I have sold items to coutries such as Afghanistan * Albania * Algeria * American Samoa (US) * Andorra * Angola * Anguilla (GB) * Antigua and Barbuda * Argentina * Armenia * Aruba (NL) * Australia * Austria * Azerbaijan * Bahamas * Bahrain * Bangladesh * Barbados * Belarus * Belgium * Belize * Benin * Bermuda (GB) * Bhutan * Bolivia * Bonaire (NL)  * Bosnia and Herzegovina * Botswana * Bouvet Island (NO) * Brazil * British Indian Ocean Territory (GB) * British Virgin Islands (GB) * Brunei * Bulgaria * Burkina Faso * Burundi * Cambodia * Cameroon * Canada * Cape Verde * Cayman Islands (GB) * Central African Republic * Chad * Chile * China * Christmas Island (AU) * Cocos Islands (AU) * Colombia * Comoros * Congo * Democratic Republic of the Congo * Cook Islands (NZ) * Coral Sea Islands Territory (AU) * Costa Rica * Croatia * Cuba * Curaçao (NL)  * Cyprus * Czech Republic * Denmark * Djibouti * Dominica * Dominican Republic * East Timor * Ecuador * Egypt * El Salvador * Equatorial Guinea * Eritrea * Estonia * Ethiopia * Falkland Islands (GB) * Faroe Islands (DK) * Fiji Islands * Finland * France * French Guiana (FR) * French Polynesia (FR) * French Southern Lands (FR) * Gabon * Gambia * Georgia * Germany * Ghana * Gibraltar (GB) * Greece * Greenland (DK) * Grenada * Guadeloupe (FR) * Guam (US) * Guatemala * Guernsey (GB) * Guinea * Guinea-Bissau * Guyana * Haiti * Heard and McDonald Islands (AU) * Honduras * Hong Kong (CN) * Hungary * Iceland * India * Indonesia * Iran * Iraq * Ireland * Isle of Man (GB) * Israel * Italy * Ivory Coast * Jamaica * Jan Mayen (NO) * Japan * Jersey (GB) * Jordan * Kazakhstan * Kenya * Kiribati * Kosovo * Kuwait * Kyrgyzstan * Laos * Latvia * Lebanon * Lesotho * Liberia * Libya * Liechtenstein * Lithuania * Luxembourg * Macau (CN) * Macedonia * Madagascar * Malawi * Malaysia * Maldives * Mali * Malta * Marshall Islands * Martinique (FR) * Mauritania * Mauritius * Mayotte (FR) * Mexico * Micronesia * Moldova * Monaco * Mongolia * Montenegro * Montserrat (GB) * Morocco * Mozambique * Myanmar * Namibia * Nauru * Navassa (US) * Nepal * Netherlands * New Caledonia (FR) * New Zealand * Nicaragua * Niger * Nigeria * Niue (NZ) * Norfolk Island (AU) * North Korea * Northern Cyprus * Northern Mariana Islands (US) * Norway * Oman * Pakistan * Palau * Palestinian Authority * Panama * Papua New Guinea * Paraguay * Peru * Philippines * Pitcairn Island (GB) * Poland * Portugal * Puerto Rico (US) * Qatar * Reunion (FR) * Romania * Russia * Rwanda * Saba (NL)  * Saint Barthelemy (FR) * Saint Helena (GB) * Saint Kitts and Nevis * Saint Lucia * Saint Martin (FR) * Saint Pierre and Miquelon (FR) * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines * Samoa * San Marino * Sao Tome and Principe * Saudi Arabia * Senegal * Serbia * Seychelles * Sierra Leone * Singapore * Sint Eustatius (NL)  * Sint Maarten (NL)  * Slovakia * Slovenia * Solomon Islands * Somalia * South Africa * South Georgia (GB) * South Korea * South Sudan * Spain * Sri Lanka * Sudan * Suriname * Svalbard (NO) * Swaziland * Sweden * Switzerland * Syria * Taiwan * Tajikistan * Tanzania * Thailand * Togo * Tokelau (NZ) * Tonga * Trinidad and Tobago * Tunisia * Turkey * Turkmenistan * Turks and Caicos Islands (GB) * Tuvalu * U.S. Minor Pacific Islands (US) * U.S. Virgin Islands (US) * Uganda * Ukraine * United Arab Emirates * United Kingdom * United States * Uruguay * Uzbekistan * Vanuatu * Vatican City * Venezuela * Vietnam * Wallis and Futuna (FR) * Yemen * Zambia * Zimbabwe and major cities such as Tokyo, Yokohama, New York City, Sao Paulo, Seoul, Mexico City, Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto, Manila, Mumbai, Delhi, Jakarta, Lagos, Kolkata, Cairo, Los Angeles, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, Moscow, Shanghai, Karachi, Paris, Istanbul, Nagoya, Beijing, Chicago, London, Shenzhen, Essen, Düsseldorf, Tehran, Bogota, Lima, Bangkok, Johannesburg, East Rand, Chennai, Taipei, Baghdad, Santiago, Bangalore, Hyderabad, St Petersburg, Philadelphia, Lahore, Kinshasa, Miami, Ho Chi Minh City, Madrid, Tianjin, Kuala Lumpur, Toronto, Milan, Shenyang, Dallas, Fort Worth, Boston, Belo Horizonte, Khartoum, Riyadh, Singapore, Washington, Detroit, Barcelona,, Houston, Athens, Berlin, Sydney, Atlanta, Guadalajara, San Francisco, Oakland, Montreal, Monterey, Melbourne, Ankara, Recife, Phoenix/Mesa, Durban, Porto Alegre, Dalian, Jeddah, Seattle, Cape Town, San Diego, Fortaleza, Curitiba, Rome, Naples, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Tel Aviv, Birmingham, Frankfurt, Lisbon, Manchester, San Juan, Katowice, Tashkent, Fukuoka, Baku, Sumqayit, St. Louis, Baltimore, Sapporo, Tampa, St. Petersburg, Taichung, Warsaw, Denver, Cologne, Bonn, Hamburg, Dubai, Pretoria, Vancouver, Beirut, Budapest, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Campinas, Harare, Brasilia, Kuwait, Munich, Portland, Brussels, Vienna, San Jose, Damman , Copenhagen, Brisbane, Riverside, San Bernardino, Cincinnati and Accra

Elizabeth II

Head of the Commonwealth

Formal photograph of Elizabeth facing right

Formal photograph, 1958

Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms (list)

Reign 6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022

crtion 2 June 1953

Predecessor George VI

Successor Charles III

Born Princess Elizabeth of York

21 April 1926

Mayfair, London, England

Died 8 September 2022 (aged 96)

Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire, Scotland

Burial 19 September 2022

King George VI Memorial Chapel, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle

Spouse Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

​

​(m. 1947; died 2021)​

Issue

Detail

Charles III

Anne, Princess Royal

Prince Andrew, Duke of York

Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Forfar

Names

Elizabeth Alexandra Mary

House Windsor

Father George VI

Mother Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon

Signature Elizabeth's signature in black ink

Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during her lifetime and 15 at the time of her death. Her reign of 70 years and 214 days was the longest of any British monarch and the longest verified reign of any female monarch in history.

Elizabeth was born in Mayfair, London, as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother). Her father acceded to the throne in 1936 upon the abdication of his brother Edward VIII, making Princess Elizabeth the heir presumptive. She was educated privately at home and began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. In November 1947, she married Philip Mountbatten, a former prince of Greece and Denmark, and their marriage lasted 73 years until his death in 2021. They had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward.

When her father died in February 1952, Elizabeth—then 25 years old—became queen of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (known today as Sri Lanka), as well as head of the Commonwealth. Elizabeth reigned as a constitutional monarch through major political changes such as the Troubles in Northern Ireland, devolution in the United Kingdom, the decolonisation of Africa, and the United Kingdom's accession to the European Communities and withdrawal from the European Union. The number of her realms varied over time as territories gained independence and some realms became republics. As queen, Elizabeth was served by more than 170 prime ministers across her realms. Her many historic visits and meetings included state visits to China in 1986, to Russia in 1994, and to the Republic of Ireland in 2011, and meetings with five popes.

Significant events included Elizabeth's crtion in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver, Golden, Diamond, and Platinum jubilees in 1977, 2002, 2012, and 2022, respectively. Although she faced occasional republican sentiment and media criticism of her family—particularly after the breakdowns of her children's marriages, her annus horribilis in 1992, and the death in 1997 of her former daughter-in-law Diana, Princess of Wales—support for the monarchy in the United Kingdom remained consistently high throughout her lifetime, as did her personal popularity.[1] Elizabeth died in 2022 at Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire, at the age of 96, and was succeeded by her eldest child, Charles III. Her state funeral was the first to be held in the United Kingdom since that of Winston Churchill in 1965.

Early life

Elizabeth as a thoughtful-looking toddler with curly, fair hair

On the cover of Time, April 1929

Elizabeth as a rosy-cheeked young girl with blue eyes and fair hair

Portrait by Philip de László, 1933

Princess Elizabeth was born at 02:40 (GMT) on 21 April 1926,[2] during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother), was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. Princess Elizabeth was delivered by Caesarean section at 17 Bruton Street in Mayfair, which was her grandfather Lord Strathmore's London home.[3] She was baptised by the Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May,[4][a] and named Elizabeth after her mother; Alexandra after her paternal great-grandmother, who had died six months earlier; and Mary after her paternal grandmother.[6] Called "Lilibet" by her close family,[7] based on what she called herself at first,[8] she was cherished by her grandfather George V, whom she affectionately called "Grandpa England",[9] and her regular visits during his serious illness in 1929 were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery.[10]

Elizabeth's only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930. The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford.[11] Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature, and music.[12] Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family.[13] The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility.[14] Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as "a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant."[15] Her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as "a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved".[16]

Heir presumptive

During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the British throne, behind her uncle Edward and her father. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as Edward was still young and likely to marry and have children of his own, who would precede Elizabeth in the line of succession.[17] When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second in line to the throne, after her father. Later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis.[18] Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, taking the regnal name George VI. Since Elizabeth had no brothers, she became heir presumptive. If her parents had subsequently borne a son, he would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession, which was determined by the male-preference primogeniture in effect at the time.[19]

Elizabeth received private tuition in constitutional history from Henry Marten, Vice-Provost of Eton College,[20] and learned French from a succession of native-speaking governesses.[21] A Girl Guides company, the 1st Buckingham Palace Company, was formed specifically so she could socialise with girls her own age.[22] Later, she was enrolled as a Sea Ranger.[21]

In 1939, Elizabeth's parents toured Canada and the United States. As in 1927, when they had toured Australia and New Zealand, Elizabeth remained in Britain, since her father thought she was too young to undertake public tours.[23] She "looked tearful" as her parents departed.[24] They corresponded regularly,[24] and she and her parents made the first royal transatlantic telephone call on 18 May.[23]

Second World War

In Auxiliary Territorial Service uniform, April 1945

In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War. Lord Hailsham suggested that Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret should be evacuated to Canada to avoid the frequent aerial bombings of London by the Luftwaffe.[25] This was rejected by their mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave."[26] The princesses stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk.[27] From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of the next five years.[28] At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments.[29] In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities.[30] She stated: "We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers, and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our own share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well."[30]

In 1943, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year.[31] As she approached her 18th birthday, Parliament changed the law so she could act as one of five counsellors of state in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944.[32] In February 1945, she was appointed an honorary second subaltern in the Auxiliary Territorial Service with the service number of 230873.[33] She trained and worked as a driver and mechanic and was given the rank of honorary junior commander (female equivalent of captain at the time) five months later.[34]

Elizabeth (far left) on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with her family and Winston Churchill, 8 May 1945

At the end of the war in Europe, on Victory in Europe Day, Elizabeth and Margaret mingled incognito with the celebrating crowds in the streets of London. Elizabeth later said in a rare interview, "We asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves. I remember we were terrified of being recognised ... I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down Whitehall, all of us just swept along on a tide of happiness and relief."[35]

During the war, plans were drawn up to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for several reasons, including fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd at a time when Britain was at war.[36] Welsh politicians suggested she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday. Home Secretary Herbert Morrison supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent.[37] In 1946, she was inducted into the Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales.[38]

Princess Elizabeth went on her first overseas tour in 1947, accompanying her parents through southern Africa. During the tour, in a broadcast to the British Commonwealth on her 21st birthday, she made the following pledge: "I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong."[39] The oft-quoted speech was written by Dermot Morrah, a journalist for The Times.[40]

Marriage

Main article: Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten

Elizabeth met her future husband, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, in 1934 and again in 1937.[41] They were second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark and third cousins through Queen Victoria. After meeting for the third time at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell in love with Philip, who was 18, and they began to exchange letters.[42] She was 21 when their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947.[43]

The engagement attracted some controversy. Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links.[44] Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin."[45] Later biographies reported that Elizabeth's mother had reservations about the union initially, and teased Philip as "the Hun".[46] In later life, however, she told the biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman".[47]

At Buckingham Palace with husband Philip after their wedding, 1947

Before the marriage, Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles, officially converted from Greek Orthodoxy to Anglicanism, and adopted the style Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, taking the surname of his mother's British family.[48] Shortly before the wedding, he was created Duke of Edinburgh and granted the style His Royal Highness.[49] Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2,500 wedding gifts from around the world.[50] Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown (which was designed by Norman Hartnell) because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war.[51] In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for Philip's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding.[52] Neither was an invitation extended to the Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII.[53]

Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, Charles, on 14 November 1948. One month earlier, the King had issued letters patent allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince.[54] A second child, Princess Anne, was born on 15 August 1950.[55]

Following their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Castle, until July 1949,[50] when they took up residence at Clarence House in London. At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently in Malta for several months at a time in the hamlet of Gwardamanġa, at Villa Guardamangia, the rented home of Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten. Their two children remained in Britain.[56]

Reign

Accession and crtion

Main article: crtion of Elizabeth II

crtion portrait by Cecil Beaton, 1953

George VI's health declined during 1951, and Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., in October 1951, her private secretary, Martin Charteris, carried a draft accession declaration in case of the King's death while she was on tour.[57] In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of the British colony of Kenya. On 6 February 1952, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of George VI and Elizabeth's consequent accession to the throne with immediate effect. Philip broke the news to the new queen.[58] She chose to retain Elizabeth as her regnal name;[59] thus she was called Elizabeth II, which offended many Scots, as she was the first Elizabeth to rule in Scotland.[60] She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom.[61] Elizabeth and Philip moved into Buckingham Palace.[62]

With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed probable that the royal house would bear the Duke of Edinburgh's name, in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband's surname on marriage. Lord Mountbatten advocated the name House of Mountbatten. Philip suggested House of Edinburgh, after his ducal title.[63] The British prime minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother Queen Mary favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, so Elizabeth issued a declaration on 9 April 1952 that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. Philip complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children."[64] In 1960, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.[65]

Amid preparations for the crtion, Princess Margaret told her sister she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé 16 years Margaret's senior with two sons from his previous marriage. Elizabeth asked them to wait for a year; in the words of her private secretary, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out."[66] Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession.[67] Margaret decided to abandon her plans with Townsend.[68]

Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March 1953, the crtion went ahead as planned on 2 June, as Mary had requested before she died.[69] The crtion ceremony in Westminster Abbey, with the exception of the anointing and communion, was televised for the first time.[70][b] On Elizabeth's instruction, her crtion gown was embroidered with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries.[74]

Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth

Further information: Commonwealth realm § From the accession of Elizabeth II

Elizabeth's realms (light red and pink) and their territories and protectorates (dark red) at the beginning of her reign in 1952

From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations.[75] By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established.[76] In 1953, Elizabeth and her husband embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering more than 40,000 miles (64,000 km) by land, sea and air.[77] She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations.[78] During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her.[79] Throughout her reign, Elizabeth made hundreds of state visits to other countries and tours of the Commonwealth; she was the most widely travelled head of state.[80]

In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor to the European Union.[81] In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten said Elizabeth was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.[82]

A formal group of Elizabeth in tiara and evening dress with eleven politicians in evening dress or national costume.

With Commonwealth leaders at the 1960 Commonwealth Conference

The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to Elizabeth to decide whom to commission to form a government. Eden recommended she consult Lord Salisbury, the lord president of the council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the lord chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Churchill, and the chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in Elizabeth appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.[83]

The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led, in 1957, to the first major personal criticism of Elizabeth. In a magazine, which he owned and edited,[84] Lord Altrincham accused her of being "out of touch".[85] Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments.[86] Six years later, in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised Elizabeth to appoint the Earl of Home as the prime minister, advice she followed.[87] Elizabeth again came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a small number of ministers or a single minister.[87] In 1965, the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader, thus relieving the Queen of her involvement.[88]

Seated with Philip on thrones at the Canadian parliament, 1957

In 1957, Elizabeth made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the Commonwealth. On the same tour, she opened the 23rd Canadian Parliament, becoming the first monarch of Canada to open a parliamentary session.[89] Two years later, solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States and toured Canada.[89][90] In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Iran.[91] On a visit to Ghana the same year, she dismissed fears for her safety, even though her host, President Kwame Nkrumah, who had replaced her as head of state, was a target for assassins.[92] Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has been absolutely determined all through ... She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as ... a film star ... She has indeed 'the heart and stomach of a man' ... She loves her duty and means to be a Queen."[92] Before her tour through parts of Quebec in 1964, the press reported extremists within the Quebec separatist movement were plotting Elizabeth's assassination.[93] No attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in Montreal; Elizabeth's "calmness and courage in the face of the violence" was noted.[94]

Elizabeth gave birth to her third child, Prince Andrew, on 19 February 1960, which was the first birth to a reigning British monarch since 1857.[95] Her fourth child, Prince Edward, was born on 10 March 1964.[96]

In addition to performing traditional ceremonies, Elizabeth also instituted new practices. Her first royal walkabout, meeting ordinary members of the public, took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970.[97]

Acceleration of decolonisation

In Queensland, Australia, 1970

With President Tito of Yugoslavia in Belgrade, 1972

The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation of Africa and the Caribbean. More than 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government. In 1965, however, the Rhodesian prime minister, Ian Smith, in opposition to moves towards majority rule, unilaterally declared independence while expressing "loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth, declaring her "Queen of Rhodesia".[98] Although Elizabeth formally dismissed him, and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade.[99] As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British government sought entry to the European Community, a goal it achieved in 1973.[100]

Elizabeth toured Yugoslavia in October 1972, becoming the first British monarch to visit a communist country.[101] She was received at the airport by President Josip Broz Tito, and a crowd of thousands greeted her in Belgrade.[102]

In February 1974, the British prime minister, Edward Heath, advised Elizabeth to call a general election in the middle of her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim, requiring her to fly back to Britain.[103] The election resulted in a hung parliament; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party, but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the Liberals. When discussions on forming a coalition foundered, Heath resigned as prime minister and Elizabeth asked the Leader of the Opposition, Labour's Harold Wilson, to form a government.[104]

A year later, at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the Australian prime minister, Gough Whitlam, was dismissed from his post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, after the Opposition-controlled Senate rejected Whitlam's budget proposals.[105] As Whitlam had a majority in the House of Representatives, Speaker Gordon Scholes appealed to Elizabeth to reverse Kerr's decision. She declined, saying she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the Constitution of Australia for the Governor-General.[106] The crisis fuelled Australian republicanism.[105]

Silver Jubilee

Leaders of the G7 states, members of the royal family and Elizabeth (centre), London, 1977

In 1977, Elizabeth marked the Silver Jubilee of her accession. Parties and events took place throughout the Commonwealth, many coinciding with her associated national and Commonwealth tours. The celebrations re-affirmed Elizabeth's popularity, despite virtually coincident negative press coverage of Princess Margaret's separation from her husband, Lord Snowdon.[107] In 1978, Elizabeth endured a state visit to the United Kingdom by Romania's communist leader, Nicolae Ceaușescu, and his wife, Elena,[108] though privately she thought they had "blood on their hands".[109] The following year brought two blows: one was the unmasking of Anthony Blunt, former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, as a communist spy; the other was the assassination of her relative and in-law Lord Mountbatten by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.[110]

According to Paul Martin Sr., by the end of the 1970s Elizabeth was worried the Crown "had little meaning for" Pierre Trudeau, the Canadian prime minister.[111] Tony Benn said Elizabeth found Trudeau "rather disappointing".[111] Trudeau's supposed republicanism seemed to be confirmed by his antics, such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind Elizabeth's back in 1977, and the removal of various Canadian royal symbols during his term of office.[111] In 1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the patriation of the Canadian constitution found Elizabeth "better informed ... than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats".[111] She was particularly interested after the failure of Bill C-60, which would have affected her role as head of state.[111]

Press scrutiny and Thatcher premiership

Elizabeth in red uniform on a black horse

Riding Burmese at the 1986 Trooping the Colour ceremony

During the 1981 Trooping the Colour ceremony, six weeks before the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer, six shots were fired at Elizabeth from close range as she rode down The Mall, London, on her horse, Burmese. Police later discovered the shots were blanks. The 17-year-old assailant, Marcus Sarjeant, was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three.[112] Elizabeth's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised.[113] That October Elizabeth was the subject of another attack while on a visit to Dunedin, New Zealand. Christopher John Lewis, who was 17 years old, fired a shot with a .22 rifle from the fifth floor of a building overlooking the parade, but missed.[114] Lewis was arrested, but never charged with attempted murder or treason, and sentenced to three years in jail for unlawful possession and discharge of a firearm. Two years into his sentence, he attempted to escape a psychiatric hospital with the intention of assassinating Charles, who was visiting the country with Diana and their son Prince William.[115]

Elizabeth and Ronald Reagan on black horses. He bare-headed; she in a headscarf; both in tweeds, jodhpurs and riding boots.

Riding at Windsor with President Reagan, June 1982

From April to September 1982, Elizabeth's son, Prince Andrew, served with British forces in the Falklands War, for which she reportedly felt anxiety[116] and pride.[117] On 9 July, she awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, Michael Fagan, in the room with her. In a serious lapse of security, assistance only arrived after two calls to the Palace police switchboard.[118] After hosting US president Ronald Reagan at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visiting his California ranch in 1983, Elizabeth was angered when his administration ordered the invasion of Grenada, one of her Caribbean realms, without informing her.[119]

Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, pioneered by The Sun tabloid.[120] As Kelvin MacKenzie, editor of The Sun, told his staff: "Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals. Don't worry if it's not true—so long as there's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards."[121] Newspaper editor Donald Trelford wrote in The Observer of 21 September 1986: "The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of ... it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not." It was reported, most notably in The Sunday Times of 20 July 1986, that Elizabeth was worried that Margaret Thatcher's economic policies fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment, a series of riots, the violence of a miners' strike, and Thatcher's refusal to apply sanctions against the apartheid regime in South Africa. The sources of the rumours included royal aide Michael Shea and Commonwealth secretary-general Shridath Ramphal, but Shea claimed his remarks were taken out of context and embellished by speculation.[122] Thatcher reputedly said Elizabeth would vote for the Social Democratic Party—Thatcher's political opponents.[123] Thatcher's biographer, John Campbell, claimed "the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making".[124] Reports of acrimony between them were exaggerated,[125] and Elizabeth gave two honours in her personal gift—membership in the Order of Merit and the Order of the Garter—to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by John Major.[126] Brian Mulroney, Canadian prime minister between 1984 and 1993, said Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid.[127][128]

In 1986, Elizabeth paid a six-day state visit to the People's Republic of China, becoming the first British monarch to visit the country.[129] The tour included the Forbidden City, the Great Wall of China, and the Terracotta Warriors.[130] At a state banquet, Elizabeth joked about the first British emissary to China being lost at sea with Queen Elizabeth I's letter to the Wanli Emperor, and remarked, "fortunately postal services have improved since 1602".[131] Elizabeth's visit also signified the acceptance of both countries that sovereignty over Hong Kong would be transferred from the United Kingdom to China in 1997.[132]

By the end of the 1980s, Elizabeth had become the target of satire.[133] The involvement of younger members of the royal family in the charity game show It's a Royal Knockout in 1987 was ridiculed.[134] In Canada, Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive constitutional amendments, prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes, including Pierre Trudeau.[127] The same year, the elected Fijian government was deposed in a military coup. As monarch of Fiji, Elizabeth supported the attempts of Governor-General Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement. Coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic.[135]

Turbulent 1990s and annus horribilis

In the wake of coalition victory in the Gulf War, Elizabeth became the first British monarch to address a joint meeting of the United States Congress in May 1991.[136]

Elizabeth, in formal dress, holds a pair of spectacles to her mouth in a thoughtful pose

Philip and Elizabeth in Germany, October 1992

On 24 November 1992, in a speech to mark the Ruby Jubilee of her accession to the throne, Elizabeth called 1992 her annus horribilis (a Latin phrase, meaning "horrible year").[137] Republican feeling in Britain had risen because of press estimates of Elizabeth's private wealth—contradicted by the Palace—and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family.[138] In March, her second son, Prince Andrew, separated from his wife, Sarah, and Mauritius removed Elizabeth as head of state; her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced Captain Mark Phillips in April;[139] angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at Elizabeth during a state visit to Germany in October;[140] and a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle, one of her official residences, in November. The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny.[141] In an unusually personal speech, Elizabeth said that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it might be done with "a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding".[142] Two days later, British prime minister John Major announced plans to reform the royal finances, drawn up the previous year, including Elizabeth paying income tax from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the civil list.[143] In December, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, formally separated.[144] At the end of the year, Elizabeth sued The Sun newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her annual Christmas message two days before it was broadcast. The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated £200,000 to charity.[145] Elizabeth's solicitors had taken successful action against The Sun five years earlier for breach of copyright after it published a photograph of her daughter-in-law the Duchess of York and her granddaughter Princess Beatrice.[146]

In January 1994, Elizabeth broke the scaphoid bone in her left wrist as the horse she was riding at Sandringham House tripped and fell.[147] In October 1994, she became the first reigning British monarch to set foot on Russian soil.[c] In October 1995, Elizabeth was tricked into a hoax call by Montreal radio host Pierre Brassard impersonating Canadian prime minister Jean Chrétien. Elizabeth, who believed that she was speaking to Chrétien, said she supported Canadian unity and would try to influence Quebec's referendum on proposals to break away from Canada.[152]

In the year that followed, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued.[153] In consultation with her husband and John Major, as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury, George Carey, and her private secretary, Robert Fellowes, Elizabeth wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, suggesting that a divorce would be advisable.[154]

In August 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris. Elizabeth was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral. Diana's two sons, Princes William and Harry, wanted to attend church, so Elizabeth and Philip took them that morning.[155] Afterwards, for five days the royal couple shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private,[156] but the royal family's silence and seclusion, and the failure to fly a flag at half-mast over Buckingham Palace, caused public dismay.[128][157] Pressured by the hostile reaction, Elizabeth agreed to return to London and address the nation in a live television broadcast on 5 September, the day before Diana's funeral.[158] In the broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings "as a grandmother" for the two princes.[159] As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated.[159]

In October 1997, Elizabeth and Philip made a state visit to India, which included a controversial visit to the site of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre to pay her respects. Protesters chanted "Killer Queen, go back",[160] and there were demands for her to apologise for the action of British troops 78 years earlier.[161] At the memorial in the park, she and Philip paid their respects by laying a wreath and stood for a 30‑second moment of silence.[161] As a result, much of the fury among the public softened and the protests were called off.[160] That November, Elizabeth and her husband held a reception at Banqueting House to mark their golden wedding anniversary.[162] Elizabeth made a speech and praised Philip for his role as a consort, referring to him as "my strength and stay".[162]

In 1999, as part of the process of devolution within the UK, Elizabeth formally opened newly established legislatures for Wales and Scotland: the National Assembly for Wales at Cardiff in May,[163] and the Scottish Parliament at Edinburgh in July.[164]

Golden Jubilee

At a Golden Jubilee dinner with British prime minister Tony Blair and former prime ministers, 2002. From left to right: Blair, Margaret Thatcher, Edward Heath, Elizabeth, James Callaghan and John Major

On the eve of the new millennium, Elizabeth and Philip boarded a vessel from Southwark, bound for the Millennium Dome. Before passing under Tower Bridge, Elizabeth lit the National Millennium Beacon in the Pool of London using a laser torch.[165] Shortly before midnight, she officially opened the Dome.[166] During the singing of Auld Lang Syne, Elizabeth held hands with Philip and British prime minister Tony Blair.[167]

In 2002, Elizabeth marked her Golden Jubilee, the 50th anniversary of her accession. Her sister and mother died in February and March respectively, and the media speculated on whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure.[168] She again undertook an extensive tour of her realms, beginning in Jamaica in February, where she called the farewell banquet "memorable" after a power cut plunged the King's House, the official residence of the governor-general, into darkness.[169] As in 1977, there were street parties and commemorative events, and monuments were named to honour the occasion. One million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London,[170] and the enthusiasm shown for Elizabeth by the public was greater than many journalists had anticipated.[171]

Greeting NASA employees at the Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, May 2007

In 2003, Elizabeth sued Daily Mirror for breach of confidence and obtained an injunction which prevented the outlet from publishing information gathered by a reporter who posed as a footman at Buckingham Palace.[172] The newspaper also paid £25,000 towards her legal costs.[173] Though generally healthy throughout her life, in 2003 Elizabeth had keyhole surgery on both knees. In October 2006, she missed the opening of the new Emirates Stadium because of a strained back muscle that had been troubling her since the summer.[174]

In May 2007, citing unnamed sources, The Daily Telegraph reported that Elizabeth was "exasperated and frustrated" by the policies of Tony Blair, that she was concerned the British Armed Forces were overstretched in Iraq and Afghanistan, and that she had raised concerns over rural and countryside issues with Blair.[175] She was, however, said to admire Blair's efforts to achieve peace in Northern Ireland.[176] She became the first British monarch to celebrate a diamond wedding anniversary in November 2007.[177] On 20 March 2008, at the Church of Ireland St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh, Elizabeth attended the first Maundy service held outside England and Wales.[178]

Elizabeth addressed the UN General Assembly for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and Head of the Commonwealth.[179] The UN secretary-general, Ban Ki-moon, introduced her as "an anchor for our age".[180] During her visit to New York, which followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for British victims of the September 11 attacks.[180] Elizabeth's 11-day visit to Australia in October 2011 was her 16th visit to the country since 1954.[181] By invitation of the Irish president, Mary McAleese, she made the first state visit to the Republic of Ireland by a British monarch in May 2011.[182]

Diamond Jubilee and longevity

Visiting Birmingham in July 2012 as part of the Diamond Jubilee tour

Elizabeth's 2012 Diamond Jubilee marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf.[183] On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world.[184] In November, Elizabeth and her husband celebrated their blue sapphire wedding anniversary (65th).[185] On 18 December, she became the first British sovereign to attend a peacetime Cabinet meeting since George III in 1781.[186]

Elizabeth, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two countries.[187] For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond.[188] On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called "the most memorable Bond girl yet" at the award ceremony.[189]

Opening the Borders Railway on the day she became the longest-reigning British monarch, 2015. In her speech, she said she had never aspired to achieve that milestone.[190]

On 3 March 2013, Elizabeth stayed overnight at King Edward VII's Hospital as a precaution after developing symptoms of gastroenteritis.[191] A week later, she signed the new Charter of the Commonwealth.[192] Because of her age and the need for her to limit travelling, in 2013 she chose not to attend the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting for the first time in 40 years. She was represented at the summit in Sri Lanka by Prince Charles.[193] On 20 April 2018, the Commonwealth heads of government announced that she would be succeeded by Charles as Head of the Commonwealth, which she stated was her "sincere wish".[194] She underwent cataract surgery in May 2018.[195] In March 2019, she gave up driving on public roads, largely as a consequence of a car crash involving her husband two months earlier.[196]

Elizabeth surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch on 21 December 2007, and the longest-reigning British monarch and longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015.[197] She became the oldest current monarch after King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia died on 23 January 2015.[198] She later became the longest-reigning current monarch and the longest-serving current head of state following the death of King Bhumibol of Thailand on 13 October 2016,[199] and the oldest current head of state on the resignation of Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe on 21 November 2017.[200] On 6 February 2017, she became the first British monarch to commemorate a sapphire jubilee,[201] and on 20 November, she was the first British monarch to celebrate a platinum wedding anniversary.[202] Philip had retired from his official duties as the Queen's consort in August 2017.[203]

cvd-19 pandemic

On 19 March 2020, as the cvd-19 pandemic hit the United Kingdom, Elizabeth moved to Windsor Castle and sequestered there as a precaution.[204] Public engagements were cancelled and Windsor Castle followed a strict sanitary protocol nicknamed "HMS Bubble".[205]

In a virtual meeting with Dame Cindy Kiro during the cvd-19 pandemic, October 2021

On 5 April, in a televised broadcast watched by an estimated 24 million viewers in the UK,[206] she asked people to "take comfort that while we may have more still to endure, better days will return: we will be with our friends again; we will be with our families again; we will meet again."[207] On 8 May, the 75th anniversary of VE Day, in a television broadcast at 9 pm—the exact time at which her father George VI had broadcast to the nation on the same day in 1945—she asked people to "never give up, never despair".[208] In October, she visited the UK's Defence Science and Technology Laboratory in Wiltshire, her first public engagement since the start of the pandemic.[209] On 4 November, she appeared masked for the first time in public, during a private pilgrimage to the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior at Westminster Abbey, to mark the centenary of his burial.[210] In 2021, she received her first and second cvd-19 vaccinations in January and April respectively.[211]

Prince Philip died on 9 April 2021, after 73 years of marriage, making Elizabeth the first British monarch to reign as a widow or widower since Queen Victoria.[212] She was reportedly at her husband's bedside when he died,[213] and remarked in private that his death had "left a huge void".[214] Due to the cvd-19 restrictions in place in England at the time, Elizabeth sat alone at Philip's funeral service, which evoked sympathy from people around the world.[215] In her Christmas broadcast that year, she paid a personal tribute to her "beloved Philip", saying, "That mischievous, inquiring twinkle was as bright at the end as when I first set eyes on him".[216]

Despite the pandemic, Elizabeth attended the 2021 State Opening of Parliament in May,[217] and the 47th G7 summit in June.[218] On 5 July, the 73rd anniversary of the founding of the UK's National Health Service, she announced that the NHS will be awarded the George Cross to "recognise all NHS staff, past and present, across all disciplines and all four nations".[219] In October 2021, she began using a walking stick during public engagements for the first time since her operation in 2004.[220] Following an overnight stay in hospital on 20 October, her previously scheduled visits to Northern Ireland,[221] the COP26 summit in Glasgow,[222] and the 2021 National Service of Remembrance were cancelled on health grounds.[223]

Platinum Jubilee

Drones forming a corgi above Buckingham Palace at the Platinum Party at the Palace on 4 June 2022

Elizabeth's Platinum Jubilee began on 6 February 2022, marking 70 years since she acceded to the throne on her father's death. On the eve of the date, she held a reception at Sandringham House for pensioners, local Women's Institute members and charity volunteers.[224] In her accession day message, Elizabeth renewed her commitment to a lifetime of public service, which she had originally made in 1947.[225]

Later that month, Elizabeth had "mild cold-like symptoms" and tested positive for cvd-19, along with some staff and family members.[226] She cancelled two virtual audiences on 22 February,[227] but held a phone conversation with British prime minister Boris Johnson the following day amid a crisis on the Russo-Ukrainian border,[d][228] following which she made a donation to the Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) Ukraine Humanitarian Appeal.[229] On 28 February, she was reported to have recovered and spent time with her family at Frogmore.[230] On 7 March, Elizabeth met Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau at Windsor Castle, in her first in-person engagement since her cvd diagnosis.[231] She later remarked that cvd infection "leave[s] one very tired and exhausted ... It's not a nice result".[232]

Elizabeth was present at the service of thanksgiving for Prince Philip at Westminster Abbey on 29 March,[233] but was unable to attend the annual Commonwealth Day service that month[234] or the Royal Maundy service in April.[235] She missed the State Opening of Parliament in May for the first time in 59 years. (She did not attend in 1959 and 1963 as she was pregnant with Prince Andrew and Prince Edward, respectively.)[236] In her absence, Parliament was opened by the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Cambridge as counsellors of state.[237]

During the Platinum Jubilee celebrations, Elizabeth was largely confined to balcony appearances, and missed the National Service of Thanksgiving.[238] For the Jubilee concert, she took part in a sketch with Paddington Bear, that opened the event outside Buckingham Palace.[239] On 13 June 2022, she became the second-longest reigning monarch in history among those whose exact dates of reign are known, with 70 years, 127 days reigned—surpassing King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand.[240] On 6 September 2022, she appointed her 15th British prime minister, Liz Truss, at Balmoral Castle in Scotland. This marked the only time she did not receive a new prime minister at Buckingham Palace during her reign.[241] No other British reign had seen so many prime ministers.[242]

Elizabeth never planned to abdicate,[243] though she took on fewer public engagements as she grew older and Prince Charles took on more of her duties.[244] The Queen told Canadian governor general Adrienne Clarkson in a meeting in 2002 that she would never abdicate, saying "It is not our tradition. Although, I suppose if I became completely gaga, one would have to do something".[245] In June 2022, Elizabeth met the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, who "came away thinking there is someone who has no fear of death, has hope in the future, knows the rock on which she stands and that gives her strength."[246]

Death

Main article: Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II

Tributes left by people in The Mall, London

On 8 September 2022, Buckingham Palace released a statement which read: "Following further evaluation this morning, the Queen's doctors are concerned for Her Majesty's health and have recommended she remain under medical supervision. The Queen remains comfortable and at Balmoral."[247] Elizabeth's immediate family rushed to Balmoral to be by her side.[248] She died "peacefully" at 15:10 BST at the age of 96, with two of her children, King Charles III and Princess Anne by her side.[249] Her death was announced to the public 3 hours after her death, at 18:30,[250] setting in motion Operation London Bridge and, because she died in Scotland, Operation Unicorn.[251] Elizabeth was the first monarch to die in Scotland since James V in 1542.[252] Her cause of death was recorded as "old age".[253]

On 12 September, Elizabeth's coffin was carried up the Royal Mile in a procession to St Giles' Cathedral, where the Crown of Scotland was placed on it.[254] Her coffin lay at rest at the cathedral for 24 hours, guarded by the Royal Company of Archers, during which around 33,000 people filed past the coffin.[255] It was taken by air to London on 13 September. On 14 September, her coffin was taken in a military procession from Buckingham Palace to Westminster Hall, where Elizabeth lay in state for four days. The coffin was guarded by members of both the Sovereign's Bodyguard and the Household Division. An estimated 250,000 members of the public filed past the coffin, as did politicians and other public figures.[256][257] On 16 September, Elizabeth's children held a vigil around her coffin, and the next day her eight grandchildren did the same.[258][259]

Queen Elizabeth II's coffin on the State Gun Carriage of the Royal Navy, during the procession to Wellington Arch

Elizabeth's state funeral was held at Westminster Abbey on 19 September, which marked the first time that a monarch's funeral service had been held at the Abbey since George II in 1760.[260] More than a million people lined the streets of central London,[261] and the day was declared a holiday in several Commonwealth countries. In Windsor, a final procession involving 1,000 military personnel took place which was witnessed by 97,000 people.[262][261] Elizabeth's fell pony, and two royal corgis, stood at the side of the procession.[263] After a Committal Service at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Elizabeth was interred with her husband Philip in the King George VI Memorial Chapel later the same day in a private ceremony attended by her closest family members.[264]

Legacy

Main article: Personality and image of Elizabeth II

Beliefs, activities and interests

Petting a dog in New Zealand, 1974

Elizabeth rarely gave interviews and little was known of her personal feelings. She did not explicitly express her own political opinions in a public forum, and it is against convention to ask or reveal the monarch's views. When Times journalist Paul Routledge asked Elizabeth for her opinions on the miners' strike of 1984–85, she replied that it was "all about one man" (a reference to Arthur Scargill), with which Routledge disagreed.[265] Widely criticised in the media for asking the question, Routledge said he was not initially due to be present for the royal visit and was unaware of the protocols.[265] After the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, Prime Minister David Cameron stated that Elizabeth was pleased with the outcome.[266] She had arguably issued a public coded statement about the referendum by telling one woman outside Balmoral Kirk that she hoped people would think "very carefully" about the outcome. It emerged later that Cameron had specifically requested that she register her concern.[267]

Elizabeth had a deep sense of religious and civic duty, and took her crtion Oath seriously.[268] Aside from her official religious role as Supreme Governor of the established Church of England, she worshipped with that church and also the national Church of Scotland.[269] She demonstrated support for inter-faith relations and met with leaders of other churches and religions, including five popes: Pius XII, John XXIII, John Paul II, Benedict XVI and Francis.[270] A personal note about her faith often featured in her annual Christmas Message broadcast to the Commonwealth. In 2000, she said:[271]

To many of us, our beliefs are of fundamental importance. For me the teachings of Christ and my own personal accountability before God provide a framework in which I try to lead my life. I, like so many of you, have drawn great comfort in difficult times from Christ's words and example.

Elizabeth was patron of more than 600 organisations and charities.[272] The Charities Aid Foundation estimated that Elizabeth helped raise over £1.4 billion for her patronages during her reign.[273] Her main leisure interests included equestrianism and dogs, especially her Pembroke Welsh Corgis.[274] Her lifelong love of corgis began in 1933 with Dookie, the first corgi owned by her family.[275] Scenes of a relaxed, informal home life were occasionally witnessed; she and her family, from time to time, prepared a meal together and washed the dishes afterwards.[276]

Media depiction and public opinion

Magazines from the 1950s with Elizabeth II on their cover

In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen".[277] After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age".[278] Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "priggish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism.[279] In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary Royal Family and by televising Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales.[280] Her wardrobe developed a recognisable, signature style driven more by function than fashion.[281] In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, allowing her to be seen easily in a crowd.[282]

At Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic;[283] but, in the 1980s, public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny.[284] Her popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s. Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public.[285] Although support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republican ideology was still a minority viewpoint and Elizabeth herself had high approval ratings.[286] Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself, and the conduct of Elizabeth's wider family, rather than her own behaviour and actions.[287] Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, although Elizabeth's personal popularity—as well as general support for the monarchy—rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death.[288]

Meeting children in Brisbane, Australia, October 1982

In November 1999, a referendum in Australia on the future of the Australian monarchy favoured its retention in preference to an indirectly elected head of state.[289] Many republicans credited Elizabeth's personal popularity with the survival of the monarchy in Australia. In 2010, Prime Minister Julia Gillard noted that there was a "deep affection" for Elizabeth in Australia and another referendum on the monarchy should wait until after her reign.[290] Gillard's successor, Malcolm Turnbull, who led the republican campaign in 1999, similarly believed that Australians would not vote to become a republic in her lifetime.[291] "She's been an extraordinary head of state", Turnbull said in 2021, "and I think frankly, in Australia, there are more Elizabethans than there are monarchists".[292] Similarly, referendums in both Tuvalu in 2008 and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 2009 saw voters reject proposals to become republics.[293]

Polls in Britain in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for the monarchy,[294] and in 2012, Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee year, her approval ratings hit 90 per cent.[295] Her family came under scrutiny again in the last few years of her life due to her son Andrew's association with convicted sex offenders Jeffrey Epstein and Ghislaine Maxwell, his lawsuit with Virginia Giuffre amidst accusations of sexual impropriety, and her grandson Harry and his wife Meghan's exit from the monarchy and subsequent move to the United States.[296] Polling in Great Britain during the Platinum Jubilee, however, showed Elizabeth's personal popularity remained strong.[297] As of 2021 she remained the third most admired woman in the world according to the annual Gallup poll, her 52 appearances on the list meaning she had been in the top ten more than any other woman in the poll's history.[298]

Elizabeth was portrayed in a variety of media by many notable artists, including painters Pietro Annigoni, Peter Blake, Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy, Terence Cuneo, Lucian Freud, Rolf Harris, Damien Hirst, Juliet Pannett and Tai-Shan Schierenberg.[299][300] Notable photographers of Elizabeth included Cecil Beaton, Yousuf Karsh, Anwar Hussein, Annie Leibovitz, Lord Lichfield, Terry O'Neill, John Swannell and Dorothy Wilding. The first official portrait photograph of Elizabeth was taken by Marcus Adams in 1926.[301]

Finances

Further information: Finances of the British royal family

View of Sandringham House from the south bank of the Upper Lake

Sandringham House, Elizabeth's residence in Norfolk, which she personally owned

Elizabeth's personal wealth was the subject of speculation for many years. In 1971, Jock Colville, her former private secretary and a director of her bank, Coutts, estimated her wealth at £2 million (equivalent to about £30 million in 2021[302]).[303] In 1993, Buckingham Palace called estimates of £100 million "grossly overstated".[304] In 2002, she inherited an estate worth an estimated £70 million from her mother.[305] The Sunday Times Rich List 2020 estimated her personal wealth at £350 million, making her the 372nd richest person in the UK.[306] She was number one on the list when it began in the Sunday Times Rich List 1989, with a reported wealth of £5.2 billion (approximately £13.8 billion in today's value),[302] which included state assets that were not hers personally.[307]

The Royal Collection, which includes thousands of historic works of art and the Crown Jewels, was not owned personally but was described as being held in trust by Elizabeth for her successors and the nation,[308] as were her official residences, such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle,[309] and the Duchy of Lancaster, a property portfolio valued at £472 million in 2015.[310] The Paradise Papers, leaked in 2017, show that the Duchy of Lancaster held investments in the British tax havens of the Cayman Islands and Bermuda.[311] Sandringham House in Norfolk and Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire were personally owned by Elizabeth.[309] The Crown Estate—with holdings of £14.3 billion in 2019[312]—is held in trust and could not be sold or owned by her in a personal capacity.[313]

Titles, styles, honours, and arms

Main article: List of titles and honours of Elizabeth II

Titles and styles

Royal cypher of Elizabeth II, surmounted by St Edward's Crown.

Personal flag of Elizabeth II

21 April 1926 – 11 December 1936: Her Royal Highness Princess Elizabeth of York[314]

11 December 1936 – 20 November 1947: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth

20 November 1947 – 6 February 1952: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh[315]

6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022: Her Majesty The Queen

Elizabeth held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth, was sovereign of many orders in her own countries, and received honours and awards from around the world. In each of her realms, she had a distinct title that follows a similar formula: Queen of Saint Lucia and of Her other Realms and Territories in Saint Lucia, Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories in Australia, etc. In the Channel Islands and Isle of Man, which are Crown Dependencies rather than separate realms, she was known as Duke of Normandy and Lord of Mann, respectively. Additional styles include Defender of the Faith and Duke of Lancaster.

When conversing with Elizabeth, the correct etiquette was to address her initially as Your Majesty and thereafter as Ma'am (pronounced /mæm/), with a short 'a' as in jam.[316]

Arms

See also: Flags of Elizabeth II

From 21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a lozenge bearing the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing a Tudor rose and the first and third a cross of St George.[317] Upon her accession, she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign. Elizabeth also possessed royal standards and personal flags for use in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, and elsewhere.[318]

Issue

Name Birth Marriage Children Grandchildren

Date Spouse

Charles III 14 November 1948 (age 73) 29 July 1981

Divorced 28 August 1996 Lady Diana Spencer William, Prince of Wales

Prince George of Wales

Princess Charlotte of Wales

Prince Louis of Wales

Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex

Archie Mountbatten-Windsor

Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor

9 April 2005 Camilla Parker Bowles None

Anne, Princess Royal 15 August 1950 (age 72) 14 November 1973

Divorced 28 April 1992 Mark Phillips Peter Phillips

Savannah Phillips

Isla Phillips

Zara Tindall

Mia Tindall

Lena Tindall

Lucas Tindall

12 December 1992 Timothy Laurence None

Prince Andrew, Duke of York 19 February 1960 (age 62) 23 July 1986

Divorced 30 May 1996 Sarah Ferguson Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi Sienna Mapelli Mozzi

Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank August Brooksbank

Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Forfar 10 March 1964 (age 58) 19 June 1999 Sophie Rhys-Jones Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor None

James Mountbatten-Windsor, Viscount Severn None

Ancestry

Ancestors of Elizabeth II[319]

See also

Household of Elizabeth II

List of things named after Elizabeth II

List of jubilees of Elizabeth II

List of special addresses made by Elizabeth II

Royal eponyms in Canada

Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX

Notes

 Her godparents were: King George V and Queen Mary; Lord Strathmore; Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (her paternal great-granduncle); Princess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles (her paternal aunt); and Lady Elphinstone (her maternal aunt).[5]

 Television coverage of the crtion was instrumental in boosting the medium's popularity; the number of television licences in the United Kingdom doubled to 3 million,[71] and many of the more than 20 million British viewers watched television for the first time in the homes of their friends or neighbours.[72] In North America, almost 100 million viewers watched recorded broadcasts.[73]

 The only previous state visit by a British monarch to Russia was made by King Edward VII in 1908. The King never stepped ashore, and met Nicholas II on royal yachts off the Baltic port of what is now Tallinn, Estonia.[148][149] During the four-day visit, which was considered to be one of the most important foreign trips of Elizabeth's reign,[150] she and Philip attended events in Moscow and Saint Petersburg.[151]

 Russia invaded Ukraine one day later.

References

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Bibliography

The BBC Book of Royal Memories: 1947–1990, BBC Books, 1991, ISBN 978-0-563-36008-7

Bedell Smith, Sally (2017), Elizabeth the Queen: The Woman Behind the Throne, Penguin Books, ISBN 978-1-4059-3216-5

Bond, Jennie (2006), Elizabeth: Eighty Glorious Years, Carlton Publishing Group, ISBN 1-84442-260-7

Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Gary (2002), Fifty Years the Queen, Dundurn Press, ISBN 978-1-55002-360-2

Bradford, Sarah (2002), Elizabeth: A Biography of Her Majesty the Queen (2nd ed.), Penguin, ISBN 978-0-14-193333-7

Bradford, Sarah (2012), Queen Elizabeth II: Her Life in Our Times, Penguin, ISBN 978-0-670-91911-6

Brandreth, Gyles (2004), Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage, Century, ISBN 0-7126-6103-4

Briggs, Asa (1995), The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, vol. 4, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-212967-8

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Campbell, John (2003), Margaret Thatcher: The Iron Lady, Jonathan Cape, ISBN 0-224-06156-9

Crawford, Marion (1950), The Little Princesses, Cassell & Co.

Hardman, Robert (2011), Our Queen, Hutchinson, ISBN 978-0-09-193689-1

Hardman, Robert (2019), Queen of the World, Penguin Random House, ISBN 978-1-78089-818-6

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External links

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Queen Elizabeth II at the Royal Family website

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Titles and succession

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Elizabeth II

Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms (1952–2022)

Monarchies

Antigua and BarbudaAustraliaBahamasBarbadosBelizeCanadaCeylonFijiGambiaGhanaGrenadaGuyanaJamaicaKenyaMalawiMaltaMauritiusNew ZealandNigeriaPakistanPapua New GuineaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSierra LeoneSolomon IslandsSouth AfricaTanganyikaTrinidad and TobagoTuvaluUgandaUnited Kingdom

Family

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (husband) weddingwedding dresswedding cakeCharles III (son)Anne, Princess Royal (daughter)Prince Andrew, Duke of York (son)Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Forfar (son)George VI (father)Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (mother)Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (sister)Mountbatten-Windsor family

Accession and

crtion

Proclamation of accessioncrtion Royal guestsParticipants in the processioncrtion chickencrtion gownMedalHonoursAwardThe Queen's BeastsTreetops HotelMacCormick v Lord Advocate

Reign

Annus horribilisHouseholdPersonality and imagePrime ministersPillar Box WarRhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence Queen of RhodesiaChristopher John Lewis incidentLithgow PlotMarcus Sarjeant incident1975 Australian constitutional crisis Palace lettersMichael Fagan incident1987 Fijian coups d'étatDeath of Diana, Princess of Wales1999 Australian republic referendumPerth AgreementState Opening of Parliament 20212022Operation London BridgeDeath and state funeral reactionsqueuedignitaries at the funeral

Jubilees

Silver Jubilee

EventsMedalHonoursJubilee GardensJubilee lineJubilee Walkway

Ruby Jubilee

Queen's Anniversary Prize

Golden Jubilee

Prom at the PalaceParty at the PalaceMedalHonoursThe Odyssey

Diamond Jubilee

PageantArmed Forces Parade and MusterThames Pageant GlorianaSpirit of ChartwellConcertGibraltar FlotillaMedalHonours

Platinum Jubilee

MedalBeaconsPlatinum Party at the PalacePageantPlatinum Jubilee Celebration: A Gallop Through HistoryTrooping the ColourNational Service of ThanksgivingPlatinum PuddingThe Queen's Green CanopyPlatinum Jubilee Civic HonoursThe Bahamas Platinum Jubilee Sailing RegattaThe Queen's Platinum Jubilee ConcertBig Jubilee Read

Commonwealth

tours

Antigua and BarbudaAustralia official openingsCanadaJamaicaNew ZealandSaint Lucia

Ships used

HMS Vanguard (23)SS Gothic (1947)HMY Britannia

State visits

Outgoing

State visit to SpainState visit to RussiaState visit to Ireland

Incoming

Pope Benedict XVIPresident Michael D. HigginsPresident Xi Jinping

Titles and

honours

Head of the CommonwealthDefender of the FaithSupreme Governor of the Church of EnglandHead of the British Armed ForcesCommander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed ForcesLord of MannList of things named after Elizabeth IIRoyal Family OrderElizabeth CrossQueen's Official BirthdayFlags

Depictions

Televised addresses

Royal address to the nationRoyal Christmas Message

Documentaries

Royal Journey (1951)A Queen Is Crowned (1953)The Queen in Australia (1954)The Royal Tour of the Caribbean (1966)Royal Family (1969)Elizabeth R: A Year in the Life of the Queen (1992)Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work (2007)The Diamond Queen (2012)Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute (2016)The crtion (2018)Elizabeth: The Unseen Queen (2022)

Film and

television

A Question of Attribution (1992 TV)Willi und die Windzors (1996)Her Majesty (2001)The Queen (2006)The Queen (2009 TV serial)Happy and Glorious (2012)A Royal Night Out (2015)Minions (2015)The Crown (2016–)The Queen's Corgi (2019)2020 Alternative Christmas message (2020)The Prince (2021)

Plays

A Question of Attribution (1988)The Audience (2013)Handbagged

Portraits

Conversation Piece at the Royal Lodge, WindsorWattle QueenPietro Annigoni's portraitsReigning QueensHer Majesty Queen Elizabeth II – An 80th Birthday PortraitThe QueenThe crtion Theatre: Portrait of HM Queen Elizabeth IIBeautiful Portrait, The QueenQueen Elizabeth IIAlgorithm Queen

Statues

WindsorWinnipegLagosYork Minster

Books

The Queen and IThe Little PrincessesThe Uncommon ReaderWinnie-the-Pooh Meets the QueenQueen Camilla

Songs

"God Save the Queen" (Sex Pistols song)"Her Majesty"

Stamps

Machin series (list)Wilding seriesCastle seriesCanadian domestic rate stampCountry definitives

Animals

Corgis

DookieSusan

Horses

AureoleBurmeseCarrozzaDunfermlineEstimateHeight of FashionHighclerePall MallWinston

Related

Jewels of Elizabeth IIElizabeth lineSagana LodgeVilla GuardamangiaDorgiChildren's Party at the PalaceThe Queen's Birthday PartyJeannette CharlesRosa 'Queen Elizabeth'Queen Elizabeth cake

Links to related articles

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English, Scottish and British monarchs

Monarchs of England until 1603 Monarchs of Scotland until 1603

Alfred the GreatEdward the ElderÆlfweardÆthelstanEdmund IEadredEadwigEdgar the PeacefulEdward the MartyrÆthelred the UnreadySweynEdmund IronsideCnutHarold IHarthacnutEdward the ConfessorHarold GodwinsonEdgar ÆthelingWilliam IWilliam IIHenry IStephenMatildaHenry IIHenry the Young KingRichard IJohnHenry IIIEdward IEdward IIEdward IIIRichard IIHenry IVHenry VHenry VIEdward IVEdward VRichard IIIHenry VIIHenry VIIIEdward VIJaneMary I and PhilipElizabeth I

Kenneth I MacAlpinDonald IConstantine IÁedGiricEochaidDonald IIConstantine IIMalcolm IIndulfDubCuilénAmlaíbKenneth IIConstantine IIIKenneth IIIMalcolm IIDuncan IMacbethLulachMalcolm IIIDonald IIIDuncan IIEdgarAlexander IDavid IMalcolm IVWilliam IAlexander IIAlexander IIIMargaretJohnRobert IDavid IIEdward BalliolRobert IIRobert IIIJames IJames IIJames IIIJames IVJames VMary IJames VI

Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603

James I and VICharles ICharles IIJames II and VIIWilliam III and II and Mary IIAnne

British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707

AnneGeorge IGeorge IIGeorge IIIGeorge IVWilliam IVVictoriaEdward VIIGeorge VEdward VIIIGeorge VIElizabeth IICharles III

Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics.

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British princesses

The generations indicate descent from George I, who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family. Where a princess may have been or is descended from George I more than once, her most senior descent, by which she bore or bears her title, is used.

1st generation

Sophia Dorothea, Queen in Prussia

2nd generation

Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of OrangePrincess AmeliaPrincess CarolineMary, Landgravine of Hesse-KasselLouise, Queen of Denmark and Norway

3rd generation

Augusta, Duchess of BrunswickPrincess ElizabethPrincess LouisaCaroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark and Norway

4th generation

Charlotte, Princess Royal and Queen of WürttembergPrincess Augusta SophiaElizabeth, Landgravine of Hesse-HomburgPrincess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and EdinburghPrincess SophiaPrincess AmeliaPrincess Sophia of GloucesterPrincess Caroline of Gloucester

5th generation

Princess Charlotte, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-SaalfeldPrincess Elizabeth of ClarenceQueen VictoriaAugusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-StrelitzPrincess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck

6th generation

Victoria, Princess Royal and German EmpressAlice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by RhinePrincess Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-HolsteinPrincess Louise, Duchess of ArgyllPrincess Beatrice, Princess Henry of BattenbergPrincess Frederica, Baroness von Pawel-RammingenPrincess Marie of Hanover

7th generation

Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of FifePrincess VictoriaMaud, Queen of NorwayMarie, Queen of RomaniaGrand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna of RussiaPrincess Alexandra, Princess of Hohenlohe-LangenburgPrincess Beatrice, Duchess of GallieraMargaret, Crown Princess of SwedenPrincess Patricia, Lady Patricia RamsayPrincess Alice, Countess of AthlonePrincess Marie Louise, Princess Maximilian of BadenAlexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-SchwerinPrincess Olga of Hanover

8th generation

Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of HarewoodPrincess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of FifePrincess Maud, Countess of SoutheskPrincess Sibylla, Duchess of VästerbottenPrincess Caroline Mathilde of Saxe-Coburg and GothaFrederica, Queen of Greece

9th generation

Queen Elizabeth IIPrincess Margaret, Countess of SnowdonPrincess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy

10th generation

Anne, Princess Royal

11th generation

Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli MozziPrincess Eugenie, Mrs Jack BrooksbankLady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor1

12th generation

Princess Charlotte of WalesLilibet Mountbatten-Windsor1

1 Status debatable; see Lady Louise Windsor#Titles and styles and Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor#Title and succession for details.

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Duchesses of Edinburgh

Princess Augusta of Saxe-GothaDuchesses of Gloucester and EdinburghGrand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of RussiaPrincess Elizabeth of the United KingdomCamilla Shand

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Time Persons of the Year

1927–1950

Charles Lindbergh (1927)Walter Chrysler (1928)Owen D. Young (1929)Mohandas Gandhi (1930)Pierre Laval (1931)Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932)Hugh S. Johnson (1933)Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934)Haile Selassie (1935)Wallis Simpson (1936)Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937)Adolf Hitler (1938)Joseph Stalin (1939)Winston Churchill (1940)Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941)Joseph Stalin (1942)George Marshall (1943)Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944)Harry S. Truman (1945)James F. Byrnes (1946)George Marshall (1947)Harry S. Truman (1948)Winston Churchill (1949)The American Fighting-Man (1950)

1951–1975

Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951)Elizabeth II (1952)Konrad Adenauer (1953)John Foster Dulles (1954)Harlow Curtice (1955)Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956)Nikita Khrushchev (1957)Charles de Gaulle (1958)Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959)U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960)John F. Kennedy (1961)Pope John XXIII (1962)Martin Luther King Jr. (1963)Lyndon B. Johnson (1964)William Westmoreland (1965)The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966)Lyndon B. Johnson (1967)The Apollo 8 Astronauts: William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968)The Middle Americans (1969)Willy Brandt (1970)Richard Nixon (1971)Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972)John Sirica (1973)King Faisal (1974)American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975)

1976–2000

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King Charles III

Charles III

Born: November 14, 1948 (age 73) London England

Title / Office: king (2022-), United Kingdom

Notable Family Members: spouse Diana, princess of Wales spouse Camilla father Philip, Duke of Edinburgh mother Elizabeth II son Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex son William, prince of Wales brother Prince Andrew, duke of York brother Prince Edward, earl of Wessex sister Anne, the Princess Royal

Charles III, formerly called Prince Charles, formerly in full Charles Philip Arthur George, prince of Wales and earl of Chester, duke of Cornwall, duke of Rothesay, earl of Carrick and Baron Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland, (born November 14, 1948, Buckingham Palace, London, England), king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from September 8, 2022. He is the eldest child of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, duke of Edinburgh.

After private schooling at Buckingham Palace and in London, Hampshire, and Scotland, Charles entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1967. He took a bachelor’s degree there in 1971, the first ever earned by an heir to the British crown. He also spent a term at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, learning Welsh in preparation for his investiture as prince of Wales on July 1, 1969, at Caernarvon Castle. He then attended the Royal Air Force College (becoming an excellent flier) and the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, and from 1971 to 1976 took a tour of duty with the Royal Navy. Later he became an outspoken critic of modern architecture. He expressed his views on the topic in A Vision of Britain (1989). In 1992 he founded the Prince of Wales’s Institute of Architecture, which later evolved into the BRE Trust, an organization involved with urban regeneration and development projects.

In Britain, is a knight given the title "Sir?" Is Prince Charles the Earl of Inverness? Sort fact from fiction in this quiz on Sir Francis Drake, Henry VIII, and other English men of distinction.

On July 29, 1981, Charles married Lady Diana Frances Spencer, daughter of the 8th Earl Spencer. The royal wedding was a global media event, broadcast live on television and watched by hundreds of millions of people; following the ceremony, she took the title princess of Wales. The couple’s first child, Prince William of Wales, became at his birth (June 21, 1982) second in line of succession to the throne. Their second child, Prince Henry Charles Albert David (known as Harry), was born on September 15, 1984.

Charles’s marriage to Diana gradually grew strained amid intense scrutiny from the tabloid press and rumours of infidelity. On December 9, 1992, it was announced that Charles and Diana had decided to separate but would continue to fulfill their public duties and to share the responsibility of raising their sons. The couple divorced on August 28, 1996. A year later Diana died in an auto accident, and popular feeling for her, stronger even in death than in life, served to jeopardize the traditional form of monarchy that Charles represented. He subsequently spent much effort in modernizing his public image as the heir apparent. On April 9, 2005, he married Camilla Parker Bowles (born 1947), with whom he had a long-standing relationship; after the wedding, Parker Bowles took the title of duchess of Cornwall.

Arguably, the issue that has remained closest to Charles’s heart is his concern for the environment, which dates to at least 1970, when he delivered a speech on the “horrifying effects” of all forms of pollution and called attention to the threat posed by “indestructible plastic containers.” Since then he has often highlighted the need for rapid action on global warming. He has also been a passionate champion of sustainability, not least through the efforts of his Prince’s Foundation, inspired by his philosophy of harmony: “that by understanding the balance, the order and the relationships between ourselves and the natural world we can create a more sustainable future.”

During the 2010s the attention of royal watchers in many ways shifted from Charles to his sons, whose high-profile “royal weddings” put them and their glamorous partners in the international spotlight. In 2011 William married Catherine Middleton, and in 2018 Harry married Meghan Markle. Tensions arose between Charles and Harry, when Harry and Meghan chose to “step back” from their royal duties and, after negotiations, ceased to be working members of the royal family. Their absence from royal affairs and later that of Prince Andrew (who gave up his military titles and royal patronages in 2021 in the wake of a scandal tied to his involvement with sex trafficker Jeffrey Epstein) only added to the burden on Charles, who increasingly stood in for the aging Elizabeth as her health became more fragile. Some observers even suggested that Charles had effectively become a regent for the queen. Following her death on September 8, 2022, Charles became king.

Charles delivered his inaugural address on September 9, 2022. In the televised speech he paid tribute to his mother’s life and pledged “throughout the remaining time God grants me, to uphold the Constitutional principles at the heart of our nation.” In addition, he conferred the title prince of Wales upon his eldest son, William. Also on September 9 Charles met with Prime Minister Liz Truss at Buckingham Palace.

The new king toured the constituent units of the United Kingdom as they mourned Elizabeth’s death. He also participated with his siblings, his sons, and their families in a series of moving processions and ceremonies honouring the life and legacy of the queen. Notably, he stood vigil with his siblings by the queen’s coffin as it lay in state in Westminster Hall and attended Elizabeth’s sombre funeral ceremony in Westminster Abbey.

The State Funeral of HM Queen Elizabeth II

Monday, 19th September 2022

The State Funeral of HM Queen Elizabeth II

The State Funeral of HM Queen Elizabeth II was held at Westminster Abbey at 11:00am on Monday 19th September 2022.

Before the service, the Abbey’s tenor bell tolled once every minute for 96 minutes, reflecting the years of The Queen’s life.

The Queen's coffin was borne to the Abbey from the Palace of Westminster on the State Gun Carriage of the Royal Navy. Accompanying the coffin were HM The King, Members of the Royal Family, and members of The King's Household.

The service

The service was conducted by the Dean of Westminster, the Very Reverend Dr David Hoyle, who said in his Bidding:

‘In grief and also in profound thanksgiving we come to this House of God, to a place of prayer, to a church where remembrance and hope are sacred duties. Here, where Queen Elizabeth was married and crowned, we gather from across the nation, from the Commonwealth, and from the nations of the world, to mourn our loss, to remember her long life of selfless service, and in sure confidence to commit her to the mercy of God our maker and redeemer.

With gratitude we remember her unswerving commitment to a high calling over so many years as Queen and Head of the Commonwealth. With admiration we recall her life-long sense of duty and dedication to her people. With thanksgiving we praise God for her constant example of Christian faith and devotion. With affection we recall her love for her family and her commitment to the causes she held dear.’

Settings of the Burial Sentences by William Croft and Henry Purcell, both former Organists of Westminster Abbey, were sung as the Procession of the Coffin moved through the Abbey.

The Sermon was preached by the Most Reverend and Right Honourable Justin Welby, Archbishop of Canterbury, who said:

‘Service in life, hope in death. All who follow the Queen’s example, and inspiration of trust and faith in God, can with her say: ‘We will meet again.’’

The Archbishop also led the Commendation.

The Right Honourable The Baroness Scotland, Secretary-General of the Commonwealth, read from 1 Corinthians 15, including verse 55: ‘O death, where is thy sting? O grave, where is thy victory?’

The Prime Minister, the Right Honourable Elizabeth Truss MP, read from John 14: 1 – 9: ‘In my Father's house are many mansions: if it were not so, I would have told you. I go to prepare a place for you.’

Prayers were led by the Reverend Mark Birch, Minor Canon and Precentor, and said by representatives of the churches of the United Kingdom. The Dean pronounced the Blessing.

State Funeral Queenelizabethii Coffin

Picture: PA. Members of the Royal family as during the Procession of the Coffin

The music

Among the music chosen for the State Funeral were the hymns The day thou gavest, Lord, is ended, arranged for the service by the Abbey’s Organist and Master of the Choristers, James O’Donnell; The Lord’s my shepherd, which was sung at the wedding of The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh in 1947; and Love divine, all loves excelling, in an arrangement first sung at the wedding of TRH The Prince and Princess of Wales in the Abbey in 2011.

Like as the hart, a setting of Psalm 42 by Master of the King’s Music, Judith Weir, was composed specially for the service, as was the anthem Who shall separate us?, drawing on words from Romans 8, by Sir James MacMillan.

The anthem was composed by Ralph Vaughan Williams for The Queen’s crtion in the Abbey in 1953.

The service was sung by the Choirs of Westminster Abbey and His Majesty’s Chapel Royal, St James’s Palace, directed by James O’Donnell. The organ was played by Peter Holder, Sub-Organist.

Last Post was sounded by the State Trumpeters of the Household Cavalry before a two-minute silence, observed in the Abbey and throughout the United Kingdom.

The service came to a close with the singing of the National Anthem, before the Sovereign's Piper, WO1 (Pipe Major) Paul Burns played the traditional lament, Sleep, dearie, sleep.

The Abbey bells

After the funeral, the Westminster Abbey Company of Ringers began ringing a full peal of Stedman Caters, lasting more than three hours. The bells were rung fully-muffled – something which only happens upon the death of the monarch. 

The congregation

The Royal Family were joined in the Abbey by a 2000-strong congregation including Heads of State and Overseas Government Representatives, including Foreign Royal Families, Governors General and Realm Prime Ministers.

Also in attendance were other representatives of the Realms and the Commonwealth, the Orders of Chivalry including recipients of the Victoria Cross and George Cross, Government, Parliament, the devolved Parliaments and Assemblies, the Church, and Her Majesty’s Patronages.

Almost 200 people who were recognised in The Queen’s Birthday Honours earlier this year were also present, including those who made extraordinary contributions to the response to the cvd-19 pandemic, and have volunteered in their local communities.

State Funeral Queenelizabethii Coffin Hymn

Picture: PA. HM The King, HM The Queen Consort and members of the Royal Family

The flowers

On The Queen's coffin was a wreath of flowers and foliage cut from the gardens of Buckingham Palace, Clarence House and Highgrove House. It included scented pelargoniums, garden roses, autumnal hydrangea, sedum, dahlias and scabious, all in shades of gold, pink and burgundy, as well as rosemary, myrtle and English oak foliage.

The flower arrangements in the Abbey included Asiatic lilies, gladioli, alstroemeria, eustoma and foliage of English oak, weeping birch and myrtle.

The Queen and the Abbey

The Queen had a long association with Westminster Abbey.

On 20 November 1947, she married The Duke of Edinburgh here and they celebrated anniversaries including their Silver, Golden and Diamond Wedding anniversaries with services in the Abbey.

Queen Elizabeth’s crtion took place on 2 June 1953 and at 12.34pm that day she was crowned in the crtion Chair.

The Queen also celebrated the weddings of two of her children and one of her grandchildren at the church.

As Head of the Commonwealth for 70 years, The Queen attended many Commonwealth Day celebrations at the Abbey.

In March of this year, she attended a Service of Thanksgiving for the life and work of The Duke of Edinburgh, her husband of 73 years. This was the last time she visited the Abbey.

The Queen died on 8th September 2022. She reigned for a total of 70 years and 214 days, making her the longest-reigning monarch in British history.

List of dignitaries at the state funeral of Elizabeth II

Countries from which at least one representative attended the funeral of Queen Elizabeth II on 19 September 2022.

The state funeral of Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom and 14 other Commonwealth realms, was attended by a significant number of dignitaries from across the world, with priority given to those from the Commonwealth of Nations. They attended a service at Westminster Abbey on 19 September 2022. In addition to foreign dignitaries, a small number of the Queen's family, friends, cabinet ministers, religious representatives, courtiers and employees, and volunteers who have supported their communities attended.[1][2]

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To accommodate all countries wishing to be allocated seats, the UK government limited the number of members in each official diplomatic delegation to two.[3] 500 heads of state and foreign dignitaries were present at the funeral ceremony, which was attended by 2,000 people in total.[4][5]

Representatives from 168 countries, out of 193 UN member states, two UN observer states and Kosovo (whose declaration of independence is recognised by the United Kingdom), confirmed attendance, including 18 monarchs, 55 presidents and 25 prime ministers.

Royal family

* Present at the committal service at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle only.

The late Queen's descendants and their relationship to her:[6][7][8]

The King and The Queen Consort, son and daughter-in-law

The Prince and Princess of Wales, grandson and granddaughter-in-law

Prince George of Wales, great-grandson

Princess Charlotte of Wales, great-granddaughter

The Duke and Duchess of Sussex, grandson and granddaughter-in-law

The Princess Royal and Vice Admiral Sir Timothy Laurence, daughter and son-in-law

Peter Phillips, grandson

Savannah Phillips, great-granddaughter*

Isla Phillips, great-granddaughter*

Zara and Michael Tindall, granddaughter and grandson-in-law

Mia Tindall, great-granddaughter*

The Duke of York and Sarah, Duchess of York, son and former daughter-in-law

Princess Beatrice and Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi, granddaughter and grandson-in-law

Princess Eugenie and Jack Brooksbank, granddaughter and grandson-in-law

The Earl and Countess of Wessex and Forfar, son and daughter-in-law

Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor, granddaughter

Viscount Severn, grandson

Other descendants of King George VI and their relationship to the late Queen:[9][10]

The Earl of Snowdon, nephew

Viscount Linley, great-nephew

Lady Margarita Armstrong-Jones, great-niece

Lady Sarah and Daniel Chatto, niece and her husband

Samuel Chatto, great-nephew

2nd Lieutenant Arthur Chatto, great-nephew

Other descendants of King George V and their relationship to the late Queen:[6]

The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester, first cousin and his wife

Earl and Countess of Ulster, first cousin once removed and his wife

Lord Culloden, first cousin twice removed

Lady Cosima Windsor, first cousin twice removed

Lady Davina Windsor, first cousin once removed

Senna Lewis, first cousin twice removed

Lady Rose and George Gilman, first cousin once removed and her husband

Lyla Gilman, first cousin twice removed

The Duke of Kent, first cousin

Earl and Countess of St Andrews, first cousin once removed and his wife

Lord Downpatrick, first cousin twice removed

Lady Marina Windsor, first cousin twice removed

Lady Amelia Windsor, first cousin twice removed

Lady Helen and Timothy Taylor, first cousin once removed and her husband

Columbus Taylor, first cousin twice removed

Cassius Taylor, first cousin twice removed

Eloise Taylor, first cousin twice removed

Estella Taylor, first cousin twice removed

Lord Nicholas Windsor, first cousin once removed

Albert Windsor, first cousin twice removed

Leopold Windsor, first cousin twice removed

Princess Alexandra, The Hon. Lady Ogilvy, first cousin

James and Julia Ogilvy, first cousin once removed and his wife

Flora and Timothy Vesterberg, first cousin twice removed and her husband

Alexander Ogilvy, first cousin twice removed

Marina Ogilvy, first cousin once removed

Zenouska Mowatt, first cousin twice removed

Christian Mowatt, first cousin twice removed

Prince and Princess Michael of Kent, first cousin and his wife

Lord and Lady Frederick Windsor, first cousin once removed and his wife

Lady Gabriella and Thomas Kingston, first cousin once removed and her husband

Other descendants of King Edward VII and their relationship to the late Queen:

The Duke and Duchess of Fife, second cousin once removed and his wife

Lady Alexandra and Mark Etherington, second cousin once removed and her husband

Other descendants of Queen Victoria and their relationship to the late Queen:

The Countess Mountbatten of Burma, wife of third cousin once removed

Lady Alexandra and Thomas Hooper, third cousin twice removed and her husband

Lady Pamela Hicks, third cousin

Edwina Brudenell, third cousin once removed*

Maddison Modupe-Ojo, third cousin twice removed*

India Flint Wood, third cousin once removed

Bowes-Lyon family

Sir Simon Bowes-Lyon and Caroline, Lady Bowes-Lyon, first cousin and his wife

The Hon. Albemarle Bowes-Lyon, first cousin

Annabel Cope, first cousin once removed

Victoria and John Pryor, first cousin once removed and her husband

Simon and Susan Rhodes, first cousin once removed and his wife

Michael Rhodes, first cousin once removed

Gilbert and Rosalind Clayton, first cousin once removed and his wife

Rosie and William Stancer, first cousin once removed and her husband

Lady Elizabeth and Antony Leeming, first cousin once removed, and her husband

Lady Diana and Christopher Godfrey-Faussett, first cousin once removed and her husband

Sarah and Peter Troughton, first cousin once removed and her husband[11]

Sabrina and Christopher Penn, first cousin once removed and her husband*

Matthew and Jane Colman, first cousin once removed and his wife

Capt. David and Harriet Bowes-Lyon, second cousin once removed and his wife

Spencer family

The Earl and Countess Spencer*, godson of the late Queen and maternal uncle of the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Sussex, and his wife[12]

The Lady and Lord Fellowes, maternal aunt of the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Sussex, and her husband, a former private secretary to the late Queen[12]

Parker Bowles and Shand families

Tom Parker Bowles, godson of the King and son of the Queen Consort[12][13]

Lola Parker Bowles, granddaughter of the Queen Consort

Frederick Parker Bowles, grandson of the Queen Consort

Laura and Harry Lopes, daughter of the Queen Consort, and her husband[12][13]

Eliza Lopes, granddaughter of the Queen Consort

Gus Lopes, grandson of the Queen Consort

Louis Lopes, grandson of the Queen Consort

Annabel and Simon Elliot, sister and brother-in-law of the Queen Consort[13]

Middleton family

Michael and Carole Middleton, parents of the Princess of Wales[14]

Other royalty

* Present at the committal service at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle only.

** Present at both the committal service and state funeral

Members of reigning royal houses

Bahrain The Crown Prince of Bahrain[15][16][17] (representing the King of Bahrain)

Belgium The King and Queen of the Belgians[18][19]

Bhutan The King and Queen of Bhutan[20][21]

Brunei The Sultan of Brunei[22]

Brunei Prince Abdul Mateen of Brunei[23][24]

Denmark The Queen of Denmark**[25]

Denmark The Crown Prince of Denmark[25]

Japan The Emperor and Empress of Japan[26][27]

Jordan The King and Queen of Jordan[28][29]

Jordan Princess Haya bint Hussein of Jordan*[21]

Jordan Prince Hassan bin Talal and Princess Sarvath al-Hassan of Jordan*[21]

Kuwait The Crown Prince of Kuwait (representing the Emir of Kuwait)[19]

Lesotho The King of Lesotho[19]

Liechtenstein The Hereditary Prince and Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein (representing the Prince of Liechtenstein)[30]

Luxembourg The Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Luxembourg[31]

Malaysia The Yang di-Pertuan Agong and Raja Permaisuri Agong of Malaysia[32][33]

Monaco The Prince and Princess of Monaco[6]

Morocco Prince Moulay Rachid of Morocco (representing the King of Morocco)[34]

Netherlands The King and Queen of the Netherlands**[35]

Netherlands Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands**[35]

Norway The King and Queen of Norway**[36]

Oman The Sultan of Oman[37]

Qatar The Emir and Sheikha Jawaher bint Hamad of Qatar[38]

Qatar Sheikha Amna bint Mohammed of Qatar*

Qatar Sheikh Hamad bin Abdullah of Qatar*

Saudi Arabia Prince Faisal bin Turki of Saudi Arabia (representing the King of Saudi Arabia)[39]

Spain The King** and Queen of Spain[40]

Spain King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía of Spain**[40]

Sweden The King and Queen of Sweden**[6]

Tonga The King of Tonga[41]

United Arab Emirates The Emir of Dubai (representing the Emir of Abu Dhabi)[16][42]

Members of non-reigning royal houses

Grand Duchy of Baden The Margravine of Baden[43]

Grand Duchy of Baden The Hereditary Prince and Hereditary Princess of Baden[43]

Kingdom of Bulgaria Tsar Simeon II of Bulgaria[44]

Kingdom of Greece Queen Anne-Marie of Greece[45]

Kingdom of Greece Crown Prince Pavlos and Crown Princess Marie-Chantal of Greece[45]

Kingdom of Greece Princess Theodora of Greece and Denmark*

Grand Duchy of Hesse The Landgrave and Landgravine of Hesse[46]

Holy Roman Empire The Prince and Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg[47]

Holy Roman Empire Princess Xenia of Hohenlohe-Langenburg

Kingdom of Romania The Custodian of the Crown of Romania and Prince Radu[48]

Kingdom of Yugoslavia Crown Prince Alexander and Crown Princess Katherine of Yugoslavia[49][50]

Māori people The King and Queen of the Kīngitanga[51]

United Kingdom

*Current and former Prime Ministers were present at both the state funeral and the committal service

United Kingdom Liz Truss, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and Hugh O'Leary[52]

Sir John Major, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1990–1997), and Dame Norma, Lady Major[52]

Sir Tony Blair, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1997–2007), and Cherie, Lady Blair[52]

Gordon Brown, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2007–2010), and Sarah Brown[52]

David Cameron, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2010–2016), and Samantha Cameron[52]

Theresa, Lady May, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2016–2019), and Sir Philip May[52]

Boris Johnson, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2019–2022), and Carrie Johnson[52]

Sir Lindsay Hoyle, Speaker of the House of Commons, and Catherine, Lady Hoyle

The Lord McFall of Alcluith, Lord Speaker, and The Lady McFall of Alcluith

Great Officers of State

See also: Great Officers of State (United Kingdom) and Royal Company of Archers

The Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal

The Lord and Lady Carrington, Lord Great Chamberlain and his wife

The Marquess and Marchioness of Cholmondeley, former Lord Great Chamberlain and his wife

Sovereign's Bodyguard

The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, Captain General of the Royal Company of Archers

Royal Household

The Lord Parker of Minsmere, Lord Chamberlain

The Earl of Dalhousie, Lord Steward

The Lord de Mauley, Master of the Horse

Tim Knox, Director of the Royal Collection

Michael Vernon, Comptroller, Lord Chamberlain's Office

Sir Tony Johnstone-Burt, Master of the Household

Sir Edward Young, Private Secretary to the Sovereign

Sir Michael Stevens, Keeper of the Privy Purse

Paul Whybrew, Queen’s Page of the Backstairs

The Earl and Countess of Airlie, former Lord Chamberlain and his wife

The Lord Luce, former Lord Chamberlain

The Earl and Countess Peel, former Lord Chamberlain and his wife

The Lord and Lady Janvrin, former Private Secretary and his wife

The Lord and Lady Geidt, former Private Secretary and his wife

Kings of Arms

David White, Garter Principal King of Arms

Joseph Morrow, Lord Lyon King of Arms

Robert Noel, Norroy and Ulster King of Arms

Timothy Duke, Clarenceux King of Arms

Sarah Clarke, Lady Usher of the Black Rod

Members of the Cabinet

See also: Cabinet of the United Kingdom

Thérèse Coffey, Deputy Prime Minister, Secretary of State for Health and Social Care

Kwasi Kwarteng, Chancellor of the Exchequer

James Cleverly, Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs[53]

Suella Braverman, Secretary of State for the Home Department

Ben Wallace, Secretary of State for Defence

Brandon Lewis, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, Secretary of State for Justice

Nadhim Zahawi, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Minister for Intergovernmental Relations, Minister for Equalities

Penny Mordaunt, Leader of the House of Commons, Lord President of the Council

The Lord True, Leader of the House of Lords, Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal

Jake Berry, Chairman of the Conservative Party

Alok Sharma, President for COP26, Minister of State at the Cabinet Office

Jacob Rees-Mogg, Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy[53]

Kemi Badenoch, Secretary of State for International Trade

Chloe Smith, Secretary of State for Work and Pensions

Kit Malthouse, Secretary of State for Education[53]

Ranil Jayawardena, Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

Anne-Marie Trevelyan, Secretary of State for Transport

Chris Heaton-Harris, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland[54]

Michelle Donelan, Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport

Alister Jack, Secretary of State for Scotland

Robert Buckland, Secretary of State for Wales[53]

Leaders of other UK political parties

Sir Keir Starmer, Leader of His Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition, and Leader of the Labour Party, and Victoria, Lady Starmer

Sir Ed Davey, Leader of the Liberal Democrats, and Emily, Lady Davey

Ian Blackford, Leader of the Scottish National Party in Westminster

Sir Jeffrey Donaldson, Leader of the Democratic Unionist Party[55]

Liz Saville Roberts, Leader of Plaid Cymru in Westminster

Naomi Long, Leader of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland[55]

Colum Eastwood, Leader of the Social Democratic and Labour Party[55]

Doug Beattie, Leader of Ulster Unionist Party[55]

First ministers of devolved governments

Scotland Nicola Sturgeon, First Minister of Scotland, and Peter Murrell[56]

Wales Mark Drakeford, First Minister of Wales, and Clare Drakeford[57]

Northern Ireland Michelle O'Neill, First Minister-designate of Northern Ireland[58]

Leaders of other political parties in devolved nations

Alex Cole-Hamilton, Leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats, and Gillian Cole-Hamilton

Andrew R. T. Davies, Leader of the Welsh Conservatives

Jane Dodds, Leader of the Welsh Liberal Democrats

Other politicians

Hamza Taouzzale, Lord Mayor of Westminster, and his mother Soud[59]

Vincent Keaveny, Lord Mayor of London, and Amanda Keaveny

Sadiq Khan, Mayor of London, and Saadiya Khan

Recipients of orders and decorations

Johnson Beharry, Victoria Cross recipient[10]

Joshua Leakey, Victoria Cross recipient[60]

Jim Beaton, George Cross recipient[10]

Matthew Croucher, George Cross recipient[60]

Christopher Finney, George Cross recipient[60]

Tony Gledhill, George Cross recipient[10]

Kevin Haberfield, George Cross recipient[60]

Kim Hughes, George Cross recipient[60]

Peter Norton, George Cross recipient[10]

Samuel Shephard, George Cross recipient[60]

Dominic Troulan, George Cross recipient[60]

The Baroness Manningham-Buller, Lady of the Garter[10]

The Marquess of Salisbury, Knight of the Garter[10]

The Baroness Amos, Lady of the Garter[10]

The Lord Wilson of Tillyorn, Knight of the Thistle[10]

The Lord Patel, Knight of the Thistle[10]

Lady Elish Angiolini, Lady of the Thistle[10]

Sir Stephen Dalton, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath[10]

Sir Patrick Vallance, Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath[10]

Susan Ridge, Companion of the Order of the Bath[10]

Neil MacGregor, recipient of the Order of Merit[10]

The Lord Darzi of Denham, recipient of the Order of Merit[10]

Dame Ann Dowling, recipient of the Order of Merit[10]

Sir David Manning, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George[10]

The Baroness Ashton of Upholland, Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George[10]

The Lord Sterling of Plaistow, Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order[10]

Sir Christopher Greenwood, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire[10]

Dame Amelia Fawcett, Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire[10]

Sir Richard Eyre, Companion of Honour[10]

Sir Paul Nurse, Companion of Honour[10]

Dame Marina Warner, Companion of Honour[10]

The Lord Lingfield, Knight Bachelor[10]

Sir Colin Berry, Knight Bachelor[10]

Sir Gary Hickinbottom, Knight Bachelor[10]

Crown Dependencies

Guernsey Richard Cripwell, Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey[61]

Jersey Sir Timothy Le Cocq, Bailiff of Jersey[61]

Isle of Man Sir John Lorimer, Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man[62]

British Overseas Territories

British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory Paul Candler, Commissioner for the British Antarctic Territory and the British Indian Ocean Territory[63]

Anguilla Dileeni Daniel-Selvaratnam, Governor of Anguilla[64]

Ellis Webster, Premier of Anguilla[64]

Bermuda Rena Lalgie, Governor of Bermuda[65]

Edward David Burt, Premier of Bermuda[65]

Cayman Islands Martyn Roper, Governor of the Cayman Islands[66]

Wayne Panton, Premier of the Cayman Islands[66]

Falkland Islands South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Alison Blake, Governor of the Falkland Islands and Commissioner for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands[67][68]

Falkland Islands Roger Spink, Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands[67][68]

Gibraltar Sir David Steel, Governor of Gibraltar[69]

Fabian Picardo, Chief Minister of Gibraltar[69]

Montserrat Sarah Tucker, Governor of Montserrat[70]

Easton Taylor-Farrell, Premier of Montserrat[70]

Pitcairn Islands Iona Thomas, Governor of Pitcairn

Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (Saint Helena Ascension Island Tristan da Cunha) Nigel Phillips, Governor of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha[71]

Saint Helena Julie Thomas, Chief Minister of Saint Helena[71]

Turks and Caicos Islands Nigel Dakin, Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands[72]

Charles Washington Misick, Premier of the Turks and Caicos Islands[72]

British Virgin Islands John Rankin, Governor of the British Virgin Islands[73]

Natalio Wheatley, Premier of the British Virgin Islands[73]

Other realms

Prime Ministers and Governors-General were in attendance at both the committal service and the state funeral[74]

Canada

Canada Mary Simon, Governor General of Canada, and Whit Fraser[75]

Michaëlle Jean, former Governor General of Canada[76]

David Johnston, former Governor General of Canada[76]

Canada Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada, and Sophie Grégoire Trudeau[77][75]

Kim Campbell, former Prime Minister of Canada (1993)[76]

Jean Chrétien, former Prime Minister of Canada (1993–2003)[76]

Paul Martin, former Prime Minister of Canada (2003–2006)[76]

Stephen Harper, former Prime Minister of Canada (2006–2015)[76]

Ralph Goodale, Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom[75]

Janice Charette, Clerk of the Privy Council and Secretary to the Cabinet, former Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom[76]

RoseAnne Archibald, National Chief of the Assembly of First Nations[76]

Cassidy Caron, President of the Métis National Council[76]

Natan Obed, President of the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami[76]

Gregory Charles, radio and television presenter and Officer of the Order of Canada[76]

Sandra Oh, actress and Officer of the Order of Canada[76][78]

Mark Tewksbury, former competitive swimmer and Companion of the Order of Canada[76]

Leslie Arthur Palmer, Cross of Valour recipient[76]

Australia

Australia David Hurley, Governor-General of Australia, and Linda Hurley[6]

Australia Anthony Albanese, Prime Minister of Australia, and Jodie Haydon[77]

Lynette Wood, acting Australian High Commissioner and Chargé d'affaires to the United Kingdom[79]

Keith Payne, Victoria Cross recipient[10]

Mark Donaldson, Victoria Cross for Australia recipient[10]

Daniel Keighran, Victoria Cross for Australia recipient[60]

Ben Roberts-Smith, Victoria Cross for Australia recipient[79]

Michael Pratt, George Cross recipient[60]

Allan Sparkes, Cross of Valour recipient[10]

Mark Dodgson, Officer of the Order of Australia[10]

Dylan Alcott, 2022 Australian of the Year[80]

Valmai Dempsey, 2022 Senior Australian of the Year[80]

Dr Miriam-Rose Ungunmerr-Baumann, 2021 Senior Australian of the Year[80]

Shanna Whan, 2022 Australian of the Year Local Hero[80]

Saba Abraham, Local Hero 2022, Queensland[80]

Kim Smith APM, Local Hero 2022, Tasmania[80]

Trudy Lin, Young Australian of the year 2022, South Australia[80]

Danny Abdallah, Co-Creator of i4give Day and Foundation[80]

Chris Waller, Inductee, Australian Racing Hall of Fame,[80] unable to attend.[81]

Professor Helen Milroy, Western Australia Australian of the Year 2021[79][80]

Robbie and Gai Waterhouse, horse-racing personalities[79]

New Zealand

New Zealand Dame Cindy Kiro, Governor-General of New Zealand[82]

Dame Silvia Cartwright, former Governor-General of New Zealand[51]

New Zealand Jacinda Ardern, Prime Minister of New Zealand, and Clarke Gayford[83][77]

Cook Islands Mark Brown, Prime Minister of the Cook Islands[84]

Niue Dalton Tagelagi, Premier of Niue[85]

Shannon Austin, acting New Zealand High Commissioner to the United Kingdom[51]

Willie Apiata, former corporal in the New Zealand Special Air Service and recipient of the Victoria Cross for New Zealand[51]

Jacinda Margaret Amey, recipient of the New Zealand Cross[10]

Aivale Cole, soprano singer[51]

Esther Jessop, founder of the Ngāti Rānana cultural group[51]

Sir Tipene O'Regan, academic and company director[51]

Dame Kiri Te Kanawa, opera singer[51]

Jamaica

Jamaica Sir Patrick Allen, Governor-General of Jamaica[86]

Jamaica Andrew Holness, Prime Minister of Jamaica[86]

The Bahamas

The Bahamas Sir Cornelius A. Smith, Governor-General of the Bahamas, and Lady Smith[87][88]

The Bahamas Philip Davis, Prime Minister of the Bahamas[89]

Ellison Greenslade, Bahamian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, and Mrs. Greenslade[88]

Grenada

Grenada Dame Cécile La Grenade, Governor-General of Grenada[90]

Grenada Kisha Abba Grant, Grenadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom[91]

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea Sir Bob Dadae, Governor-General of Papua New Guinea[92]

Papua New Guinea James Marape, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea[92]

Solomon Islands

Solomon Islands Sir David Vunagi, Governor-General of Solomon Islands[93]

Tuvalu

Tuvalu Sir Tofiga Vaevalu Falani, Governor-General of Tuvalu[94]

Tuvalu Kausea Natano, Prime Minister of Tuvalu[95]

Saint Lucia

Saint Lucia Errol Charles, Acting Governor-General of Saint Lucia[96]

Saint Lucia Ernest Hilaire, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Tourism, Investment, Creative Industries, Culture and Information of Saint Lucia[97]

Anthony Severin, High Commissioner for Saint Lucia to the United Kingdom[97]

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Dame Susan Dougan, Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[98]

Belize

Belize Dame Froyla Tzalam, Governor-General of Belize, and Daniel Mendez[99]

Antigua and Barbuda

Antigua and Barbuda Sir Rodney Williams, Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda, and Lady Williams[100]

Antigua and Barbuda Gaston Browne, Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda[101]

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Kitts and Nevis Denzil Douglas, Minister of Foreign Affairs and former Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis[102]

Other Commonwealth countries

Heads of state and government

Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina, Prime Minister of Bangladesh, and her sister Sheikh Rehana[103][104]

Barbados Dame Sandra Mason, President and former Governor-General of Barbados[105]

Cameroon Joseph Ngute, Prime Minister of Cameroon[106]

Cyprus Nicos Anastasiades, President of Cyprus, and First Lady Andri Anastasiades[107][108]

Fiji Frank Bainimarama, Prime Minister of Fiji[109]

Gabon Ali Bongo Ondimba, President of Gabon, and First Lady Sylvia Bongo Ondimba[110]

Ghana Nana Akufo-Addo, President of Ghana, and First Lady Rebecca Akufo-Addo[19][111]

India Droupadi Murmu, President of India[112]

Kenya William Ruto, President of Kenya, and First Lady Rachel Ruto[113][114]

Maldives Ibrahim Mohamed Solih, President of the Maldives, and First Lady Fazna Ahmed[115][116]

Malta George Vella, President of Malta, and First Lady Miriam Vella[117]

Mauritius Pravind Jugnauth, Prime Minister of Mauritius, and Kobita Jugnauth[118]

Namibia Hage Geingob, President of Namibia[119]

Pakistan Shehbaz Sharif, Prime Minister of Pakistan[120]

Rwanda Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda[121]

Samoa Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II, O le Ao o le Malo of Samoa, and Masiofo Faʻamausili Leinafo[122]

Seychelles Wavel Ramkalawan, President of Seychelles, and First Lady Linda Ramkalawan[123]

Singapore Halimah Yacob, President of Singapore, and First Gentleman Mohammed Abdullah Alhabshee[124]

South Africa Cyril Ramaphosa, President of South Africa[125]

Sri Lanka Ranil Wickremesinghe, President of Sri Lanka and First Lady Maithree Wickremesinghe[19][126]

Tanzania Samia Suluhu Hassan, President of Tanzania[127]

Togo Faure Gnassingbé, President of Togo[128]

Trinidad and Tobago Paula-Mae Weekes, President of Trinidad and Tobago[19]

Other national representatives

Dominica Joseph Isaac, Speaker of the House of Assembly of Dominica[129]

Eswatini Themba Masuku, Deputy Prime Minister and former Acting Prime Minister of Eswatini[130]

The Gambia Hamat Bah, Minister of Tourism and Culture of the Gambia[131]

Guyana Gail Teixeira, Minister of Parliamentary Affairs and Governance of Guyana[132]

Malawi Joyce Banda, former President of Malawi[133]

Malawi Gospel Kazako, Minister for Information and Digitisation of Malawi[134]

Mozambique Joaquim Chissano, former President of Mozambique[135]

Nigeria Yemi Osinbajo, Vice President of Nigeria[136]

Sierra Leone Fatima Bio, First Lady of Sierra Leone[137]

Tonga Titilupe Fanetupouvava'u Tuita-Tupou Tu'ivakano, Tongan High Commissioner to the United Kingdom[138]

Uganda General Jeje Odongo, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Uganda[139]

Vanuatu James Harris, Honorary Consul of Vanuatu

Zambia Mulambo Haimbe, Justice Minister of Zambia[140]

Commonwealth Secretariat

The Baroness Scotland of Asthal, Secretary-General of the Commonwealth of Nations[141]

Sir Don McKinnon, former Secretary-General of the Commonwealth of Nations[141]

International

Heads of state and government

Albania Bajram Begaj, President of Albania, and First Lady Armanda Begaj[142]

Algeria Aïmene Benabderrahmane, Prime Minister of Algeria[143]

Andorra Archbishop Joan Enric Vives i Sicília, Co-Prince of Andorra[144]

Armenia Vahagn Khachaturyan, President of Armenia[145]

Austria Alexander Van der Bellen, President of Austria, and First Lady Doris Schmidauer[146]

Brazil Jair Bolsonaro, President of Brazil, and First Lady Michelle Bolsonaro[147]

Bulgaria Rumen Radev, President of Bulgaria, and First Lady Desislava Radeva[148]

Comoros Azali Assoumani, President of Comoros, and First Lady Ambari Assoumani[149]

Republic of the Congo Denis Sassou Nguesso, President of the Republic of the Congo[149]

Croatia Zoran Milanović, President of Croatia,[150] and First Lady Sanja Musić Milanović[151]

Czech Republic Petr Fiala, Prime Minister of the Czech Republic[152][153]

Egypt Mostafa Madbouly, Prime Minister of Egypt[154]

Estonia Alar Karis, President of Estonia, and First Lady Sirje Karis[155]

Ethiopia Sahle-Work Zewde, President of Ethiopia[156]

Finland Sauli Niinistö, President of Finland, and First Lady Jenni Haukio[157]

France Andorra Emmanuel Macron, President of France and Co-Prince of Andorra, and First Lady Brigitte Macron[158]

Georgia (country) Salome Zourabichvili, President of Georgia[159]

Germany Frank-Walter Steinmeier, President of Germany, and First Lady Elke Büdenbender[160][161]

Greece Katerina Sakellaropoulou, President of Greece[162]

Guinea-Bissau Nuno Gomes Nabiam, Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau[149]

Hungary Katalin Novák, President of Hungary, and First Gentleman István Attila Veres[163]

Iceland Guðni Th. Jóhannesson, President of Iceland, and First Lady Eliza Reid[164]

Republic of Ireland Michael D. Higgins, President of Ireland, and Sabina Higgins[165][19]

Republic of Ireland Micheál Martin, Taoiseach of Ireland[165][19]

Israel Isaac Herzog, President of Israel, and First Lady Michal Herzog[166]

Italy Sergio Mattarella, President of Italy, and de facto First Lady Laura Mattarella[160]

South Korea Yoon Suk-yeol, President of South Korea, and First Lady Kim Keon-hee[167]

Kosovo Vjosa Osmani, President of Kosovo, and First Gentleman Prindon Sadriu[168]

Latvia Egils Levits, President of Latvia, and First Lady Andra Levite[169]

Lebanon Najib Mikati, Prime Minister of Lebanon[170]

Lithuania Gitanas Nausėda, President of Lithuania, and First Lady Diana Nausėdienė[171]

Moldova Maia Sandu, President of Moldova[172]

Mongolia Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene, Prime Minister of Mongolia[173]

Montenegro Milo Đukanović, President of Montenegro, and First Lady Lidija Đukanović[174]

Niger Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou, Prime Minister of Niger[175]

North Macedonia Stevo Pendarovski, President of North Macedonia, and First Lady Elizabeta Gjorgievska[176]

State of Palestine Mohammad Shtayyeh, Prime Minister of Palestine[19]

Poland Andrzej Duda, President of Poland, and First Lady Agata Kornhauser-Duda[177]

Portugal Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, President of Portugal[178]

Romania Klaus Iohannis, President of Romania, and First Lady Carmen Iohannis[179]

San Marino Oscar Mina and Paolo Rondelli, Captains Regent of San Marino[180]

Senegal Macky Sall, President of Senegal[149]

Serbia Ana Brnabić, Prime Minister of Serbia, and her partner Milica Đurđić[181]

Slovakia Zuzana Čaputová, President of Slovakia[182]

Slovenia Borut Pahor, President of Slovenia[183]

Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, President of Somalia[184]

Sudan Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, Chairman of the Transitional Sovereignty Council of Sudan[19]

Switzerland Ignazio Cassis, President and Head of the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland[185]

Ukraine Denys Shmyhal, Prime Minister of Ukraine[186]

United States Joe Biden, President of the United States, and First Lady Jill Biden[158][187]

Foreign ministers

Bosnia and Herzegovina Bisera Turković, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina[188]

Chile Antonia Urrejola, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Chile[189]

Colombia Álvaro Leyva, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Colombia[190]

Madagascar Richard Randriamandrato, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Madagascar[191]

Mexico Marcelo Ebrard, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Mexico[192]

Nepal Narayan Khadka, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Nepal[193]

Oman Sayyid Badr Albusaidi, Foreign Minister of Oman[194]

Spain José Manuel Albares, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain[195]

Turkey Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey[196]

United Arab Emirates Reem Al Hashimi, Minister of State for International Cooperation of the United Arab Emirates[197]

Uruguay Francisco Bustillo, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Uruguay[198]

Vatican City Archbishop Paul R. Gallagher, Secretary for Relations with States and International Organizations of the Holy See[199]

Vietnam Bùi Thanh Sơn, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Vietnam[200]

Zimbabwe Frederick Shava, Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Trade of Zimbabwe[201]

Ambassadors

Andorra Carles Jordana, Andorran Ambassador to the United Kingdom[144]

Angola Geraldo Nunda, Angolan Ambassador to the United Kingdom[citation needed]

Argentina Javier Esteban Figueroa, Argentine Ambassador to the United Kingdom[202]

Cambodia Kan Pharidh, Cambodian Ambassador to the United Kingdom[203]

Costa Rica Rafael Ortiz Fábrega, Costa Rican Ambassador to the United Kingdom[204]

Croatia Igor Pokaz, Croatian Ambassador to the United Kingdom[150]

Djibouti Ayeid Mousseid Yahya, Djiboutian Ambassador to the United Kingdom[205]

East Timor Antonito de Araújo, Timorese Chargé d'affaires to the United Kingdom[citation needed]

Ecuador Sebastián Corral, Ecuadorian Ambassador to the United Kingdom[206]

El Salvador Vanessa Interiano, Salvadoran Ambassador to the United Kingdom[207]

Eritrea Estifanos Habtemariam Ghebreyesus, Eritrean Ambassador to the United Kingdom[citation needed]

Guatemala José Alberto Briz Gutiérrez, Guatemalan Ambassador to the United Kingdom[208]

Haiti Euvrard Saint Amand, Haitian Ambassador to the United Kingdom[citation needed]

Honduras Iván Romero-Martínez, Honduran Ambassador to the United Kingdom[209]

Indonesia Desra Percaya, Indonesian Ambassador to the United Kingdom[210][211]

Iraq Mohammad Jaafar Al-Sadr, Iraqi Ambassador to the United Kingdom[citation needed]

Laos Phongsavanh Sisoulath, Laotian Ambassador to the United Kingdom[citation needed]

Liberia Gurly Gibson-Schwarz, Liberian Ambassador to the United Kingdom[212]

Moldova Angela Ponomariov, Moldovan Ambassador to the United Kingdom[citation needed]

Morocco Hakim Hajoui, Moroccan Ambassador to the United Kingdom[213]

Nepal Gyan Chandra Acharya, Nepali Ambassador to the United Kingdom[193]

Paraguay Genaro Pappalardo, Paraguayan Ambassador to the United Kingdom[214]

Peru Juan Carlos Gamarra Skeels, Peruvian Ambassador to the United Kingdom[citation needed]

Thailand Pisanu Suvanajata, Thai Ambassador to the United Kingdom[215]

Other national representatives

Azerbaijan Sahiba Gafarova, Chairman of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan[216]

Chad Djerassem Le Bemadjiel, Minister of Petroleum and Energy of Chad

China Wang Qishan, Vice President of China[217]

China Liu Xiaoming, Special Representative of the Chinese Government on Korean Peninsula Affairs[218] (former PRC ambassador to the UK)

Colombia Verónica Alcocer, First Lady of Colombia[190]

Democratic Republic of the Congo Christophe Mboso N'Kodia Pwanga, President of the National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo[219]

Cuba Salvador Valdés Mesa, Vice President of Cuba[220]

Dominican Republic Eduardo Estrella, President of the Senate of the Dominican Republic[221]

Guinea Kabele Soumah, Secretary General for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Guinea[222]

Ivory Coast Abdourahmane Cissé, Secretary General of the Presidency of the Ivory Coast[149]

Kazakhstan Mäulen Äşimbaev, Chair of the Senate of Kazakhstan[223]

Kyrgyzstan Adylbek Kasymaliev, First Deputy Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Kyrgyzstan[224]

Libya Musa Al-Koni, Deputy Chairman of the Presidential Council of Libya[225]

Mali Dieminatou Sangare, Minister for Health of Mali[226]

Panama Arístides Royo, Minister for Canal Affairs and former President of Panama[227]

Philippines Irene Marcos, sister of President Bongbong Marcos of the Philippines[228]

South Sudan Barnaba Marial Benjamin, Minister of Presidential Affairs of South Sudan[229]

Tunisia Mustapha Ferjani, Minister Councillor to the President of Tunisia[230]

Ukraine Olena Zelenska, First Lady of Ukraine[231]

Uzbekistan Sodiq Safoyev, First Deputy Chairperson of the Senate of Uzbekistan[232]

Other subnational representatives

Kurdistan Region Nechirvan Barzani, President of Kurdistan Region (Iraq)[233]

Faith representatives

Information in this section taken from the official order of service.[234]

Christian

England

Agu Irukwu, Senior Pastor of Jesus House UK

Glyn Barrett, National Leader of Assemblies of God

Helen Cameron, Moderator of the Free Churches Group

Shermara Fletcher, Principal Officer for Pentecostal and Charismatic Relations of Churches Together in England

Brian Peddle, General of the Salvation Army

Graham Thompson, President of the Methodist Conference

Archbishop Angaelos of the Coptic Orthodox Church in Great Britain

Vincent Nichols, Roman Catholic Cardinal and Archbishop of Westminster

Archbishop Nikitas, Greek Orthodox Archbishop of Thyateira and Great Britain

Scotland

Iain Greenshields, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland

Leo Cushley, Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh

Mark Strange, Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church

Wales

Simon Walkling, President of the Free Church Council of Wales

Andrew John, Archbishop of Wales

Mark O'Toole, Archbishop of Cardiff

Northern Ireland

David Nixon, President of the Methodist Church in Ireland

Ian Brown, Lead Minister of Martyrs Memorial Free Presbyterian Church

John Kirkpatrick, Moderator of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland

Eamon Martin, Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland

John McDowell, Anglican Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland and Metropolitan

Royal household

David Fergusson, Dean of the Thistle and of the Chapel Royal in Scotland

Canon Paul Wright, Sub-Dean of His Majesty's Chapels Royal

Sarah Mullally, Bishop of London and Dean of His Majesty's Chapels Royal

David Conner, Dean of Windsor

James Newcome, Clerk of the Closet

John Inge, Bishop of Worcester and Lord High Almoner

Westminster Abbey and others

Stephen Cottrell, Archbishop of York, Primate of England and Metropolitan

Justin Welby, Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of All England and Metropolitan

Robert Latham, Minor Canon and Sacrist

Mark Birch, Minor Canon and Precentor

Tricia Hillas, Canon Steward and Archdeacon of Westminster

James Hawkey, Canon Theologian and Almoner

Anthony Ball, Canon of Westminster and Rector of St. Margaret's Church

David Stanton, Sub-Dean and Canon Treasurer

David Hoyle, Dean of Westminster

Other religions

Bogoda Seelawimala Thera, Representative of the Buddhist community

The Lord Singh of Wimbledon, Representative of the Sikh community

Rajnish Kashyap, General Secretary of Hindu Council UK

Shirin Fozdar-Faroudi, Representative of the Bahá'í community

Nemu Chandaria, Representative of the Jain community

Malcolm Deboo, Representative of the Zoroastrian community

Aliya Azam, Interfaith Co-ordinator of the Al-Khoei Foundation

Shaykh Asim Yusuf, Muslim Scholar

Ephraim Mirvis, Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth

Charley Baginsky, Chief Executive Officer of Liberal Judaism

Marie van der Zyl, President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews

International organisations

European Union Charles Michel, President of the European Council[158][19]

European Union Ursula von der Leyen, President of the European Commission[158][19]

United Nations Earle Courtenay Rattray, Chief of Staff to the Secretary General of the United Nations

NATO Jens Stoltenberg, Secretary General of NATO[235]

International Olympic Committee Thomas Bach, President of the International Olympic Committee

Other dignitaries

Bear Grylls, Chief Scout of The Scout Association[236]

Amanda Medler, Chief Guide of Girlguiding[237]

David Morgan-Hewitt, managing director of The Goring

Prince Rahim Aga Khan* (representing the Aga Khan)[238]

The Duchess of Westminster*

Leonora, Countess of Lichfield*

John Warren, racing advisor, and Lady Carolyn Warren*

Monty Roberts, American horse trainer, and Pat Roberts*[239]

Natalie Queiroz, campaigner against knife crime[240]

Hsien Chew, founder of Proud Voices, an LGBT choir network[240]

Pranav Bhanot, lawyer who provided assistance and free meal delivery during the cvd-19 pandemic[240]

Absences

Ashanti Region Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II, Asantehene of Asante and Kumasehene of Kumasi[241]

Poland Lech Wałęsa, former President of Poland and Nobel Peace Prize laureate was invited, but did not attend due to his poor health.[242]

Turkey President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was expected to attend, but skipped the funeral in favour of the 77th session of the United Nations General Assembly.[243]

Invitation rescinded

Denmark The Crown Princess of Denmark was uninvited after initially being invited. The original invitation was later reported to be issued in error.[244]

Uninvited states

Afghanistan Afghanistan was not invited because the United Kingdom has no official diplomatic relations with the de facto Taliban government.

Belarus Belarus was not invited because of diplomatic sanctions over the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Belarus was partially involved in the initial stages of the invasion, allowing Russian troops in its territory.[245]

Taiwan The Republic of China (Taiwan) was not invited officially to the funeral because the UK has no official diplomatic relations with the ROC.[246] However, Kelly Hsieh, Taiwan's representative to the UK, was “specially invited” by the British government to add Taiwan’s condolences at Lancaster House in London.[247][248] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs described it as "... the same courtesies as those afforded to heads of state, representatives, and members of royal households from other countries ..."[249]

Myanmar Myanmar did not receive an invitation as the UK has scaled back diplomatic operations following the 2021 coup.

Russia Russia was not invited because of diplomatic sanctions over its 2022 invasion of Ukraine.[245]

Syria Syria was not invited as official diplomatic relations have deteriorated in the wake of the Syrian civil war.

Venezuela Venezuela did not receive an invitation because the UK recognises Juan Guaidó as acting president, who is disputed with the current government of Nicolás Maduro.

Countries invited at the ambassadorial level

The following countries were invited, but were asked to attend only at an ambassadorial level:[250]

Iran Iran

North Korea North Korea

Nicaragua Nicaragua

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 "Queen Elizabeth II's Funeral: Yemi Osinbajo to Represent President Buhari at the Funeral". 15 September 2022. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.

 ""Where is Our Vice President?" – Sierra Leoneans React to Fatima Bio Representing Sierra Leone at Queen Elizabeth's Funeral". 17 September 2022. Archived from the original on 19 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.

 3 mins to read (20 September 2022). "Queen Elizabeth death: Tongan King's niece mistaken for island nation's queen at funeral". NZ Herald. Retrieved 27 September 2022.

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Elizabeth II

Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms (1952–2022)

Monarchies

Antigua and BarbudaAustraliaBahamasBarbadosBelizeCanadaCeylonFijiGambiaGhanaGrenadaGuyanaJamaicaKenyaMalawiMaltaMauritiusNew ZealandNigeriaPakistanPapua New GuineaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSierra LeoneSolomon IslandsSouth AfricaTanganyikaTrinidad and TobagoTuvaluUgandaUnited Kingdom

Family

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (husband) weddingwedding dresswedding cakeCharles III (son)Anne, Princess Royal (daughter)Prince Andrew, Duke of York (son)Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Forfar (son)George VI (father)Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (mother)Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (sister)Mountbatten-Windsor family

Accession and

crtion

Proclamation of accessioncrtion Royal guestsParticipants in the processioncrtion chickencrtion gownMedalHonoursAwardThe Queen's BeastsTreetops HotelMacCormick v Lord Advocate

Reign

Annus horribilisHouseholdPersonality and imagePrime ministersPillar Box WarRhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence Queen of RhodesiaChristopher John Lewis incidentLithgow PlotMarcus Sarjeant incident1975 Australian constitutional crisis Palace lettersMichael Fagan incident1987 Fijian coups d'étatDeath of Diana, Princess of Wales1999 Australian republic referendumPerth AgreementState Opening of Parliament 20212022Operation London BridgeDeath and state funeral reactionsqueuedignitaries at the funeral

Jubilees

Silver Jubilee

EventsMedalHonoursJubilee GardensJubilee lineJubilee Walkway

Ruby Jubilee

Queen's Anniversary Prize

Golden Jubilee

Prom at the PalaceParty at the PalaceMedalHonoursThe Odyssey

Diamond Jubilee

PageantArmed Forces Parade and MusterThames Pageant GlorianaSpirit of ChartwellConcertGibraltar FlotillaMedalHonours

Platinum Jubilee

MedalBeaconsPlatinum Party at the PalacePageantPlatinum Jubilee Celebration: A Gallop Through HistoryTrooping the ColourNational Service of ThanksgivingPlatinum PuddingThe Queen's Green CanopyPlatinum Jubilee Civic HonoursThe Bahamas Platinum Jubilee Sailing RegattaThe Queen's Platinum Jubilee ConcertBig Jubilee Read

Commonwealth

tours

Antigua and BarbudaAustralia official openingsCanadaJamaicaNew ZealandSaint Lucia

Ships used

HMS Vanguard (23)SS Gothic (1947)HMY Britannia

State visits

Outgoing

State visit to SpainState visit to RussiaState visit to Ireland

Incoming

Pope Benedict XVIPresident Michael D. HigginsPresident Xi Jinping

Titles and

honours

Head of the CommonwealthDefender of the FaithSupreme Governor of the Church of EnglandHead of the British Armed ForcesCommander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed ForcesLord of MannList of things named after Elizabeth IIRoyal Family OrderElizabeth CrossQueen's Official BirthdayFlags

Depictions

Televised addresses

Royal address to the nationRoyal Christmas Message

Documentaries

Royal Journey (1951)A Queen Is Crowned (1953)The Queen in Australia (1954)The Royal Tour of the Caribbean (1966)Royal Family (1969)Elizabeth R: A Year in the Life of the Queen (1992)Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work (2007)The Diamond Queen (2012)Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute (2016)The crtion (2018)Elizabeth: The Unseen Queen (2022)

Film and

television

A Question of Attribution (1992 TV)Willi und die Windzors (1996)Her Majesty (2001)The Queen (2006)The Queen (2009 TV serial)Happy and Glorious (2012)A Royal Night Out (2015)Minions (2015)The Crown (2016–)The Queen's Corgi (2019)2020 Alternative Christmas message (2020)The Prince (2021)

Plays

A Question of Attribution (1988)The Audience (2013)Handbagged

Portraits

Conversation Piece at the Royal Lodge, WindsorWattle QueenPietro Annigoni's portraitsReigning QueensHer Majesty Queen Elizabeth II – An 80th Birthday PortraitThe QueenThe crtion Theatre: Portrait of HM Queen Elizabeth IIBeautiful Portrait, The QueenQueen Elizabeth IIAlgorithm Queen

Statues

WindsorWinnipegLagosYork Minster

Books

The Queen and IThe Little PrincessesThe Uncommon ReaderWinnie-the-Pooh Meets the QueenQueen Camilla

Songs

"God Save the Queen" (Sex Pistols song)"Her Majesty"

Stamps

Machin series (list)Wilding seriesCastle seriesCanadian domestic rate stampCountry definitives

Animals

Corgis

DookieSusan

Horses

AureoleBurmeseCarrozzaDunfermlineEstimateHeight of FashionHighclerePall MallWinston

Related

Jewels of Elizabeth IIElizabeth lineSagana LodgeVilla GuardamangiaDorgiChildren's Party at the PalaceThe Queen's Birthday PartyJeannette CharlesRosa 'Queen Elizabeth'Queen Elizabeth cake

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Ceremonial and state funerals in the United Kingdom since 1901

State funerals

Members of the Royal Family

1901: Queen Victoria1910: King Edward VII1936: King George V1952: King George VI (Hyde Park Corner)2022: Queen Elizabeth II Operation London BridgeDignitaries

Outside the Royal Family

1914: The Earl Roberts of Kandahar1919: Edith Cavell1920: The Unknown Warrior1928: The Earl Haig1935: The Lord Carson1965: Sir Winston Churchill Operation Hope Not

Flag of the United Kingdom.svg

Ceremonial funerals

Members of the Royal Family

1904: The Duke of Cambridge1921: The Marquess of Milford Haven1925: Queen Alexandra1953: Queen Mary1974: The Duke of Gloucester1979: The Earl Mountbatten of Burma1997: Diana, Princess of Wales2002: Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (Operation Tay Bridge)2015: King Richard III (exhumation and reburial)2021: The Duke of Edinburgh (Operation Forth Bridge)

Outside the Royal Family

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King Charles: When is the coronation and is there a bank holiday?

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    Coronation of King Charles III

The Lord Lyon King of Arms, Joseph Morrow (R) attends the proclamation of King Charles III, outside St Giles' Cathedral in Edinburgh on 11 September 2022.Image source, Getty Images

Image caption,

Charles was formally proclaimed King three days after Queen Elizabeth's death

By Jennifer Clarke

BBC News

King Charles III's coronation will take place on Saturday 6 May 2023 at Westminster Abbey in London.

During the ceremony, the King will be crowned alongside Camilla, the Queen Consort.

Here is what we know about the plans, code-named Operation Golden Orb.

What is a coronation?

A coronation is both the symbolic religious ceremony during which a sovereign is crowned and the physical act of placing a crown on a monarch's head.

It formalises the monarch's role as the head of the Church of England and marks the transfer of their title and powers.

King Charles III delivers his address to the nation following the death of Queen Elizabeth II, 9 September 2022Image source, Getty Images

Image caption,

After Queen Elizabeth II's death, King Charles III paid tribute to his "darling mama" in an address to the nation

However, it is not actually necessary for the monarch to be crowned to become King.

Edward VIII reigned without a coronation - and Charles automatically became King the moment Queen Elizabeth II died.

    Who is in the UK Royal Family and what does the King do? 

Will there be a bank holiday?

There will be an extra bank holiday across the UK on Monday 8 May.

Buckingham Palace has announced various events for the weekend, including a concert and laser light show at Windsor Castle on Sunday 7 May.

Pubs, clubs and bars across England and Wales will be able to stay open for an extra two hours on Friday and Saturday of the coronation weekend.

People are also being invited to hold street parties, and to take part in volunteering projects in their local community, as part of the Big Help Out initiative.

Events are expected to be publicised under the official Coronation logo, which has been created by former Apple designer Jonny Ive.

It features a rose, a thistle, a daffodil and a shamrock - emblems from nations across the United Kingdom.

Coronation emblem

What happens at a coronation?

Coronations have remained much the same for more than 1,000 years. The British ceremony is the only remaining event of its type in Europe.

However, Buckingham Palace has said that although the coronation will be "rooted in long-standing traditions", it will also "reflect the monarch's role today and look towards the future".

It is likely to be shorter and smaller in scale than Queen Elizabeth II's 1953 coronation, with a wider range of religions represented.

The coronation procession is also expected to be more modest. Queen Elizabeth's procession had 16,000 participants, and took 45 minutes to pass any stationary point on the 7km (4.3 miles) route.

This time, the King and Camilla, the Queen Consort, will travel to Westminster Abbey in the King's procession, and return to Buckingham Palace in a larger coronation procession, where they will be joined by other members of the Royal Family.

The palace has not yet said who will subsequently appear on the balcony of Buckingham Palace.

Queen Elizabeth II's coffin was draped with the Royal Standard and pulled on the gun carriage to Westminster AbbeyImage source, Getty Images

Image caption,

The Imperial State Crown, orb, and sceptre, pictured on top of the late Queen's coffin, will all be used during the coronation ceremony

There are several stages to the service:

    The recognition: While standing beside the 700-year-old Coronation Chair, the monarch is presented to those gathered in the Abbey by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The congregation shouts "God Save the King!" and trumpets sound

    The oath: The sovereign swears to uphold the law and the Church of England

    The anointing: The King's ceremonial robe is removed and he sits in the Coronation Chair. A gold cloth is held over the chair to conceal the King from view. The Archbishop of Canterbury anoints the King's hands, breast and head with holy oil made according to a secret recipe, but known to contain ambergris, orange flowers, roses, jasmine and cinnamon. The oil created for Charles will not contain any ingredients derived from animals

    The investiture: The sovereign is presented with items including the Royal Orb, representing religious and moral authority; the Sceptre, representing power; and the Sovereign's Sceptre, a rod of gold topped with a white enamelled dove, a symbol of justice and mercy. Finally, the Archbishop places St Edward's Crown on the King's head

    The enthronement and homage: The King leaves the Coronation Chair and moves to the throne. Peers kneel before the monarch to pay homage

The Queen Consort will then be anointed in the same way and crowned.

Coronation ChairImage source, PA Media

Image caption,

Conservation expert Krista Blessley is restoring the "extremely fragile" Coronation Chair ahead of the ceremony

What do we know about the music?

The King has personally chosen the music for the ceremony, which will feature 12 newly-commissioned pieces, including an anthem from Cats composer Andrew Lloyd Webber.

Part of the service will be sung in Welsh, and soloists will include world-famous Welsh opera singer Sir Bryn Terfel.

There will be Greek Orthodox music in memory of the King's father, Prince Philip, who was born in Greece.

Andrew Lloyd WebberImage source, PA Media

Image caption,

Composer Andrew Lloyd Webber took part in the concert to mark the Queen's Platinum Jubilee in June 2022

A gospel choir will also perform, as will choristers from Westminster School.

Separately, a campaign has been launched to recruit thousands of bell-ringers to mark the coronation under the "Ring for the King" scheme.

    'We want bell-ringers in every church for the King'

Who will go to the coronation?

The coronation is a state occasion, which means the government controls the guest list.

In addition to the Royal Family, those attending will include the prime minister, representatives from the Houses of Parliament, heads of state, and other royals from around the world.

President Joe Biden, who will not be attending, told the King by phone that First Lady Jill Biden would represent the US at the event, the White House has confirmed.

More than 8,000 guests attended Queen Elizabeth II's coronation, but Westminster Abbey had to be closed for five months to allow extra seating to be built.

Its normal capacity is about 2,200 and it seems likely this will be the maximum number on this occasion.

The ornate invitation reads: "The Coronation of Their Majesties King Charles III and Queen Camilla by command of The King The Earl Marshal is directed to invite (gap) to be present at the Abbey Church of Westminster on the 6th day of May 2023"Image source, Buckingham Palace

Image caption,

Designed by illustrator Andrew Jamieson, the invitation features the folklore figure of the "green man", with ivy, hawthorn and oak leaves.

There has been much speculation about whether the Duke and Duchess of Sussex will attend.

A statement from Prince Harry and Meghan said the couple has been contacted about the coronation, but did not confirm whether they intend to attend.

It has been confirmed that Camilla's grandchildren will be among the pages at Westminster Abbey, alongside the King's grandson, Prince George.

How can I watch the coronation?

The ceremony is likely to be broadcast live, as was the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.

The Queen's coronationImage source, Universal History Archive

Image caption,

Queen Elizabeth II came to the throne following the unexpected death of her father, King George VI

A worldwide audience of hundreds of millions is expected to watch.

    How the BBC covered the Queen's coronation in 1953

Which crowns will be worn during the ceremony?

The King will be crowned with the solid gold, 17th Century, St Edward's Crown. It is exceptionally heavy and only used at the moment of coronation.

The Queen's death reignited the debate about how some royal gemstones were obtained by the British empire.

Much of the controversy centres around diamonds found in two other crowns.

St Edward's CrownImage source, Reuters

Image caption,

During the ceremony the St Edward's Crown will be briefly placed on the King's head

One is the Imperial State Crown, which the monarch will put on towards the end of the coronation ceremony, and which he will also wear when he appears on Buckingham Palace balcony.

That crown contains the Cullinan II diamond, sometimes called the Second Star of Africa. It was given to Edward VII on his 66th birthday by the government of the Transvaal - a former British crown colony - in what is now South Africa.

The other controversial stone is the Koh-i-Noor, which is part of the Queen Mother's coronation crown. It is one of the largest-cut diamonds in the world. India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran have all made claims to it.

Buckingham Palace has confirmed the Koh-i-Noor will not feature in King Charles' coronation.

The Queen Consort will instead be crowned with Queen Mary's Crown, which has been taken out of the Tower of London to be resized ahead of the ceremony.

It is thought to be the first time in recent history that an existing crown will be "recycled" for a coronation.

How much will the coronation cost?

As a state occasion, the coronation will be paid for by the UK government.

While it is likely to come under pressure to show sensitivity during the current cost-of-living crisis, the government is expected to use the ceremony as an important diplomatic opportunity to present the UK to the world.