the Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership,
launched the Climate Action Scholarships for students from small island
nations in partnership with University of Cambridge, University of
Toronto, University of Melbourne, McMaster University and University of
Montreal in March 2022.[234] In September 2022, Charles hosted the
Global Allergy Symposium at Dumfries House with the Natasha Allergy
Research Foundation and 16 allergy experts from around the world to
discuss factors behind new emerging allergies, including biodiversity
loss and climate change.[235] In October 2022, it was reported that
British prime minister Liz Truss had advised the King against attending
COP27, to which he had agreed.[236]
Alternative medicine
See also: The Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health and The College of Medicine
Charles
and Camilla with NIH director Elias Zerhouni (second from left) and
Surgeon-General Richard Carmona (right), November 2005
Charles has
controversially championed alternative medicine.[237] He first expressed
his interest in alternative medicine publicly in December 1982 in an
address to the British Medical Association (BMA).[238] This speech was
seen as 'combative' and 'critical' of modern medicine, and was met with
anger by some medical professionals.[239] The Prince's Foundation for
Integrated Health (FIH) attracted opposition from the scientific and
medical community over its campaign encouraging general practitioners to
offer herbal and other alternative treatments to National Health
Service patients.[240][241] In June 2004, during a speech to healthcare
professionals at a conference, he advocated using Gerson therapy
treatments, such as coffee enemas, to treat cancer patients and said he
knew of a terminally ill cancer patient who was cured with
them.[242][241][243] He said: "I know of one patient who turned to
Gerson Therapy having been told that she was suffering from terminal
cancer, and would not survive another course of chemotherapy. Happily,
seven years later she is alive and well."[242] These comments drew
criticism from medical professionals such as Michael Baum.[244] In May
2006, Charles made a speech at the World Health Assembly in Geneva,
urging the integration of conventional and alternative medicine and
arguing for homeopathy.[245]
In April 2008, The Times published a
letter from Edzard Ernst, Professor of Complementary Medicine at the
University of Exeter, which asked the FIH to recall two guides promoting
alternative medicine, saying "the majority of alternative therapies
appear to be clinically ineffective, and many are downright dangerous." A
speaker for the FIH countered the criticism by stating: "We entirely
reject the accusation that our online publication Complementary
Healthcare: A Guide contains any misleading or inaccurate claims about
the benefits of complementary therapies. On the contrary, it treats
people as adults and takes a responsible approach by encouraging people
to look at reliable sources of information ... so that they can make
informed decisions. The foundation does not promote complementary
therapies."[246] That year, Ernst published a book with Simon Singh,
mockingly dedicated to "HRH the Prince of Wales", called Trick or
Treatment: Alternative Medicine on Trial. The last chapter is highly
critical of Charles's advocacy of complementary and alternative
treatments.[247]
Charles's Duchy Originals produced a variety of
complementary medicinal products including a "Detox Tincture" that
Edzard Ernst denounced as "financially exploiting the vulnerable" and
"outright quackery".[248] In 2009, the Advertising Standards Authority
criticised an email that Duchy Originals had sent out to advertise its
Echina-Relief, Hyperi-Lift and Detox Tinctures products saying that it
was misleading.[248] Charles personally wrote at least seven
letters[249] to the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
(MHRA) shortly before they relaxed the rules governing labelling of such
herbal products, a move that has been widely condemned by scientists
and medical bodies.[250] In October 2009, it was reported that Charles
had personally lobbied the Health Secretary, Andy Burnham, regarding
greater provision of alternative treatments in the NHS.[248]
In
April 2010, following accounting irregularities, a former official at
the FIH and his wife were arrested for fraud believed to total
£300,000.[251] Four days later, the FIH announced its closure, claiming
that it "has achieved its key objective of promoting the use of
integrated health."[252] The charity's finance director, accountant
George Gray, was convicted of theft totalling £253,000 and sentenced to
three years in prison.[253] The FIH was re-branded and re-launched later
in 2010 as The College of Medicine,[253][254] of which Charles became a
patron in 2019.[255] In 2016, Charles said in a speech that he used
homeopathic veterinary medicines to reduce antibiotic use at his
farm.[256] He drew criticism after becoming a patron of the Faculty of
Homeopathy on 27 June 2019.[257]
Sports
From his youth until
1992, Charles was an avid player of competitive polo. He continued to
play informally, including for charity, until 2005.[258] He was
occasionally injured after falling off horses,[259] and underwent two
operations in 1990 to fix fractures in his right arm.[260] Charles also
frequently took part in fox hunting until the sport was banned in the
United Kingdom in 2005. By the late 1990s, opposition to the activity
was growing when Charles's participation was viewed as a "political
statement" by those who were opposed to it. The League Against Cruel
Sports launched an attack against Charles after he took his sons on the
Beaufort Hunt in 1999. At that time, the government was trying to ban
hunting with hounds.[261] In 2001, he broke a small bone in his left
shoulder while hunting in Derbyshire.[262]
Charles has been a
keen salmon angler since youth and supports Orri Vigfússon's efforts to
protect the North Atlantic salmon. He frequently fishes the River Dee in
Aberdeenshire, Scotland, while he claims his most special angling
memories are from his time in Vopnafjörður, Iceland.[263] Charles is a
supporter of Burnley Football Club.[264]
Aside from hunting,
Charles has also participated in target rifle competitions, representing
the House of Lords in the Vizianagram Match (Lords vs. Commons) at
Bisley.[265] He became President of the British National Rifle
Association in 1977.[266]
Visual, performing and contemporary arts
Charles
is president or patron of more than 20 performing arts organisations,
which include the Royal College of Music, the Royal Opera, the English
Chamber Orchestra, the Philharmonia Orchestra, Welsh National Opera, and
the Purcell School. In 2000, he revived the tradition of appointing
harpists to the Royal Court, by appointing an Official Harpist to the
Prince of Wales. As an undergraduate at Cambridge, he played the cello
and has sung with the Bach Choir twice.[267] He was a member of Dryden
Society, Trinity College's drama group, and appeared in sketches and
revues.[268] Charles founded The Prince's Foundation for Children and
The Arts in 2002, to help more children experience the arts first-hand.
He is president of the Royal Shakespeare Company and attends
performances in Stratford-Upon-Avon, supports fundraising events and
attends the company's annual general meeting.[267] He enjoys
comedy,[269] and is interested in illusionism, becoming a member of The
Magic Circle after passing his audition in 1975 by performing the "cups
and balls" effect.[270] Charles has also been patron of the British Film
Institute since 1978.[271]
Charles is a keen and accomplished
watercolourist who has exhibited and sold a number of his works to raise
money for his charities and also published books on the subject. To
mark the 25th anniversary of his investiture as the Prince of Wales in
1994, the Royal Mail issued a series of postage stamps which featured
his paintings.[272] For his 50th birthday, 50 of his watercolours were
exhibited at Hampton Court Palace.[272] In 2001, 20 lithographs of his
watercolour paintings illustrating his country estates were exhibited at
the Florence International Biennale of Contemporary Art.[273] In 2016,
it was estimated that he had sold lithographs of his watercolours for a
total of £2 million from a shop at his Highgrove House residence.[272]
For his 70th birthday in 2018, his works were exhibited at the National
Gallery of Australia.[272] In 2022, 79 of his paintings were put on
display in London.[272] He is Honorary President of the Royal Academy of
Arts Development Trust.[274]
Charles was awarded the 2011
Montblanc de la Culture Arts Patronage Award by the Montblanc Cultural
Foundation for his support and commitment to the arts, particularly in
regard to young people.[275]
On 23 April 2016, Charles appeared
in a comedy sketch for the Royal Shakespeare Company's Shakespeare Live!
at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, to commemorate the 400th anniversary
of William Shakespeare's death in 1616. The event was televised live by
the BBC. Charles made a surprise entrance to settle the disputed
delivery of Hamlet's celebrated line, "To be or not to be, that is the
question".[276]
In January 2022, Charles commissioned seven
artists to paint portraits of seven Holocaust survivors. The paintings
were exhibited at the Queen's Gallery in Buckingham Palace and at the
Palace of Holyroodhouse and were featured in a BBC Two documentary
titled Survivors: Portraits of the Holocaust.[277]
Publications
Main article: Bibliography of Charles III
Charles
is the author of several books that reflect his own interests. He has
also contributed a foreword or preface to books by other writers and has
also written, presented and has been featured in documentary
films.[278]
Religion and philosophy
With Czech Orthodox priest Jaroslav Šuvarský in 2010
The
King is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.[279] He is also a
member of the Church of Scotland, and he swore an oath to uphold that
church immediately after he was proclaimed king in September 2022.[2]
Charles was confirmed at age 16 by Archbishop of Canterbury Michael
Ramsey at Easter 1965, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.[280] He
attends services at various Anglican churches close to Highgrove,[281]
and attends the Church of Scotland's Crathie Kirk with the rest of the
royal family when staying at Balmoral Castle. In 2000, he was appointed
as Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of
Scotland. Charles has visited (amid some secrecy) Eastern Orthodox
monasteries several times on Mount Athos[282] as well as in Romania[181]
and Serbia.[283] Charles is also patron of the Oxford Centre for
Islamic Studies at the University of Oxford, and in the 2000s, he
inaugurated the Markfield Institute of Higher Education, which is
dedicated to Islamic studies in a plural multicultural
context.[187][284]
Laurens van der Post became a friend of
Charles in 1977; he was dubbed his "spiritual guru" and was godfather to
Charles's son, Prince William.[285] From van der Post, Charles
developed a focus on philosophy and interest in other religions.[286]
Charles expressed his philosophical views in his 2010 book, Harmony: A
New Way of Looking at Our World,[287] which won a Nautilus Book
Award.[288] In November 2016, he attended the consecration of St Thomas
Cathedral, Acton, to be Britain's first Syriac Orthodox cathedral.[289]
In October 2019, he attended the canonisation of Cardinal Newman.[290]
Charles visited Eastern Church leaders in Jerusalem in January 2020
culminating in an ecumenical service in the Church of the Nativity in
Bethlehem, after which he walked through that city accompanied by
Christian and Muslim dignitaries.[291]
In his 1994 documentary
with Jonathan Dimbleby, Charles said that he wished to be seen as the
"Defender of Faith" as king, rather than the monarch's traditional title
of "Defender of the Faith", in order to respect other people's
religious traditions.[292] This attracted controversy at the time, as
well as speculation that the crtion oath may be altered.[293] He stated
in 2015 that he would retain the title of "Defender of the Faith",
whilst "ensuring that other people's faiths can also be practised",
which he sees as a duty of the Church of England.[294]
Media image
Since
his birth, Charles has received close media attention, which increased
as he matured. It has been an ambivalent relationship, largely impacted
by his marriages to Diana and Camilla and their aftermath, but also
centred on his future conduct as king, such as the 2014 play King
Charles III.[295] Known for expressing his opinions, when asked during
an interview to mark his 70th birthday whether this would continue in
the same way once he is king, he responded "No. It won't. I'm not that
stupid. I do realise that it is a separate exercise being sovereign. So,
of course, you know, I understand entirely how that should
operate".[296]
Charles and Diana with US president Ronald Reagan (at right) and First Lady Nancy Reagan (second from right) in November 1985
Described
as the "world's most eligible bachelor" in the late 1970s,[297] Charles
was subsequently overshadowed by Diana.[298] After her death, the media
regularly breached Charles's privacy and printed exposés. In 2003,
Diana's butler Paul Burrell published a note that he claimed had been
written by Diana in 1995, in which there were allegations that Charles
was "planning 'an accident' in [Diana's] car, brake failure and serious
head injury" so that he could marry again.[299] When questioned by the
Metropolitan Police inquiry team as a part of Operation Paget, Charles
told the authorities that he did not know about his former wife's note
from 1995 and could not understand why she had these feelings.[300]
Other
people who were formerly connected with Charles have betrayed his
confidence. In 1995, he obtained an injunction that prevented a former
housekeeper's memoirs from being published in the United Kingdom,
although they eventually sold 100,000 copies in the United States.[301]
Later, an ex-member of his household handed the press an internal memo
in which Charles commented on ambition and opportunity, and which was
widely interpreted as blaming meritocracy for creating a combative
atmosphere in society. Charles responded: "In my view, it is just as
great an achievement to be a plumber or a bricklayer as it is to be a
lawyer or a doctor".[302]
Charity donations
In 2021 and 2022,
two of Charles's charities, the Prince's Foundation and the Prince of
Wales's Charitable Fund, came under scrutiny for accepting donations
that were deemed inappropriate by the media. In August 2021, it was
announced that the Prince's Foundation was launching an investigation
into the reports that middlemen took cuts for setting up dinners
involving wealthy donors and Charles, at that time Prince of Wales, with
prices as high as £100,000 and the fixers taking up to 25% of the
fees.[303] After temporarily stepping down, Charles's aide Michael
Fawcett resigned from his role as chief executive of the Prince's
Foundation in November 2021,[304] following reports that he had fixed a
CBE for Saudi businessman Mahfouz Marei Mubarak bin Mahfouz who donated
more than £1.5 million to royal charities contrary to section 1 of the
Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act 1925.[305] Charles gave Mahfouz his
Honorary CBE at a private ceremony in the Blue Drawing Room at
Buckingham Palace in November 2016,[306] though the event was not
published in the Court Circular.[307] Clarence House responded that
Charles had "no knowledge of the alleged offer of honours or British
citizenship on the basis of donation to his charities and fully supports
the investigation".[308] The auditing firm EY, which carried out the
investigation, published a summary report in December 2021, stating that
Fawcett had co-ordinated with "fixers", but there was "no evidence that
trustees at the time were aware of these communications".[309] The
Charity Commission launched its own investigation into allegations that
the donations meant for the Prince's Foundation had been instead sent to
the Mahfouz Foundation.[310] In 2021, the foundation was also
criticised for accepting a £200,000 donation from Russian convict,[311]
Dmitry Leus,[312] whom Charles thanked in a letter,[313] and a £500,000
donation from Taiwanese fugitive Bruno Wang.[314] The donations by the
Russian convict led to an investigation by the Scottish Charity
Regulator.[315] In February 2022 the Metropolitan Police launched an
investigation into the cash-for-honours allegations linked to the
foundation.[316]
In June 2022, The Times reported that between
2011 and 2015 Charles accepted €3 million in cash from the prime
minister of Qatar, Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani.[317] The funds
were said to be in the form of €500 notes, handed over in person in
three tranches, in a suitcase, holdall and carrier bags.[317][318]
Charles's meetings with Al Thani did not appear in the Court
Circular.[317] Coutts collected the cash and each payment was deposited
into the accounts of the Prince of Wales's Charitable Fund.[318] There
is no evidence that the payments were illegal or that it was not
intended for the money to go to the charity.[318] The Charity Commission
announced they would review the information,[319] and in July 2022,
they announced that they would not be launching an investigation into
the donations as the information submitted had provided "sufficient
assurance" that due diligence had taken place.[320] In the same month,
The Times reported that on the Prince of Wales's Charitable Fund
receiving a donation of £1 million from Bakr bin Laden and Shafiq bin
Laden, both half-brothers of Osama bin Laden, during a private meeting
in 2013.[321][322] Charles and Bakr bin Laden had known each other since
2000.[322] The Charity Commission described the decision to accept
donations as a "matter for trustees" and added that based on the
available information no investigation was required.[323] In June 2022, a
senior palace aide said that cash donations would no longer be
accepted.[324]
Reaction to press treatment
In 1994, German
tabloid Bild published nude photos of Charles that were taken while he
was vacationing in Le Barroux.[325] They were reportedly put up for sale
for £30,000.[325] Buckingham Palace reacted by stating that it was
"unjustifiable for anybody to suffer this sort of intrusion".[326]
In
2002, Charles, "so often a target of the press, got his chance to
return fire" when addressing "scores of editors, publishers and other
media executives" gathered at St Bride's Fleet Street to celebrate 300
years of journalism.[327][328] Defending public servants from "the
corrosive drip of constant criticism", he noted that the press had been
"awkward, cantankerous, cynical, bloody-minded, at times intrusive, at
times inaccurate and at times deeply unfair and harmful to individuals
and to institutions."[328] But, he concluded, regarding his own
relations with the press, "from time to time we are probably both a bit
hard on each other, exaggerating the downsides and ignoring the good
points in each."[328]
Charles's anguish was recorded in his
private comments to Prince William, caught on a microphone during a
press photo-call in 2005 and published in the national press. After a
question from the BBC's royal correspondent, Nicholas Witchell, Charles
muttered: "These bloody people. I can't bear that man. I mean, he's so
awful, he really is."[329]
In 2006, Charles filed a court case
against the Mail on Sunday, after excerpts of his personal journals were
published, revealing his opinions on matters such as the transfer of
sovereignty of Hong Kong to China in 1997, in which Charles described
the Chinese government officials as "appalling old waxworks".[330][85]
Mark Bolland, his ex-private secretary, declared in a statement to the
High Court that Charles "would readily embrace the political aspects of
any contentious issue he was interested in ... He carried it out in a
very considered, thoughtful and researched way. He often referred to
himself as a 'dissident' working against the prevailing political
consensus."[330] Jonathan Dimbleby reported that Charles "has
accumulated a number of certainties about the state of the world and
does not relish contradiction."[331]
In 2015, The Independent
noted that Charles would only speak to broadcasters "on the condition
they have signed a 15-page contract, demanding that Clarence House
attends both the 'rough cut' and 'fine cut' edits of films and, if it is
unhappy with the final product, can 'remove the contribution in its
entirety from the programme'."[332] This contract stipulated that all
questions directed at Charles must be pre-approved and vetted by
representatives of Charles.[332]
Guest appearances on television
Charles
has occasionally appeared on television. In 1984, he read his
children's book The Old Man of Lochnagar for the BBC's Jackanory series.
The UK soap opera crtion Street featured an appearance by Charles
during the show's 40th anniversary in 2000,[333] as did the New Zealand
young adult cartoon series bro'Town (2005), after he attended a
performance by the show's creators during a tour of the country.[334]
Charles
was interviewed with Princes William and Harry by Ant & Dec to mark
the 30th anniversary of the Prince's Trust in 2006[335] and in 2016 was
interviewed by them again along with his sons and the Duchess of
Cornwall to mark the 40th anniversary.[336]
His saving of the
Scottish stately home Dumfries House was the subject of Alan
Titchmarsh's documentary Royal Restoration, which aired on TV in May
2012.[337] Also in May 2012, Charles tried his hand at being a weather
presenter for the BBC, reporting the forecast for Scotland as part of
their annual week at Holyrood Palace alongside Christopher Blanchett. He
injected humour in his report, asking, "Who the hell wrote this
script?" as references were made to royal residences.[338]
In
December 2015, Channel 4 News revealed that interviews with Charles were
subject to a contract that restricts questions to those previously
approved, and gives his staff oversight of editing and the right to
"remove the contribution in its entirety from the programme". Channel 4
News decided not to proceed with an interview on this basis, which some
journalists believed would put them at risk of breaching the Ofcom
Broadcasting Code on editorial independence and transparency.[339]
Residences and finance
Clarence House, Charles's official residence as Prince of Wales from 2003
Clarence
House, previously the residence of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother,
was Charles's official London residence from 2003 after being renovated
at a cost of £4.5 million.[340][341] He previously shared Apartments 8
and 9 at Kensington Palace with his first wife Diana, before moving to
York House, St James's Palace, which remained his principal residence
until 2003.[341] As prince, his primary source of income was generated
from the Duchy of Cornwall, which owns 133,658 acres of land (around
54,090 hectares), including farming, residential, and commercial
properties, as well as an investment portfolio. Highgrove House in
Gloucestershire is owned by the Duchy of Cornwall, having been purchased
for his use in 1980, and which Charles rents for £336,000 per
annum.[342] The Public Accounts Committee published its 25th report into
the Duchy of Cornwall accounts in November 2013 noting that the duchy
performed well in 2012–13, increasing its total income and producing an
overall surplus of £19.1 million.[343]
In 2007, Charles purchased
a 192-acre property (150 acres of grazing and parkland, and 40 acres of
woodland) in Carmarthenshire, and applied for permission to convert the
farm into a Welsh home for him and the Duchess of Cornwall, to be
rented out as holiday flats when the couple is not in residence.[344] A
neighbouring family said the proposals flouted local planning
regulations, and the application was put on hold temporarily while a
report was drafted on how the alterations would affect the local bat
population.[345] Charles and Camilla first stayed at the new property,
called Llwynywermod, in June 2008.[346] They also stay at Birkhall for
some holidays, which is a private residence on the Balmoral Castle
estate in Scotland, and was previously used by Queen Elizabeth The Queen
Mother.[347]
In 2016, it was reported that his estates received
£100,000 a year in European Union agricultural subsidies.[348] Starting
in 1993, Charles has paid tax voluntarily under the Memorandum of
Understanding on Royal Taxation, updated 2013.[349] In December 2012,
Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs were asked to investigate alleged tax
avoidance by the Duchy of Cornwall.[350] The Duchy of Cornwall is named
in the Paradise Papers, a set of confidential electronic documents
relating to offshore investment that were leaked to the German newspaper
Süddeutsche Zeitung. The papers show that the Duchy invested in a
Bermuda-based carbon credits trading company run by one of Charles's
Cambridge contemporaries. The investment was kept secret but there is no
suggestion that Charles or the estate avoided UK tax.[351]
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Main article: List of titles and honours of Charles III
See also: List of awards received by Charles III
A logo with "CR III" and a crown (coloured)
Royal cypher of Charles III, surmounted by the Tudor Crown[352]
A logo with "CR III" and a crown
Stylised version of the Scottish royal cypher of Charles III, surmounted by the Crown of Scotland[353]
Titles and styles
1948 – 1952: His Royal Highness Prince Charles of Edinburgh[354]
1952 – 1958: His Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall[fn 7]
26 July 1958 – 8 September 2022: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales
in Scotland: 6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022: His Royal Highness The Duke of Rothesay[fn 8]
8 September 2022 – present: His Majesty The King
Between
the death of his father Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh on 9 April
2021 and the death of his mother Elizabeth II, Charles also held the
title of Duke of Edinburgh.[355] The title merged with the Crown upon
his accession to the throne.[356]
When conversing with the King, the correct etiquette is to address him initially as Your Majesty and thereafter as Sir.[357]
Honours and military appointments
Charles
has held substantive ranks in the armed forces of a number of countries
since he was commissioned as a flight lieutenant in the Royal Air Force
in 1972. Charles's first honorary appointment in the armed forces was
as Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Regiment of Wales in 1969; since then,
he has also been installed as Colonel-in-Chief, Colonel, Honorary Air
Commodore, Air Commodore-in-Chief, Deputy Colonel-in-Chief, Royal
Honorary Colonel, Royal Colonel, and Honorary Commodore of at least 32
military formations throughout the Commonwealth, including the Royal
Gurkha Rifles, which is the only foreign regiment in the British
army.[358] Since 2009, Charles holds the second-highest ranks in all
three branches of the Canadian Forces and, on 16 June 2012, the Queen
awarded him the highest honorary rank in all three branches of the
British Armed Forces, "to acknowledge his support in her role as
Commander-in-Chief", installing him as Admiral of the Fleet, Field
Marshal and Marshal of the Royal Air Force.[359]
Charles has been
inducted into seven orders and received eight decorations from the
Commonwealth realms, and has been the recipient of 20 different honours
from foreign states, as well as nine honorary degrees from universities
in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.
Arms
Main article: Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom
On
his mother's death, Charles became king and therefore inherited the
royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom and Canada. The design of King
Charles III's royal cypher, featuring the Tudor crown rather than the St
Edward's Crown, was announced on 27 September 2022. According to the
College of Arms, the Tudor crown will now be used in representations of
the Royal Arms and on uniforms and crown badges.[360]
As Prince
of Wales, Charles used the arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a
white label, and an inescutcheon of the Principality of Wales
surmounted by the heir-apparent's crown.
Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales.svg
Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom.svg
Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (Scotland).svg
Coat
of arms as Prince of Wales (1958–2022) Royal coat of arms of the
United Kingdom Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom for use in
Scotland
Banners, flags, and standards
As sovereign
Royal Standard
United Kingdom (outside Scotland)
Scotland
Main article: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom
The
Royal Standard is used to represent the King in the United Kingdom and
overseas when he makes official visits. It is the royal arms in banner
form undifferentiated, having been used by successive British monarchs
since 1702.
As Prince of Wales
Banner of arms
Royal Standard of the Prince of Wales
Standard for Wales
Standard for Scotland
Banner of arms of the Duke of Cornwall
Standard of the Prince of Wales for personal use in Canada
The
banners used by Charles whilst Prince of Wales varied depending upon
location. His Personal Standard was the Royal Standard of the United
Kingdom differenced as in his arms with a label of three points Argent,
and the escutcheon of the arms of the Principality of Wales in the
centre. It is used outside Wales, Scotland, Cornwall, and Canada, and
throughout the entire United Kingdom when the prince is acting in an
official capacity associated with the UK Armed Forces.[361]
The
personal flag for use in Wales was based upon the Royal Badge of Wales
(the historic arms of the Kingdom of Gwynedd), which consist of four
quadrants, the first and fourth with a red lion on a gold field, and the
second and third with a gold lion on a red field. Superimposed is an
escutcheon Vert bearing the single-arched coronet of the Prince of
Wales.[361]
In Scotland, the personal banner used since 1974 is
based upon three ancient Scottish titles: Duke of Rothesay (heir
apparent to the King of Scots), High Steward of Scotland and Lord of the
Isles. The flag is divided into four quadrants like the arms of the
Chief of Clan Stewart of Appin; the first and fourth quadrants comprise a
gold field with a blue and silver checkered band in the centre; the
second and third quadrants display a black galley on a silver field. The
arms are differenced from those of Appin by the addition of an
inescutcheon bearing the tressured lion rampant of Scotland; defaced by a
plain label of three points Azure to indicate the heir apparent.[361]
In
Cornwall, the banner was the arms of the Duke of Cornwall: "Sable 15
bezants Or", that is, a black field bearing 15 gold coins.[361]
In
2011, the Canadian Heraldic Authority introduced a personal heraldic
banner for the Prince of Wales for use in Canada, consisting of the
shield of the Arms of Canada defaced with both a blue roundel of the
Prince of Wales's feathers surrounded by a wreath of gold maple leaves,
and a white label of three points.[362]
Issue
Name Birth Marriage Children
Date Spouse
William, Prince of Wales 21 June 1982 (age 40) 29 April 2011 Catherine Middleton Prince George of Wales
Princess Charlotte of Wales
Prince Louis of Wales
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex 15 September 1984 (age 38) 19 May 2018 Meghan Markle
Archie Mountbatten-Windsor
Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor
Ancestry
Ancestors of Charles III[363]
See also
Cultural depictions of Charles III
List of current monarchs of sovereign states
Notes
As the reigning monarch, Charles does not usually use a family name, but when one is needed, it is Mountbatten-Windsor.[1]
As
monarch, Charles is the Supreme Governor of the Anglican Church of
England. He is also a member of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland.[2]
In
addition to his active service listed here, Charles holds ranks and
honorary appointments in the armed forces of Australia, Canada, New
Zealand and Papua New Guinea as well as the United Kingdom.
In
addition to the United Kingdom, the King's fourteen other realms are:
Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Belize, Canada, Grenada,
Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint
Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, the Solomon Islands, and
Tuvalu.
Prince Charles's godparents were: the King of the United
Kingdom (his maternal grandfather); the King of Norway (his paternal
cousin twice removed and maternal great-great-uncle by marriage, for
whom Charles's great-great-uncle the Earl of Athlone stood proxy); Queen
Mary (his maternal great-grandmother); Princess Margaret (his maternal
aunt); Prince George of Greece and Denmark (his paternal great-uncle,
for whom the Duke of Edinburgh stood proxy); the Dowager Marchioness of
Milford Haven (his paternal great-grandmother); the Lady Brabourne (his
cousin); and the Hon David Bowes-Lyon (his maternal great-uncle).[7]
The
Stuart kings Charles I, who was beheaded, and Charles II who was known
for his promiscuous lifestyle. Charles Edward Stuart, once a Stuart
pretender to the English and Scottish thrones, was called "Charles III"
by his supporters.[161]
As the eldest son of the new monarch,
Charles automatically became Duke of Cornwall upon the death of King
George VI, on 6 February 1952. He continued to hold the dukedom until
his own accession to the throne, despite generally not using the title.
As
the eldest son of the new monarch, Charles automatically became Duke of
Rothesay upon the death of King George VI, on 6 February 1952.
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Paget,
Gerald (1977). The Lineage and Ancestry of H.R.H. Prince Charles, Prince
of Wales (2 vols). Edinburgh: Charles Skilton. ISBN 978-0-284-40016-1.
Sources
Brandreth, Gyles (2007). Charles and Camilla: Portrait of a Love Affair. Random House. ISBN 978-0-09-949087-6.
Dimbleby, Jonathan (1994). The Prince of Wales: A Biography. William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-12996-X.
Holden, Anthony (1979). Prince Charles. Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-593-02470-6.
Junor,
Penny (2005). The Firm: The Troubled Life of the House of Windsor. St.
Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-35274-5. OCLC 59360110.
Lacey, Robert (2008). Monarch: The Life and Reign of Elizabeth II. Free Press. ISBN 978-1-4391-0839-0.
Smith, Sally Bedell (2000). Diana in Search of Herself: Portrait of a Troubled Princess. Signet. ISBN 978-0-451-20108-9.
Further reading
Benson, Ross (1994). Charles: The Untold Story. St Martins Press. ISBN 978-0-312-10950-9.
Bower, Tom (2018). The Rebel Prince, The Power, Passion and Defiance of Prince Charles. William Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-829173-0.
Brown, Michèle (1980). Prince Charles. Crown. ISBN 978-0-517-54019-0.
Campbell, J. (1981). Charles: Prince of Our Times. Smithmark. ISBN 978-0-7064-0968-0.
Cathcart, Helen (1977). Prince Charles: The biography (illustrated ed.). Taplinger Pub. Co; Ltd. ISBN 978-0-8008-6555-9.
Fisher, Graham; Fisher, Heather (1977). Charles: The Man and the Prince. Robert Hale. ISBN 978-0-7091-6095-3.
Gilleo, Alma (1978). Prince Charles: Growing Up in Buckingham Palace. Childs World. ISBN 978-0-89565-029-0.
Graham, Caroline (2005). Camilla and Charles: The Love Story. John Blake. ISBN 978-1-84454-195-9.
Heald, Tim; Mohrs, Mayo (1979). The Man Who Will Be King H.R.H. (Prince of Wales Charles). New York: Arbor House.
Hedley, Olwen (1969). Charles, 21st Prince of Wales. Pitkin Pictorials. ISBN 978-0-85372-027-0.
Hodgson, Howard (2007). Charles: The Man Who Will Be King (illustrated ed.). John Blake Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84454-306-9.
Holden, Anthony (1988). King Charles III: A Biography. Grove. ISBN 978-1-55584-309-0.
Holden, Anthony (1998). Charles at Fifty. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50175-3.
Holden, Anthony (1999). Charles: A Biography. Corgi Books. ISBN 978-0-552-99744-7.
Jencks, Charles (1988). Prince, Architects & New Wave Monarchy. Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-1010-9.
Jobson,
Robert (2018). Charles at Seventy – Thoughts, Hopes & Dreams:
Thoughts, Hopes and Dreams. John Blake. ISBN 978-1-78606-887-3.
Junor, Penny (1998). Charles: Victim or Villain?. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-255900-3.
Lane, Peter (1988). Prince Charles: a study in development. Robert Hale. ISBN 978-0-7090-3320-2.
Liversidge, Douglas (1975). Prince Charles: monarch in the making. A. Barker. ISBN 978-0-213-16568-0.
Martin,
Christopher (1990). Prince Charles and the Architectural Debate
(Architectural Design Profile). St Martin's Press. ISBN
978-0-312-04048-2.
Mayer, Catherine (2015). Born to Be King: Prince Charles on Planet Windsor. Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 978-1-62779-438-1.
Mayer, Catherine (2015). Charles: The Heart of a King. Random House. ISBN 978-0-7535-5593-4.
Nugent, Jean (1982). Prince Charles, England's Future King. Dillon. ISBN 978-0-87518-226-1.
Regan, Simon (1977). Charles, the Clown Prince. Everest Books. ISBN 978-0-905018-50-8.
Smith,
Sally Bedell (2017). Prince Charles: The Passions and Paradoxes of an
Improbable Life. Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-8129-7980-0.
Veon, Joan M. (1997). Prince Charles: The Sustainable Prince. Hearthstone. ISBN 978-1-57558-021-0.
Wakeford, Geoffrey (1962). Charles, Prince of Wales. Associated Newspapers.
External links
The King at the Royal Family website
The Duke of Cornwall at the Duchy of Cornwall website
Charles III at IMDb
Appearances on C-SPAN
Charles III
House of Windsor
Cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg
Born: 14 November 1948
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Elizabeth II
King of the United Kingdom,
Antigua and Barbuda,
Australia,
the Bahamas,
Belize,
Canada,
Grenada,
Jamaica,
New Zealand,
Papua New Guinea,
Saint Kitts and Nevis,
Saint Lucia,
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,
Solomon Islands,
Tuvalu
8 September 2022 – present Incumbent
Heir apparent:
The Prince of Wales
Honorary titles
Preceded by
Elizabeth II
Head of the Commonwealth
8 September 2022 – present Incumbent
British royalty
Vacant
Title last held by
Edward (VIII) Prince of Wales
26 July 1958 – 8 September 2022 Succeeded by
The Prince William
Duke of Cornwall
Duke of Rothesay
6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022
Peerage of the United Kingdom
Preceded by
The Prince Philip
Duke of Edinburgh
9 April 2021 – 8 September 2022 Merged with the Crown
Academic offices
Preceded by
The Earl Mountbatten of Burma
President of the United World Colleges
1978–1995 Succeeded by
The Queen of Jordan
Preceded by
Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
President of the Royal College of Music
1993–present Incumbent
Honorary titles
Preceded by
The Duke of Gloucester
Great Master of the Order of the Bath
10 June 1974 – 8 September 2022 Vacant
Order of precedence
First Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom
HM The King Succeeded by
The Prince of Wales
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Charles III
King of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms (2022–present)
Realms
Antigua
and BarbudaAustraliaBahamasBelizeCanadaGrenadaJamaicaNew ZealandPapua
New GuineaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Vincent and the
GrenadinesSolomon IslandsTuvaluUnited Kingdom
Titles and
honours
Head
of the CommonwealthDefender of the FaithSupreme Governor of the Church
of EnglandHead of the British Armed ForcesCommander-in-Chief of the
Canadian Armed ForcesLord of MannDuke of NormandyKing's Official
Birthday
Family
Diana, Princess of Wales (first wife)Queen
Camilla (second wife)William, Prince of Wales (elder son)Prince Harry,
Duke of Sussex (younger son)Elizabeth II (mother)Prince Philip, Duke of
Edinburgh (father)Anne, Princess Royal (sister)Prince Andrew, Duke of
York (brother)Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Forfar
(brother)Mountbatten-Windsor (family)
Life as Prince of Wales
Investiture
of the Prince of WalesFirst wedding guest listSecond weddingOverseas
visits 2022 royal tour of Canada2022 State Opening of ParliamentBlack
spider memosPrince of Wales v Associated Newspapers Ltd
Accession and
crtion
Proclamation of Accessioncrtion Royal guestsParticipants in the processionMedalHonoursAward
Reign
HouseholdPrime ministersOperation Menai Bridge
Charities
and campaigns
Mutton
Renaissance CampaignThe Prince's Charities British Asian TrustBusiness
in the CommunityChildren & the ArtsIn Kind Directiwill CampaignThe
Prince's FoundationThe Prince's Foundation for Integrated HealthThe
Prince's School of Traditional ArtsThe Prince of Wales's Charitable
FundRoyal Drawing SchoolTurquoise Mountain FoundationYouth Business
ScotlandThe Prince's May Day NetworkThe Prince's TrustSustainable
Markets Initiative Great Reset
Residences
As King
Buckingham
Palace (official)Windsor Castle (official)Holyrood Palace (official,
Scotland)Hillsborough Castle (official, Northern Ireland)Sandringham
House (private)Balmoral Castle (private)Craigowan Lodge (private)
As Prince of Wales
Clarence House (official)Highgrove House (private)BirkhallLlwynywermod
Awards given
and created
List
of environmental/social interest awards receivedPrince of Wales's
Intelligence Community AwardsPrince of Wales Prize for Municipal
Heritage LeadershipThe Sun Military Awards
Business ventures
Duchy Home FarmDumfries HouseHighgrove House ShopsPoundburyWaitrose Duchy Organic
Popular culture
Documentaries
Royal
Family (1969)Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role (1994)Monarchy:
The Royal Family at Work (2007)Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute (2016)
Film and
television
Her
Royal Highness..? (1981)Chorus Girls (1981)Charles & Diana: A Royal
Love Story (1982)The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana (1982)Spitting
Image (1984–1996, 2020–)Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After
(1992)Willi und die Windzors (1996)Whatever Love Means (2005)The Queen
(2006 film)The Queen (2009 TV serial)King Charles III (play, 2014; film,
2017)The Windsors (TV series, 2016–2020; play, 2021)The Crown
(2019–)The Prince (2021)
Publications
Bibliography The Old Man
of Lochnagar (1980)A Vision of Britain: A Personal View of Architecture
(1989)Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World (2010)
Miscellaneous
Prince Charles IslandPrince Charles stream tree frog
Links to related articles
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English, Scottish and British monarchs
Monarchs of England until 1603 Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
Alfred
the GreatEdward the ElderÆlfweardÆthelstanEdmund IEadredEadwigEdgar the
PeacefulEdward the MartyrÆthelred the UnreadySweynEdmund
IronsideCnutHarold IHarthacnutEdward the ConfessorHarold GodwinsonEdgar
ÆthelingWilliam IWilliam IIHenry IStephenMatildaHenry IIHenry the Young
KingRichard IJohnHenry IIIEdward IEdward IIEdward IIIRichard IIHenry
IVHenry VHenry VIEdward IVEdward VRichard IIIHenry VIIHenry VIIIEdward
VIJaneMary I and PhilipElizabeth I
Kenneth I MacAlpinDonald
IConstantine IÁedGiricEochaidDonald IIConstantine IIMalcolm
IIndulfDubCuilénAmlaíbKenneth IIConstantine IIIKenneth IIIMalcolm
IIDuncan IMacbethLulachMalcolm IIIDonald IIIDuncan IIEdgarAlexander
IDavid IMalcolm IVWilliam IAlexander IIAlexander IIIMargaretJohnRobert
IDavid IIEdward BalliolRobert IIRobert IIIJames IJames IIJames IIIJames
IVJames VMary IJames VI
Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603
James I and VICharles ICharles IIJames II and VIIWilliam III and II and Mary IIAnne
British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707
AnneGeorge IGeorge IIGeorge IIIGeorge IVWilliam IVVictoriaEdward VIIGeorge VEdward VIIIGeorge VIElizabeth IICharles III
Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics.
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Order of precedence in the United Kingdom (gentlemen)
Shared (royal family)
The
KingThe Prince of Wales (in Scotland: the Duke of Rothesay)The Duke of
Sussex (in Scotland: the Earl of Dumbarton)Prince George of WalesPrince
Louis of WalesArchie Mountbatten-WindsorThe Duke of York (in Scotland:
the Earl of Inverness)The Earl of Wessex (in Scotland: the Earl of
Forfar)Viscount SevernPeter PhillipsThe Duke of GloucesterThe Duke of
KentThe Earl of SnowdonPrince Michael of Kent
England and Wales
Justin
Welby, Archbishop of CanterburyBrandon Lewis, Lord ChancellorStephen
Cottrell, Archbishop of YorkSir Lindsay Hoyle, Speaker of the House of
CommonsThe Lord McFall of Alcluith, Lord SpeakerThe Lord Reed of
Allermuir, President of the Supreme Court of the United KingdomThe Lord
Burnett of Maldon, Lord Chief Justice of England and WalesThe Lord True,
Lord Privy SealAmbassadors and High CommissionersThe Baron Carrington,
Lord Great ChamberlainThe Duke of Norfolk, Earl MarshalThe Earl of
Dalhousie, Lord StewardThe Lord Parker of Minsmere, Lord ChamberlainThe
Lord de Mauley, Master of the Horse
Scotland
Lord
LieutenantsSheriffs PrincipalBrandon Lewis, Lord High ChancellorIain
Greenshields, Moderator of the General AssemblyAlister Jack, Secretary
of State for ScotlandThe Earl of Erroll, Lord High Constable of
ScotlandThe Duke of Argyll, Master of the Household in Scotland
Northern Ireland
Lords
Lieutenant of counties and citiesHigh sheriffs of countiesJohn
McDowell, Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland)Eamon Martin,
Archbishop of Armagh (Roman Catholic)Dermot Farrell, Archbishop of
Dublin (Roman Catholic)Michael Jackson, Archbishop of Dublin (Church of
Ireland)Charles McMullen, Moderator of the Presbyterian ChurchLord Mayor
of Belfast and Mayors of boroughs in Northern IrelandBrandon Lewis,
Lord High ChancellorSir Lindsay Hoyle, Commons SpeakerThe Lord McFall of
Alcluith, Lord SpeakerThe Baron Carrington, Lord Great ChamberlainThe
Duke of Norfolk, Earl MarshalThe Earl of Dalhousie, Lord StewardThe Lord
Parker of Minsmere, Lord ChamberlainThe Lord de Mauley, Master of the
Horse
not including short-term appointments, visiting dignitaries and most peers
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British princes
The
generations indicate descent from George I, who formalised the use of
the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family.
1st generation
King George II
2nd generation
Frederick, Prince of WalesPrince George WilliamPrince William, Duke of Cumberland
3rd generation
King
George IIIPrince Edward, Duke of York and AlbanyPrince William Henry,
Duke of Gloucester and EdinburghPrince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and
StrathearnPrince Frederick
4th generation
King George IVPrince
Frederick, Duke of York and AlbanyKing William IVPrince Edward, Duke of
Kent and StrathearnKing Ernest Augustus of HanoverPrince Augustus
Frederick, Duke of SussexPrince Adolphus, Duke of CambridgePrince
OctaviusPrince AlfredPrince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and
Edinburgh
5th generation
Prince Albert1King George V of HanoverPrince George, Duke of Cambridge
6th generation
King
Edward VIIPrince Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince Arthur,
Duke of Connaught and StrathearnPrince Leopold, Duke of AlbanyPrince
Ernest Augustus
7th generation
Prince Albert Victor, Duke of
Clarence and AvondaleKing George VPrince Alexander John of WalesAlfred,
Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince Arthur of
ConnaughtPrince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany and of Saxe-Coburg and
GothaPrince George William of HanoverPrince Christian of HanoverPrince
Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick
8th generation
King Edward
VIIIKing George VIPrince Henry, Duke of GloucesterPrince George, Duke of
KentPrince JohnAlastair, 2nd Duke of Connaught and StrathearnJohann
Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince Hubertus of
Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince Ernest Augustus of HanoverPrince George
William of Hanover
9th generation
Prince Philip, Duke of
Edinburgh2Prince William of GloucesterPrince Richard, Duke of
GloucesterPrince Edward, Duke of KentPrince Michael of Kent
10th generation
King Charles IIIPrince Andrew, Duke of YorkPrince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Forfar
11th generation
William, Prince of WalesPrince Harry, Duke of SussexJames Mountbatten-Windsor, Viscount Severn3
12th generation
Prince George of WalesPrince Louis of WalesArchie Mountbatten-Windsor3
1
Not a British prince by birth, but created Prince Consort. 2 Not a
British prince by birth, but created a Prince of the United Kingdom. 3
Status debatable; see James, Viscount Severn#Titles and styles and
Archie Mountbatten-Windsor#Title, styles and succession for details.
Princes that lost their title and status or did not use the title are shown in italics.
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Princes of Wales
Edward
(1301–1307)Edward (1343–1376)Richard (1376–1377)Henry (1399–1413)Edward
(1454–1471)Richard (1460; disputed)Edward (1471–1483)Edward
(1483–1484)Arthur (1489–1502)Henry (1504–1509)Edward (1537–1547)Henry
(1610–1612)Charles (1616–1625)Charles (1641–1649)James (1688)George
(1714–1727)Frederick (1729–1751)George (1751–1760)George
(1762–1820)Albert Edward (1841–1901)George (1901–1910)Edward
(1910–1936)Charles (1958–2022)William (2022–present)
See also: Principality of Wales
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Dukes of Cornwall
Edward
(1337–1376)Richard (1376–1377)Henry (1399–1413)Henry (1421–1422)Edward
(1453–1471)Richard (1460; disputed)Edward (1470–1483)Edward
(1483–1484)Arthur (1486–1502)Henry (1502–1509)Henry (1511)Edward
(1537–1547)Henry Frederick (1603–1612)Charles (1612–1625)Charles
(1630–1649)James (1688–1701/2)George (1714–1727)Frederick
(1727–1751)George (1762–1820)Albert Edward (1841–1901)George
(1901–1910)Edward (1910–1936)Charles (1952–2022)William (2022–present)
Cornwall Portal
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Dukes of Rothesay
David
(1398–1402)James (1402–1406)Alexander (1430)James (1430–1437)James
(1452–1460)James (1473–1488)James (1507–1508)Arthur (1509–1510)James
(1512–1513)James (1540–1541)James (1566–1567)Henry Frederick
(1594–1612)Charles (1612–1625)Charles James (1629)Charles
(1630–1649)James (1688–1689)George (1714–1727)Frederick
(1727–1751)George (1762–1820)Albert Edward (1841–1901)George
(1901–1910)Edward (1910–1936)Charles (1952–2022)William (2022–present)
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Dukes of Edinburgh
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Monarchs of Canada
House of Hanover (1867–1901)
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Edward VIIGeorge V
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flag Jamaica portal
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Current monarchs of sovereign states
Africa
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Americas
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and Barbuda The Bahamas Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica Saint Kitts and
Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Charles III
Asia
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Europe
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IILiechtenstein Hans-Adam IILuxembourg HenriMonaco Albert IIKingdom of
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Carl XVI GustafUnited Kingdom Charles IIIVatican City Francis
Oceania
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See also: Current heirs of sovereign monarchies
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Heads of state of the G20
Argentina
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XiEuropean Union MichelFrance MacronGermany SteinmeierIndia
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Association
Special Moments From The Queen's Funeral, Including Kate Middleton Comforting Charlotte
Today
the nation marks the state funeral of Her Majesty, the Queen, who is
later being laid to rest with her husband Prince Philip. Here, we
explore some of the most touching moments you might have missed during
the day's proceedings
Queen Elizabeth II's funeral took place today at Westminster Abbey, bringing together all of the royal family.
Those
invited to the State Funeral arrived at Westminster Abbey on Monday,
September 19, before the service's commencement at 11am. The order of
service contained elements that paid tribute to Queen Elizabeth II's
'extraordinary reign and Her Majesty’s remarkable life of service as
Head of State, Nation and Commonwealth,' as per the Royal Family's
official website.
The occasion brought with it so many special
moments, some of which you might have missed during the overwhelming
series of events.
Two of the Prince and Princess of Wales'
children, Prince George, nine, and Princess Charlotte, seven, arrived
for the funeral, accompanied by the princess and Camilla, Queen Consort.
queen funeral
ANTHONY DEVLINGETTY IMAGES
Prince
Edward and Sophie, the Countess of Wessex, who sat up at the front of
the service, were feeling moved early on in the ceremony. The Prince was
seen wiping away his tears with a handkerchief.
britains prince
edward, earl of wessex and britains sophie, countess of wessex attend
with britains prince william, prince of wales and britains catherine,
princess of wales, the state funeral service for britains queen
elizabeth ii, at westminster abbey in london on september 19, 2022
leaders from around the world will attend the state funeral of queen
elizabeth ii the countrys longest serving monarch, who died aged 96
after 70 years on the throne, will be honoured with a state funeral on
monday morning at westminster abbey photo by ben stansall pool afp
photo by ben stansallpoolafp via getty images
BEN STANSALLGETTY IMAGES
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content in another format, or you may be able to find more information,
at their web site.
Prince George was seen seemingly wiping away a
tear as well, as the choir sang. This came after he and his sister
Prince Charlotte joined their parents to walk behind the Queen’s coffin
ahead of Her Majesty’s funeral ceremony.
queen funeral special moments
CHRIS JACKSONGETTY IMAGES
Prior
to the service, the Princess of Wales was also seen holding Princess
Charlotte’s hand, and giving her a reassuring touch on the shoulder.
Meghan Markle was later seen very emotional and crying outside of Westminster Abbey following the funeral ceremony.
queen funeral special moments
SAMIR HUSSEINGETTY IMAGES
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The Duchess of Sussex was pictured wiping away her tears.
The
Archbishop of Canterbury gave the Sermon at the funeral, at which point
he said of the Queen's dedication to serving the nation: 'Rarely has
such a promise been so well kept.'
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Twitter. You may be able to find the same content in another format, or
you may be able to find more information, at their web site.
The
two-minute silence at the state funeral was a poignant moment in itself,
and set the tone for the end of the service at around noon.
The wreath, placed atop the Queen's coffin, bore an extremely special message from King Charles III, the Queen's son and heir:
'In loving and devoted memory, Charles R,' - with the 'R' standing for 'Rex' now that Charles is King.
flowers
are seen on the coffin of britains queen elizabeth on the day of her
state funeral and burial, in london, britain, september 19, 2022 photo
by hannah mckay pool afp photo by hannah mckaypoolafp via getty images
HANNAH MCKAY
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content in another format, or you may be able to find more information,
at their web site.
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at their web site.
Buckingham Palace household staff were also seen lining up to pay their respects to the Queen.
queen funeral special moments
CARL COURT
Following
the funeral, video footage taken at Wellington Arch seemingly showed
Princess Charlotte telling her brother Prince George to bow as their
great-grandmother's coffin passed them.
They were seen having a
conversation while waiting for Her Majesty's coffin to be placed onto
the royal hearse, and Princess Charlotte can be seen saying: 'You need
to bow,' to Prince George.
He appeared to be listening to his sister earnestly.
Prince
William and Prince Harry walked together in the procession of the
Queen's funeral, while the three eldest grandchildren of the Queen -
Princess Anne, Prince Andrew and Prince Edward - walked behind King
Charles.
In a special vigil on Saturday night, Prince William and
Prince Harry stood at the head and foot of the Queen's coffin with all
eight of the monarch's grandchildren.
The brothers, who were
without their spouses, stood in quiet reflection around their
grandmother for a quarter of an hour to pay their respects.
Prince
William was beside Zara Tindall and Peter Phillips, and Prince Harry
stood next to Princesses Beatrice, Princess Eugenie, Lady Louise, and
James, Viscount Severn.
Prior to this, the pair walked together
during Wednesday's procession of the Queen's coffin from Buckingham
Palace to Westminster Hall, where she lay in state in advance of the
funeral.
queen funeral special moments
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royal family plans following queen funeral
PHIL NOBLEGETTY IMAGES
During
a brief service honouring the late Queen Elizabeth II at Westminster
Hall, Meghan Markle was seen paying her respects by doing a traditional
curtsy - a moment shared by many of her well wishers via social media.
She and Prince Harry were later seen heartwarmingly holding hands as they departed the service.
queen funeral special moments
MARCO BERTORELLOGETTY IMAGES
During
a trip to Norfolk, the Prince and Princess of Wales viewed floral
tributes left outside Sandringham House, the country home owned by King
Charles, at which point the prince opened up about finding Wednesday's
procession walk 'challenging'.
This was due to it reminding him of Princess Diana's funeral.
queen funeral special moments
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In
the same way that he and his younger brother Prince Harry walked behind
the gun carriage in Wednesday's procession, they did so 25 years ago
during the funeral of their late mother.
As per the BBC, the
prince told one woman in the crowd at Sandringham: 'I mean the walk
yesterday was challenging, it brought back a few memories...'
Receptionist
Jane Wells from Long Sutton in Lincolnshire said she told Prince
William how proud his mother would have been of him.
queen funeral special moments
GETTY IMAGES
She recalled: 'He said how hard it was yesterday because it brought back memories of his mother's funeral.'
Caroline
Barwick-Walters of Neath in Wales recalled telling Prince William:
'Thank you for sharing your grief with the nation', and that he replied:
'She was everybody's grandmother.'
At the time, he and Middleton had both been speaking to those who gathered outside Sandringham House to honour the Queen.
During
King Charles' first televised address to the nation as the new monarch,
which saw him refer to the 'deep sense of gratitude' he had for his
mother, he also spoke fondly of his royal family members.
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'This is also a time of change for my family,' he began.
queen funeral special moments
WPA POOLGETTY IMAGES
Speaking
of his wife, Camilla, Queen Consort, first, he said: 'I count on the
loving help of my darling wife Camilla in recognition of her own loyal
public service since our marriage 17 years ago.
'She becomes my
Queen Consort. I know she will bring to the demands of her new role, the
steadfast devotion to duty on which I have come to rely so much.'
He
later addressed Prince William and Middleton, saying: 'As my heir,
William assumes the Scottish titles which have meant so much to me, he
succeeds me as Duke of Cornwall and takes on the responsibilities for
the Duchy of Cornwall which I have undertaken for more than five
decades. '
queen funeral special moments
BETTMANNGETTY IMAGES
The
King added: 'With Catherine beside him, our new Prince and Princess of
Wales I know will continue to inspire and lead our national
conversations, helping to bring the marshal to the centre ground where
vital help can be given.'
King Charles also said of Prince Harry
and Meghan Markle: 'I want also to express my love for Harry and Meghan
as they continue to build their lives overseas.'
He concluded
with a final tribute to his late mother, which included a final line
from Shakespeare's Hamlet: 'And to my darling mama as you begin your
last great journey to join my dear late papa, I want simply to say this:
thank you. Thank you for your love and devotion to our family and to
the family of nations you have served so diligently all these years. May
flights of angels sing thee to to thy rest.'
The Queen died peacefully at Balmoral Castle on Thursday, September 8, surrounded by her family.
List of the guests who attended the Queen's funeral
Heads of state, former prime ministers and members of foreign royal families were among those attending the funeral
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Prince Edward wipes away tears at the funeral for The Queen
Prince Edward wipes away tears at the funeral for The Queen (Image: ITV)
Queen Elizabeth II's life was commemorated during a state funeral at Westminster Abbey on Monday (September 19).
Some
2,000 people attended the ceremony, which brings a national 10-day
mourning period to a close. Guests at the Queen’s state funeral included
heads of state, former prime ministers and members of foreign royal
families.
Almost 200 people who were recognised in the
Queen’s Birthday Honours earlier this year also attended, including
those who made extraordinary contributions to the response to the cvd-19
pandemic and those who have volunteered in their local communities.
Read more:Pictures show Greater Manchester quiet and empty amid Queen's funeral
Other
guests included representatives from both Houses of Parliament, the
devolved administrations, the armed forces, the police service and the
civil service.
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Here is a look at some of the names who attended the funeral:
Royal family
The King and the Queen Consort
The Princess Royal and Vice Admiral Sir Tim Laurence
The Duke of York
The Earl and Countess of Wessex
The Prince and Princess of Wales
Prince George
Princess Charlotte
The Duke and Duchess of Sussex
Mr Peter Phillips
The Duke of Gloucester
The Earl of Snowdon
The Duke of Kent
Prince Michael of Kent
Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi
Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank
Mr Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi
Mr Jack Brooksbank
Sarah, Duchess of York
The Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor
Viscount Severn
Mr and Mrs Michael Tindall
Viscount Linley
The Lady Margarita Armstrong-Jones
Mr Daniel and the Lady Sarah Chatto
Mr Samuel Chatto
2nd Lieutenant Arthur Chatto RM
The Duchess of Gloucester
Earl and Countess of Ulster
Lord Culloden
The Lady Cosima Windsor
The Lady Davina Lewis
Miss Senna Lewis
Mr George and The Lady Rose Gilman
Miss Lyla Gilman
Earl and Countess of St Andrews
Lord Downpatrick
The Lady Marina-Charlotte Windsor
The Lady Amelia Windsor
Mr Timothy and the Lady Helen Taylor
Mr Columbus Taylor
Mr Cassius Taylor
Miss Estella Taylor
Miss Eloise Taylor
The Lord Nicholas Windsor
Master Albert Windsor
Master Leopold Windsor
Princess Michael of Kent
The Lord and Lady Frederick Windsor
Mr Thomas and the Lady Gabriella Kingston
Princess Alexandra, the Honourable Lady Ogilvy
Mr and Mrs James Ogilvy
Mr Alexander Ogilvy
Mr and Mrs Timothy Vesterberg
Miss Marina Ogilvy
Mr Christian Mowatt
Miss Zenouska Mowatt
Catherine, Princess of Wales, Princess Charlotte of Wales and Prince George of Wales arrive at Westminster Abbey
Catherine, Princess of Wales, Princess Charlotte of Wales and Prince George of Wales arrive at Westminster Abbey
Holders of the Victoria Cross, the George Cross and the Orders of Chivalry
Order of St John: Miss Nakkita Charag, Dr Ahmad Ma’ali, Professor Mark Compton
Order of Australia: Professor Barbara Bain, Dr Lissant Mary Bolton, Professor Mark Dodgson
Order of Canada: Ms Sandra Oh, Mr Mark Tewksbury, Mr Gregory Charles
Order of New Zealand: The Hon Dame Silvia Cartwright, the Rt Hon Sir Donald McKinnon, Dame Kiri Te Kanawa
The Order of Companions of Honour: Dame Marina Warner, Sir Paul Nurse, Sir Richard Eyre
Knights Bachelor: The Lord Lingfield, Professor Sir Colin Berry, The Rt Hon Sir Gary Hickinbottom
The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire: Mr Arun Kumar Batra, Dame Amelia Fawcett, Sir Christopher Greenwood
The Royal Victorian Order: Mr Raymond Wheaton, Miss Shutica Patel, The Lord Sterling of Plaistow
The
Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George: Sir David
Manning, Ms Andrea Rose, The Rt Hon the Baroness Ashton of Upholland
The Order of Merit: Professor the Lord Darzi of Denham, Dame Ann Dowling, Mr Neil MacGregor
The Most Honourable Order of the Bath: Major General Susan Ridge, Sir Patrick Vallance, Air Chief Marshal Sir Stephen Dalton
The
Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle: The Rt Hon Dame Elish
Angiolini, The Rt Hon the Lord Patel, The Lord Wilson of Tillyorn
The
Most Noble Order of the Garter: The Rt Hon the Baroness Amos, The Most
Hon the Marquess of Salisbury, The Rt Hon Baroness Manningham-Buller
Cross of Valour (Australia): Mr Allan Sparkes
Cross of Valour (Canada): First Officer Leslie Palmer
New Zealand Cross: Ms Jacinda Amey
Holders of The George Cross: Major (Ret’d) Peter Norton, Mr James Beaton, Mr Anthony Gledhill
Victoria Cross (New Zealand): Mr Willie Apiata
Victoria Cross (Australia): Cpl Mark Donaldson
Holders of The Victoria Cross: CSgt Johnson Beharry, Mr Keith Payne
Representatives of faith communities
Mrs Marie van der Zyl, President, Board of Deputies of British Jews
Dr Shirin Fozdar-Faroudi, Representative of the Bahaʼi Community
Mr Nemu Chandaria, Representative of the Jain Community
Mr Malcom Deboo, President of the Zoroastrian Community
The Venerable Bogoda Seelawimala, Representative of the Buddhist Community
The Lord Singh of Wimbledon, Representative of the Sikh Community
Mr Rajnish Kashyap, General Secretary, Hindu Council UK
Mrs Aliya Azam, Interfaith Co-ordinator, Al-Khoei Foundation
Shaykh Dr Asim Yusuf, Muslim Scholar
Chief Rabbi Ephraim Mirvis, Chief Rabbi of Great Britain and the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth Verger
Representing
the Churches of Wales: The Reverend Simon Walking, President, Free
Church Council of Wales; The Most Reverend Andrew John, Archbishop of
Wales; The Most Reverend Mark O’Toole, Archbishop of Cardiff
Representing
the Churches of Scotland: The Right Reverend Dr Iain Greenshields,
Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland; The Most
Reverend Leo Cushley, Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh; The Most
Reverend Mark Strange, Primus, Scottish Episcopal Church
Representing
the Churches of Northern Ireland: The Reverend David Nixon, President,
Methodist Church in Ireland; The Reverend Ian Brown, Lead Minister,
Martyrs Memorial Free Presbyterian Church; The Right Reverend Dr John
Kirkpatrick, Moderator, The Presbyterian Church in Ireland; The Most
Reverend Dr Eamon Martin, Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All
Ireland; The Most Reverend John McDowell, Archbishop of Armagh and
Primate of All Ireland and Metropolitan
Representing the Churches in
England: Pastor Agu Irukwu, Senior Pastor, Jesus House UK; Pastor Glyn
Barrett, National Leader, Assemblies of God; The Reverend Canon Helen
Cameron, Moderator, Free Churches Group; Ms Shermara Fletcher, Principal
Officer for Pentecostal and Charismatic Relations, Churches Together in
England; The Reverend Graham Thompson, President, Methodist Conference;
His Eminence Archbishop Angaelos, The Coptic Church in Great Britain;
His Eminence Cardinal Vincent Nichols, Archbishop of Westminster; His
Eminence Archbishop Nikitas, Archbishop of Thyateira and Great Britain
Serjeant of the Vestry, The Very Reverend Professor David Fergusson, Dean of the Thistle and of the Chapel Royal in Scotland
The Reverend Canon Paul Wright, Sub-Dean of His Majesty’s Chapels Royal
The Right Reverend and Right Honourable Dame Sarah Mullally, Bishop of London and Dean of His Majesty’s Chapels Royal
The Right Reverend David Conner, Dean of Windsor
The Right Reverend James Newcome, Clerk of the Closet
The Right Reverend Dr John Inge, Lord High Almoner