Elizabeth II
queen of United Kingdom
Alternate
titles: Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, Elizabeth II, by the Grace of God, of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of her
other realms and territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender
of the Faith
By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Last Updated: Sep 19, 2022 Edit History
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II
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Born: April 21, 1926 London England
Died: September 8, 2022 (aged 96) Balmoral Castle Scotland
House / Dynasty: house of Windsor
Notable
Family Members: spouse Philip, Duke of Edinburgh father George VI
mother Elizabeth daughter Anne, the Princess Royal son Prince Edward,
earl of Wessex son Prince Andrew, duke of York son Charles III sister
Princess Margaret
Summary
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Elizabeth
II, in full Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, officially Elizabeth II, by the
Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland and of her other realms and territories Queen, Head of the
Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith, (born April 21, 1926, London,
England—died September 8, 2022, Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire,
Scotland), queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland from February 6, 1952, to September 8, 2022. In 2015 she
surpassed Victoria to become the longest-reigning monarch in British
history.
Early life
Queen Elizabeth, King George VI, Princess Margaret, and Princess Elizabeth
Queen Elizabeth, King George VI, Princess Margaret, and Princess Elizabeth
Princess Elizabeth
Princess Elizabeth
Elizabeth
was the elder daughter of Prince Albert, duke of York, and his wife,
Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon. As the child of a younger son of King George
V, the young Elizabeth had little prospect of acceding to the throne
until her uncle, Edward VIII (afterward duke of Windsor), abdicated in
her father’s favour on December 11, 1936, at which time her father
became King George VI and she became heir presumptive. The princess’s
education was supervised by her mother, who entrusted her daughters to a
governess, Marion Crawford; the princess was also grounded in history
by C.H.K. Marten, afterward provost of Eton College, and had instruction
from visiting teachers in music and languages. During World War II she
and her sister, Princess Margaret Rose, perforce spent much of their
time safely away from the London blitz and separated from their parents,
living mostly at Balmoral Castle in Scotland and at the Royal Lodge,
Windsor, and Windsor Castle.
Britain's Queen Elizabeth II smiles
to the crowd from Buckingham Palace (London, England) balcony at the end
of the Platinum Pageant in London on June 5, 2022 as part of Queen
Elizabeth II's platinum jubilee celebrations. The curtain comes down on
four days of momentous nationwide celebrations to honor Queen Elizabeth
II's historic Platinum Jubilee with a day-long pageant lauding the 96
year old monarch's record seven decades on the throne. (British royalty)
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Elizabeth II: A Life in Pictures
Remembering a life of dignity, grace, and duty.
Princess Elizabeth and Philip, duke of Edinburgh: wedding
Elizabeth II: family
Philip, duke of Edinburgh
Early
in 1947 Princess Elizabeth went with the king and queen to South
Africa. After her return there was an announcement of her betrothal to
her distant cousin Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten of the Royal Navy,
formerly Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark. The marriage took place in
Westminster Abbey on November 20, 1947. On the eve of the wedding her
father, the king, conferred upon the bridegroom the titles of duke of
Edinburgh, earl of Merioneth, and Baron Greenwich. They took residence
at Clarence House in London. Their first child, Prince Charles (Charles
Philip Arthur George), was born November 14, 1948, at Buckingham Palace.
Accession to the throne
Elizabeth II: crtion
proclamation declaring Elizabeth II queen of the United Kingdom
Elizabeth II: opening of Parliament
Elizabeth II: Christmas broadcast
In
the summer of 1951 the health of King George VI entered into a serious
decline, and Princess Elizabeth represented him at the Trooping the
Colour and on various other state occasions. On October 7 she and her
husband set out on a highly successful tour of Canada and Washington,
D.C. After Christmas in England she and the duke set out in January 1952
for a tour of Australia and New Zealand, but en route, at Sagana,
Kenya, news reached them of the king’s death on February 6, 1952.
Elizabeth, now queen, at once flew back to England. The first three
months of her reign, the period of full mourning for her father, were
passed in comparative seclusion. But in the summer, after she had moved
from Clarence House to Buckingham Palace, she undertook the routine
duties of the sovereign and carried out her first state opening of
Parliament on November 4, 1952. Her crtion was held at Westminster Abbey
on June 2, 1953.
Elizabeth II: royal tour of New Zealand
Beginning
in November 1953 the queen and the duke of Edinburgh made a six-month
round-the-world tour of the Commonwealth, which included the first visit
to Australia and New Zealand by a reigning British monarch. In 1957,
after state visits to various European nations, she and the duke visited
Canada and the United States. In 1961 she made the first royal British
tour of the Indian subcontinent in 50 years, and she was also the first
reigning British monarch to visit South America (in 1968) and the
Persian Gulf countries (in 1979). During her “Silver Jubilee” in 1977,
she presided at a London banquet attended by the leaders of the 36
members of the Commonwealth, traveled all over Britain and Northern
Ireland, and toured overseas in the South Pacific and Australia, in
Canada, and in the Caribbean.
Elizabeth II: family
Elizabeth II: corgis
On
the accession of Queen Elizabeth, her son Prince Charles became heir
apparent; he was named prince of Wales on July 26, 1958, and was so
invested on July 1, 1969. The queen’s other children were Princess Anne
(Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise), born August 15, 1950, and created
princess royal in 1987; Prince Andrew (Andrew Albert Christian Edward),
born February 19, 1960, and created duke of York in 1986; and Prince
Edward (Edward Anthony Richard Louis), born March 10, 1964, and created
earl of Wessex and Viscount Severn in 1999. All these children have the
surname “of Windsor,” but in 1960 Elizabeth decided to create the
hyphenated name Mountbatten-Windsor for other descendants not styled
prince or princess and royal highness. Elizabeth’s first grandchild
(Princess Anne’s son) was born on November 15, 1977.
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The modern monarchy
Elizabeth II: funeral for Princess Diana
Queen Elizabeth II: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
The
queen seemed increasingly aware of the modern role of the monarchy,
allowing, for example, the televising of the royal family’s domestic
life in 1970 and condoning the formal dissolution of her sister’s
marriage in 1978. In the 1990s, however, the royal family faced a number
of challenges. In 1992, a year that Elizabeth referred to as the royal
family’s annus horribilis, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, princess
of Wales, separated, as did Prince Andrew and his wife, Sarah, duchess
of York. Moreover, Anne divorced, and a fire gutted the royal residence
of Windsor Castle. In addition, as the country struggled with a
recession, resentment over the royals’ lifestyle mounted, and in 1992
Elizabeth, although personally exempt, agreed to pay taxes on her
private income. The separation and later divorce (1996) of Charles and
the immensely popular Diana further eroded support for the royal family,
which was viewed by some as antiquated and unfeeling. The criticism
intensified following Diana’s death in 1997, especially after Elizabeth
initially refused to allow the national flag to fly at half-staff over
Buckingham Palace. In line with her earlier attempts at modernizing the
monarchy, the queen subsequently sought to present a less-stuffy and
less-traditional image of the monarchy. These attempts were met with
mixed success.
British royal family
Elizabeth II with U.S. Pres. Barack Obama
Elizabeth II and Catherine, duchess of Cambridge
In
2002 Elizabeth celebrated her 50th year on the throne. As part of her
“Golden Jubilee,” events were held throughout the Commonwealth,
including several days of festivities in London. The celebrations were
somewhat diminished by the deaths of Elizabeth’s mother and sister early
in the year. Beginning in the latter part of the first decade of the
21st century, the public standing of the royal family rebounded, and
even Charles’s 2005 marriage to Camilla Parker Bowles found much support
among the British people. In April 2011 Elizabeth led the family in
celebrating the wedding of Prince William of Wales—the elder son of
Charles and Diana—and Catherine Middleton. The following month she
surpassed George III to become the second longest-reigning monarch in
British history, behind Victoria. Also in May, Elizabeth made a historic
trip to Ireland, becoming both the first British monarch to visit the
Irish republic and the first to set foot in Ireland since 1911. In 2012
Elizabeth celebrated her “Diamond Jubilee,” marking 60 years on the
throne. On September 9, 2015, she surpassed Victoria’s record reign of
63 years and 216 days.
Elizabeth II at the funeral of Philip, duke of Edinburgh
Elizabeth II and Prince Philip
In
August 2017 Prince Philip officially retired from public life, though
he periodically appeared at official engagements after that. In the
meantime, Elizabeth began to reduce her own official engagements,
passing some duties on to Prince Charles and other senior members of the
royal family, though the pool of stand-ins shrank when Charles’s
younger son, Prince Harry, duke of Sussex, and his wife, Meghan, duchess
of Sussex, controversially chose to give up their royal roles in March
2020. During this period, public interest in the queen and the royal
family grew as a result of the widespread popularity of The Crown, a
Netflix television series about the Windsors that debuted in 2016.
Having dealt with several physical setbacks in recent years, Philip, who
had been Elizabeth’s husband for more than seven decades, died in April
2021. On their 50th wedding anniversary, in 1997, Elizabeth had said of
Philip, “He has, quite simply, been my strength and stay all these
years.” Because of social-distancing protocols brought about by the
cvd-19 pandemic, the queen sat alone in a choir stall in St. George’s
Chapel (in Windsor Castle) at Philip’s funeral. The widely disseminated
images of her tragic isolation were heartbreaking but emblematic of the
dignity and courage that she brought to her reign.
Elizabeth II and Liz Truss
In
June 2022 Britain celebrated Elizabeth’s 70 years on the throne with
the “Platinum Jubilee,” a four-day national holiday that included the
Trooping the Colour ceremony, a thanksgiving service at St. Paul’s
Cathedral, a pop music concert at Buckingham Palace, and a pageant that
employed street arts, theatre, music, circus, carnival, and costume to
honour the queen’s reign. Health issues limited Elizabeth’s involvement.
Concerns about the queen’s health also led to a break in tradition
when, in September, she appointed Boris Johnson’s replacement as prime
minister, Liz Truss, at Balmoral rather than at Buckingham Palace, where
she had formally appointed more than a dozen prime ministers.
Just
days later, on September 8, Elizabeth’s death, at age 96, shocked
Britain and the world. Prince Charles succeeded her on the throne as
King Charles III. Ten days of national commemoration of her life and
legacy—long planned as “Operation London Bridge”—followed. Notably, the
queen lay in state for a day in St. Giles’ Cathedral in Edinburgh and
then for three days in Westminster Hall in London, outside of which
mourners stood in a line that stretched for miles, in some cases waiting
for more than 24 hours to view Elizabeth’s casket. Her sombre funeral
ceremony in Westminster Abbey on September 19 was attended by an
estimated 100 heads of foreign governments. Following a procession to
Wellington Arch, during which Big Ben tolled, the queen’s casket was
borne by hearse to her final resting place in St. George’s Chapel at
Windsor Castle.
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth was known to favour
simplicity in court life and was also known to take a serious and
informed interest in government business, aside from the traditional and
ceremonial duties. Privately, she became a keen horsewoman; she kept
racehorses, frequently attended races, and periodically visited the
Kentucky stud farms in the United States. Her financial and property
holdings made her one of the world’s richest women.
Charles III
Head of the Commonwealth
Photograph of Charles III
Charles as Prince of Wales, 2017
King of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms
Reign 8 September 2022 – present
Predecessor Elizabeth II
Heir apparent William, Prince of Wales
Born Prince Charles of Edinburgh
14 November 1948 (age 73)
Buckingham Palace, London, England
Spouses
Diana Spencer
(m. 1981; div. 1996)
Camilla Parker Bowles
(m. 2005)
Issue
Detail
William, Prince of Wales
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex
Names
Charles Philip Arthur George[fn 1]
House Windsor[1]
Father Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Mother Elizabeth II
Religion Protestant[fn 2]
Signature Charles's signature in black ink
Education Gordonstoun
Alma mater Trinity College, Cambridge (MA)
Military career
Allegiance United Kingdom[fn 3]
Service/branch
Royal Navy
Royal Air Force[fn 3]
Active service 1971–1976
Rank See list
Commands held HMS Bronington
Royal family of
the United Kingdom and the
other Commonwealth realms
Charles
III (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948) is King of
the United Kingdom and 14 other Commonwealth realms.[fn 4] He acceded to
the throne on 8 September 2022 upon the death of his mother, Elizabeth
II. He was the longest-serving heir apparent in British history and, at
the age of 73, is the oldest person to ascend the British throne.
Charles
was born in Buckingham Palace during the reign of his maternal
grandfather, King George VI. Charles was three when his mother ascended
the throne in 1952, making him the heir apparent. He was made Prince of
Wales in 1958 and his investiture was held in 1969. He was educated at
Cheam and Gordonstoun schools, as was his father, Prince Philip, Duke of
Edinburgh. Charles later spent six months at the Timbertop campus of
Geelong Grammar School in Victoria, Australia. After earning a Bachelor
of Arts degree from the University of Cambridge, Charles served in the
Air Force and Navy from 1971 to 1976. In 1981, he married Lady Diana
Spencer, with whom he had two sons, William and Harry. In 1996, the
couple divorced after they had each engaged in well-publicised
extramarital affairs. In 2005, Charles married his long-time partner,
Camilla Parker Bowles.
As Prince of Wales, Charles undertook
official duties on behalf of Queen Elizabeth II. He founded the youth
charity the Prince's Trust in 1976, sponsors the Prince's Charities, and
is a patron, president, or a member of over 400 other charities and
organisations. He has advocated for the conservation of historic
buildings and the importance of architecture in society.[3] A critic of
modernist architecture, Charles worked on the creation of Poundbury, an
experimental new town based on his architectural tastes. He is also an
author or co-author of over 20 books. An environmentalist, Charles
supported organic farming and action to prevent climate change during
his time as the manager of the Duchy of Cornwall estates, earning him
awards and recognition from environmental groups.[4] He is also a
prominent critic of the adoption of genetically modified food. Charles's
support for homeopathy and other alternative medicine has been the
subject of criticism.
Early life, family and education
Christening
of Charles (centre, wearing the royal christening gown) in 1948: (from
left to right) his grandfather George VI, his mother Princess Elizabeth
holding the infant Charles, his father Philip and his grandmother Queen
Elizabeth
Charles was born at 21:14 (GMT) on 14 November 1948,[5]
during the reign of his maternal grandfather, King George VI. He was the
first child of Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh (later Queen
Elizabeth II), and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.[6] His parents would have
three additional children, Anne (born 1950), Andrew (born 1960) and
Edward (born 1964). On 15 December 1948, at four weeks old, he was
christened in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace by the Archbishop of
Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher.[fn 5][8]
In February 1952, upon the
death of his grandfather and the accession of his mother as Queen
Elizabeth II, Charles became the heir apparent. Under a charter of King
Edward III in 1337, and as the monarch's eldest son, he automatically
assumed the traditional titles of the Duke of Cornwall and, in the
Scottish peerage, the titles Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of
Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, and Prince and Great Steward of
Scotland.[9] On 2 June 1953, Charles attended his mother's crtion at
Westminster Abbey.[10]
When Charles turned five, a governess,
Catherine Peebles, was appointed to oversee his education at Buckingham
Palace.[11] On 7 November 1956, Charles commenced classes at Hill House
School in west London.[12] He was the first heir apparent to attend
school rather than be educated by a private tutor.[13] He did not
receive preferential treatment from the school's founder and headmaster,
Stuart Townend, who advised the Queen to have Charles train in football
because the boys were never deferential to anyone on the football
field.[14] Charles then attended two of his father's former schools,
Cheam Preparatory School in Hampshire, England,[15] from 1958,[12]
followed by Gordonstoun in the north-east of Scotland,[16] beginning
classes there in April 1962.[12]
With his parents and sister Anne, October 1957
In
Charles's 1994 authorised biography by Jonathan Dimbleby, Elizabeth and
Philip were described as physically and emotionally distant parents,
and Philip was blamed for his disregard of Charles's sensitive nature
and forcing him to attend Gordonstoun, where he was bullied.[17] Though
Charles reportedly described Gordonstoun, noted for its especially
rigorous curriculum, as "Colditz in kilts",[15] he subsequently praised
Gordonstoun, stating it had taught him "a great deal about myself and my
own abilities and disabilities. It taught me to accept challenges and
take the initiative." In a 1975 interview, he said he was "glad" he had
attended Gordonstoun and that the "toughness of the place" was "much
exaggerated".[18] He spent two terms in 1966 at the Timbertop campus of
Geelong Grammar School in Victoria, Australia, during which time he
visited Papua New Guinea on a school trip with his history tutor,
Michael Collins Persse.[19][20] In 1973, Charles described his time at
Timbertop as the most enjoyable part of his whole education.[21] Upon
his return to Gordonstoun, Charles emulated his father in becoming head
boy. He left in 1967 with six GCE O-levels and two A-levels in history
and French, at grades B and C respectively.[19][22] On his early
education, Charles later remarked, "I didn't enjoy school as much as I
might have, but that was only because I'm happier at home than anywhere
else."[18]
Charles broke royal tradition a second time when he
proceeded straight to university after his A-levels, rather than joining
the British Armed Forces.[15] In October 1967, he was admitted to
Trinity College, Cambridge, where he read archaeology and anthropology
for the first part of the Tripos, and then changed to history for the
second part.[23][19] During his second year, Charles attended the
University College of Wales in Aberystwyth, studying Welsh history and
language for a term.[19] He graduated from the University of Cambridge
with a 2:2 Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree on 23 June 1970, the first
British heir apparent to earn a university degree.[19][24] As per
tradition, on 2 August 1975, his BA was promoted to a Master of Arts (MA
Cantab) degree: at Cambridge, Master of Arts is not a postgraduate
degree.[19]
Prince of Wales
Charles and his first wife
Diana with Sir James Ramsay, Governor of Queensland (far left), and
Ramsay's wife Janet (far right), Brisbane, 1983
Charles was created
Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 26 July 1958,[25] though his
investiture was not held until 1 July 1969, when he was crowned by his
mother in a televised ceremony held at Caernarfon Castle.[26] He took
his seat in the House of Lords in 1970,[27] and he made his maiden
speech in June 1974,[28] the first royal to speak from the floor since
the future Edward VII in 1884.[29] He spoke again in 1975.[30] Charles
began to take on more public duties, founding the Prince's Trust in
1976,[31] and travelling to the United States in 1981.[32] In the
mid-1970s, Charles expressed an interest in serving as Governor-General
of Australia, at the suggestion of Australian prime minister Malcolm
Fraser, but because of a lack of public enthusiasm nothing came of the
proposal.[33] Charles commented: "So, what are you supposed to think
when you are prepared to do something to help and you are just told
you're not wanted?"[34]
Military training and career
Charles
served in the Royal Air Force and, following in the footsteps of his
father, grandfather and two of his great-grandfathers, in the Royal
Navy. During his second year at Cambridge, he requested and received
Royal Air Force training, learning to fly the Chipmunk aircraft with
Cambridge University Air Squadron. On 8 March 1971, he flew himself to
the Royal Air Force College Cranwell to train as a jet pilot.[35] He was
presented with his RAF wings in August 1971.[36] After the passing-out
parade that September, he embarked on a naval career and enrolled in a
six-week course at the Royal Naval College Dartmouth. He then served on
the guided-missile destroyer HMS Norfolk (1971–1972) and the frigates
HMS Minerva (1972–1973) and HMS Jupiter (1974). In 1974, he qualified as
a helicopter pilot at RNAS Yeovilton, and then joined 845 Naval Air
Squadron, operating from HMS Hermes.[37] He gave up flying after
crash-landing a BAe 146 in Islay in 1994, for which the crew was found
negligent by a board of inquiry.[38]
On 9 February 1976, Charles
took command of the coastal minehunter HMS Bronington for his last ten
months of active service in the navy.[37] In 1978, he took part in a
parachute training course at RAF Brize Norton after being appointed
colonel-in-chief of the Parachute Regiment a year earlier.[39]
Relationships and marriages
Bachelorhood
In his youth, Charles was amorously linked to a number of women. His great-uncle Lord Mountbatten advised him:
In
a case like yours, the man should sow his wild oats and have as many
affairs as he can before settling down, but for a wife he should choose a
suitable, attractive and sweet-charactered girl before she has met
anyone else she might fall for ... It is disturbing for women to have
experiences if they have to remain on a pedestal after marriage.[40]
Photograph by Allan Warren, 1972
Charles's
girlfriends included Georgiana Russell, the daughter of Sir John
Russell, who was British ambassador to Spain;[41] Lady Jane Wellesley,
the daughter of the 8th Duke of Wellington;[42] Davina Sheffield;[43]
Lady Sarah Spencer;[44] and Camilla Shand,[45] who later became his
second wife.[46]
Early in 1974, Mountbatten began corresponding
with Charles about a potential marriage to Amanda Knatchbull, who was
Mountbatten's granddaughter.[47] Charles wrote to Amanda's mother—Lady
Brabourne, who was also his godmother—expressing interest in her
daughter, to which she replied approvingly, though she suggested that a
courtship with the not yet 17-year-old girl was premature.[48] Four
years later, Mountbatten arranged for Amanda and himself to accompany
Charles on his 1980 tour of India. Both fathers, however, objected;
Philip feared that Charles would be eclipsed by his famous uncle (who
had served as the last British Viceroy and first Governor-General of
India), while Lord Brabourne warned that a joint visit would concentrate
media attention on the cousins before they could decide on becoming a
couple.[49] However, in August 1979, before Charles would depart alone
for India, Mountbatten was assassinated by the Irish Republican Army.
When Charles returned, he proposed to Amanda, but in addition to her
grandfather, she had lost her paternal grandmother and youngest brother
Nicholas in the bomb attack and was now reluctant to join the royal
family.[49] In June 1980, Charles officially turned down Chevening
House, placed at his disposal since 1974, as his future residence.
Chevening, a stately home in Kent, was bequeathed, along with an
endowment, to the Crown by the last Earl Stanhope, Amanda's childless
great-uncle, in the hope that Charles would eventually occupy it.[50] In
1977, a newspaper report mistakenly announced his engagement to
Princess Marie-Astrid of Luxembourg.[51]
Marriages
Marriage to Lady Diana Spencer
Main article: Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer
Charles and Diana visit Uluru in Australia, March 1983
Charles
first met Lady Diana Spencer in 1977 while he was visiting her home,
Althorp. He was the companion of her elder sister, Sarah, and did not
consider Diana romantically until mid-1980. While Charles and Diana were
sitting together on a bale of hay at a friend's barbecue in July, she
mentioned that he had looked forlorn and in need of care at the funeral
of his granduncle Lord Mountbatten. Soon, according to Charles's chosen
biographer, Jonathan Dimbleby, "without any apparent surge in feeling,
he began to think seriously of her as a potential bride", and she
accompanied Charles on visits to Balmoral Castle and Sandringham
House.[52]
Charles's cousin Norton Knatchbull and his wife told
Charles that Diana appeared awestruck by his position and that he did
not seem to be in love with her.[53] Meanwhile, the couple's continuing
courtship attracted intense attention from the press and paparazzi. When
Prince Philip told him that the media speculation would injure Diana's
reputation if Charles did not come to a decision about marrying her
soon, and realising that she was a suitable royal bride (according to
Mountbatten's criteria), Charles construed his father's advice as a
warning to proceed without further delay.[54]
Charles proposed to
Diana in February 1981; she accepted and they married in St Paul's
Cathedral on 29 July of that year. Upon his marriage, Charles reduced
his voluntary tax contribution from the profits generated by the Duchy
of Cornwall from 50% to 25%.[55] The couple lived at Kensington Palace
and at Highgrove House, near Tetbury, and had two children: Princes
William (b. 1982) and Henry (known as "Harry") (b. 1984). Charles set a
precedent by being the first royal father to be present at his
children's births.[13]
Within five years, the marriage was in
trouble due to the couple's incompatibility and near 13-year age
difference.[56][57] By November 1986, Charles had fully resumed his
affair with Camilla Parker Bowles (née Shand).[58] In a videotape
recorded by Peter Settelen in 1992, Diana admitted that by 1986, she had
been "deeply in love with someone who worked in this
environment."[59][60] It is thought she was referring to Barry
Mannakee,[61] who was transferred to the Diplomatic Protection Squad in
1986 after his managers had determined that his relationship with Diana
had been inappropriate.[60][62] Diana later commenced a relationship
with Major James Hewitt, the family's former riding instructor.[63]
Charles and Diana's evident discomfort in each other's company led to
them being dubbed "The Glums" by the press.[64] Diana exposed Charles's
affair with Camilla in a book by Andrew Morton, Diana, Her True Story.
Audio tapes of her own extramarital flirtations also surfaced.[64]
Persistent suggestions that Hewitt is Prince Harry's father have been
based on a physical similarity between Hewitt and Harry. However, Harry
had already been born by the time Diana's affair with Hewitt began.[65]
Legal separation and divorce
In
December 1992, British prime minister John Major announced the couple's
legal separation in Parliament. Earlier that year, the British press
had published transcripts of a passionate bugged telephone conversation
between Charles and Camilla from 1989, which was dubbed Camillagate by
the press.[66] Charles sought public understanding in a television film,
Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role, with Jonathan Dimbleby that
was broadcast on 29 June 1994. In an interview in the film, he confirmed
his own extramarital affair with Camilla, saying that he had rekindled
their association in 1986 only after his marriage to Diana had
"irretrievably broken down".[67][68] This was followed by Diana's own
admission of marital troubles in an interview with the BBC current
affairs show Panorama, broadcast on 20 November 1995.[69] Referring to
Charles's relationship with Camilla, she said: "Well, there were three
of us in this marriage, so it was a bit crowded." She also expressed
doubt about her husband's suitability for kingship.[70] Charles and
Diana divorced on 28 August 1996,[71] after being formally advised by
the Queen in December 1995 to end the marriage.[72] Diana was killed in a
car crash in Paris on 31 August of the following year; Charles flew to
Paris with Diana's sisters to accompany her body back to Britain.[73]
Marriage to Camilla Parker Bowles
Main article: Wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles
Charles and Camilla in Jamaica, March 2008
The
engagement of Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles was announced on 10
February 2005; he presented her with an engagement ring that had
belonged to his grandmother.[74] The Queen's consent to the marriage (as
required by the Royal Marriages Act 1772) was recorded in a Privy
Council meeting on 2 March.[75] In Canada, the Department of Justice
announced its decision that the Queen's Privy Council for Canada was not
required to meet to give its consent to the marriage, as the union
would not result in offspring and would have no impact on the succession
to the Canadian throne.[76]
Charles was the only member of the
royal family to have a civil rather than a church wedding in England.
Government documents from the 1950s and 1960s, published by the BBC,
stated that such a marriage was illegal, though these were dismissed by
Charles's spokesman,[77] and explained to be obsolete by the sitting
government.[78]
The marriage was scheduled to take place in a
civil ceremony at Windsor Castle, with a subsequent religious blessing
at St George's Chapel. The venue was subsequently changed to Windsor
Guildhall, because a civil marriage at Windsor Castle would oblige the
venue to be available to anyone who wished to be married there. Four
days before the wedding, it was postponed from the originally scheduled
date of 8 April until the following day in order to allow Charles and
some of the invited dignitaries to attend the funeral of Pope John Paul
II.[79]
Charles's parents did not attend the civil marriage
ceremony; the Queen's reluctance to attend possibly arose from her
position as Supreme Governor of the Church of England.[80] The Queen and
the Duke of Edinburgh did attend the service of blessing and later held
a reception for the newlyweds at Windsor Castle.[81] The blessing, by
the Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, at St George's Chapel,
Windsor Castle, was televised.[82]
Official duties
See also: List of official overseas trips made by Charles III
In
2008, The Daily Telegraph described Charles as the "hardest-working
member of the royal family".[83] He carried out 560 official engagements
in 2008,[83] 499 in 2010,[84] and over 600 in 2011.
During his
time as Prince of Wales, Charles undertook official duties on behalf of
the Queen.[85] He officiated at investitures and attended the funerals
of foreign dignitaries.[86] Charles made regular tours of Wales,
fulfilling a week of engagements each summer, and attending important
national occasions, such as opening the Senedd.[87] The six trustees of
the Royal Collection Trust met three times a year under his
chairmanship.[88]
In 1970, Charles visited Bermuda to mark the
Parliament of Bermuda's 350th anniversary. In his speech to parliament
and referring to the actions of Charles I, Charles said "Bearing in mind
I am the first Charles to have anything to do with a Parliament for 350
years, I might have turned nasty and dissolved you".[89] Charles also
represented the Queen at the independence celebrations in Fiji in
1970,[90] the Bahamas in 1973,[91] Papua New Guinea in 1975,[92]
Zimbabwe in 1980,[93] and Brunei in 1984.[94]
In 1983,
Christopher John Lewis, who had fired a shot with a .22 rifle at the
Queen in 1981, attempted to escape a psychiatric hospital in order to
assassinate Charles, who was visiting New Zealand with his first wife
Diana and son William.[95] While Charles was visiting Australia on
Australia Day in January 1994, David Kang fired two shots at him from a
starting pistol in protest of the treatment of several hundred Cambodian
asylum seekers held in detention camps.[96] In 1995, Charles became the
first member of the royal family to visit the Republic of Ireland in an
official capacity.[97] In 1997, Charles represented the Queen at the
Hong Kong handover ceremony.[98] At the ceremony, he read the Queen's
message to Hong Kongers, which said: "Britain is part of Hong Kong's
history and Hong Kong is part of Britain's history. We are also part of
each other's future".[99]
In 2000, Charles revived the tradition
of the Prince of Wales having an official harpist, in order to foster
Welsh talent at playing the harp, the national instrument of Wales.[100]
His service to the Canadian Armed Forces permits him to be informed of
troop activities, and allows him to visit these troops while in Canada
or overseas, taking part in ceremonial occasions.[101] For instance, in
2001 he placed a specially commissioned wreath, made from vegetation
taken from French battlefields, at the Canadian Tomb of the Unknown
Soldier,[102] and in 1981 he became the patron of the Canadian Warplane
Heritage Museum.[103] At the funeral of Pope John Paul II in 2005,
Charles unintentionally caused controversy when he shook hands with
Robert Mugabe, the President of Zimbabwe, who had been seated next to
him. Charles's office subsequently released a statement saying: "The
Prince of Wales was caught by surprise and not in a position to avoid
shaking Mr Mugabe's hand. The Prince finds the current Zimbabwean regime
abhorrent. He has supported the Zimbabwe Defence and Aid Fund, which
works with those being oppressed by the regime. The Prince also recently
met Pius Ncube, the Archbishop of Bulawayo, an outspoken critic of the
government."[104] In November 2001, Charles was struck in the face with
three red carnations by teenager Alina Lebedeva, whilst he was on an
official visit to Latvia.[105]
Official opening of the Fourth
Assembly at the Senedd in Cardiff, Wales. From left to right: Welsh
first minister Carwyn Jones, Prince Charles, his wife Camilla, Queen
Elizabeth II, and Senedd Llywydd Rosemary Butler, 7 June 2011
In
2010, Charles represented the Queen at the opening ceremony of the 2010
Commonwealth Games in Delhi, India.[106] He attends official events in
the United Kingdom in support of Commonwealth countries, such as the
Christchurch earthquake memorial service at Westminster Abbey in
2011.[107] From 15 to 17 November 2013, he represented the Queen for the
first time at a Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, in Colombo,
Sri Lanka.[108]
In 2013, Charles donated an unspecified sum of
money to the British Red Cross Syria Crisis appeal and DEC Syria appeal,
which is run by 14 British charities to help victims of the Syrian
civil war.[109] According to The Guardian, it is believed that after
turning 65 years old in 2013, Charles donated his state pension to an
unnamed charity that supports elderly people.[110] In March 2014,
Charles arranged for five million measles-rubella vaccinations for
children in the Philippines on the outbreak of measles in South-East
Asia. According to Clarence House, Charles was affected by news of the
damage caused by Typhoon Yolanda in 2013. International Health Partners,
of which he has been Patron since 2004, sent the vaccines, which are
believed to protect five million children below the age of five from
measles.[111]
Letters sent by Charles to government ministers
during 2004 and 2005 – the so-called black spider memos – presented
potential embarrassment following a challenge by The Guardian newspaper
to release the letters under the Freedom of Information Act 2000. In
March 2015, the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom decided that
Charles's letters must be released.[112] The letters were published by
the Cabinet Office on 13 May 2015.[113] Reaction to the memos upon their
release was largely supportive of Charles, with little criticism of
him.[114] The memos were variously described in the press as
"underwhelming"[115] and "harmless"[116] and that their release had
"backfired on those who seek to belittle him",[117] with reaction from
the public also supportive.[118] In 2015, it was revealed that Charles
had access to confidential UK cabinet papers.[119]
Charles's ninth visit to New Zealand in 2015
Charles
and Camilla made their first joint trip to the Republic of Ireland in
May 2015. The trip was called an important step in "promoting peace and
reconciliation" by the British Embassy.[120] During the trip, Charles
shook hands in Galway with Gerry Adams, leader of Sinn Féin and widely
believed to be the leader of the IRA, the militant group that had
murdered Charles's relatives in a terror attack. The Galway event was
described by the media as a "historic handshake" and a "significant
moment for Anglo-Irish relations".[121] In the run up to Charles's
visit, two Irish republican dissidents were arrested for planning a bomb
attack. Semtex and rockets were found at the Dublin home of suspect
Donal Ó Coisdealbha, member of a self-styled Óglaigh na hÉireann
organisation, who was later jailed for five and a half years.[122] He
was connected to a veteran republican, Seamus McGrane of County Louth, a
member of the Real IRA, who was jailed for 11 and a half years.[123]
Charles
has made frequent visits to Saudi Arabia in order to promote arms
exports for companies such as BAE Systems. In 2013,[124] 2014,[125] and
2015,[126] he met with the commander of Saudi Arabia's National Guard
Mutaib bin Abdullah. In February 2014, he took part in a traditional
sword dance with members of the Saudi royal family at the Janariyah
festival in Riyadh.[127] At the same festival, British arms company BAE
Systems was honoured by Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz.[128] Charles was
criticised by Scottish MP Margaret Ferrier in 2016 over his role in the
sale of Typhoon fighter jets to Saudi Arabia.[129] According to
Charles's biographer Catherine Mayer, a Time magazine journalist who
claims to have interviewed several sources from Charles's inner circle,
he "doesn't like being used to market weaponry" in deals with Saudi
Arabia and other Arab Gulf states. According to Mayer, Charles has only
raised his objections to being used to sell weapons abroad in
private.[130] Commonwealth heads of government decided at their 2018
meeting that Charles would be the next Head of the Commonwealth after
the Queen.[131] The head is chosen and therefore not hereditary.[132]
With Queen Elizabeth II and other world leaders to mark the 75th anniversary of D-Day on 5 June 2019
On
7 March 2019, the Queen hosted a Buckingham Palace event to mark the
50th anniversary of Charles's investiture as the Prince of Wales. Guests
at the event included the Duchess of Cornwall, the Duke and Duchess of
Cambridge, the Duke and Duchess of Sussex, Prime Minister Theresa May
and Welsh first minister Mark Drakeford.[133] The same month, at the
request of the British government, Charles and Camilla went on an
official tour to Cuba, making them the first British royalty to visit
the country. The tour was seen as an effort to form a closer
relationship between the UK and Cuba.[134]
In January 2020,
Charles became the first British patron of the International Rescue
Committee, a charity which aims to help refugees and those displaced by
war, persecution, or natural disaster.[135] In April 2021 and following a
surge in cvd-19 cases in India, Charles issued a statement, announcing
the launch of an emergency appeal for India by the British Asian Trust,
of which he is the founder. The appeal, called Oxygen for India, helped
with buying oxygen concentrators for hospitals in need.[136]
On
25 March 2020, it was announced that Charles had contracted cvd-19
during the pandemic. He and his wife subsequently isolated at their
Birkhall residence. Camilla was also tested but returned a negative
result.[137][138] Clarence House stated that he showed "mild symptoms"
but "remains in good health". They further explained, "It is not
possible to ascertain from whom the prince caught the virus owing to the
high number of engagements he carried out in his public role during
recent weeks."[138] Several newspapers were critical that Charles and
Camilla were tested promptly at a time when many NHS doctors, nurses and
patients had been unable to be tested expeditiously.[139] On 30 March
2020, Clarence House announced that Charles had recovered from the
virus, and that, after consulting his doctor, he was no longer
isolating.[140] Two days later, he stated in a video that he would
continue to practise social distancing.[141]
In October 2020, a
letter sent by Charles to Australian governor-general John Kerr after
the 1975 dismissal from office of Prime Minister Gough Whitlam was
released as a part of the collection of palace letters regarding the
1975 Australian constitutional crisis.[142] In the letter, Charles
appeared to be supportive of Kerr's decision, writing that what Kerr
"did last year was right and the courageous thing to do – and most
Australians seemed to endorse your decision when it came to the point,"
adding that he should not worry about "demonstrations and stupidities"
that arose following his decision.[142]
Delivering a speech in Bridgetown, after Barbados became a republic, November 2021
In
November 2021, Charles attended the ceremonies held to mark Barbados's
transition into a parliamentary republic, which removed the Queen as
Barbadian head of state.[143] Charles was invited by Prime Minister Mia
Mottley as the future head of the Commonwealth,[144] and it was the
first time that a member of the royal family attended the transition of a
realm to a republic.[145]
On 10 February 2022, it was announced
that Charles had tested positive for cvd-19 for a second time and was
self-isolating.[146] His wife later also confirmed contracting the
virus, followed by the Queen herself 10 days after Charles's second
diagnosis.[147] Charles and his wife had received doses of a cvd-19
vaccine in February 2021.[148]
Delivering the Queen's Speech on behalf of his mother, May 2022
In
May 2022, Charles attended the State Opening of Parliament and
delivered the Queen's Speech on behalf of his mother as a counsellor of
state for the first time.[149] In June 2022, The Times reported that
Charles had privately described the UK Government's Rwanda asylum plan
as "appalling" and feared that it would overshadow the June Commonwealth
Heads of Government meeting in Rwanda, where Charles represented the
Queen.[150] It was later reported that cabinet ministers had warned
Charles to avoid making political comments, as they feared a
constitutional crisis could arise if he continued to make such
statements once he became king.[151]
Reign
Pre-accession polling
Prior
to acceding to the British throne, opinion polls put Charles's
popularity with the British people at 42%,[152] with a 2018 BMG Research
poll finding that 46% of Britons wanted Charles to abdicate immediately
upon accession to the throne, in favour of William.[153] A 2021 opinion
poll reported that 60% of the British public had a favourable opinion
of him.[154]
Accession and crtion plans
See also: Proclamation of accession of Charles III and crtion of Charles III and Camilla
Charles III walking in Elizabeth II's funeral cortège towards Westminster Hall six days after her death
Charles
acceded to the British throne on 8 September 2022, following the death
of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II. Charles was the longest-serving
British heir apparent, surpassing Edward VII's record on 20 April
2011.[155] When he became monarch at the age of 73, he was the oldest
person to do so, the previous record holder being William IV, who was 64
when he became king in 1830.[156]
Plans for Charles's crtion
have been made for many years, under the code name Operation Golden
Orb.[157] Reports before his accession suggested that Charles's crtion
would be simpler and smaller in scale than his mother's in 1953,[158]
with the ceremony expected to be "shorter, smaller, less expensive and
more representative of different faiths and community groups – falling
in line with the King's wish to reflect the ethnic diversity of modern
Britain".[159] Nonetheless, the crtion will be a Church of England
ceremony and will require a crtion oath, the anointment, the delivery of
the orb and the enthronement.[160]
There had been speculation as
to what regnal name Charles would choose upon his succession to the
throne. In 2005, it was reported that Charles had suggested he might
choose to reign as George VII in honour of his grandfather George VI,
and to avoid associations with previous royals named Charles.[161][fn 6]
Charles's office said at the time that no decision had yet been
made.[162] Following the death of Queen Elizabeth II, Clarence House
confirmed that Charles would use the regnal name "Charles III".[163]
Charles
gave his first speech to the nation on 9 September at 18:00 BST, in
which he mourned his late mother and proclaimed his elder son, William,
Prince of Wales.[164]
On 10 September 2022, Charles was publicly
proclaimed king by the Accession Council. The ceremony was televised for
the first time.[165][131] Attendees included Prince William, Queen
Camilla, British prime minister Liz Truss, and her predecessors John
Major, Tony Blair, Gordon Brown, David Cameron, Theresa May and Boris
Johnson.[166]
The crtion of Charles III and Camilla is due to take place on 6 May 2023 at Westminster Abbey.[167]
Philanthropy and charity
Since
founding the Prince's Trust in 1976, Charles has established 16 more
charitable organisations and now serves as president of all of
those.[168][85] Together, these form a loose alliance called the
Prince's Charities, which describes itself as "the largest multi-cause
charitable enterprise in the United Kingdom, raising over £100 million
annually ... [and is] active across a broad range of areas including
education and young people, environmental sustainability, the built
environment, responsible business and enterprise and
international."[168]
In 2010, the Prince's Charities Canada was
established in a similar fashion to its namesake in the UK.[169] Charles
is also patron of over 400 other charities and organisations.[170] He
uses his tours of Canada as a way to help draw attention to youth, the
disabled, the environment, the arts, medicine, the elderly, heritage
conservation, and education.[171] In Canada, Charles has supported
humanitarian projects. Along with his two sons, he took part in
ceremonies that marked the 1998 International Day for the Elimination of
Racial Discrimination.[171] Charles has also set up the Prince's
Charities Australia, which is based in Melbourne, Victoria. The Prince's
Charities Australia is to provide a coordinating presence for Charles's
Australian and international charitable endeavours.[172]
Charles
was one of the first world leaders to express strong concerns about the
human rights record of Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu, initiating
objections in the international arena,[173] and subsequently supported
the FARA Foundation,[170] a charity for Romanian orphans and abandoned
children.[174]
Personal interests
Built environment
Charles
has openly expressed his views on architecture and urban planning; he
fostered the advancement of New Classical Architecture and asserted that
he "care[s] deeply about issues such as the environment, architecture,
inner-city renewal, and the quality of life."[175] In a speech given for
the 150th anniversary of the Royal Institute of British Architects
(RIBA) on 30 May 1984, he memorably described a proposed extension to
the National Gallery in London as a "monstrous carbuncle on the face of a
much-loved friend" and deplored the "glass stumps and concrete towers"
of modern architecture.[176] He asserted that "it is possible, and
important in human terms, to respect old buildings, street plans and
traditional scales and at the same time not to feel guilty about a
preference for facades, ornaments and soft materials,"[176] called for
local community involvement in architectural choices, and asked:
Why
can't we have those curves and arches that express feeling in design?
What is wrong with them? Why has everything got to be vertical,
straight, unbending, only at right angles – and functional?[176]
At the newly opened At-Bristol, 14 June 2000
Charles's
book and BBC documentary A Vision of Britain (1987) were also critical
of modern architecture, and he has continued to campaign for traditional
urbanism, human scale, restoration of historic buildings, and
sustainable design,[177] despite criticism in the press. Two of his
charities (the Prince's Regeneration Trust and the Prince's Foundation
for Building Community, which were later merged into one charity)
promote his views, and the village of Poundbury was built on land owned
by the Duchy of Cornwall to a master plan by Léon Krier under the
guidance of Charles and in line with his philosophy.[175]
Charles
helped establish a national trust for the built environment in Canada
after lamenting, in 1996, the unbridled destruction of many of the
country's historic urban cores. He offered his assistance to the
Department of Canadian Heritage in creating a trust modelled on
Britain's National Trust, a plan that was implemented with the passage
of the 2007 Canadian federal budget.[178] In 1999, Charles agreed to the
use of his title for the Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage
Leadership, awarded by the Heritage Canada Foundation to municipal
governments that have shown sustained commitment to the conservation of
historic places.[179] While visiting the United States and surveying the
damage caused by Hurricane Katrina, Charles received the National
Building Museum's Vincent Scully Prize in 2005, for his efforts in
regard to architecture; he donated $25,000 of the prize money towards
restoring storm-damaged communities.[180]
From 1997, Charles has
visited Romania to view and highlight the destruction of Orthodox
monasteries and Transylvanian Saxon villages during the Communist rule
of Nicolae Ceaușescu.[181][182] Charles is patron of the Mihai Eminescu
Trust, a Romanian conservation and regeneration organisation,[183] and
has purchased a house in Romania.[184] Historian Tom Gallagher wrote in
the Romanian newspaper România Liberă in 2006 that Charles had been
offered the Romanian throne by monarchists in that country; an offer
that was reportedly turned down,[185] but Buckingham Palace denied the
reports.[186] Charles also has "a deep understanding of Islamic art and
architecture", and has been involved in the construction of a building
and garden at the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies that combine Islamic
and Oxford architectural styles.[187]
Charles has occasionally
intervened in projects that employ architectural styles such as
modernism and functionalism.[188][189] In 2009, Charles wrote to the
Qatari royal family, the developers of the Chelsea Barracks site,
labelling Lord Rogers's design for the site "unsuitable". Subsequently,
Rogers was removed from the project and the Prince's Foundation for the
Built Environment was appointed to propose an alternative.[190] Rogers
claimed the Prince had also intervened to block his designs for the
Royal Opera House and Paternoster Square, and condemned Charles's
actions as "an abuse of power" and "unconstitutional".[190] Lord Foster,
Zaha Hadid, Jacques Herzog, Jean Nouvel, Renzo Piano, and Frank Gehry,
among others, wrote a letter to The Sunday Times complaining that the
Prince's "private comments" and "behind-the-scenes lobbying" subverted
the "open and democratic planning process".[191] Piers Gough and other
architects condemned Charles's views as "elitist" in a letter
encouraging colleagues to boycott a speech given by Charles to RIBA in
2009.[189] CPC Group, the developer of the project, took a case against
Qatari Diar to the High Court, which described Charles's intervention as
"unwelcome".[192] After the case was settled, the CPC Group apologised
to him "for any offence caused by the decision to commence litigation
against Qatari Diar and the allegations made by CPC during the course of
the proceedings".[192]
In 2010, the Prince's Foundation for the
Built Environment decided to help reconstruct and redesign buildings in
Port-au-Prince, Haiti after the capital was destroyed by the 2010 Haiti
earthquake.[193] The foundation is known for refurbishing historic
buildings in Kabul, Afghanistan and Kingston, Jamaica. The project has
been called the "biggest challenge yet" for the Prince's Foundation for
the Built Environment.[194] For his work as patron of New Classical
Architecture, in 2012 Charles was awarded the Driehaus Architecture
Prize for patronage. The prize, awarded by the University of Notre Dame,
is considered the highest architecture award for New Classical
Architecture and urban planning.[195]
Livery company commitments
The
Worshipful Company of Carpenters installed Charles as an Honorary
Liveryman "in recognition of his interest in London's
architecture."[196] Charles is also Permanent Master of the Worshipful
Company of Shipwrights, a Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Drapers,
an Honorary Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Musicians, an Honorary
Member of the Court of Assistants of the Worshipful Company of
Goldsmiths, and a Royal Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of
Gardeners.[197]
Natural environment
Charles and Camilla
meeting Federal Emergency Management Agency officials in Louisiana, as
they arrive to tour the damage created by Hurricane Katrina, November
2005
Since the 1970s, Charles has promoted environmental
awareness.[198] At the age of 21, he delivered his first speech on
environmental issues in his capacity as the chairman of the Welsh
Countryside Committee.[199] In order to decrease his carbon footprint,
he has used biomass boilers for heating Birkhall, where he has also
installed a hydroelectric turbine in the river beside the estate. He has
utilised solar panels at Clarence House and Highgrove, and – besides
using electric cars on his estates – runs his Aston Martin DB6 on
E85.[200] An avid gardener, Charles has also emphasised the importance
of talking to plants, stating that "I happily talk to the plants and
trees, and listen to them. I think it's absolutely crucial".[201]
Upon
moving into Highgrove House, Charles developed an interest in organic
farming, which culminated in the 1990 launch of his own organic brand,
Duchy Originals,[202] which now sells more than 200 different
sustainably produced products, from food to garden furniture; the
profits (over £6 million by 2010) are donated to the Prince's
Charities.[202][203] His organic interest extends beyond farming into
landscaped spaces and Highgrove House practices organic lawn management
to increase biodiversity.[204] Documenting work on his estate, Charles
co-authored (with Charles Clover, environment editor of The Daily
Telegraph) Highgrove: An Experiment in Organic Gardening and Farming,
published in 1993, and offers his patronage to Garden Organic. Along
similar lines, Charles became involved with farming and various
industries within it, regularly meeting with farmers to discuss their
trade. Although the 2001 foot-and-mouth epidemic in England prevented
Charles from visiting organic farms in Saskatchewan, he met the farmers
at Assiniboia town hall.[205] In 2004, he founded the Mutton Renaissance
Campaign, which aims to support British sheep farmers and make mutton
more attractive to Britons.[206] His organic farming has attracted media
criticism: According to The Independent in October 2006, "the story of
Duchy Originals has involved compromises and ethical blips, wedded to a
determined merchandising programme."[207] A prominent critic of the
practice,[208] Charles III has also spoken against the use of GM crops
and in a letter to British prime minister Tony Blair in 1998, Charles
criticised the development of genetically modified foods.[209] He
repeated the same sentiments in 2008, arguing that having "one form of
clever genetic engineering after another then … will be guaranteed to
cause the biggest disaster environmentally of all time."[210]
In
2007, Charles received the tenth annual Global Environmental Citizen
Award from the Harvard Medical School's Center for Health and the Global
Environment, the director of which, Eric Chivian, stated: "For decades
the Prince of Wales has been a champion of the natural world ... He has
been a world leader in efforts to improve energy efficiency and in
reducing the discharge of toxic substances on land, and into the air and
the oceans".[211] Charles's travels by private jet drew criticism from
Plane Stupid's Joss Garman.[212]
In 2007, Charles launched the
Prince's May Day Network, which encourages businesses to take action on
climate change. Speaking to the European Parliament on 14 February 2008,
he called for European Union leadership in the war against climate
change. During the standing ovation that followed, Nigel Farage, the
leader of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), remained seated
and went on to describe Charles's advisers as "naive and foolish at
best."[213] In a speech to the Low Carbon Prosperity Summit in a
European Parliament chamber on 9 February 2011, Charles said that
climate change sceptics are playing "a reckless game of roulette" with
the planet's future and are having a "corrosive effect" on public
opinion. He also articulated the need to protect fisheries and the
Amazon rainforest, and to make low-carbon emissions affordable and
competitive.[214] In 2011, Charles received the Royal Society for the
Protection of Birds Medal for his engagement with the environment, such
as the conservation of rainforests.[215]
On 27 August 2012,
Charles addressed the International Union for Conservation of Nature –
World Conservation Congress, supporting the view that grazing animals
are needed to keep soils and grassland productive:
I have been
particularly fascinated, for example, by the work of a remarkable man
called Allan Savory, in Zimbabwe and other semi arid areas, who has
argued for years against the prevailing expert view that is the simple
numbers of cattle that drive overgrazing and cause fertile land to
become desert. On the contrary, as he has since shown so graphically,
the land needs the presence of feeding animals and their droppings for
the cycle to be complete so that soils and grassland areas stay
productive. Such that, if you take grazers off the land and lock them
away in vast feedlots, the land dies.[216]
In February 2014,
Charles visited the Somerset levels to meet residents affected by winter
flooding. During his visit, Charles remarked that "There's nothing like
a jolly good disaster to get people to start doing something. The
tragedy is that nothing happened for so long." He pledged a £50,000
donation, provided by the Prince's Countryside Fund, to help families
and businesses.[217] In December 2015, Charles delivered a speech at the
opening ceremony for COP21, making a plea to industries to put an end
to practices that cause deforestation.[218] In August 2019, it was
announced that Charles had collaborated with British fashion designers
Vin and Omi to produce a line of clothing made out of nettles found in
his Highgrove estate. Nettles are a type of plant which are usually
"perceived to have no value". The Highgrove plant waste was also used to
create the jewellery worn with the dresses.[219] In September 2020,
Charles launched RE:TV, an online platform featuring short films and
articles on issues such as climate change and sustainability. He serves
as the platform's editor-in-chief.[220] The platform later partnered
with Amazon Prime Video and WaterBear, another streaming platform
dedicated to environmental issues.[221] In the same month, he stated in a
speech that a military-style response similar to the Marshall Plan was
required to combat climate change.[222]
In January 2020, Charles
launched the Sustainable Markets Initiative at the World Economic
Forum's annual meeting in Davos, a project which encourages putting
sustainability at the centre of all activities.[223] In May 2020, his
Sustainable Markets Initiative and the World Economic Forum launched the
Great Reset project, a five-point plan concerned with enhancing
sustainable economic growth following the global recession caused by the
cvd-19 pandemic.[224] In January 2021, Charles launched Terra Carta
("Earth Charter"), a sustainable finance charter that would ask its
signatories to follow a set of rules towards becoming more sustainable
and make investments in projects and causes that help with preserving
the environment.[225] In July 2021, Charles and Jony Ive announced the
Terra Carta Design Lab, a competition conceived by the Royal College of
Art to find solutions to climate change and environmental issues,
winners of which would be supported financially and introduced to the
industry leads of the Sustainable Markets Initiative.[226] In September
2021, he launched the Food for the Future initiative, a programme with
contributions from Jimmy Doherty and Jamie Oliver which aims to educate
secondary school children about the food system and eliminating food
waste.[227] In his role as patron of the National Hedgelaying Society,
Charles has hosted receptions for the organisation's rural competition
at his Highgrove estate to assist with preserving hedgerows planted in
the UK.[228]
In June 2021, Charles attended a reception hosted by
the Queen during the 47th G7 summit, and a meeting between G7 leaders
and sustainable industry CEOs to discuss governmental and corporate
solutions to environmental problems.[229] In October 2021, he delivered a
speech at the 2021 G20 Rome summit, describing COP26 as "the last
chance saloon" for preventing climate change and asking for actions that
would lead to a green-led sustainable economy.[230] In his speech at
the opening ceremony for COP26, he repeated his sentiments from the
previous year, stating that "a vast military-style campaign" was needed
"to marshal the strength of the global private sector" for tackling
climate change.[231]
In 2021, Charles spoke to the BBC about the
environment and said two days a week he eats no meat nor fish and one
day a week he eats no dairy products.[232] In 2022, it was reported that
he eats a breakfast of fruit salad, seeds and tea. He does not eat
lunch, but takes a break for tea at 5 p.m. and eats dinner at 8:30 p.m.
and then returns to work until midnight or after.[233]
Charles,
who is patron of the Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership,
launched the Climate Action Scholarships for students from small island
nations in partnership with University of Cambridge, University of
Toronto, University of Melbourne, McMaster University and University of
Montreal in March 2022.[234] In September 2022, Charles hosted the
Global Allergy Symposium at Dumfries House with the Natasha Allergy
Research Foundation and 16 allergy experts from around the world to
discuss factors behind new emerging allergies, including biodiversity
loss and climate change.[235] In October 2022, it was reported that
British prime minister Liz Truss had advised the King against attending
COP27, to which he had agreed.[236]
Alternative medicine
See also: The Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health and The College of Medicine
Charles
and Camilla with NIH director Elias Zerhouni (second from left) and
Surgeon-General Richard Carmona (right), November 2005
Charles has
controversially championed alternative medicine.[237] He first expressed
his interest in alternative medicine publicly in December 1982 in an
address to the British Medical Association (BMA).[238] This speech was
seen as 'combative' and 'critical' of modern medicine, and was met with
anger by some medical professionals.[239] The Prince's Foundation for
Integrated Health (FIH) attracted opposition from the scientific and
medical community over its campaign encouraging general practitioners to
offer herbal and other alternative treatments to National Health
Service patients.[240][241] In June 2004, during a speech to healthcare
professionals at a conference, he advocated using Gerson therapy
treatments, such as coffee enemas, to treat cancer patients and said he
knew of a terminally ill cancer patient who was cured with
them.[242][241][243] He said: "I know of one patient who turned to
Gerson Therapy having been told that she was suffering from terminal
cancer, and would not survive another course of chemotherapy. Happily,
seven years later she is alive and well."[242] These comments drew
criticism from medical professionals such as Michael Baum.[244] In May
2006, Charles made a speech at the World Health Assembly in Geneva,
urging the integration of conventional and alternative medicine and
arguing for homeopathy.[245]
In April 2008, The Times published a
letter from Edzard Ernst, Professor of Complementary Medicine at the
University of Exeter, which asked the FIH to recall two guides promoting
alternative medicine, saying "the majority of alternative therapies
appear to be clinically ineffective, and many are downright dangerous." A
speaker for the FIH countered the criticism by stating: "We entirely
reject the accusation that our online publication Complementary
Healthcare: A Guide contains any misleading or inaccurate claims about
the benefits of complementary therapies. On the contrary, it treats
people as adults and takes a responsible approach by encouraging people
to look at reliable sources of information ... so that they can make
informed decisions. The foundation does not promote complementary
therapies."[246] That year, Ernst published a book with Simon Singh,
mockingly dedicated to "HRH the Prince of Wales", called Trick or
Treatment: Alternative Medicine on Trial. The last chapter is highly
critical of Charles's advocacy of complementary and alternative
treatments.[247]
Charles's Duchy Originals produced a variety of
complementary medicinal products including a "Detox Tincture" that
Edzard Ernst denounced as "financially exploiting the vulnerable" and
"outright quackery".[248] In 2009, the Advertising Standards Authority
criticised an email that Duchy Originals had sent out to advertise its
Echina-Relief, Hyperi-Lift and Detox Tinctures products saying that it
was misleading.[248] Charles personally wrote at least seven
letters[249] to the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
(MHRA) shortly before they relaxed the rules governing labelling of such
herbal products, a move that has been widely condemned by scientists
and medical bodies.[250] In October 2009, it was reported that Charles
had personally lobbied the Health Secretary, Andy Burnham, regarding
greater provision of alternative treatments in the NHS.[248]
In
April 2010, following accounting irregularities, a former official at
the FIH and his wife were arrested for fraud believed to total
£300,000.[251] Four days later, the FIH announced its closure, claiming
that it "has achieved its key objective of promoting the use of
integrated health."[252] The charity's finance director, accountant
George Gray, was convicted of theft totalling £253,000 and sentenced to
three years in prison.[253] The FIH was re-branded and re-launched later
in 2010 as The College of Medicine,[253][254] of which Charles became a
patron in 2019.[255] In 2016, Charles said in a speech that he used
homeopathic veterinary medicines to reduce antibiotic use at his
farm.[256] He drew criticism after becoming a patron of the Faculty of
Homeopathy on 27 June 2019.[257]
Sports
From his youth until
1992, Charles was an avid player of competitive polo. He continued to
play informally, including for charity, until 2005.[258] He was
occasionally injured after falling off horses,[259] and underwent two
operations in 1990 to fix fractures in his right arm.[260] Charles also
frequently took part in fox hunting until the sport was banned in the
United Kingdom in 2005. By the late 1990s, opposition to the activity
was growing when Charles's participation was viewed as a "political
statement" by those who were opposed to it. The League Against Cruel
Sports launched an attack against Charles after he took his sons on the
Beaufort Hunt in 1999. At that time, the government was trying to ban
hunting with hounds.[261] In 2001, he broke a small bone in his left
shoulder while hunting in Derbyshire.[262]
Charles has been a
keen salmon angler since youth and supports Orri Vigfússon's efforts to
protect the North Atlantic salmon. He frequently fishes the River Dee in
Aberdeenshire, Scotland, while he claims his most special angling
memories are from his time in Vopnafjörður, Iceland.[263] Charles is a
supporter of Burnley Football Club.[264]
Aside from hunting,
Charles has also participated in target rifle competitions, representing
the House of Lords in the Vizianagram Match (Lords vs. Commons) at
Bisley.[265] He became President of the British National Rifle
Association in 1977.[266]
Visual, performing and contemporary arts
Charles
is president or patron of more than 20 performing arts organisations,
which include the Royal College of Music, the Royal Opera, the English
Chamber Orchestra, the Philharmonia Orchestra, Welsh National Opera, and
the Purcell School. In 2000, he revived the tradition of appointing
harpists to the Royal Court, by appointing an Official Harpist to the
Prince of Wales. As an undergraduate at Cambridge, he played the cello
and has sung with the Bach Choir twice.[267] He was a member of Dryden
Society, Trinity College's drama group, and appeared in sketches and
revues.[268] Charles founded The Prince's Foundation for Children and
The Arts in 2002, to help more children experience the arts first-hand.
He is president of the Royal Shakespeare Company and attends
performances in Stratford-Upon-Avon, supports fundraising events and
attends the company's annual general meeting.[267] He enjoys
comedy,[269] and is interested in illusionism, becoming a member of The
Magic Circle after passing his audition in 1975 by performing the "cups
and balls" effect.[270] Charles has also been patron of the British Film
Institute since 1978.[271]
Charles is a keen and accomplished
watercolourist who has exhibited and sold a number of his works to raise
money for his charities and also published books on the subject. To
mark the 25th anniversary of his investiture as the Prince of Wales in
1994, the Royal Mail issued a series of postage stamps which featured
his paintings.[272] For his 50th birthday, 50 of his watercolours were
exhibited at Hampton Court Palace.[272] In 2001, 20 lithographs of his
watercolour paintings illustrating his country estates were exhibited at
the Florence International Biennale of Contemporary Art.[273] In 2016,
it was estimated that he had sold lithographs of his watercolours for a
total of £2 million from a shop at his Highgrove House residence.[272]
For his 70th birthday in 2018, his works were exhibited at the National
Gallery of Australia.[272] In 2022, 79 of his paintings were put on
display in London.[272] He is Honorary President of the Royal Academy of
Arts Development Trust.[274]
Charles was awarded the 2011
Montblanc de la Culture Arts Patronage Award by the Montblanc Cultural
Foundation for his support and commitment to the arts, particularly in
regard to young people.[275]
On 23 April 2016, Charles appeared
in a comedy sketch for the Royal Shakespeare Company's Shakespeare Live!
at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, to commemorate the 400th anniversary
of William Shakespeare's death in 1616. The event was televised live by
the BBC. Charles made a surprise entrance to settle the disputed
delivery of Hamlet's celebrated line, "To be or not to be, that is the
question".[276]
In January 2022, Charles commissioned seven
artists to paint portraits of seven Holocaust survivors. The paintings
were exhibited at the Queen's Gallery in Buckingham Palace and at the
Palace of Holyroodhouse and were featured in a BBC Two documentary
titled Survivors: Portraits of the Holocaust.[277]
Publications
Main article: Bibliography of Charles III
Charles
is the author of several books that reflect his own interests. He has
also contributed a foreword or preface to books by other writers and has
also written, presented and has been featured in documentary
films.[278]
Religion and philosophy
With Czech Orthodox priest Jaroslav Šuvarský in 2010
The
King is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.[279] He is also a
member of the Church of Scotland, and he swore an oath to uphold that
church immediately after he was proclaimed king in September 2022.[2]
Charles was confirmed at age 16 by Archbishop of Canterbury Michael
Ramsey at Easter 1965, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.[280] He
attends services at various Anglican churches close to Highgrove,[281]
and attends the Church of Scotland's Crathie Kirk with the rest of the
royal family when staying at Balmoral Castle. In 2000, he was appointed
as Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of
Scotland. Charles has visited (amid some secrecy) Eastern Orthodox
monasteries several times on Mount Athos[282] as well as in Romania[181]
and Serbia.[283] Charles is also patron of the Oxford Centre for
Islamic Studies at the University of Oxford, and in the 2000s, he
inaugurated the Markfield Institute of Higher Education, which is
dedicated to Islamic studies in a plural multicultural
context.[187][284]
Laurens van der Post became a friend of
Charles in 1977; he was dubbed his "spiritual guru" and was godfather to
Charles's son, Prince William.[285] From van der Post, Charles
developed a focus on philosophy and interest in other religions.[286]
Charles expressed his philosophical views in his 2010 book, Harmony: A
New Way of Looking at Our World,[287] which won a Nautilus Book
Award.[288] In November 2016, he attended the consecration of St Thomas
Cathedral, Acton, to be Britain's first Syriac Orthodox cathedral.[289]
In October 2019, he attended the canonisation of Cardinal Newman.[290]
Charles visited Eastern Church leaders in Jerusalem in January 2020
culminating in an ecumenical service in the Church of the Nativity in
Bethlehem, after which he walked through that city accompanied by
Christian and Muslim dignitaries.[291]
In his 1994 documentary
with Jonathan Dimbleby, Charles said that he wished to be seen as the
"Defender of Faith" as king, rather than the monarch's traditional title
of "Defender of the Faith", in order to respect other people's
religious traditions.[292] This attracted controversy at the time, as
well as speculation that the crtion oath may be altered.[293] He stated
in 2015 that he would retain the title of "Defender of the Faith",
whilst "ensuring that other people's faiths can also be practised",
which he sees as a duty of the Church of England.[294]
Media image
Since
his birth, Charles has received close media attention, which increased
as he matured. It has been an ambivalent relationship, largely impacted
by his marriages to Diana and Camilla and their aftermath, but also
centred on his future conduct as king, such as the 2014 play King
Charles III.[295] Known for expressing his opinions, when asked during
an interview to mark his 70th birthday whether this would continue in
the same way once he is king, he responded "No. It won't. I'm not that
stupid. I do realise that it is a separate exercise being sovereign. So,
of course, you know, I understand entirely how that should
operate".[296]
Charles and Diana with US president Ronald Reagan (at right) and First Lady Nancy Reagan (second from right) in November 1985
Described
as the "world's most eligible bachelor" in the late 1970s,[297] Charles
was subsequently overshadowed by Diana.[298] After her death, the media
regularly breached Charles's privacy and printed exposés. In 2003,
Diana's butler Paul Burrell published a note that he claimed had been
written by Diana in 1995, in which there were allegations that Charles
was "planning 'an accident' in [Diana's] car, brake failure and serious
head injury" so that he could marry again.[299] When questioned by the
Metropolitan Police inquiry team as a part of Operation Paget, Charles
told the authorities that he did not know about his former wife's note
from 1995 and could not understand why she had these feelings.[300]
Other
people who were formerly connected with Charles have betrayed his
confidence. In 1995, he obtained an injunction that prevented a former
housekeeper's memoirs from being published in the United Kingdom,
although they eventually sold 100,000 copies in the United States.[301]
Later, an ex-member of his household handed the press an internal memo
in which Charles commented on ambition and opportunity, and which was
widely interpreted as blaming meritocracy for creating a combative
atmosphere in society. Charles responded: "In my view, it is just as
great an achievement to be a plumber or a bricklayer as it is to be a
lawyer or a doctor".[302]
Charity donations
In 2021 and 2022,
two of Charles's charities, the Prince's Foundation and the Prince of
Wales's Charitable Fund, came under scrutiny for accepting donations
that were deemed inappropriate by the media. In August 2021, it was
announced that the Prince's Foundation was launching an investigation
into the reports that middlemen took cuts for setting up dinners
involving wealthy donors and Charles, at that time Prince of Wales, with
prices as high as £100,000 and the fixers taking up to 25% of the
fees.[303] After temporarily stepping down, Charles's aide Michael
Fawcett resigned from his role as chief executive of the Prince's
Foundation in November 2021,[304] following reports that he had fixed a
CBE for Saudi businessman Mahfouz Marei Mubarak bin Mahfouz who donated
more than £1.5 million to royal charities contrary to section 1 of the
Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act 1925.[305] Charles gave Mahfouz his
Honorary CBE at a private ceremony in the Blue Drawing Room at
Buckingham Palace in November 2016,[306] though the event was not
published in the Court Circular.[307] Clarence House responded that
Charles had "no knowledge of the alleged offer of honours or British
citizenship on the basis of donation to his charities and fully supports
the investigation".[308] The auditing firm EY, which carried out the
investigation, published a summary report in December 2021, stating that
Fawcett had co-ordinated with "fixers", but there was "no evidence that
trustees at the time were aware of these communications".[309] The
Charity Commission launched its own investigation into allegations that
the donations meant for the Prince's Foundation had been instead sent to
the Mahfouz Foundation.[310] In 2021, the foundation was also
criticised for accepting a £200,000 donation from Russian convict,[311]
Dmitry Leus,[312] whom Charles thanked in a letter,[313] and a £500,000
donation from Taiwanese fugitive Bruno Wang.[314] The donations by the
Russian convict led to an investigation by the Scottish Charity
Regulator.[315] In February 2022 the Metropolitan Police launched an
investigation into the cash-for-honours allegations linked to the
foundation.[316]
In June 2022, The Times reported that between
2011 and 2015 Charles accepted €3 million in cash from the prime
minister of Qatar, Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani.[317] The funds
were said to be in the form of €500 notes, handed over in person in
three tranches, in a suitcase, holdall and carrier bags.[317][318]
Charles's meetings with Al Thani did not appear in the Court
Circular.[317] Coutts collected the cash and each payment was deposited
into the accounts of the Prince of Wales's Charitable Fund.[318] There
is no evidence that the payments were illegal or that it was not
intended for the money to go to the charity.[318] The Charity Commission
announced they would review the information,[319] and in July 2022,
they announced that they would not be launching an investigation into
the donations as the information submitted had provided "sufficient
assurance" that due diligence had taken place.[320] In the same month,
The Times reported that on the Prince of Wales's Charitable Fund
receiving a donation of £1 million from Bakr bin Laden and Shafiq bin
Laden, both half-brothers of Osama bin Laden, during a private meeting
in 2013.[321][322] Charles and Bakr bin Laden had known each other since
2000.[322] The Charity Commission described the decision to accept
donations as a "matter for trustees" and added that based on the
available information no investigation was required.[323] In June 2022, a
senior palace aide said that cash donations would no longer be
accepted.[324]
Reaction to press treatment
In 1994, German
tabloid Bild published nude photos of Charles that were taken while he
was vacationing in Le Barroux.[325] They were reportedly put up for sale
for £30,000.[325] Buckingham Palace reacted by stating that it was
"unjustifiable for anybody to suffer this sort of intrusion".[326]
In
2002, Charles, "so often a target of the press, got his chance to
return fire" when addressing "scores of editors, publishers and other
media executives" gathered at St Bride's Fleet Street to celebrate 300
years of journalism.[327][328] Defending public servants from "the
corrosive drip of constant criticism", he noted that the press had been
"awkward, cantankerous, cynical, bloody-minded, at times intrusive, at
times inaccurate and at times deeply unfair and harmful to individuals
and to institutions."[328] But, he concluded, regarding his own
relations with the press, "from time to time we are probably both a bit
hard on each other, exaggerating the downsides and ignoring the good
points in each."[328]
Charles's anguish was recorded in his
private comments to Prince William, caught on a microphone during a
press photo-call in 2005 and published in the national press. After a
question from the BBC's royal correspondent, Nicholas Witchell, Charles
muttered: "These bloody people. I can't bear that man. I mean, he's so
awful, he really is."[329]
In 2006, Charles filed a court case
against the Mail on Sunday, after excerpts of his personal journals were
published, revealing his opinions on matters such as the transfer of
sovereignty of Hong Kong to China in 1997, in which Charles described
the Chinese government officials as "appalling old waxworks".[330][85]
Mark Bolland, his ex-private secretary, declared in a statement to the
High Court that Charles "would readily embrace the political aspects of
any contentious issue he was interested in ... He carried it out in a
very considered, thoughtful and researched way. He often referred to
himself as a 'dissident' working against the prevailing political
consensus."[330] Jonathan Dimbleby reported that Charles "has
accumulated a number of certainties about the state of the world and
does not relish contradiction."[331]
In 2015, The Independent
noted that Charles would only speak to broadcasters "on the condition
they have signed a 15-page contract, demanding that Clarence House
attends both the 'rough cut' and 'fine cut' edits of films and, if it is
unhappy with the final product, can 'remove the contribution in its
entirety from the programme'."[332] This contract stipulated that all
questions directed at Charles must be pre-approved and vetted by
representatives of Charles.[332]
Guest appearances on television
Charles
has occasionally appeared on television. In 1984, he read his
children's book The Old Man of Lochnagar for the BBC's Jackanory series.
The UK soap opera crtion Street featured an appearance by Charles
during the show's 40th anniversary in 2000,[333] as did the New Zealand
young adult cartoon series bro'Town (2005), after he attended a
performance by the show's creators during a tour of the country.[334]
Charles
was interviewed with Princes William and Harry by Ant & Dec to mark
the 30th anniversary of the Prince's Trust in 2006[335] and in 2016 was
interviewed by them again along with his sons and the Duchess of
Cornwall to mark the 40th anniversary.[336]
His saving of the
Scottish stately home Dumfries House was the subject of Alan
Titchmarsh's documentary Royal Restoration, which aired on TV in May
2012.[337] Also in May 2012, Charles tried his hand at being a weather
presenter for the BBC, reporting the forecast for Scotland as part of
their annual week at Holyrood Palace alongside Christopher Blanchett. He
injected humour in his report, asking, "Who the hell wrote this
script?" as references were made to royal residences.[338]
In
December 2015, Channel 4 News revealed that interviews with Charles were
subject to a contract that restricts questions to those previously
approved, and gives his staff oversight of editing and the right to
"remove the contribution in its entirety from the programme". Channel 4
News decided not to proceed with an interview on this basis, which some
journalists believed would put them at risk of breaching the Ofcom
Broadcasting Code on editorial independence and transparency.[339]
Residences and finance
Clarence House, Charles's official residence as Prince of Wales from 2003
Clarence
House, previously the residence of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother,
was Charles's official London residence from 2003 after being renovated
at a cost of £4.5 million.[340][341] He previously shared Apartments 8
and 9 at Kensington Palace with his first wife Diana, before moving to
York House, St James's Palace, which remained his principal residence
until 2003.[341] As prince, his primary source of income was generated
from the Duchy of Cornwall, which owns 133,658 acres of land (around
54,090 hectares), including farming, residential, and commercial
properties, as well as an investment portfolio. Highgrove House in
Gloucestershire is owned by the Duchy of Cornwall, having been purchased
for his use in 1980, and which Charles rents for £336,000 per
annum.[342] The Public Accounts Committee published its 25th report into
the Duchy of Cornwall accounts in November 2013 noting that the duchy
performed well in 2012–13, increasing its total income and producing an
overall surplus of £19.1 million.[343]
In 2007, Charles purchased
a 192-acre property (150 acres of grazing and parkland, and 40 acres of
woodland) in Carmarthenshire, and applied for permission to convert the
farm into a Welsh home for him and the Duchess of Cornwall, to be
rented out as holiday flats when the couple is not in residence.[344] A
neighbouring family said the proposals flouted local planning
regulations, and the application was put on hold temporarily while a
report was drafted on how the alterations would affect the local bat
population.[345] Charles and Camilla first stayed at the new property,
called Llwynywermod, in June 2008.[346] They also stay at Birkhall for
some holidays, which is a private residence on the Balmoral Castle
estate in Scotland, and was previously used by Queen Elizabeth The Queen
Mother.[347]
In 2016, it was reported that his estates received
£100,000 a year in European Union agricultural subsidies.[348] Starting
in 1993, Charles has paid tax voluntarily under the Memorandum of
Understanding on Royal Taxation, updated 2013.[349] In December 2012,
Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs were asked to investigate alleged tax
avoidance by the Duchy of Cornwall.[350] The Duchy of Cornwall is named
in the Paradise Papers, a set of confidential electronic documents
relating to offshore investment that were leaked to the German newspaper
Süddeutsche Zeitung. The papers show that the Duchy invested in a
Bermuda-based carbon credits trading company run by one of Charles's
Cambridge contemporaries. The investment was kept secret but there is no
suggestion that Charles or the estate avoided UK tax.[351]
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Main article: List of titles and honours of Charles III
See also: List of awards received by Charles III
A logo with "CR III" and a crown (coloured)
Royal cypher of Charles III, surmounted by the Tudor Crown[352]
A logo with "CR III" and a crown
Stylised version of the Scottish royal cypher of Charles III, surmounted by the Crown of Scotland[353]
Titles and styles
1948 – 1952: His Royal Highness Prince Charles of Edinburgh[354]
1952 – 1958: His Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall[fn 7]
26 July 1958 – 8 September 2022: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales
in Scotland: 6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022: His Royal Highness The Duke of Rothesay[fn 8]
8 September 2022 – present: His Majesty The King
Between
the death of his father Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh on 9 April
2021 and the death of his mother Elizabeth II, Charles also held the
title of Duke of Edinburgh.[355] The title merged with the Crown upon
his accession to the throne.[356]
When conversing with the King, the correct etiquette is to address him initially as Your Majesty and thereafter as Sir.[357]
Honours and military appointments
Charles
has held substantive ranks in the armed forces of a number of countries
since he was commissioned as a flight lieutenant in the Royal Air Force
in 1972. Charles's first honorary appointment in the armed forces was
as Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Regiment of Wales in 1969; since then,
he has also been installed as Colonel-in-Chief, Colonel, Honorary Air
Commodore, Air Commodore-in-Chief, Deputy Colonel-in-Chief, Royal
Honorary Colonel, Royal Colonel, and Honorary Commodore of at least 32
military formations throughout the Commonwealth, including the Royal
Gurkha Rifles, which is the only foreign regiment in the British
army.[358] Since 2009, Charles holds the second-highest ranks in all
three branches of the Canadian Forces and, on 16 June 2012, the Queen
awarded him the highest honorary rank in all three branches of the
British Armed Forces, "to acknowledge his support in her role as
Commander-in-Chief", installing him as Admiral of the Fleet, Field
Marshal and Marshal of the Royal Air Force.[359]
Charles has been
inducted into seven orders and received eight decorations from the
Commonwealth realms, and has been the recipient of 20 different honours
from foreign states, as well as nine honorary degrees from universities
in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.
Arms
Main article: Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom
On
his mother's death, Charles became king and therefore inherited the
royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom and Canada. The design of King
Charles III's royal cypher, featuring the Tudor crown rather than the St
Edward's Crown, was announced on 27 September 2022. According to the
College of Arms, the Tudor crown will now be used in representations of
the Royal Arms and on uniforms and crown badges.[360]
As Prince
of Wales, Charles used the arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a
white label, and an inescutcheon of the Principality of Wales
surmounted by the heir-apparent's crown.
Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales.svg
Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom.svg
Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (Scotland).svg
Coat
of arms as Prince of Wales (1958–2022) Royal coat of arms of the
United Kingdom Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom for use in
Scotland
Banners, flags, and standards
As sovereign
Royal Standard
United Kingdom (outside Scotland)
Scotland
Main article: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom
The
Royal Standard is used to represent the King in the United Kingdom and
overseas when he makes official visits. It is the royal arms in banner
form undifferentiated, having been used by successive British monarchs
since 1702.
As Prince of Wales
Banner of arms
Royal Standard of the Prince of Wales
Standard for Wales
Standard for Scotland
Banner of arms of the Duke of Cornwall
Standard of the Prince of Wales for personal use in Canada
The
banners used by Charles whilst Prince of Wales varied depending upon
location. His Personal Standard was the Royal Standard of the United
Kingdom differenced as in his arms with a label of three points Argent,
and the escutcheon of the arms of the Principality of Wales in the
centre. It is used outside Wales, Scotland, Cornwall, and Canada, and
throughout the entire United Kingdom when the prince is acting in an
official capacity associated with the UK Armed Forces.[361]
The
personal flag for use in Wales was based upon the Royal Badge of Wales
(the historic arms of the Kingdom of Gwynedd), which consist of four
quadrants, the first and fourth with a red lion on a gold field, and the
second and third with a gold lion on a red field. Superimposed is an
escutcheon Vert bearing the single-arched coronet of the Prince of
Wales.[361]
In Scotland, the personal banner used since 1974 is
based upon three ancient Scottish titles: Duke of Rothesay (heir
apparent to the King of Scots), High Steward of Scotland and Lord of the
Isles. The flag is divided into four quadrants like the arms of the
Chief of Clan Stewart of Appin; the first and fourth quadrants comprise a
gold field with a blue and silver checkered band in the centre; the
second and third quadrants display a black galley on a silver field. The
arms are differenced from those of Appin by the addition of an
inescutcheon bearing the tressured lion rampant of Scotland; defaced by a
plain label of three points Azure to indicate the heir apparent.[361]
In
Cornwall, the banner was the arms of the Duke of Cornwall: "Sable 15
bezants Or", that is, a black field bearing 15 gold coins.[361]
In
2011, the Canadian Heraldic Authority introduced a personal heraldic
banner for the Prince of Wales for use in Canada, consisting of the
shield of the Arms of Canada defaced with both a blue roundel of the
Prince of Wales's feathers surrounded by a wreath of gold maple leaves,
and a white label of three points.[362]
Issue
Name Birth Marriage Children
Date Spouse
William, Prince of Wales 21 June 1982 (age 40) 29 April 2011 Catherine Middleton Prince George of Wales
Princess Charlotte of Wales
Prince Louis of Wales
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex 15 September 1984 (age 38) 19 May 2018 Meghan Markle
Archie Mountbatten-Windsor
Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor
Ancestry
Ancestors of Charles III[363]
See also
Cultural depictions of Charles III
List of current monarchs of sovereign states
Notes
As the reigning monarch, Charles does not usually use a family name, but when one is needed, it is Mountbatten-Windsor.[1]
As
monarch, Charles is the Supreme Governor of the Anglican Church of
England. He is also a member of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland.[2]
In
addition to his active service listed here, Charles holds ranks and
honorary appointments in the armed forces of Australia, Canada, New
Zealand and Papua New Guinea as well as the United Kingdom.
In
addition to the United Kingdom, the King's fourteen other realms are:
Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Belize, Canada, Grenada,
Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint
Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, the Solomon Islands, and
Tuvalu.
Prince Charles's godparents were: the King of the United
Kingdom (his maternal grandfather); the King of Norway (his paternal
cousin twice removed and maternal great-great-uncle by marriage, for
whom Charles's great-great-uncle the Earl of Athlone stood proxy); Queen
Mary (his maternal great-grandmother); Princess Margaret (his maternal
aunt); Prince George of Greece and Denmark (his paternal great-uncle,
for whom the Duke of Edinburgh stood proxy); the Dowager Marchioness of
Milford Haven (his paternal great-grandmother); the Lady Brabourne (his
cousin); and the Hon David Bowes-Lyon (his maternal great-uncle).[7]
The
Stuart kings Charles I, who was beheaded, and Charles II who was known
for his promiscuous lifestyle. Charles Edward Stuart, once a Stuart
pretender to the English and Scottish thrones, was called "Charles III"
by his supporters.[161]
As the eldest son of the new monarch,
Charles automatically became Duke of Cornwall upon the death of King
George VI, on 6 February 1952. He continued to hold the dukedom until
his own accession to the throne, despite generally not using the title.
As
the eldest son of the new monarch, Charles automatically became Duke of
Rothesay upon the death of King George VI, on 6 February 1952.
References
"The
Royal Family name". Official website of the British monarchy. Archived
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Audrey (11 March 2002). "Prince Charles Addresses Editors". AP News
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Ian (2 December 2015). "The 15-page contract that reveals how Charles
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Paget,
Gerald (1977). The Lineage and Ancestry of H.R.H. Prince Charles, Prince
of Wales (2 vols). Edinburgh: Charles Skilton. ISBN 978-0-284-40016-1.
Sources
Brandreth, Gyles (2007). Charles and Camilla: Portrait of a Love Affair. Random House. ISBN 978-0-09-949087-6.
Dimbleby, Jonathan (1994). The Prince of Wales: A Biography. William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-12996-X.
Holden, Anthony (1979). Prince Charles. Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-593-02470-6.
Junor,
Penny (2005). The Firm: The Troubled Life of the House of Windsor. St.
Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-35274-5. OCLC 59360110.
Lacey, Robert (2008). Monarch: The Life and Reign of Elizabeth II. Free Press. ISBN 978-1-4391-0839-0.
Smith, Sally Bedell (2000). Diana in Search of Herself: Portrait of a Troubled Princess. Signet. ISBN 978-0-451-20108-9.
Further reading
Benson, Ross (1994). Charles: The Untold Story. St Martins Press. ISBN 978-0-312-10950-9.
Bower, Tom (2018). The Rebel Prince, The Power, Passion and Defiance of Prince Charles. William Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-829173-0.
Brown, Michèle (1980). Prince Charles. Crown. ISBN 978-0-517-54019-0.
Campbell, J. (1981). Charles: Prince of Our Times. Smithmark. ISBN 978-0-7064-0968-0.
Cathcart, Helen (1977). Prince Charles: The biography (illustrated ed.). Taplinger Pub. Co; Ltd. ISBN 978-0-8008-6555-9.
Fisher, Graham; Fisher, Heather (1977). Charles: The Man and the Prince. Robert Hale. ISBN 978-0-7091-6095-3.
Gilleo, Alma (1978). Prince Charles: Growing Up in Buckingham Palace. Childs World. ISBN 978-0-89565-029-0.
Graham, Caroline (2005). Camilla and Charles: The Love Story. John Blake. ISBN 978-1-84454-195-9.
Heald, Tim; Mohrs, Mayo (1979). The Man Who Will Be King H.R.H. (Prince of Wales Charles). New York: Arbor House.
Hedley, Olwen (1969). Charles, 21st Prince of Wales. Pitkin Pictorials. ISBN 978-0-85372-027-0.
Hodgson, Howard (2007). Charles: The Man Who Will Be King (illustrated ed.). John Blake Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84454-306-9.
Holden, Anthony (1988). King Charles III: A Biography. Grove. ISBN 978-1-55584-309-0.
Holden, Anthony (1998). Charles at Fifty. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50175-3.
Holden, Anthony (1999). Charles: A Biography. Corgi Books. ISBN 978-0-552-99744-7.
Jencks, Charles (1988). Prince, Architects & New Wave Monarchy. Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-1010-9.
Jobson,
Robert (2018). Charles at Seventy – Thoughts, Hopes & Dreams:
Thoughts, Hopes and Dreams. John Blake. ISBN 978-1-78606-887-3.
Junor, Penny (1998). Charles: Victim or Villain?. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-255900-3.
Lane, Peter (1988). Prince Charles: a study in development. Robert Hale. ISBN 978-0-7090-3320-2.
Liversidge, Douglas (1975). Prince Charles: monarch in the making. A. Barker. ISBN 978-0-213-16568-0.
Martin,
Christopher (1990). Prince Charles and the Architectural Debate
(Architectural Design Profile). St Martin's Press. ISBN
978-0-312-04048-2.
Mayer, Catherine (2015). Born to Be King: Prince Charles on Planet Windsor. Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 978-1-62779-438-1.
Mayer, Catherine (2015). Charles: The Heart of a King. Random House. ISBN 978-0-7535-5593-4.
Nugent, Jean (1982). Prince Charles, England's Future King. Dillon. ISBN 978-0-87518-226-1.
Regan, Simon (1977). Charles, the Clown Prince. Everest Books. ISBN 978-0-905018-50-8.
Smith,
Sally Bedell (2017). Prince Charles: The Passions and Paradoxes of an
Improbable Life. Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-8129-7980-0.
Veon, Joan M. (1997). Prince Charles: The Sustainable Prince. Hearthstone. ISBN 978-1-57558-021-0.
Wakeford, Geoffrey (1962). Charles, Prince of Wales. Associated Newspapers.
External links
The King at the Royal Family website
The Duke of Cornwall at the Duchy of Cornwall website
Charles III at IMDb
Appearances on C-SPAN
Charles III
House of Windsor
Cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg
Born: 14 November 1948
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Elizabeth II
King of the United Kingdom,
Antigua and Barbuda,
Australia,
the Bahamas,
Belize,
Canada,
Grenada,
Jamaica,
New Zealand,
Papua New Guinea,
Saint Kitts and Nevis,
Saint Lucia,
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,
Solomon Islands,
Tuvalu
8 September 2022 – present Incumbent
Heir apparent:
The Prince of Wales
Honorary titles
Preceded by
Elizabeth II
Head of the Commonwealth
8 September 2022 – present Incumbent
British royalty
Vacant
Title last held by
Edward (VIII) Prince of Wales
26 July 1958 – 8 September 2022 Succeeded by
The Prince William
Duke of Cornwall
Duke of Rothesay
6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022
Peerage of the United Kingdom
Preceded by
The Prince Philip
Duke of Edinburgh
9 April 2021 – 8 September 2022 Merged with the Crown
Academic offices
Preceded by
The Earl Mountbatten of Burma
President of the United World Colleges
1978–1995 Succeeded by
The Queen of Jordan
Preceded by
Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
President of the Royal College of Music
1993–present Incumbent
Honorary titles
Preceded by
The Duke of Gloucester
Great Master of the Order of the Bath
10 June 1974 – 8 September 2022 Vacant
Order of precedence
First Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom
HM The King Succeeded by
The Prince of Wales
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Charles III
King of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms (2022–present)
Realms
Antigua
and BarbudaAustraliaBahamasBelizeCanadaGrenadaJamaicaNew ZealandPapua
New GuineaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Vincent and the
GrenadinesSolomon IslandsTuvaluUnited Kingdom
Titles and
honours
Head
of the CommonwealthDefender of the FaithSupreme Governor of the Church
of EnglandHead of the British Armed ForcesCommander-in-Chief of the
Canadian Armed ForcesLord of MannDuke of NormandyKing's Official
Birthday
Family
Diana, Princess of Wales (first wife)Queen
Camilla (second wife)William, Prince of Wales (elder son)Prince Harry,
Duke of Sussex (younger son)Elizabeth II (mother)Prince Philip, Duke of
Edinburgh (father)Anne, Princess Royal (sister)Prince Andrew, Duke of
York (brother)Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Forfar
(brother)Mountbatten-Windsor (family)
Life as Prince of Wales
Investiture
of the Prince of WalesFirst wedding guest listSecond weddingOverseas
visits 2022 royal tour of Canada2022 State Opening of ParliamentBlack
spider memosPrince of Wales v Associated Newspapers Ltd
Accession and
crtion
Proclamation of Accessioncrtion Royal guestsParticipants in the processionMedalHonoursAward
Reign
HouseholdPrime ministersOperation Menai Bridge
Charities
and campaigns
Mutton
Renaissance CampaignThe Prince's Charities British Asian TrustBusiness
in the CommunityChildren & the ArtsIn Kind Directiwill CampaignThe
Prince's FoundationThe Prince's Foundation for Integrated HealthThe
Prince's School of Traditional ArtsThe Prince of Wales's Charitable
FundRoyal Drawing SchoolTurquoise Mountain FoundationYouth Business
ScotlandThe Prince's May Day NetworkThe Prince's TrustSustainable
Markets Initiative Great Reset
Residences
As King
Buckingham
Palace (official)Windsor Castle (official)Holyrood Palace (official,
Scotland)Hillsborough Castle (official, Northern Ireland)Sandringham
House (private)Balmoral Castle (private)Craigowan Lodge (private)
As Prince of Wales
Clarence House (official)Highgrove House (private)BirkhallLlwynywermod
Awards given
and created
List
of environmental/social interest awards receivedPrince of Wales's
Intelligence Community AwardsPrince of Wales Prize for Municipal
Heritage LeadershipThe Sun Military Awards
Business ventures
Duchy Home FarmDumfries HouseHighgrove House ShopsPoundburyWaitrose Duchy Organic
Popular culture
Documentaries
Royal
Family (1969)Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role (1994)Monarchy:
The Royal Family at Work (2007)Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute (2016)
Film and
television
Her
Royal Highness..? (1981)Chorus Girls (1981)Charles & Diana: A Royal
Love Story (1982)The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana (1982)Spitting
Image (1984–1996, 2020–)Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After
(1992)Willi und die Windzors (1996)Whatever Love Means (2005)The Queen
(2006 film)The Queen (2009 TV serial)King Charles III (play, 2014; film,
2017)The Windsors (TV series, 2016–2020; play, 2021)The Crown
(2019–)The Prince (2021)
Publications
Bibliography The Old Man
of Lochnagar (1980)A Vision of Britain: A Personal View of Architecture
(1989)Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World (2010)
Miscellaneous
Prince Charles IslandPrince Charles stream tree frog
Links to related articles
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English, Scottish and British monarchs
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Alcluith, Lord SpeakerThe Baron Carrington, Lord Great ChamberlainThe
Duke of Norfolk, Earl MarshalThe Earl of Dalhousie, Lord StewardThe Lord
Parker of Minsmere, Lord ChamberlainThe Lord de Mauley, Master of the
Horse
not including short-term appointments, visiting dignitaries and most peers
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British princes
The
generations indicate descent from George I, who formalised the use of
the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family.
1st generation
King George II
2nd generation
Frederick, Prince of WalesPrince George WilliamPrince William, Duke of Cumberland
3rd generation
King
George IIIPrince Edward, Duke of York and AlbanyPrince William Henry,
Duke of Gloucester and EdinburghPrince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and
StrathearnPrince Frederick
4th generation
King George IVPrince
Frederick, Duke of York and AlbanyKing William IVPrince Edward, Duke of
Kent and StrathearnKing Ernest Augustus of HanoverPrince Augustus
Frederick, Duke of SussexPrince Adolphus, Duke of CambridgePrince
OctaviusPrince AlfredPrince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and
Edinburgh
5th generation
Prince Albert1King George V of HanoverPrince George, Duke of Cambridge
6th generation
King
Edward VIIPrince Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince Arthur,
Duke of Connaught and StrathearnPrince Leopold, Duke of AlbanyPrince
Ernest Augustus
7th generation
Prince Albert Victor, Duke of
Clarence and AvondaleKing George VPrince Alexander John of WalesAlfred,
Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince Arthur of
ConnaughtPrince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany and of Saxe-Coburg and
GothaPrince George William of HanoverPrince Christian of HanoverPrince
Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick
8th generation
King Edward
VIIIKing George VIPrince Henry, Duke of GloucesterPrince George, Duke of
KentPrince JohnAlastair, 2nd Duke of Connaught and StrathearnJohann
Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince Hubertus of
Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince Ernest Augustus of HanoverPrince George
William of Hanover
9th generation
Prince Philip, Duke of
Edinburgh2Prince William of GloucesterPrince Richard, Duke of
GloucesterPrince Edward, Duke of KentPrince Michael of Kent
10th generation
King Charles IIIPrince Andrew, Duke of YorkPrince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Forfar
11th generation
William, Prince of WalesPrince Harry, Duke of SussexJames Mountbatten-Windsor, Viscount Severn3
12th generation
Prince George of WalesPrince Louis of WalesArchie Mountbatten-Windsor3
1
Not a British prince by birth, but created Prince Consort. 2 Not a
British prince by birth, but created a Prince of the United Kingdom. 3
Status debatable; see James, Viscount Severn#Titles and styles and
Archie Mountbatten-Windsor#Title, styles and succession for details.
Princes that lost their title and status or did not use the title are shown in italics.
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Princes of Wales
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Association
Special Moments From The Queen's Funeral, Including Kate Middleton Comforting Charlotte
Today
the nation marks the state funeral of Her Majesty, the Queen, who is
later being laid to rest with her husband Prince Philip. Here, we
explore some of the most touching moments you might have missed during
the day's proceedings
Queen Elizabeth II's funeral took place today at Westminster Abbey, bringing together all of the royal family.
Those
invited to the State Funeral arrived at Westminster Abbey on Monday,
September 19, before the service's commencement at 11am. The order of
service contained elements that paid tribute to Queen Elizabeth II's
'extraordinary reign and Her Majesty’s remarkable life of service as
Head of State, Nation and Commonwealth,' as per the Royal Family's
official website.
The occasion brought with it so many special
moments, some of which you might have missed during the overwhelming
series of events.
Two of the Prince and Princess of Wales'
children, Prince George, nine, and Princess Charlotte, seven, arrived
for the funeral, accompanied by the princess and Camilla, Queen Consort.
queen funeral
ANTHONY DEVLINGETTY IMAGES
Prince
Edward and Sophie, the Countess of Wessex, who sat up at the front of
the service, were feeling moved early on in the ceremony. The Prince was
seen wiping away his tears with a handkerchief.
britains prince
edward, earl of wessex and britains sophie, countess of wessex attend
with britains prince william, prince of wales and britains catherine,
princess of wales, the state funeral service for britains queen
elizabeth ii, at westminster abbey in london on september 19, 2022
leaders from around the world will attend the state funeral of queen
elizabeth ii the countrys longest serving monarch, who died aged 96
after 70 years on the throne, will be honoured with a state funeral on
monday morning at westminster abbey photo by ben stansall pool afp
photo by ben stansallpoolafp via getty images
BEN STANSALLGETTY IMAGES
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Prince George was seen seemingly wiping away a
tear as well, as the choir sang. This came after he and his sister
Prince Charlotte joined their parents to walk behind the Queen’s coffin
ahead of Her Majesty’s funeral ceremony.
queen funeral special moments
CHRIS JACKSONGETTY IMAGES
Prior
to the service, the Princess of Wales was also seen holding Princess
Charlotte’s hand, and giving her a reassuring touch on the shoulder.
Meghan Markle was later seen very emotional and crying outside of Westminster Abbey following the funeral ceremony.
queen funeral special moments
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The Duchess of Sussex was pictured wiping away her tears.
The
Archbishop of Canterbury gave the Sermon at the funeral, at which point
he said of the Queen's dedication to serving the nation: 'Rarely has
such a promise been so well kept.'
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Twitter. You may be able to find the same content in another format, or
you may be able to find more information, at their web site.
The
two-minute silence at the state funeral was a poignant moment in itself,
and set the tone for the end of the service at around noon.
The wreath, placed atop the Queen's coffin, bore an extremely special message from King Charles III, the Queen's son and heir:
'In loving and devoted memory, Charles R,' - with the 'R' standing for 'Rex' now that Charles is King.
flowers
are seen on the coffin of britains queen elizabeth on the day of her
state funeral and burial, in london, britain, september 19, 2022 photo
by hannah mckay pool afp photo by hannah mckaypoolafp via getty images
HANNAH MCKAY
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at their web site.
Buckingham Palace household staff were also seen lining up to pay their respects to the Queen.
queen funeral special moments
CARL COURT
Following
the funeral, video footage taken at Wellington Arch seemingly showed
Princess Charlotte telling her brother Prince George to bow as their
great-grandmother's coffin passed them.
They were seen having a
conversation while waiting for Her Majesty's coffin to be placed onto
the royal hearse, and Princess Charlotte can be seen saying: 'You need
to bow,' to Prince George.
He appeared to be listening to his sister earnestly.
Prince
William and Prince Harry walked together in the procession of the
Queen's funeral, while the three eldest grandchildren of the Queen -
Princess Anne, Prince Andrew and Prince Edward - walked behind King
Charles.
In a special vigil on Saturday night, Prince William and
Prince Harry stood at the head and foot of the Queen's coffin with all
eight of the monarch's grandchildren.
The brothers, who were
without their spouses, stood in quiet reflection around their
grandmother for a quarter of an hour to pay their respects.
Prince
William was beside Zara Tindall and Peter Phillips, and Prince Harry
stood next to Princesses Beatrice, Princess Eugenie, Lady Louise, and
James, Viscount Severn.
Prior to this, the pair walked together
during Wednesday's procession of the Queen's coffin from Buckingham
Palace to Westminster Hall, where she lay in state in advance of the
funeral.
queen funeral special moments
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royal family plans following queen funeral
PHIL NOBLEGETTY IMAGES
During
a brief service honouring the late Queen Elizabeth II at Westminster
Hall, Meghan Markle was seen paying her respects by doing a traditional
curtsy - a moment shared by many of her well wishers via social media.
She and Prince Harry were later seen heartwarmingly holding hands as they departed the service.
queen funeral special moments
MARCO BERTORELLOGETTY IMAGES
During
a trip to Norfolk, the Prince and Princess of Wales viewed floral
tributes left outside Sandringham House, the country home owned by King
Charles, at which point the prince opened up about finding Wednesday's
procession walk 'challenging'.
This was due to it reminding him of Princess Diana's funeral.
queen funeral special moments
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In
the same way that he and his younger brother Prince Harry walked behind
the gun carriage in Wednesday's procession, they did so 25 years ago
during the funeral of their late mother.
As per the BBC, the
prince told one woman in the crowd at Sandringham: 'I mean the walk
yesterday was challenging, it brought back a few memories...'
Receptionist
Jane Wells from Long Sutton in Lincolnshire said she told Prince
William how proud his mother would have been of him.
queen funeral special moments
GETTY IMAGES
She recalled: 'He said how hard it was yesterday because it brought back memories of his mother's funeral.'
Caroline
Barwick-Walters of Neath in Wales recalled telling Prince William:
'Thank you for sharing your grief with the nation', and that he replied:
'She was everybody's grandmother.'
At the time, he and Middleton had both been speaking to those who gathered outside Sandringham House to honour the Queen.
During
King Charles' first televised address to the nation as the new monarch,
which saw him refer to the 'deep sense of gratitude' he had for his
mother, he also spoke fondly of his royal family members.
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'This is also a time of change for my family,' he began.
queen funeral special moments
WPA POOLGETTY IMAGES
Speaking
of his wife, Camilla, Queen Consort, first, he said: 'I count on the
loving help of my darling wife Camilla in recognition of her own loyal
public service since our marriage 17 years ago.
'She becomes my
Queen Consort. I know she will bring to the demands of her new role, the
steadfast devotion to duty on which I have come to rely so much.'
He
later addressed Prince William and Middleton, saying: 'As my heir,
William assumes the Scottish titles which have meant so much to me, he
succeeds me as Duke of Cornwall and takes on the responsibilities for
the Duchy of Cornwall which I have undertaken for more than five
decades. '
queen funeral special moments
BETTMANNGETTY IMAGES
The
King added: 'With Catherine beside him, our new Prince and Princess of
Wales I know will continue to inspire and lead our national
conversations, helping to bring the marshal to the centre ground where
vital help can be given.'
King Charles also said of Prince Harry
and Meghan Markle: 'I want also to express my love for Harry and Meghan
as they continue to build their lives overseas.'
He concluded
with a final tribute to his late mother, which included a final line
from Shakespeare's Hamlet: 'And to my darling mama as you begin your
last great journey to join my dear late papa, I want simply to say this:
thank you. Thank you for your love and devotion to our family and to
the family of nations you have served so diligently all these years. May
flights of angels sing thee to to thy rest.'
The Queen died peacefully at Balmoral Castle on Thursday, September 8, surrounded by her family.
List of the guests who attended the Queen's funeral
Heads of state, former prime ministers and members of foreign royal families were among those attending the funeral
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Prince Edward wipes away tears at the funeral for The Queen
Prince Edward wipes away tears at the funeral for The Queen (Image: ITV)
Queen Elizabeth II's life was commemorated during a state funeral at Westminster Abbey on Monday (September 19).
Some
2,000 people attended the ceremony, which brings a national 10-day
mourning period to a close. Guests at the Queen’s state funeral included
heads of state, former prime ministers and members of foreign royal
families.
Almost 200 people who were recognised in the
Queen’s Birthday Honours earlier this year also attended, including
those who made extraordinary contributions to the response to the cvd-19
pandemic and those who have volunteered in their local communities.
Read more:Pictures show Greater Manchester quiet and empty amid Queen's funeral
Other
guests included representatives from both Houses of Parliament, the
devolved administrations, the armed forces, the police service and the
civil service.
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Here is a look at some of the names who attended the funeral:
Royal family
The King and the Queen Consort
The Princess Royal and Vice Admiral Sir Tim Laurence
The Duke of York
The Earl and Countess of Wessex
The Prince and Princess of Wales
Prince George
Princess Charlotte
The Duke and Duchess of Sussex
Mr Peter Phillips
The Duke of Gloucester
The Earl of Snowdon
The Duke of Kent
Prince Michael of Kent
Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi
Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank
Mr Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi
Mr Jack Brooksbank
Sarah, Duchess of York
The Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor
Viscount Severn
Mr and Mrs Michael Tindall
Viscount Linley
The Lady Margarita Armstrong-Jones
Mr Daniel and the Lady Sarah Chatto
Mr Samuel Chatto
2nd Lieutenant Arthur Chatto RM
The Duchess of Gloucester
Earl and Countess of Ulster
Lord Culloden
The Lady Cosima Windsor
The Lady Davina Lewis
Miss Senna Lewis
Mr George and The Lady Rose Gilman
Miss Lyla Gilman
Earl and Countess of St Andrews
Lord Downpatrick
The Lady Marina-Charlotte Windsor
The Lady Amelia Windsor
Mr Timothy and the Lady Helen Taylor
Mr Columbus Taylor
Mr Cassius Taylor
Miss Estella Taylor
Miss Eloise Taylor
The Lord Nicholas Windsor
Master Albert Windsor
Master Leopold Windsor
Princess Michael of Kent
The Lord and Lady Frederick Windsor
Mr Thomas and the Lady Gabriella Kingston
Princess Alexandra, the Honourable Lady Ogilvy
Mr and Mrs James Ogilvy
Mr Alexander Ogilvy
Mr and Mrs Timothy Vesterberg
Miss Marina Ogilvy
Mr Christian Mowatt
Miss Zenouska Mowatt
Catherine, Princess of Wales, Princess Charlotte of Wales and Prince George of Wales arrive at Westminster Abbey
Catherine, Princess of Wales, Princess Charlotte of Wales and Prince George of Wales arrive at Westminster Abbey
Holders of the Victoria Cross, the George Cross and the Orders of Chivalry
Order of St John: Miss Nakkita Charag, Dr Ahmad Ma’ali, Professor Mark Compton
Order of Australia: Professor Barbara Bain, Dr Lissant Mary Bolton, Professor Mark Dodgson
Order of Canada: Ms Sandra Oh, Mr Mark Tewksbury, Mr Gregory Charles
Order of New Zealand: The Hon Dame Silvia Cartwright, the Rt Hon Sir Donald McKinnon, Dame Kiri Te Kanawa
The Order of Companions of Honour: Dame Marina Warner, Sir Paul Nurse, Sir Richard Eyre
Knights Bachelor: The Lord Lingfield, Professor Sir Colin Berry, The Rt Hon Sir Gary Hickinbottom
The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire: Mr Arun Kumar Batra, Dame Amelia Fawcett, Sir Christopher Greenwood
The Royal Victorian Order: Mr Raymond Wheaton, Miss Shutica Patel, The Lord Sterling of Plaistow
The
Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George: Sir David
Manning, Ms Andrea Rose, The Rt Hon the Baroness Ashton of Upholland
The Order of Merit: Professor the Lord Darzi of Denham, Dame Ann Dowling, Mr Neil MacGregor
The Most Honourable Order of the Bath: Major General Susan Ridge, Sir Patrick Vallance, Air Chief Marshal Sir Stephen Dalton
The
Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle: The Rt Hon Dame Elish
Angiolini, The Rt Hon the Lord Patel, The Lord Wilson of Tillyorn
The
Most Noble Order of the Garter: The Rt Hon the Baroness Amos, The Most
Hon the Marquess of Salisbury, The Rt Hon Baroness Manningham-Buller
Cross of Valour (Australia): Mr Allan Sparkes
Cross of Valour (Canada): First Officer Leslie Palmer
New Zealand Cross: Ms Jacinda Amey
Holders of The George Cross: Major (Ret’d) Peter Norton, Mr James Beaton, Mr Anthony Gledhill
Victoria Cross (New Zealand): Mr Willie Apiata
Victoria Cross (Australia): Cpl Mark Donaldson
Holders of The Victoria Cross: CSgt Johnson Beharry, Mr Keith Payne
Representatives of faith communities
Mrs Marie van der Zyl, President, Board of Deputies of British Jews
Dr Shirin Fozdar-Faroudi, Representative of the Bahaʼi Community
Mr Nemu Chandaria, Representative of the Jain Community
Mr Malcom Deboo, President of the Zoroastrian Community
The Venerable Bogoda Seelawimala, Representative of the Buddhist Community
The Lord Singh of Wimbledon, Representative of the Sikh Community
Mr Rajnish Kashyap, General Secretary, Hindu Council UK
Mrs Aliya Azam, Interfaith Co-ordinator, Al-Khoei Foundation
Shaykh Dr Asim Yusuf, Muslim Scholar
Chief Rabbi Ephraim Mirvis, Chief Rabbi of Great Britain and the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth Verger
Representing
the Churches of Wales: The Reverend Simon Walking, President, Free
Church Council of Wales; The Most Reverend Andrew John, Archbishop of
Wales; The Most Reverend Mark O’Toole, Archbishop of Cardiff
Representing
the Churches of Scotland: The Right Reverend Dr Iain Greenshields,
Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland; The Most
Reverend Leo Cushley, Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh; The Most
Reverend Mark Strange, Primus, Scottish Episcopal Church
Representing
the Churches of Northern Ireland: The Reverend David Nixon, President,
Methodist Church in Ireland; The Reverend Ian Brown, Lead Minister,
Martyrs Memorial Free Presbyterian Church; The Right Reverend Dr John
Kirkpatrick, Moderator, The Presbyterian Church in Ireland; The Most
Reverend Dr Eamon Martin, Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All
Ireland; The Most Reverend John McDowell, Archbishop of Armagh and
Primate of All Ireland and Metropolitan
Representing the Churches in
England: Pastor Agu Irukwu, Senior Pastor, Jesus House UK; Pastor Glyn
Barrett, National Leader, Assemblies of God; The Reverend Canon Helen
Cameron, Moderator, Free Churches Group; Ms Shermara Fletcher, Principal
Officer for Pentecostal and Charismatic Relations, Churches Together in
England; The Reverend Graham Thompson, President, Methodist Conference;
His Eminence Archbishop Angaelos, The Coptic Church in Great Britain;
His Eminence Cardinal Vincent Nichols, Archbishop of Westminster; His
Eminence Archbishop Nikitas, Archbishop of Thyateira and Great Britain
Serjeant of the Vestry, The Very Reverend Professor David Fergusson, Dean of the Thistle and of the Chapel Royal in Scotland
The Reverend Canon Paul Wright, Sub-Dean of His Majesty’s Chapels Royal
The Right Reverend and Right Honourable Dame Sarah Mullally, Bishop of London and Dean of His Majesty’s Chapels Royal
The Right Reverend David Conner, Dean of Windsor
The Right Reverend James Newcome, Clerk of the Closet
The Right Reverend Dr John Inge, Lord High Almoner