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Jack the Ripper
"Ripper Strikes Again" Newspaper Badge

This is a Metal Enamel Badge thats show a man in a black top hat. Jack himself?
Reading a newspaper with the headline "Ripper Strikes Again"

The back has 2 pins to hold it securely

Dimensions - 32mm x 30mm

In Excellent Condition
A Must-Have Souvenir

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Jack the Ripper

Who was Jack the Ripper?

Is the identity of Jack the Ripper known?

Who were Jack the Ripper’s victims?

Where did Jack the Ripper commit the murders?

What was unique about the murders committed by Jack the Ripper?

newspaper coverage of a murder committed by Jack the Ripper

Front page of a newspaper reporting on a murder committed by Jack the Ripper, September 1888.

Jack the Ripper, pseudonymous murderer of at least five women in or near the Whitechapel district of London’s East End between August and November 1888. The case is one of the most famous unsolved mysteries of English crime.

the discovery of one of Jack the Ripper's victims

Police discovering one of Jack the Ripper's victims, probably Catherine Eddowes.

letter allegedly written by Jack the Ripper

The first page of a letter allegedly written by Jack the Ripper, September 25, 1888.

letter allegedly written by Jack the Ripper

The second page of a letter allegedly written by Jack the Ripper, September 25, 1888.

coverage of Jack the Ripper in The Illustrated Police News

The front page of The Illustrated Police News featuring sketches of two suspects (centre), October 20, 1888.

Some dozen murders between 1888 and 1892 have been speculatively attributed to Jack the Ripper, but only five of those, all committed in 1888, were linked by police to a single murderer. The so-called “canonical five” victims were Mary Ann Nichols (whose body was found on August 31), Annie Chapman (found September 8), Elizabeth Stride (found September 30), Catherine (Kate) Eddowes (found September 30), and Mary Jane Kelly (found November 9). According to the common assumption of the time, all the victims were prostitutes and all but one of them, Kelly, was murdered while soliciting on the street. That belief was subsequently taken for granted in books about the crimes, which typically offered conjectures as to the true identity of Jack the Ripper and reported graphic details of the murders he committed (many of these books, however, were based on fraudulent claims and documents). In a radical departure from that genre, The Five: The Untold Lives of the Women Killed by Jack the Ripper (2019), the British social historian Hallie Rubenhold argued that Nichols, Chapman, and Eddowes were not prostitutes; that Stride had resorted to soliciting only occasionally, during periods of desperate poverty and emotional suffering (but there is no evidence to show that she had been soliciting when she was murdered); and that the only verifiable prostitute among the five was Kelly. In Rubenhold’s view, the notion that Jack the Ripper was a murderer of prostitutes was a consequence of the misogynistic and class-based prejudices characteristic of the Victorian era.

graphic of a person standing holding a knife. murder, kill, serial killer, stab

Britannica Quiz

Famous Serial Killers

In each instance, the victim’s throat was cut, and the body was usually mutilated in a manner indicating that the murderer had at least some knowledge of human anatomy. On one occasion, half of a human kidney, which may have been extracted from a murder victim, was mailed to the police. The authorities also received a series of taunting notes from a person calling himself Jack the Ripper and purporting to be the murderer. Strenuous and sometimes curious efforts were made to identify and trap the killer, all to no avail. A great public uproar over the failure to arrest the murderer was raised against the home secretary and the London police commissioner, who resigned soon afterward.

The case has retained its hold on the popular imagination, in part because known instances of serial murder were much rarer at the time than they are today. Jack the Ripper has provided themes for numerous literary and dramatic works. Perhaps the most notable was the horror novel The Lodger (1913) by Marie Adelaide Lowndes, which inspired numerous films, including Alfred Hitchcock’s The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog (1927).

The most commonly cited suspects are Montague Druitt, a barrister and teacher with an interest in surgery who was said to be insane and who disappeared after the final murders and was later found dead; Michael Ostrog, a Russian criminal and physician who had been placed in an asylum because of his homicidal tendencies; and Aaron Kosminski, a Polish Jew and a resident of Whitechapel who was known to have a great animus toward women (particularly prostitutes) and who was hospitalized in an asylum several months after the last murder. Several notable Londoners of the era, such as the painter Walter Sickert and the physician Sir William Gull, also have been subjects of such speculation. The murder sites have become the locus of a macabre tourist industry in London.

John Philip Jenkins

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

murder

Table of Contents

Introduction

References & Edit History

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Murder, in criminal law, the killing of one person by another that is not legally justified or excusable, usually distinguished from the crime of manslaughter by the element of malice aforethought.

The term homicide is a general term used to describe the killing of one human being by another. A murder is considered a homicide, but homicide can also refer to a killing deemed justifiable or excusable. All legal systems make important distinctions between types of homicide, and punishments vary substantially according to the killer’s intent, the circumstances of the homicide, and other factors.

graphic of a person standing holding a knife. murder, kill, serial killer, stab

Britannica Quiz

Famous Serial Killers

Common-law codes define murder as a homicide committed intentionally or as a result of the commission of another serious offense. By contrast, the crime of manslaughter includes killings that are the result of recklessness or violent emotional outbursts. Penalties for murder are substantially more severe than those for manslaughter and may include capital punishment or life imprisonment.

Common-law systems require an element of intent (malice aforethought, or mens rea) in order to classify a killing as a murder. This includes “transferred intent”—as when one who intends to kill another kills a third person by mistake—and intent that may be inferred from the extreme recklessness or dangerousness of the act. Many U.S. states distinguish between murder of the first, second, and third degree, with capital punishment limited to crimes of clear intent.

Civil-law codes group all unjustified killings under the single crime of homicide. Penalties are determined based on the circumstances of the act, and they vary across countries. Civil law of the European tradition, like common law of the Anglo-American tradition, distinguish between intentional and other felony murders on the one hand and reckless, negligent, and provoked murders on the other. In all systems, the most important distinction relevant to sentencing is that between conduct that is socially dangerous—that demonstrates intent to kill, in other words—and conduct that is merely reckless.

Hear Professor Robert Hanlon discuss a brutal homicide case described in his book Survived by One: The Life and Mind of a Family Mass Murderer

Robert Hanlon, a neuropsychology professor at Northwestern University, discussing the case of a man who was convicted of murdering his parents and three siblings in 1985. Hanlon was inspired to write Survived by One: The Life and Mind of a Family Mass Murderer (2013), about the contributing causes to the brutal crime, after the killer reached out to Hanlon in 2003.

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Civil-law codes also place a greater emphasis on the dangerousness of the killer’s conduct and the circumstances surrounding the act. Bodily injury that results in death as well as a death that is the result of negligence rather than recklessness are two examples of homicides that are more heavily penalized in civil-law systems than in common-law ones. Civil-law codes often punish any killer as a murderer if the culprit has employed a deadly weapon, but in England, for example, death resulting from a felony is defined as murder only in the case of certain serious crimes, such as robbery or rape.

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The terms serial murder and mass murder refer to the unlawful homicide of multiple people by the same person. Definitions of these terms are debated, and neither are formally recognized in legal codes. These murders, and the people who commit them, generate tremendous amounts of public attention. Mass shootings, when fatalities occur, are a form of mass murder. Assassinations are a particularly high-profile type of murder.

Horror fiction

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the genre. For the film genre, see Horror film.

"Horror story" redirects here. For other uses, see Horror Story (disambiguation).

"Supernatural horror" redirects here. For the film genre, see Supernatural horror film.

An Illustration of Poe's "The Raven" by Gustav Dore

An Illustration of Poe's "The Raven" by Gustave Doré

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Horror is a genre of fiction that is intended to disturb, frighten or scare.[1] Horror is often divided into the sub-genres of psychological horror and supernatural horror, which are in the realm of speculative fiction. Literary historian J. A. Cuddon, in 1984, defined the horror story as "a piece of fiction in prose of variable length... which shocks, or even frightens the reader, or perhaps induces a feeling of repulsion or loathing".[2] Horror intends to create an eerie and frightening atmosphere for the reader. Often the central menace of a work of horror fiction can be interpreted as a metaphor for larger fears of a society.

Prevalent elements include ghosts, demons, vampires, monsters, zombies, werewolves, the Devil, serial killers, extraterrestrial life, killer toys, psychopaths, sexual deviancy, rape, gore, torture, evil clowns, cults, cannibalism, vicious animals, the apocalypse, evil witches, dystopia, and human-made or natural disasters.

History

Before 1000

Athenodorus and the ghost, by Henry Justice Ford, c. 1900

Athenodorus

The horror genre has ancient origins, with roots in folklore and religious traditions focusing on death, the afterlife, evil, the demonic and the principle of the thing embodied in the person.[3] These manifested in stories of beings such as demons, witches, vampires, werewolves and ghosts. European horror-fiction became established through works of the Ancient Greeks and Ancient Romans.[4] Mary Shelley's well-known 1818 novel about Frankenstein was greatly influenced by the story of Hippolytus, whom Asclepius revives from death.[5] Euripides wrote plays based on the story, Hippolytos Kalyptomenos and Hippolytus.[6] In Plutarch's The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans in the account of Cimon, the author describes the spirit of a murderer, Damon, who himself was murdered in a bathhouse in Chaeronea.[7]

Pliny the Younger (61 to c. 113) tells the tale of Athenodorus Cananites, who bought a haunted house in Athens. Athenodorus was cautious since the house seemed inexpensive. While writing a book on philosophy, he was visited by a ghostly figure bound in chains. The figure disappeared in the courtyard; the following day, the magistrates dug in the courtyard and found an unmarked grave.[8]

Elements of the horror genre also occur in Biblical texts, notably in the Book of Revelation.[9][10]

After 1000

The Witch of Berkeley by William of Malmesbury has been viewed as an early horror story.[11] Werewolf stories were popular in medieval French literature. One of Marie de France's twelve lais is a werewolf story titled "Bisclavret".

A Print of Vlad III

Vlad III "The Impaler", the inspiration for Count Dracula.

The Countess Yolande commissioned a werewolf story titled "Guillaume de Palerme". Anonymous writers penned two werewolf stories, "Biclarel" and "Melion".

Much horror fiction derives from the cruellest personages of the 15th century. Dracula can be traced to the Prince of Wallachia Vlad III, whose alleged war crimes were published in German pamphlets. A 1499 pamphlet was published by Markus Ayrer, which is most notable for its woodcut imagery.[12] The alleged serial-killer sprees of Gilles de Rais have been seen as the inspiration for "Bluebeard".[13] The motif of the vampiress is most notably derived from the real-life noblewoman and murderer, Elizabeth Bathory, and helped usher in the emergence of horror fiction in the 18th century, such as through László Turóczi's 1729 book Tragica Historia.[14]

18th century

Horace Walpole wrote the first Gothic novel, The Castle of Otranto (1764), initiating a new literary genre.[15]

The 18th century saw the gradual development of Romanticism and the Gothic horror genre. It drew on the written and material heritage of the Late Middle Ages, finding its form with Horace Walpole's seminal and controversial 1764 novel, The Castle of Otranto. In fact, the first edition was published disguised as an actual medieval romance from Italy, discovered and republished by a fictitious translator.[15] Once revealed as modern, many found it anachronistic, reactionary, or simply in poor taste but it proved immediately popular.[15] Otranto inspired Vathek (1786) by William Beckford, A Sicilian Romance (1790), The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794), The Italian (1796) by Ann Radcliffe, and The Monk (1797) by Matthew Lewis.[15] A significant amount of horror fiction of this era was written by women and marketed towards a female audience, a typical scenario of the novels being a resourceful female menaced in a gloomy castle.[16]

19th century

Mary Shelley by Richard Rothwell (1840–41)

The Gothic tradition blossomed into the genre that modern readers today call horror literature in the 19th century. Influential works and characters that continue resonating in fiction and film today saw their genesis in the Brothers Grimm's "Hänsel und Gretel" (1812), Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818), John Polidori's "The Vampyre" (1819), Charles Maturin's Melmoth the Wanderer (1820), Washington Irving's "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (1820), Jane C. Loudon's The Mummy!: Or a Tale of the Twenty-Second Century (1827), Victor Hugo's The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1831), Thomas Peckett Prest's Varney the Vampire (1847), the works of Edgar Allan Poe, the works of Sheridan Le Fanu, Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886), Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890), Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's "Lot No. 249" (1892), H. G. Wells' The Invisible Man (1897), and Bram Stoker's Dracula (1897). Each of these works created an enduring icon of horror seen in later re-imaginings on the page, stage, and screen.[17]

20th century

A proliferation of cheap periodicals around the turn of the century led to a boom in horror writing. For example, Gaston Leroux serialized his Le Fantôme de l'Opéra before it became a novel in 1910. One writer who specialized in horror fiction for mainstream pulps, such as All-Story Magazine, was Tod Robbins, whose fiction deals with themes of madness and cruelty.[18][19] In Russia, the writer Alexander Belyaev popularized these themes in his story Professor Dowell's Head (1925), in which a mad doctor performs experimental head transplants and reanimations on bodies stolen from the morgue, and which was first published as a magazine serial before being turned into a novel. Later, specialist publications emerged to give horror writers an outlet, prominent among them was Weird Tales[20] and Unknown Worlds.[21]

Influential horror writers of the early 20th century made inroads in these mediums. Particularly, the venerated horror author H. P. Lovecraft, and his enduring Cthulhu Mythos transformed and popularized the genre of cosmic horror, and M. R. James is credited with redefining the ghost story in that era.[22]

The serial murderer became a recurring theme. Yellow journalism and sensationalism of various murderers, such as Jack the Ripper, and lesser so, Carl Panzram, Fritz Haarman, and Albert Fish, all perpetuated this phenomenon. The trend continued in the postwar era, partly renewed after the murders committed by Ed Gein. In 1959, Robert Bloch, inspired by the murders, wrote Psycho. The crimes committed in 1969 by the Manson Family influenced the slasher theme in horror fiction of the 1970s. In 1981, Thomas Harris wrote Red Dragon, introducing Dr. Hannibal Lecter. In 1988, the sequel to that novel, The Silence of the Lambs, was published.

Early cinema was inspired by many aspects of horror literature, and started a strong tradition of horror films and subgenres that continues to this day. Up until the graphic depictions of violence and gore on the screen commonly associated with 1960s and 1970s slasher films and splatter films, comic books such as those published by EC Comics (most notably Tales From The Crypt) in the 1950s satisfied readers' quests for horror imagery that the silver screen could not provide.[23] This imagery made these comics controversial, and as a consequence, they were frequently censored.[24][25]

The modern zombie tale dealing with the motif of the living dead harks back to works including H. P. Lovecraft's stories "Cool Air" (1925), "In The Vault" (1926), and "The Outsider" (1926), and Dennis Wheatley's "Strange Conflict" (1941). Richard Matheson's novel I Am Legend (1954) influenced an entire genre of apocalyptic zombie fiction emblematized by the films of George A. Romero.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the enormous commercial success of three books - Rosemary's Baby (1967) by Ira Levin, The Exorcist by William Peter Blatty, and The Other by Thomas Tryon - encouraged publishers to begin releasing numerous other horror novels, thus creating a "horror boom".[26][27]

Stephen King

One of the best-known late-20th century horror writers is Stephen King, known for Carrie, The Shining, It, Misery, and several dozen other novels and about 200 short stories.[28][29][30] Beginning in the 1970s, King's stories have attracted a large audience, for which he was awarded by the U.S. National Book Foundation in 2003.[31] Other popular horror authors of the period included Anne Rice, Brian Lumley, Graham Masterton, James Herbert, Dean Koontz, Richard Laymon, Clive Barker,[32] Ramsey Campbell,[33] and Peter Straub.

21st century

Best-selling book series of contemporary times exist in genres related to horror fiction, such as the werewolf fiction urban fantasy Kitty Norville books by Carrie Vaughn (2005 onward). Horror elements continue to expand outside the genre. The alternate history of more traditional historical horror in Dan Simmons's 2007 novel The Terror sits on bookstore shelves next to genre mash ups such as Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (2009), and historical fantasy and horror comics such as Hellblazer (1993 onward) and Mike Mignola's Hellboy (1993 onward). Horror also serves as one of the central genres in more complex modern works such as Mark Z. Danielewski's House of Leaves (2000), a finalist for the National Book Award. There are many horror novels for children and teens, such as R. L. Stine's Goosebumps series or The Monstrumologist by Rick Yancey. Additionally, many movies for young audiences, particularly animated ones, use horror aesthetics and conventions (for example, ParaNorman). These are what can be collectively referred to as "children's horror".[34] Although it is unknown for sure why children enjoy these movies (as it seems counter-intuitive), it is theorized that it is, in part, grotesque monsters that fascinate kids.[34] Tangential to this, the internalized impact of horror television programs and films on children is rather under-researched, especially when compared to the research done on the similar subject of violence in TV and film's impact on the young mind. What little research there is tends to be inconclusive on the impact that viewing such media has.[35]

Characteristics

One defining trait of the horror genre is that it provokes an emotional, psychological, or physical response within readers that causes them to react with fear. One of H. P. Lovecraft's most famous quotes about the genre is that: "The oldest and strongest emotion of mankind is fear, and the oldest and strongest kind of fear is fear of the unknown."[36] the first sentence from his seminal essay, "Supernatural Horror in Literature". Science fiction historian Darrell Schweitzer has stated, "In the simplest sense, a horror story is one that scares us" and "the true horror story requires a sense of evil, not in necessarily in a theological sense; but the menaces must be truly menacing, life-destroying, and antithetical to happiness."[37]

In her essay "Elements of Aversion", Elizabeth Barrette articulates the need by some for horror tales in a modern world:

The old "fight or flight" reaction of our evolutionary heritage once played a major role in the life of every human. Our ancestors lived and died by it. Then someone invented the fascinating game of civilization, and things began to calm down. Development pushed wilderness back from settled lands. War, crime, and other forms of social violence came with civilization and humans started preying on each other, but by and large daily life calmed down. We began to feel restless, to feel something missing: the excitement of living on the edge, the tension between hunter and hunted. So we told each other stories through the long, dark nights. when the fires burned low, we did our best to scare the daylights out of each other. The rush of adrenaline feels good. Our hearts pound, our breath quickens, and we can imagine ourselves on the edge. Yet we also appreciate the insightful aspects of horror. Sometimes a story intends to shock and disgust, but the best horror intends to rattle our cages and shake us out of our complacency. It makes us think, forces us to confront ideas we might rather ignore, and challenges preconceptions of all kinds. Horror reminds us that the world is not always as safe as it seems, which exercises our mental muscles and reminds us to keep a little healthy caution close at hand.[38]

In a sense similar to the reason a person seeks out the controlled thrill of a roller coaster, readers in the modern era seek out feelings of horror and terror to feel a sense of excitement. However, Barrette adds that horror fiction is one of the few mediums where readers seek out a form of art that forces themselves to confront ideas and images they "might rather ignore to challenge preconceptions of all kinds."

One can see the confrontation of ideas that readers and characters would "rather ignore" throughout literature in famous moments such as Hamlet's musings about the skull of Yorick, its implications of the mortality of humanity, and the gruesome end that bodies inevitably come to. In horror fiction, the confrontation with the gruesome is often a metaphor for the problems facing the current generation of the author.

There are many theories as to why people enjoy being scared. For example, "people who like horror films are more likely to score highly for openness to experience, a personality trait linked to intellect and imagination."[39]

It is a now commonly accepted view that the horror elements of Dracula's portrayal of vampirism are metaphors for sexuality in a repressed Victorian era.[40] But this is merely one of many interpretations of the metaphor of Dracula. Jack Halberstam postulates many of these in his essay Technologies of Monstrosity: Bram Stoker's Dracula. He writes:

[The] image of dusty and unused gold, coins from many nations and old unworn jewels, immediately connects Dracula to the old money of a corrupt class, to a kind of piracy of nations and to the worst excesses of the aristocracy.[41]

Illustration from an 1882 issue of Punch: An English editorial cartoonist conceives the Irish Fenian movement as akin to Frankenstein's monster, in the wake of the Phoenix Park killings.

Menacing villains and monsters in horror literature can often be seen as metaphors for the fears incarnate of a society.

Halberstram articulates a view of Dracula as manifesting the growing perception of the aristocracy as an evil and outdated notion to be defeated. The depiction of a multinational band of protagonists using the latest technologies (such as a telegraph) to quickly share, collate, and act upon new information is what leads to the destruction of the vampire. This is one of many interpretations of the metaphor of only one central figure of the canon of horror fiction, as over a dozen possible metaphors are referenced in the analysis, from the religious to the antisemitic.[42]

Noël Carroll's Philosophy of Horror postulates that a modern piece of horror fiction's "monster", villain, or a more inclusive menace must exhibit the following two traits:

A menace that is threatening — either physically, psychologically, socially, morally, spiritually, or some combination of the aforementioned.

A menace that is impure — that violates the generally accepted schemes of cultural categorization. "We consider impure that which is categorically contradictory".[43]

Scholarship and criticism

In addition to those essays and articles shown above, scholarship on horror fiction is almost as old as horror fiction itself. In 1826, the gothic novelist Ann Radcliffe published an essay distinguishing two elements of horror fiction, "terror" and "horror." Whereas terror is a feeling of dread that takes place before an event happens, horror is a feeling of revulsion or disgust after an event has happened.[44] Radcliffe describes terror as that which "expands the soul and awakens the faculties to a high degree of life," whereas horror is described as that which "freezes and nearly annihilates them."

Modern scholarship on horror fiction draws upon a range of sources. In their historical studies of the gothic novel, both Devendra Varma[45] and S. L. Varnado[46] make reference to the theologian Rudolf Otto, whose concept of the "numinous" was originally used to describe religious experience.

A recent survey reports how often horror media is consumed:

To assess frequency of horror consumption, we asked respondents the following question: "In the past year, about how often have you used horror media (for example, horror literature, film, and video games) for entertainment?" 11.3% said "Never," 7.5% "Once," 28.9% "Several times," 14.1% "Once a month," 20.8% "Several times a month," 7.3% "Once a week," and 10.2% "Several times a week." Evidently, then, most respondents (81.3%) claimed to use horror media several times a year or more often. Unsurprisingly, there is a strong correlation between liking and frequency of use (r=.79, p<.0001).[47]

Awards and associations

Achievements in horror fiction are recognized by numerous awards. The Horror Writers Association presents the Bram Stoker Awards for Superior Achievement, named in honor of Bram Stoker, author of the seminal horror novel Dracula.[48] The Australian Horror Writers Association presents annual Australian Shadows Awards. The International Horror Guild Award was presented annually to works of horror and dark fantasy from 1995 to 2008.[49][50] The Shirley Jackson Awards are literary awards for outstanding achievement in the literature of psychological suspense, horror, and the dark fantastic works. Other important awards for horror literature are included as subcategories within general awards for fantasy and science fiction in such awards as the Aurealis Award.

Alternative terms

Some writers of fiction normally classified as "horror" tend to dislike the term, considering it too lurid. They instead use the terms dark fantasy or Gothic fantasy for supernatural horror,[51] or "psychological thriller" for non-supernatural horror.[52]

Other topics

Rail transportScienceSports

Lists of leaders

Sovereign statesSovereign state leadersTerritorial governorsReligious leadersLaw

Birth and death categories

BirthsDeaths

Establishments and disestablishments categories

EstablishmentsDisestablishments

Works category

Works

vte

1888 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar 1888

MDCCCLXXXVIII

Ab urbe condita 2641

Armenian calendar 1337

ԹՎ ՌՅԼԷ

Assyrian calendar 6638

Baháʼí calendar 44–45

Balinese saka calendar 1809–1810

Bengali calendar 1295

Berber calendar 2838

British Regnal year 51 Vict. 1 – 52 Vict. 1

Buddhist calendar 2432

Burmese calendar 1250

Byzantine calendar 7396–7397

Chinese calendar 丁亥年 (Fire Pig)

4585 or 4378

— to —

戊子年 (Earth Rat)

4586 or 4379

Coptic calendar 1604–1605

Discordian calendar 3054

Ethiopian calendar 1880–1881

Hebrew calendar 5648–5649

Hindu calendars

- Vikram Samvat 1944–1945

- Shaka Samvat 1809–1810

- Kali Yuga 4988–4989

Holocene calendar 11888

Igbo calendar 888–889

Iranian calendar 1266–1267

Islamic calendar 1305–1306

Japanese calendar Meiji 21

(明治２１年)

Javanese calendar 1817–1818

Julian calendar Gregorian minus 12 days

Korean calendar 4221

Minguo calendar 24 before ROC

民前24年

Nanakshahi calendar 420

Thai solar calendar 2430–2431

Tibetan calendar 阴火猪年

(female Fire-Pig)

2014 or 1633 or 861

— to —

阳土鼠年

(male Earth-Rat)

2015 or 1634 or 862

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1888.

1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1888th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 888th year of the 2nd millennium, the 88th year of the 19th century, and the 9th year of the 1880s decade. As of the start of 1888, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

January–March

March 11: Great Blizzard of 1888.

January 3 – The 91-centimeter telescope at Lick Observatory in California is first used.

January 12 – The Schoolhouse Blizzard hits Dakota Territory, the states of Montana, Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas, leaving 235 dead, many of them children on their way home from school.

January 13 – The National Geographic Society is founded in Washington, D.C.

January 19 – The Battle of the Grapevine Creek, the last major conflict of the Hatfield-McCoy Feud.

January 21 – The Amateur Athletic Union is founded by William Buckingham Curtis in the United States.

January 26 – The Lawn Tennis Association is founded in England.

February 27 – In West Orange, New Jersey, Thomas Edison meets with Eadweard Muybridge, who proposes a scheme for sound film.

March 8 – The Agriculture College of Utah (later Utah State University) is founded in Logan, Utah.

March 9 – Wilhelm I dies, Frederick III becomes German Emperor and King of Prussia.

March 11 – The Great Blizzard of 1888 begins along the eastern seaboard of the United States, shutting down commerce and killing more than 400.

March 13 – De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd. is founded in Kimberley.

March 15 – The Sikkim Expedition, a British military expedition to expel the Tibetans from northern Sikkim, begins.

March 16 – The foundation stone for a new National Library of Greece is laid in Athens.

March 20 – The first Romani language operetta premieres in Moscow, Russia.

March 23 – A meeting called by William McGregor, to discuss establishment of The Football League, is held in London.

March 25 – Opening of an international Congress for Women's Rights organized by Susan B. Anthony in Washington, D.C., leading to formation of the International Council of Women, a key event in the international women's movement.

April–June

April 3

London prostitute Emma Elizabeth Smith is brutally attacked by two or three men, dying of her injuries the following day, first of the Whitechapel murders, but probably not a victim of Jack the Ripper.

The Brighton Beach Hotel in Coney Island (New York) is moved 520 ft (160 m), using six steam locomotives, by civil engineer B. C. Miller, to save it from ocean storms.

April 6 – The first New Year's Day is observed, of the solar calendar adopted by Siamese King Chulalongkorn, with the 106th anniversary of Bangkok's founding in 1782 as its epoch (reference date).

April 11 – The Concertgebouw orchestra in Amsterdam is inaugurated.

April 16 – The German Empire annexes the island of Nauru.

April 18 – Westminster School is founded in Simsbury, Connecticut.

April 21 – The Texas State Capitol building, completed at a cost of $3 million, opens to the public in Austin.

May 1 – Fort Belknap Indian Reservation is established by the United States Congress.

May 8 – The International Exhibition of Science, Art and Industry in Kelvingrove Park, Glasgow opens (continues to November).

May 10 – Nippon Oil Corporation, predecessor of Eneos, a petroleum and gas energy brand in Japan, is founded in Niigata Prefecture.[1]

May 12 – The North Borneo Chartered Company's territories (including Sabah) become the British protectorate of North Borneo.

May 13 – In Brazil, the Lei Áurea abolishes the last remnants of slavery.

May 26 – The comic novel The Diary of a Nobody by brothers George and Weedon Grossmith begins serialization in Punch (London).[2]

May 28 – In Glasgow (Scotland), Celtic F.C. plays its first official match, winning 5–2 against Rangers F.C.

May 30 – Hong Kong's Peak Tram begins operation.

June 2 – Edward King (bishop of Lincoln) in England is called to account for using ritualistic practices in Anglican worship.[3]

June 3

The Kingdom of Sedang is formed, in modern-day Vietnam.

American writer Ernest Thayer's baseball poem "Casey at the Bat" is first published (under the pen name "Phin") as the last of his humorous contributions to The San Francisco Examiner.

June 14 – The White Rajahs territories become the British protectorate of Sarawak.

June 15 – Wilhelm II becomes German Emperor and King of Prussia; 1888 is the Year of the Three Emperors.

June 19 – In Chicago, the Republican Convention opens at the Auditorium Building. Benjamin Harrison and Levi P. Morton win the nominations for President and Vice President of the United States, respectively.

June 29 – Handel's Israel in Egypt is recorded onto wax cylinder at The Crystal Palace in London, the earliest known recording of classical music.

June 30 – The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom opens its laboratory, on Plymouth Hoe.

July–September

August 31: Victim found from Jack the Ripper?

July 2–27 – London matchgirls strike of 1888: About 200 workers, mainly teenaged girls, strike following the dismissal of three colleagues from the Bryant and May match factory, precipitated by an article on their working conditions published on June 23 by campaigning journalist Annie Besant, and the workers unionise on July 27.[4]

July 15 – According to Japanese government official confirmed report, A large scale eruption and ash smoke hit around Mount Bandai area, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, more than 477 people were killed.[5]

July 25 – Frank Edward McGurrin, a court stenographer from Salt Lake City, Utah, purportedly the only person using touch typing at this time, wins a decisive victory over Louis Traub in a typing contest held in Cincinnati, Ohio. This date can be called the birthday of the touch typing method that is widely used in modern times.

August 1 – Carl Benz is issued with the world's first driving licence by the Grand Duchy of Baden.

August 5 – Bertha Benz arrives in Pforzheim having driven 40 miles (64 km) from Mannheim in a car manufactured by her husband Carl Benz, thus completing the first "long-distance" drive in the history of the automobile.

August 7 – Whitechapel murders: The body of London prostitute Martha Tabram is found, a possible victim of Jack the Ripper.[6]

August 9

A fire destroys the Main Building, the heart of Wells College in Aurora, New York, causing a loss of $130,000.[7]

The Oaths Act permits the oath of allegiance taken to the Sovereign by Members of Parliament (MPs) to be affirmed, rather than sworn to God, thus confirming the ability of atheists to sit in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.

August 10 – Dr Friedrich Hermann Wölfert’s motorised airship successfully completes the world’s first engine-driven flight, from Cannstatt to Kornwestheim in Germany.[8]

August 13 – The Local Government Act, effective from 1889, establishes county councils and county borough councils in England and Wales, redraws some county boundaries, and gives women the vote in local elections. It also declares that "bicycles, tricycles, velocipedes, and other similar machines" be carriages within the meaning of the Highway Acts (which remains the case), and requires that they give audible warning when overtaking "any cart or carriage, or any horse, mule, or other beast of burden, or any foot passenger", a rule abolished in 1930.

August 20 – A mutiny at Dufile, Equatoria, results in the imprisonment of the Emin Pasha.

August 22 – Earliest evidence of a death and injury by a meteorite in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.

August 24 –The first trams in Tallinn (Reval), horsecars, begin operation.

August 31 – Whitechapel murders: The mutilated body of London prostitute Mary Ann Nichols is found; she is considered the first victim of Jack the Ripper.

September 4

In the United States, George Eastman registers the trademark Kodak, and receives a patent for his camera, which uses roll film.

Mohandas Gandhi embarks on the S.S. Clyde from Bombay for London.

September 6 – Charles Turner becomes the first bowler in cricket to take 250 wickets in an English season – a feat since accomplished only by Tom Richardson (twice), J. T. Hearne, Wilfred Rhodes (twice) and Tich Freeman (six times).

September 8

The Great Herding (Spanish: El Gran Arreo) begins with thousands of sheep being herded from the Argentine outpost of Fortín Conesa to Santa Cruz near the Strait of Magellan.[9]

Whitechapel murders: The mutilated body of London prostitute Annie Chapman is found (considered to be the second victim of Jack the Ripper).

In England, the first six Football League matches are played.[6]

In a letter accepting renomination as President of the United States, Grover Cleveland declares the Chinese "impossible of assimilation with our people and dangerous to our peace and welfare".

September 17 – Las Cruces College (later New Mexico State University) is founded in Las Cruces, New Mexico.

September 27

Whitechapel murders: The 'Dear Boss letter' signed "Jack the Ripper", the first time the name is used, is received by London's Central News Agency.[6]

Stanley Park is officially opened by Vancouver (B.C.) mayor David Oppenheimer.

September 30 – Whitechapel murders: The bodies of London prostitutes Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes, the latter mutilated, are found. They are generally considered Jack the Ripper's third and fourth victims, respectively.

October–December

October 1 – Sofia University officially opens, becoming the first university in liberated Bulgaria.

October 2 – The Whitehall Mystery: Dismembered remains of a woman's body are discovered at three central London locations, one being the construction site of the police headquarters at New Scotland Yard.

October 9 – The Washington Monument officially opens to the general public in Washington, D.C.

October 9: Washington Monument opens.

October 14

Louis Le Prince films the first motion picture: Roundhay Garden Scene in Roundhay, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, two seconds and 18 frames in length (followed by his movie Leeds Bridge and Accordion Player).

Battle of Guté Dili: Seeking to extend Mahdist control over what is now southwestern Ethiopia, governor Khalil al-Khuzani is routed by an alliance of Shewan forces, under Ras Gobana Dacche and Moroda Bekere, ruler of Leqa Naqamte. Only a handful, including Khalil, barely manage to flee the battlefield.

October 25 – St Cuthbert's Society at the University of Durham in England is founded, after a general meeting chaired by the Reverend Hastings Rashdall.

October 30 – The Rudd Concession, a written concession for exclusive mining rights in Matabeleland, Mashonaland and adjoining territories, is granted by King Lobengula of Matabeleland to Charles Rudd, James Rochfort Maguire and Francis Thompson, who are acting on behalf of South African-based politician and businessman Cecil Rhodes, providing a basis for white settlement of Rhodesia.

November 6 – 1888 United States presidential election: Democratic Party incumbent Grover Cleveland wins the popular vote, but loses the Electoral College vote to Republican challenger Benjamin Harrison, therefore losing the election.

November 8 – Joseph Assheton Fincher files a patent in the United Kingdom for the parlour game which he calls "Tiddledy-Winks".

November 9 – Whitechapel murders: The mutilated body of London prostitute Mary Jane Kelly is found. She is considered to be the fifth, and last, of Jack the Ripper's victims. A number of similar murders in England follow, but the police attribute them to copy-cat killers.

November 16 – First signs of famine in Ethiopia, caused by drought combined with early spread of the 1890s African rinderpest epizootic.

November 24 – The first Saint Verhaegen takes place in Brussels.

November 27 – International sorority Delta Delta Delta is founded at Boston University in the United States.

November 29 – The celebration of Thanksgiving (United States) and the first day of Hanukkah coincide.

December 7 – John Boyd Dunlop patents the pneumatic bicycle tyre in the United Kingdom.

December 17 – The Lyric Theatre, London opens.

December 18 – Richard Wetherill and his brother-in-law, Charlie Mason, discover the Indian ruins of Mesa Verde in southwestern Colorado.

December 23 – During a bout of mental illness (and having quarreled with his friend Paul Gauguin), Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh infamously cuts off the lower part of his own left ear, taking it to a brothel, and is removed to the local hospital in Arles.

Date unknown

In Germany, 1888 is known as the Year of the Three Emperors.

The dolphin Pelorus Jack is first sighted in Cook Strait, New Zealand.

The Camborne School of Mines is founded in Cornwall, England.

John Robert Gregg first publishes Gregg shorthand in the United States.

The Finnish epic Kalevala is published for the first time in the English language, by American linguist John Martin Crawford.

The Baldwin School is founded in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, as "Miss [Florence] Baldwin's School for Girls, Preparatory for Bryn Mawr College".

Global pharmaceutical and health care brands are founded in the United States:

G.D. Searle by Gideon Daniel Searle in Omaha, Nebraska.[10]

Abbott Laboratories as Abbott Alkaloidal by Dr. Wallace C. Abbott in Illinois.[11]

Katz's Delicatessen is founded in the Lower East Side of Manhattan.

First British rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand.

Births

January–February

Carlos Quintanilla

Otto Stern

Lotte Lehmann

January 1 – Victor Goldschmidt, Swiss geochemist (d. 1947)

January 8 – Matt Moore, Irish-born American actor (d. 1960)

January 18 – Thomas Sopwith, English aviation pioneer, yachtsman (d. 1989)

January 19 – Millard Harmon, American general (d. 1945)

January 20 – Lead Belly, American folk, blues singer (d. 1949)

January 22 – Carlos Quintanilla , 37th President of Bolivia (d. 1964)

January 23 – Aritomo Gotō, Japanese admiral (d. 1942)

January 24

Vicki Baum, Austrian writer (d. 1960)

Ernst Heinkel, German aircraft designer (d. 1958)

January 29 – Wellington Koo, Chinese statesman (d. 1985)

February 2 – Frederick Lane, Australian swimmer (d. 1969)

February 5 – Bruce Fraser, British admiral (d. 1981)

February 8 – Edith Evans, British actress (d. 1976)

February 11 – John Warren Davis, American educator, college administrator, and civil rights leader (d. 1980)[12]

February 13 – Georgios Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1968)

February 14 – Chandrashekhar Agashe, Indian industrialist (d. 1956)[13]

February 17 – Otto Stern, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1969)

February 19

Tom Phillips, British admiral (d. 1941)

Aurora Quezon, First Lady of the Philippines (d. 1949)

February 20 – Georges Bernanos, French writer (d. 1948)

February 25 – John Foster Dulles, United States Secretary of State (d. 1959)

February 27

Lotte Lehmann, German singer (d. 1976)

Arthur Schlesinger Sr., American historian (d. 1965)

March–April

Ilo Wallace

March 4 – Knute Rockne, American football player, coach (d. 1931)

March 5 – Peg Leg Howell, American country blues singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1966)

March 7 – William L. Laurence, American journalist (d. 1977)

March 10

Barry Fitzgerald, Irish actor (d. 1961)

Ilo Wallace, Second Lady of the United States (d. 1981)[14]

March 17– Paul Ramadier, 63rd Prime Minister of France (d. 1961)

March 18– Jerry Dawson, English footballer, Burnley and national team (d. 1970)

March 26 – Elsa Brändström, Swedish nurse (d. 1948)

March 29 – Enea Bossi Sr., Italian-born American aerospace engineer, aviation pioneer (d. 1963)

March 30 – Anna Q. Nilsson, Swedish-American silent film star (d. 1974)

April 1 – Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr., American general (d. 1969)

April 2 – Sir Neville Cardus, British cricket, music writer (d. 1975)

April 3 – Thomas C. Kinkaid, American admiral (d. 1972)

April 4 – Tris Speaker, American professional baseball player, member of the Baseball Hall of Fame (d. 1958)

April 6

Hans Richter, German artist and filmmaker (d. 1976)

Gerhard Ritter, German historian (d. 1967)

April 12 – Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola, 28th president of Ecuador (d. 1952)

April 18 – Duffy Lewis, American Major League Baseball player (d. 1979)

April 26 – Anita Loos, American writer (d. 1981)

April 27 – Florence La Badie, Canadian actress (d. 1917)

May–June

Irving Berlin

David Dougal Williams

May 8 – Maurice Boyau, French World War I fighter ace (d. 1918)

May 9 – Francesco Baracca, Italian World War I fighter ace (d. 1918)

May 10 – Max Steiner, Austrian-American composer (d. 1971)

May 11

Irving Berlin, American composer (d. 1989)

Willis Augustus Lee, American admiral (d. 1945)

May 13 – Inge Lehmann, Danish seismologist, geophysicist (d. 1993)

May 17 – Tich Freeman, English cricketer (d. 1965)

May 18 – William Hood Simpson, American general (d. 1980)

May 23 – Zack Wheat, American Baseball Hall of Famer (d. 1972)

May 25 – Miles Malleson, English actor (d. 1969)

May 28– Kaarel Eenpalu, 7th Prime Minister of Estonia (d. 1942)

May 31 – Jack Holt, American actor (d. 1951)

June – David Dougal Williams, British painter and art teacher (d. 1944)

June 13 – Fernando Pessoa, Portuguese writer (d. 1935)

June 17 – Heinz Guderian, German general (d. 1954)

June 22

Milton Allen, Governor of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla (d. 1981)

Harold Hitz Burton, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1964)

June 24 – Gerrit Rietveld, Dutch architect (d. 1964)

June 27 – Antoinette Perry, American stage director for whom the Tony Award is named (d. 1946)

June 29 – Squizzy Taylor, Australian underworld figure (d. 1927)

July–August

Herbert Spencer Gasser

Frits Zernike

July 5 – Herbert Spencer Gasser, American physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1963)

July 10 – Giorgio de Chirico, Italian painter (d. 1978)

July 16

Percy Kilbride, American actor (d. 1964)

Frits Zernike, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1966)

July 17 – Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Israeli writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)

July 22 – Selman Waksman, Ukrainian-born American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1973)

July 23 – Raymond Chandler, American-born novelist (d. 1959)

August 4 – Taher Saifuddin, Indian Bohra spiritual leader (d. 1965)

August 6 – Heinrich Schlusnus, German baritone (d. 1952)

August 9 – Eduard Ritter von Schleich, German fighter ace, air force general (d. 1947)

August 13 – John Logie Baird, Scottish inventor (d. 1946)

August 16 – T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia"), British liaison officer during the Arab Revolt, writer and academic (d. 1935)

August 17 – Monty Woolley, American actor (d. 1963)

August 20 – Tôn Đức Thắng, 2nd president of Vietnam (d. 1980)

August 25 – Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi, Pakistani scholar, politician (d. 1963)

August 28 – Evadne Price, Australian-British writer, actress and astrologer (d. 1985)

August 29 – Gunichi Mikawa, Japanese admiral (d. 1981)

September–October

Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.

Maurice Chevalier

T. S. Eliot

September 5 – Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Indian philosopher, politician and 2nd President of India (d. 1975)

September 6

Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., American politician (d. 1969)

Zeng Junchen, Chinese drug baron (d. 1964)

September 8 – Ida McNeil, American broadcaster and designer of the flag of South Dakota (d. 1974)[15]

September 12 – Maurice Chevalier, French singer and actor (d. 1972)

September 16

Frans Eemil Sillanpää, Finnish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1964)

W. O. Bentley, English engineer, entrepreneur (d. 1971)

September 17 – Michiyo Tsujimura, Japanese agricultural scientist (d. 1969)[16]

September 18 – Grey Owl, British conservationist, impostor, writer (d. 1938)

September 20 – John Painter, American supercentenarian, world's oldest man between 1999 and 2001 (d. 2001)

September 26

J. Frank Dobie, American folklorist, journalist (d. 1964)

T. S. Eliot, American-born British poet, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1965)

September 28 – Seán Lester, Irish diplomat (d. 1959)

October 4 – Friedrich Olbricht, German general (d. 1944)

October 6 – Roland Garros, French pilot (killed in action 1918)

October 7

Renya Mutaguchi, Japanese general (d. 1966)[17]

Henry A. Wallace, 33rd Vice President of the United States (d. 1965)[18]

October 8 – Ernst Kretschmer, German psychiatrist (d. 1964)

October 9 – Nikolai Bukharin, Russian Bolshevik and Soviet politician (d. 1938)

October 14 – Katherine Mansfield, New Zealand fiction writer (d. 1923)

October 16

Eugene O'Neill, American playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1953)

Paul Popenoe, American eugenicist (d. 1979)

Mikhail Kaganovich, Soviet politician (d. 1941)

October 17 – Paul Bernays, Swiss mathematician (d. 1977)

October 24 – Carlo Bergamini, Italian admiral (d. 1943)

October 25 – Lester Cuneo, American actor (d. 1925)

October 30 – Alan Goodrich Kirk, American admiral (d. 1963)

October 31 – Hubert Wilkins, Australian explorer of the Arctic (d. 1958)

November–December

C. V. Raman

Harpo Marx

Gladys Cooper

F. W. Murnau

November 1 – Viliami Tungī Mailefihi, 7th Premier of Tonga (d. 1941)

November 7

Nestor Makhno, Ukrainian anarcho-communist revolutionary (d. 1934)

C. V. Raman, Indian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)

November 9 – Jean Monnet, French political economist, diplomat and a founding father of the European Union (d. 1979)

November 15

José Raúl Capablanca, Cuban World chess champion (1921–1927) (d. 1942)

Harald Sverdrup, Norwegian scientist (d. 1957)

November 23 – Harpo Marx, American comedian (d. 1964)

November 24

Dale Carnegie, American writer, lecturer (d. 1955)

Cathleen Nesbitt, British actress (d. 1982)

November 29 – Oswald Rayner, British MI6 agent (d. 1961)

November 30 – Ralph Hartley, American electronics researcher, inventor (d. 1970)

December 3 – Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog, Polish-born Chief Rabbi of Ireland and Israel (d. 1959)

December 4

Alexander I of Yugoslavia (d. 1934)

Donald B. Beary, American admiral (d. 1966)

December 6 – Will Hay, British actor, comedian (d. 1949)

December 7

Joyce Cary, Northern Irish author (d. 1957)

Jinichi Kusaka, Japanese admiral (d. 1972)

December 16 – Alphonse Juin, French general, Marshal of France (d. 1967)

December 18

Dame Gladys Cooper, English actress (d. 1971)

Robert Moses, American civil engineer, public works director, highway and bridge builder (d. 1981)

December 19 – Fritz Reiner, Hungarian conductor (d. 1963)

December 22 – Theodore Stark Wilkinson, American admiral (d. 1946)

December 25 – Bonita Wa Wa Calachaw Nuñez, American painter (d. 1972)

December 28 – F. W. Murnau, German film director (d. 1931)

Date unknown

Ibrahim Hashem, 3-time prime minister of Jordan (d. 1958)

Deaths

January–June

Wilhelm I

Frederick Miller

Ascanio Sobrero

Frederick III

January 7 – Golam Ali Chowdhury, Bengali landlord and philanthropist (b. 1824)[19]

January 19 – Anton de Bary, German biologist (b. 1831)

January 20 – William Pitt Ballinger, Texas lawyer, southern statesman (b. 1825)

January 29 – Edward Lear, British artist, writer (b. 1812)

January 31 – John Bosco, Italian priest, youth worker, educator and founder of the Salesian Society (b. 1815)

February 3 – Sir Henry Maine, British jurist (b. 1822)

February 5 – Anton Mauve, Dutch painter (b. 1838)

February 22 – Anna Kingsford, British women's rights activist (b. 1846)

February 24 – Seth Kinman, American hunter, settler (b. 1815)

March 6

Louisa May Alcott, American novelist (b. 1832)[20]

Josif Pančić, Serbian botanist (b. 1814)

March 9 – William I, German Emperor, King of Prussia (b. 1797)

March 12 – Henry Bergh, founder of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (b. 1813)

March 16 – Hippolyte Carnot, French statesman (b. 1801)

March 23 – Morrison Waite, Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1816)

March 27 – Francesco Faà di Bruno, Italian mathematician (b. 1825)

March 29 – Charles-Valentin Alkan, French composer, pianist (b. 1813)

April 4 – Emma Elizabeth Smith, Whitechapel Murders victim (b. 1843)

April 14 – Emil Czyrniański, Polish chemist (b. 1824)

April 15 – Matthew Arnold, English poet (b. 1822)

April 17 – Ephraim George Squier, American archaeologist, newspaper editor (b. 1821)

April 19 – Thomas Russell Crampton, English engineer (b. 1816)

May 6 – Abraham Joseph Ash, American rabbi (b. c. 1813)[21]

May 11 – Frederick Miller, German-born American brewer and businessman (b. 1824)

May 15 – Edwin Hamilton Davis, American archaeologist, physician (b. 1811)

May 19 – Julius Rockwell, United States politician (b. 1805)

May 26 – Ascanio Sobrero, Italian chemist (b. 1812)

June 7 – Edmond Le Bœuf, French general, Marshal of France (b. 1809)

June 8 – Sir Duncan Cameron, British army general (b. 1808)

June 15 – Frederick III, German Emperor, King of Prussia (b. 1831)

June 23 – Edmund Gurney, British psychologist (b. 1847)

July–December

Paul Langerhans

John Pemberton

Carl Zeiss

July 1 – Maiden of Ludmir, Jewish religious leader (b. 1805)

July 4 – Theodor Storm, German writer (b. 1817)

July 9 – Jan Brand, 4th president of the Orange Free State (b. 1823)

July 20 – Paul Langerhans, German pathologist, biologist (b. 1847)

August 5 – Philip Sheridan, American general (b. 1831)

August 7 – Martha Tabram, possible first victim of Jack the Ripper (b. 1849)

August 9 – Charles Cros, French poet (b. 1842)

August 16 – John Pemberton, American pharmacist, founder of Coca-Cola (b. 1831)

August 20 – Henry Richard, Welsh peace campaigner (b. 1812)

August 23 – Philip Henry Gosse, British scientist (b. 1810)

August 24 – Rudolf Clausius, German physicist, contributor to thermodynamics (b. 1822)

August 31 – Mary Ann Nichols, first confirmed victim of Jack the Ripper (b. 1845)

September 6 – John Lester Wallack, American theater impresario (b. 1820)

September 8 – Annie Chapman, victim of Jack the Ripper (b. 1841)

September 11 – Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, Argentine politician, writer, and father of education (b. 1811)

September 23 – François Achille Bazaine, French general (b. 1811)

September 24 – Karl von Prantl, German philosopher (b. 1820)

September 30

Catherine Eddowes, victim of Jack the Ripper (b. 1842)

Elizabeth Stride, victim of Jack the Ripper (b. 1843)

October 16

Horatio Spafford, American author of the hymn It Is Well With My Soul (b. 1828)

John Wentworth, Mayor of Chicago (b. 1815)

October 26 – William Thomas Hamilton, American politician (b. 1820)

November 1 – Nikolay Przhevalsky, Russian explorer (b. 1839)

November 9 – Mary Jane Kelly, fifth and final confirmed victim of Jack the Ripper (b. 1863)

November 10 – George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan, British army officer and aristocrat (b. 1800)

November 11 – Pedro Ñancúpel, Chilean pirate active in the fjords and channels of Patagonia. He was executed.[22]

November 13 – José María Díaz, Spanish romanticist playwright and journalist (b. 1813)

November 17 – Dora d'Istria, Romanian/Albanian writer and nationalist (b. 1828)

November 24 – Cicero Price, American commodore (b. 1805)

December 2 – Namık Kemal, Turkish patriotic poet, social reformer (b. 1840)

December 3 – Carl Zeiss, German optician, founder of Carl Zeiss AG (b. 1816)

December 10 – William E. Le Roy, American admiral (b. 1818)

December 20 – Rose Mylett, Whitechapel murders victim (b. 1859)

December 24 – Mikhail Loris-Melikov, Russian statesman, general (b. 1826)

December 31

Samson Raphael Hirsch, German rabbi (b. 1808)

John Westcott, American surveyor and politician (b. 1807)

Date unknown

Caroline Howard Gilman

Caroline Howard Gilman, American author (b. 1794)

References

Coumbe, Albert Thompson (1924). Petroleum in Japan. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 10.

"The Diary of a Nobody". Punch, or the London Charivari. 94: 241. May 26, 1888.

Newton, John A. (2004). "King, Edward (1829–1910)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34319. Retrieved October 12, 2012. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

"The Match Workers Strike Fund Register". Trades Union Congress Library at the London Metropolitan University. Retrieved December 10, 2016.

佐藤（2005b）; 北原（1995a）pp.162-165、米地（2006）pp.122-123.

Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.

"Wells College Destroyed" (PDF). The New York Times. August 10, 1888. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.

"The first engine-driven flight". Daimler. Archived from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2016.

Guzmán, Yuyú (March 3, 2007). "Rincón gaucho. Un arreo que extendió la frontera ganadera". La Nación. Retrieved January 20, 2021.

"Searle family". Forbes. 2015. Retrieved November 12, 2022.

Burrell, Brandon (2013). Abbott Laboratories: Provisioning a Vision. Tallahassee: Florida State University.

West Virginia Archives and History (2019). "John Warren Davis". West Virginia Department of Arts, Culture and History. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved February 29, 2020.

Ranade 1974, p. 61.

"Wallace, Ilo Browne, 1888-1981". SNAC. Retrieved September 12, 2023.

"Dakota Images: Ida Anding McNeil" (PDF). South Dakota History. 11 (2). South Dakota State Historical Society. 1981. Retrieved April 4, 2024.

SA NEWS (September 18, 2021). "Google Doodle on Michiyo Tsujimura: Synopsis of Michiyo Tsujimura's Life". Retrieved September 12, 2023.

Budge, Kent G. "Mutaguchi Renya (1888-1966)". The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 3, 2024.

"WALLACE, Henry Agard". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved September 12, 2023.

"Privy Council Appeal No. 90 of 1922, from Bengal Appeal No. 27 of 1919", Case Mine, December 5, 1994, Karimunnessa Khatun and others v. Mahomed Fazlul Karim and others

"Louisa May Alcott | Biography, Childhood, Family, Books, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 26, 2020.

Public Domain Cyrus Adler and Judah David Eisenstein (1901–1906). "ASH, ABRAHAM JOSEPH". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

Cárdenas Álvarez, Renato (January 17, 2005). "La historia del pirata chilote Pedro Ñancúpel" (in Spanish). El Llanquihue. Retrieved January 10, 2019. Cuando es capturado en Melinka ya era una leyenda porque había evadido la persecución.

Bibliography

Ranade, Sadashiv Bhaskar (1974). Cittapāvana Kauśika Gotrī Āgāśe-Kula-vr̥ttānta [The Agashe Family Genealogy belonging to the Chitpavan Kaushik Gotra] (Kulavruttanta) (in Marathi) (1st ed.). Pune: University of Michigan. LCCN 74903020. OCLC 600048059.