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Donald Trump
Official White House presidential portrait. Head shot of Trump smiling in front of the U.S. flag, wearing a dark blue suit jacket with American flag lapel pin, white shirt, and light blue necktie.
Official portrait, 2017
45th President of the United States
In office
January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021
Vice President Mike Pence
Preceded by Barack Obama
Succeeded by Joe Biden
Personal details
Born Donald John Trump
June 14, 1946 (age 77)
Queens, New York City, U.S.
Political party Republican (1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–present)
Other political
affiliations
Reform (1999–2001)
Democratic (2001–2009)
Independent (2011–2012)
Spouses
Ivana Zelníčková
(m. 1977; div. 1990)
Marla Maples
(m. 1993; div. 1999)
Melania Knauss (m. 2005)
Children
Donald Jr.IvankaEricTiffanyBarron
Relatives Family of Donald Trump
Residence(s) Mar-a-Lago, Palm Beach, Florida
Alma mater University of Pennsylvania (BS)
Occupation
Politicianbusinessmanmedia personality
Awards Full list
Signature Donald J. Trump stylized autograph, in ink
Website
Official website
Presidential library
White House archives
Donald Trump's voice
Duration: 5 minutes and 3 seconds.5:03
Donald Trump speaks on the declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization.
Recorded March 11, 2020
This article is part of
a series about
Donald Trump
Business and personal
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45th President of the United States
Presidency timelineTransitionInaugurationPresidential library
Tenure
Executive actions proclamationspardonsTrips foreign'17'18'19'20–'21Namaste TrumpNorth Korea summits SingaporeHanoiDMZRiyadh summitHelsinki summitShutdowns January 20182018–2019PollsLawsuitsProtests federal law enforcement deploymentSt. John's Church photo opSocial mediaFalse or misleading statementsKillings al-BaghdadiSoleimaniTrumpismTikTok controversy
Policies
Economy tax cutstariffsChina trade warfarmer bailoutsEnvironment Paris withdrawalForeign policy America FirstSaudi Arabia arms dealIran nuclear deal withdrawalJerusalemGolan HeightsPalestine peace planAbraham AccordsUSMCADoha AgreementImmigration travel banwallfamily separationmigrant detentionstroop deploymentsnational emergencyInfrastructureSocial issues First Step ActcannabisSpace
Appointments
CabinetAmbassadorsFederal judges GorsuchKavanaughBarrettSupreme Court candidatesExecutivesU.S. Attorneys
Presidential campaigns
2000 primaries2016 electionprimariesendorsementsralliesconventiondebatesNever Trump movement peopleAccess Hollywood tapewiretapping allegationsSpygate2020 electionprimariesendorsements politicalnon-politicaloppositionralliesconventiondebatesGOP reactions to election fraud claimsTrump–Raffensperger phone call2024 electionprimariesendorsementsoppositioneligibility
Impeachments
Efforts resolutionsFirst impeachment Trump–Ukraine scandalHouse inquirySenate trialSecond impeachment Capitol attackSenate trialProposed expungements
Prosecutions
2020 election federal indictmentClassified documents federal indictment special counsel investigationFBI investigationFBI search of Mar-a-LagoTrump v. United StatesNew York indictment Stormy Daniels scandalKaren McDougal affairfinancial fraudGeorgia election indictment Georgia election investigationmug shot
Interactions involving Russia
Business projects in RussiaElection interference timeline before July 2016July 2016 – election daytopicsAssociates' links with Russian officials and spiesSteele dossierTrump Tower meetingTrump Tower MoscowClassified information disclosuresMetadata seizuresMueller special counsel investigation Crossfire HurricanechargesDurham special counsel investigationlegal teamsMueller reportBarr letterSenate report
COVID-19 pandemic
TaskforceCommunicationGovernment response stimulus bills CARES ActConsolidated Appropriations Act, 2021Operation Warp SpeedWhite House outbreakInterference with science agencies
Seal of the President of the United States
vte
Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021.
Trump received a Bachelor of Science in economics from the University of Pennsylvania in 1968, and his father named him president of his real estate business in 1971. Trump renamed it the Trump Organization and reoriented the company toward building and renovating skyscrapers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. After a series of business failures in the late twentieth century, he successfully launched side ventures that required little capital, mostly by licensing the Trump name. From 2004 to 2015, he co-produced and hosted the reality television series The Apprentice. He and his businesses have been plaintiff or defendant in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions, including six business bankruptcies.
Trump won the 2016 presidential election as the Republican Party nominee against Democratic Party nominee Hillary Clinton while losing the popular vote.[a] During the campaign, his political positions were described as populist, protectionist, isolationist, and nationalist. His election and policies sparked numerous protests. He was the first U.S. president with no prior military or government experience. A special counsel investigation established that Russia had interfered in the 2016 election to favor Trump's campaign. Trump promoted conspiracy theories and made many false and misleading statements during his campaigns and presidency, to a degree unprecedented in American politics. Many of his comments and actions have been characterized as racially charged or racist and many as misogynistic.
As president, Trump ordered a travel ban on citizens from several Muslim-majority countries, diverted military funding toward building a wall on the U.S.–Mexico border, and implemented a policy of family separations for migrants detained at the U.S. border. He weakened environmental protections, rolling back more than 100 environmental policies and regulations. He signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which cut taxes for individuals and businesses and rescinded the individual health insurance mandate penalty of the Affordable Care Act. He appointed Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett to the U.S. Supreme Court. He reacted slowly to the COVID-19 pandemic, ignored or contradicted many recommendations from health officials, used political pressure to interfere with testing efforts, and spread misinformation about unproven treatments. Trump initiated a trade war with China and withdrew the U.S. from the proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement, the Paris Agreement on climate change, and the Iran nuclear deal. He met with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un three times but made no progress on denuclearization.
Trump refused to concede after losing the 2020 presidential election to Joe Biden, falsely claiming widespread electoral fraud, and attempted to overturn the results by pressuring government officials, mounting scores of unsuccessful legal challenges, and obstructing the presidential transition. On January 6, 2021, he urged his supporters to march to the U.S. Capitol, which many of them then attacked, resulting in multiple deaths and interrupting the electoral vote count.
Trump is the only American president to have been impeached twice. After he tried to pressure Ukraine in 2019 to investigate Biden, he was impeached by the House of Representatives for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. He was acquitted by the Senate in February 2020. The House impeached him again in January 2021 for incitement of insurrection. The Senate acquitted him in February. Scholars and historians rank Trump as one of the worst presidents in American history.[1][2]
Since leaving office, Trump has continued to dominate the Republican Party and is a candidate in the 2024 Republican presidential primaries. In 2023, a civil trial jury found that Trump sexually abused E. Jean Carroll. In 2024, a New York state court found Trump liable for financial fraud. Trump is appealing both judgments. He is also indicted in New York on 34 felony counts of falsifying business records, in Florida on 40 felony counts related to his mishandling of classified documents, in Washington, D.C., on four felony counts of conspiracy and obstruction for efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election, and in Georgia on ten charges of racketeering and other felonies committed in an effort to overturn the state's 2020 election results. Trump pleaded not guilty to all charges.
Personal life
Early life
A black-and-white photograph of Donald Trump as a teenager, smiling, wearing a dark pseudo-military uniform with various badges and a light-colored stripe crossing his right shoulder
Trump at the New York Military Academy in 1964
Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946, at Jamaica Hospital in Queens, New York City,[3] the fourth child of Fred Trump and Mary Anne MacLeod Trump. Trump grew up with older siblings Maryanne, Fred Jr., and Elizabeth and younger brother Robert in the Jamaica Estates neighborhood of Queens, and attended the private Kew-Forest School from kindergarten through seventh grade.[4][5][6] At age 13, he entered the New York Military Academy, a private boarding school.[7] In 1964, he enrolled at Fordham University. Two years later, he transferred to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, graduating in May 1968 with a Bachelor of Science in economics.[8][9] In 2015, Trump's lawyer Michael Cohen threatened Trump's colleges, high school, and the College Board with legal action if they released Trump's academic records.[10]
While in college, Trump obtained four student draft deferments during the Vietnam War.[11] In 1966, he was deemed fit for military service based on a medical examination, and in July 1968, a local draft board classified him as eligible to serve.[12] In October 1968, he was classified 1-Y, a conditional medical deferment,[13] and in 1972, he was reclassified 4-F due to bone spurs, permanently disqualifying him.[14]
Family
Main article: Family of Donald Trump
In 1977, Trump married Czech model Ivana Zelníčková.[15] They had three children: Donald Jr. (born 1977), Ivanka (1981), and Eric (1984). Ivana became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1988.[16] The couple divorced in 1990, following Trump's affair with actress Marla Maples.[17] Trump and Maples married in 1993 and divorced in 1999. They have one daughter, Tiffany (born 1993), who was raised by Marla in California.[18] In 2005, Trump married Slovenian model Melania Knauss.[19] They have one son, Barron (born 2006).[20] Melania gained U.S. citizenship in 2006.[21]
Religion
Trump went to Sunday school and was confirmed in 1959 at the First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica, Queens.[22][23] In the 1970s, his parents joined the Marble Collegiate Church in Manhattan, which belongs to the Reformed Church in America.[22][24] The pastor at Marble, Norman Vincent Peale,[22] ministered to the family until his death in 1993.[24] Trump has described him as a mentor.[25] In 2015, the church stated that Trump was not an active member.[23] In 2019, he appointed his personal pastor, televangelist Paula White, to the White House Office of Public Liaison.[26] In 2020, he said he identified as a non-denominational Christian.[27]
Health habits
Trump has called golfing his "primary form of exercise" but usually does not walk the course.[28] He believes exercise depletes the body's energy "like a battery, with a finite amount of energy".[29] In 2015, Trump's campaign released a letter from his longtime personal physician, Harold Bornstein, stating that Trump would "be the healthiest individual ever elected to the presidency".[30] In 2018, Bornstein said Trump had dictated the contents of the letter and that three Trump agents had seized his medical records in a February 2017 raid on the doctor's office.[30][31]
Wealth
Main article: Wealth of Donald Trump
Ivana Trump and King Fahd shake hands, with Ronald Reagan standing next to them smiling. All are in black formal attire.
Trump (far right) and wife Ivana in the receiving line of a state dinner for King Fahd of Saudi Arabia in 1985, with U.S. president Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan
In 1982, Trump made the initial Forbes list of wealthy people for holding a share of his family's estimated $200 million net worth (equivalent to $631 million in 2023).[32] His losses in the 1980s dropped him from the list between 1990 and 1995.[33] After filing the mandatory financial disclosure report with the FEC in July 2015, he announced a net worth of about $10 billion. Records released by the FEC showed at least $1.4 billion in assets and $265 million in liabilities.[34] Forbes estimated his net worth dropped by $1.4 billion between 2015 and 2018.[35] In their 2023 billionaires ranking, Trump's net worth was estimated to be $2.5 billion (1,217th in the world).[36]
Journalist Jonathan Greenberg reported that Trump called him in 1984, pretending to be a fictional Trump Organization official named "John Barron". Greenberg said that Trump, speaking as "Barron", falsely asserted that he owned more than 90 percent of his father's business to get a higher ranking on the Forbes 400 list of wealthy Americans. Greenberg also wrote that Forbes had vastly overestimated Trump's wealth and wrongly included him on the 1982, 1983, and 1984 rankings.[37]
Trump has often said he began his career with "a small loan of one million dollars" from his father and that he had to pay it back with interest.[38] He was a millionaire by age eight, borrowed at least $60 million from his father, largely failed to repay those loans, and received another $413 million (2018 dollars adjusted for inflation) from his father's company.[39][40] In 2018, he and his family were reported to have committed tax fraud, and the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance started an investigation.[40] His investments underperformed the stock and New York property markets.[41][42] Forbes estimated in October 2018 that his net worth declined from $4.5 billion in 2015 to $3.1 billion in 2017 and his product-licensing income from $23 million to $3 million.[43]
Contrary to his claims of financial health and business acumen, Trump's tax returns from 1985 to 1994 show net losses totaling $1.17 billion. The losses were higher than those of almost every other American taxpayer. The losses in 1990 and 1991, more than $250 million each year, were more than double those of the nearest taxpayers. In 1995, his reported losses were $915.7 million (equivalent to $1.83 billion in 2023).[44][45][32]
In 2020, the New York Times obtained Trump's tax information extending over two decades. Its reporters found that Trump reported losses of hundreds of millions of dollars and had, since 2010, deferred declaring $287 million in forgiven debt as taxable income. His income mainly came from his share in The Apprentice and businesses in which he was a minority partner, and his losses mainly from majority-owned businesses. Much income was in tax credits for his losses, which let him avoid annual income tax payments or lower them to $750. During the 2010s, Trump balanced his businesses' losses by selling and borrowing against assets, including a $100 million mortgage on Trump Tower (due in 2022) and the liquidation of over $200 million in stocks and bonds. He personally guaranteed $421 million in debt, most of which is due by 2024.[46]
As of October 2021, Trump had over $1.3 billion in debts, much of which is secured by his assets.[47] In 2020, he owed $640 million to banks and trust organizations, including Bank of China, Deutsche Bank, and UBS, and approximately $450 million to unknown creditors. The value of his assets exceeds his debt.[48]
Business career
Main article: Business career of Donald Trump
Further information: Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia
Real estate
Exterior ground view of Trump tower, a contemporary skyscraper with a glass curtain and stepped façade
Trump Tower in Midtown Manhattan
Starting in 1968, Trump was employed at his father's real estate company, Trump Management, which owned racially segregated middle-class rental housing in New York City's outer boroughs.[49][50] In 1971, he became president of the company and began using the Trump Organization as an umbrella brand.[51] Between 1991 and 2009, he filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection for six of his businesses, the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan, the casinos in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and the Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts company.[52]
Manhattan developments
Trump attracted public attention in 1978 with the launch of his family's first Manhattan venture, the renovation of the derelict Commodore Hotel, adjacent to Grand Central Terminal.[53] The financing was facilitated by a $400 million city property tax abatement arranged for Trump by his father who also, jointly with Hyatt, guaranteed a $70 million bank construction loan.[50][54] The hotel reopened in 1980 as the Grand Hyatt Hotel,[55] and that same year, Trump obtained rights to develop Trump Tower, a mixed-use skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan.[56] The building houses the headquarters of the Trump Corporation and Trump's PAC and was Trump's primary residence until 2019.[57][58]
In 1988, Trump acquired the Plaza Hotel with a loan from a consortium of sixteen banks.[59] The hotel filed for bankruptcy protection in 1992, and a reorganization plan was approved a month later, with the banks taking control of the property.[60] In 1995, Trump defaulted on over $3 billion of bank loans, and the lenders seized the Plaza Hotel along with most of his other properties in a humiliating restructuring that allowed Trump to avoid personal bankruptcy.[61][62] The lead bank's attorney said of the banks' decision that they "all agreed that he'd be better alive than dead."[62]
In 1996, Trump acquired and renovated the mostly vacant 71-story skyscraper at 40 Wall Street, later rebranded as the Trump Building.[63] In the early 1990s, Trump won the right to develop a 70-acre (28 ha) tract in the Lincoln Square neighborhood near the Hudson River. Struggling with debt from other ventures in 1994, Trump sold most of his interest in the project to Asian investors, who financed the project's completion, Riverside South.[64]
Atlantic City casinos
The entrance of the Trump Taj Mahal, a casino in Atlantic City. It has motifs evocative of the Taj Mahal in India.
Entrance of the Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City
In 1984, Trump opened Harrah's at Trump Plaza, a hotel and casino, with financing and management help from the Holiday Corporation.[65] It was unprofitable, and Trump paid Holiday $70 million in May 1986 to take sole control.[66] In 1985, Trump bought the unopened Atlantic City Hilton Hotel and renamed it Trump Castle.[67] His wife Ivana managed it until 1988.[68] Both casinos filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1992.[69]
Trump bought a third Atlantic City venue in 1988, the Trump Taj Mahal. It was financed with $675 million in junk bonds and completed for $1.1 billion, opening in April 1990.[70][71] Trump filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1991. Under the provisions of the restructuring agreement, Trump gave up half his initial stake and personally guaranteed future performance.[72] To reduce his $900 million of personal debt, he sold the Trump Shuttle airline; his megayacht, the Trump Princess, which had been leased to his casinos and kept docked; and other businesses.[73]
In 1995, Trump founded Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts (THCR), which assumed ownership of the Trump Plaza.[74] THCR purchased the Taj Mahal and the Trump Castle in 1996 and went bankrupt in 2004 and 2009, leaving Trump with 10 percent ownership.[65] He remained chairman until 2009.[75]
Clubs
In 1985, Trump acquired the Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, Florida.[76] In 1995, he converted the estate into a private club with an initiation fee and annual dues. He continued to use a wing of the house as a private residence.[77] Trump declared the club his primary residence in 2019,[58] and the town determined in 2021 that he was legally entitled to live there as an employee of the club.[58][78][importance?] The Trump Organization began building and buying golf courses in 1999.[79] It owns fourteen and manages another three Trump-branded courses worldwide.[79][80]
Licensing of the Trump brand
See also: List of things named after Donald Trump
The Trump name has been licensed for consumer products and services, including foodstuffs, apparel, learning courses, and home furnishings.[81][82] According to The Washington Post, there are more than 50 licensing or management deals involving Trump's name, and they have generated at least $59 million in revenue for his companies.[83] By 2018, only two consumer goods companies continued to license his name.[81]
Side ventures
Trump, Doug Flutie, and an unnamed official standing behind a lectern with big, round New Jersey Generals sign, with members of the press seated in the background
Trump and New Jersey Generals quarterback Doug Flutie at a 1985 press conference in the lobby of Trump Tower
In September 1983, Trump purchased the New Jersey Generals, a team in the United States Football League. After the 1985 season, the league folded, largely due to Trump's strategy of moving games to a fall schedule (when they competed with the NFL for audience) and trying to force a merger with the NFL by bringing an antitrust suit against the organization.[84][85]
Trump and his Plaza Hotel hosted several boxing matches at the Atlantic City Convention Hall.[65][86] In 1989 and 1990, Trump lent his name to the Tour de Trump cycling stage race, an attempt to create an American equivalent of European races such as the Tour de France or the Giro d'Italia.[87]
From 1986 to 1988, Trump purchased significant blocks of shares in various public companies while suggesting that he intended to take over the company and then sold his shares for a profit,[44] leading some observers to think he was engaged in greenmail.[88] The New York Times found that Trump initially made millions of dollars in such stock transactions, but "lost most, if not all, of those gains after investors stopped taking his takeover talk seriously".[44]
In 1988, Trump purchased the Eastern Air Lines Shuttle, financing the purchase with $380 million (equivalent to $979 million in 2023)[32] in loans from a syndicate of 22 banks. He renamed the airline Trump Shuttle and operated it until 1992.[89] Trump defaulted on his loans in 1991, and ownership passed to the banks.[90]
A red star with a bronze outline and "Donald Trump" and a TV icon written on it in bronze, embedded in a black terrazzo sidewalk
Trump's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
In 1992, Trump, his siblings Maryanne, Elizabeth, and Robert, and his cousin John W. Walter, each with a 20 percent share, formed All County Building Supply & Maintenance Corp. The company had no offices and is alleged to have been a shell company for paying the vendors providing services and supplies for Trump's rental units, then billing those services and supplies to Trump Management with markups of 20–50 percent and more. The owners shared the proceeds generated by the markups.[40][91] The increased costs were used to get state approval for increasing the rents of Trump's rent-stabilized units.[40]
From 1996 to 2015, Trump owned all or part of the Miss Universe pageants, including Miss USA and Miss Teen USA.[92][93] Due to disagreements with CBS about scheduling, he took both pageants to NBC in 2002.[94][95] In 2007, Trump received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work as producer of Miss Universe.[96] NBC and Univision dropped the pageants in June 2015.[97]
Trump University
Main article: Trump University
In 2004, Trump co-founded Trump University, a company that sold real estate seminars for up to $35,000[excessive detail?].[98] After New York State authorities notified the company that its use of "university" violated state law (as it was not an academic institution), its name was changed to the Trump Entrepreneur Initiative in 2010.[99]
In 2013, the State of New York filed a $40 million civil suit against Trump University, alleging that the company made false statements and defrauded consumers.[100] In addition, two class actions were filed in federal court against Trump and his companies. Internal documents revealed that employees were instructed to use a hard-sell approach, and former employees testified that Trump University had defrauded or lied to its students.[101][102][103] Shortly after he won the 2016 presidential election, Trump agreed to pay a total of $25 million to settle the three cases.[104]
Foundation
Main article: Donald J. Trump Foundation
The Donald J. Trump Foundation was a private foundation established in 1988.[105][106] From 1987 to 2006, Trump gave his foundation $5.4 million which had been spent by the end of 2006. After donating a total of $65,000 in 2007–2008, he stopped donating any personal funds to the charity,[107] which received millions from other donors, including $5 million from Vince McMahon.[108] The foundation gave to health- and sports-related charities, conservative groups,[109] and charities that held events at Trump properties.[107]
In 2016, The Washington Post reported that the charity committed several potential legal and ethical violations, including alleged self-dealing and possible tax evasion.[110] Also in 2016, the New York Attorney General determined the foundation to be in violation of state law, for soliciting donations without submitting to required annual external audits, and ordered it to immediately cease its fundraising activities in New York.[111] Trump's team announced in December 2016 that the foundation would be dissolved.[112]
In June 2018, the New York attorney general's office filed a civil suit against the foundation, Trump, and his adult children, seeking $2.8 million in restitution and additional penalties.[113] In December 2018, the foundation ceased operation and disbursed its assets to other charities.[114] In November 2019, a New York state judge ordered Trump to pay $2 million to a group of charities for misusing the foundation's funds, in part to finance his presidential campaign.[115][116]
Legal affairs and bankruptcies
Main article: Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump
Roy Cohn was Trump's fixer, lawyer, and mentor for 13 years in the 1970s and 1980s.[117] According to Trump, Cohn sometimes waived fees due to their friendship.[117] In 1973, Cohn helped Trump countersue the U.S. government for $100 million (equivalent to $686 million in 2023)[32] over its charges that Trump's properties had racial discriminatory practices. Trump's counterclaims were dismissed, and the government's case went forward, ultimately resulting in a settlement.[118] In 1975, an agreement was struck requiring Trump's properties to furnish the New York Urban League with a list of all apartment vacancies, every week for two years, among other things.[119] Cohn introduced political consultant Roger Stone to Trump, who enlisted Stone's services to deal with the federal government.[120]
According to a review of state and federal court files conducted by USA Today in 2018, Trump and his businesses had been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions.[121] While Trump has not filed for personal bankruptcy, his over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City and New York filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection six times between 1991 and 2009.[122] They continued to operate while the banks restructured debt and reduced Trump's shares in the properties.[122]
During the 1980s, more than 70 banks had lent Trump $4 billion.[123] After his corporate bankruptcies of the early 1990s, most major banks, with the exception of Deutsche Bank, declined to lend to him.[124] After the January 6 Capitol attack, the bank decided not to do business with Trump or his company in the future.[125]
Media career
Main article: Media career of Donald Trump
Books
Main article: Bibliography of Donald Trump
Using ghostwriters, Trump has produced up to 19 books on business, financial, or political topics under his name.[126] His first book, The Art of the Deal (1987), was a New York Times Best Seller. While Trump was credited as co-author, the entire book was written by Tony Schwartz.[127] According to The New Yorker, "The book expanded Trump's renown far beyond New York City, making him an emblem of the successful tycoon."[127] Trump has called the volume his second favorite book, after the Bible.[128]
Film and television
Main article: Media career of Donald Trump
Trump made cameo appearances in many films and television shows from 1985 to 2001.[129]
Trump had a sporadic relationship with the professional wrestling promotion WWE since the late 1980s.[130] He appeared at WrestleMania 23 in 2007 and was inducted into the celebrity wing of the WWE Hall of Fame in 2013.[131]
Trump, in a suit, sits in a crowded baseball stadium
Trump at a New York Mets baseball game in 2009
Starting in the 1990s, Trump was a guest about 24 times on the nationally syndicated Howard Stern Show.[132] He also had his own short-form talk radio program called Trumped! (one to two minutes on weekdays) from 2004 to 2008.[133][134] From 2011 until 2015, he was a weekly unpaid guest commentator on Fox & Friends.[135][136]
From 2004 to 2015, Trump was co-producer and host of reality shows The Apprentice and The Celebrity Apprentice. Trump played a flattering, highly fictionalized version of himself as a superrich and successful chief executive who eliminated contestants with the catchphrase "You're fired". The shows remade his image for millions of viewers nationwide.[137][138] With the related licensing agreements, they earned him more than $400 million which he invested in largely unprofitable businesses.[139]
In February 2021, Trump resigned from the Screen Actors Guild he had been a member of since 1989 rather than face a disciplinary committee hearing for inciting the January 6, 2021, mob attack on the U.S. Capitol and for his "reckless campaign of misinformation aimed at discrediting and ultimately threatening the safety of journalists".[140] Two days later, the union permanently barred him from readmission.[141]
Political career
Further information: Political career of Donald Trump
Donald Trump shakes hands with Bill Clinton in a lobby; Trump is speaking and Clinton is smiling, and both are wearing suits.
Trump and President Bill Clinton in June 2000
Trump's political party affiliation has changed numerous times. He registered as a Republican in 1987;[142] a member of the Independence Party, the New York state affiliate of the Reform Party, in 1999;[143] a Democrat in 2001; a Republican in 2009; unaffiliated in 2011; and a Republican in 2012.[142]
In 1987, Trump placed full-page advertisements in three major newspapers,[144] expressing his views on foreign policy and on how to eliminate the federal budget deficit.[145] He ruled out running for local office but not for the presidency.[144] In 1988, he approached Lee Atwater, asking to be put into consideration to be Republican nominee George H. W. Bush's running mate. Bush found the request "strange and unbelievable".[146]
Presidential campaigns (2000–2016)
In 2000, Trump ran in the California and Michigan primaries for nomination as the Reform Party candidate for the 2000 presidential election but withdrew from the race in February 2000.[147][148][149] A July 1999 poll matching him against likely Republican nominee George W. Bush and likely Democratic nominee Al Gore showed Trump with seven percent support.[150]
Trump, leaning heavily onto a lectern, with his mouth open mid-speech and a woman clapping politely next to him
Trump speaking at CPAC 2011
In 2011, Trump speculated about running against President Barack Obama in the 2012 election, making his first speaking appearance at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in February 2011 and giving speeches in early primary states.[151][152] In May 2011, he announced he would not run.[151] Trump's presidential ambitions were generally not taken seriously at the time.[153]
2016 presidential campaign
Main article: Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign
Further information: 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries and 2016 United States presidential election § General election campaign
Trump's fame and provocative statements earned him an unprecedented amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.[154] He adopted the phrase "truthful hyperbole", coined by his ghostwriter Tony Schwartz, to describe his public speaking style.[127][155] His campaign statements were often opaque and suggestive,[156] and a record number of them were false.[157][158][159] The Los Angeles Times wrote, "Never in modern presidential politics has a major candidate made false statements as routinely as Trump has."[160][161] Trump said he disdained political correctness and frequently made claims of media bias.[162][163]
Trump speaking in front of an American flag behind a lectern, wearing a black suit and red hat. The lectern sports a blue "TRUMP" sign.
Trump campaigning in Arizona, March 2016
Trump announced his candidacy in June 2015.[164][165] His campaign was initially not taken seriously by political analysts, but he quickly rose to the top of opinion polls.[166] He became the front-runner in March 2016[167] and was declared the presumptive Republican nominee in May.[168]
Hillary Clinton led Trump in national polling averages throughout the campaign, but, in early July, her lead narrowed.[169][170] In mid-July Trump selected Indiana governor Mike Pence as his vice presidential running mate,[171] and the two were officially nominated at the 2016 Republican National Convention.[172] Trump and Clinton faced off in three presidential debates in September and October 2016. Trump twice refused to say whether he would accept the result of the election.[173]
Campaign rhetoric and political positions
Main article: Political positions of Donald Trump
Trump's political positions and his rhetoric were right-wing populist.[174][175][176] Politico described them as "eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory", quoting a health-care policy expert at the American Enterprise Institute as saying that his political positions were "a total random assortment of whatever plays publicly".[177] NBC News counted "141 distinct shifts on 23 major issues" during his campaign.[178]
Trump questioned the need for NATO and espoused views that were described as non-interventionist and protectionist.[179] His campaign platform emphasized renegotiating U.S.–China relations and free trade agreements such as NAFTA and the Trans-Pacific Partnership, strongly enforcing immigration laws, and building a new wall along the U.S.–Mexico border. Other campaign positions included pursuing energy independence while opposing climate change regulations such as the Clean Power Plan and the Paris Agreement, modernizing and expediting services for veterans, repealing and replacing the Affordable Care Act, abolishing Common Core education standards, investing in infrastructure, simplifying the tax code while reducing taxes for all economic classes, and imposing tariffs on imports by companies that offshore jobs. He advocated a largely non-interventionist approach to foreign policy while increasing military spending, extreme vetting or banning immigrants from Muslim-majority countries[180] to pre-empt domestic Islamic terrorism, and aggressive military action against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. He described NATO as "obsolete".[181][182]
Trump helped bring far-right fringe ideas, beliefs, and organizations into the mainstream.[183] Trump was slow to disavow an endorsement from David Duke after he was questioned about it during a CNN interview on February 28, 2016.[184] Duke enthusiastically supported Trump and said he and like-minded people voted for Trump because of his promises to "take our country back".[185][186] In August 2016, Trump hired Steve Bannon, the executive chairman of Breitbart News—described by Bannon as "the platform for the alt-right"—as his campaign CEO.[187] The alt-right movement coalesced around and supported Trump's candidacy, due in part to its opposition to multiculturalism and immigration.[188][189][190]
Financial disclosures
Further information: Tax returns of Donald Trump
Trump's FEC-required reports listed assets above $1.4 billion and outstanding debts of at least $315 million.[34][191] Trump did not release his tax returns, contrary to the practice of every major candidate since 1976 and his promises in 2014 and 2015 to do so if he ran for office.[192][193] He said his tax returns were being audited, and that his lawyers had advised him against releasing them.[194] After a lengthy court battle to block release of his tax returns and other records to the Manhattan district attorney for a criminal investigation, including two appeals by Trump to the U.S. Supreme Court, in February 2021 the high court allowed the records to be released to the prosecutor for review by a grand jury.[195][196]
In October 2016, portions of Trump's state filings for 1995 were leaked to a reporter from The New York Times. They show that Trump had declared a loss of $916 million that year, which could have let him avoid taxes for up to 18 years.[197]
Election to the presidency
Main article: 2016 United States presidential election
Electoral college map, depicting Trump winning many states in the South and Midwest and Biden winning many states in the Northeast and Pacific West
2016 electoral vote results. Trump won 304–227
On November 8, 2016, Trump received 306 pledged electoral votes versus 232 for Clinton, though, after elector defections on both sides, the official count was ultimately 304 to 227.[198] Trump, the fifth person to be elected president while losing the popular vote, received nearly 2.9 million fewer votes than Clinton.[199] He also was the only president who neither served in the military nor held any government office prior to becoming president.[200] Trump's victory was a political upset.[201] Polls had consistently shown Clinton with a nationwide—though diminishing—lead, as well as an advantage in most of the competitive states. Trump's support had been modestly underestimated, while Clinton's had been overestimated.[202]
Trump won 30 states, including Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, states which had been considered a blue wall of Democratic strongholds since the 1990s. Clinton won 20 states and the District of Columbia. Trump's victory marked the return of an undivided Republican government—a Republican White House combined with Republican control of both chambers of Congress.[203]
Pennsylvania Ave., completely packed with protesters, mostly women, many wearing pink and holding signs with progressive feminist slogans
Women's March in Washington on January 21, 2017
Trump's election victory sparked protests in major U.S. cities in the days following the election.[204][205] On the day after Trump's inauguration, an estimated 2.6 million people worldwide, including an estimated half million in Washington, D.C., protested against Trump in the Women's Marches.[206]
Presidency (2017–2021)
Main article: Presidency of Donald Trump
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency.
Early actions
See also: Presidential transition of Donald Trump and First 100 days of Donald Trump's presidency
Trump, with his family watching, raises his right hand and places his left hand on the Bible as he takes the oath of office. Roberts stands opposite him administering the oath.
Trump is sworn in as president by Chief Justice John Roberts.
Trump was inaugurated on January 20, 2017. During his first week in office, he signed six executive orders, which authorized: interim procedures in anticipation of repealing the Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare"), withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations, reinstatement of the Mexico City policy, advancement of the Keystone XL and Dakota Access Pipeline construction projects, reinforcement of border security, and a planning and design process to construct a wall along the U.S. border with Mexico.[207]
Trump's daughter Ivanka and son-in-law Jared Kushner became his assistant and senior advisor, respectively.[208][209]
Conflicts of interest
Before being inaugurated, Trump moved his businesses into a revocable trust run by his sons, Eric and Donald Jr., and a business associate.[210][211] Though he said he would eschew "new foreign deals", the Trump Organization pursued expansions of its operations in Dubai, Scotland, and the Dominican Republic. Trump continued to profit from his businesses and to know how his administration's policies affected his businesses.[211][212]
He was sued for violating the Domestic and Foreign Emoluments Clauses of the U.S. Constitution, marking the first time that the clauses had been substantively litigated.[213] One case was dismissed in lower court.[214] Two were dismissed by the U.S. Supreme Court as moot after the end of Trump's term.[215]
Trump visited a Trump Organization property on 428 (nearly one in three) of the 1,461 days of his presidency and is estimated to have played 261 rounds of golf, one every 5.6 days.[216]
Domestic policy
Economy
Main article: Economic policy of the Donald Trump administration
Trump took office at the height of the longest economic expansion in American history,[217] which began in June 2009 and continued until February 2020, when the COVID-19 recession began.[218]
In December 2017, Trump signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The bill had been passed by both Republican-controlled chambers of Congress without any Democratic votes. It reduced tax rates for businesses and individuals, with business tax cuts to be permanent and individual tax cuts set to expire after 2025, and eliminated the penalty associated with Affordable Care Act's individual mandate.[219][220] The Trump administration claimed that the act would either increase tax revenues or pay for itself by prompting economic growth. Instead, revenues in 2018 were 7.6 percent lower than projected.[221]
Despite a campaign promise to eliminate the national debt in eight years, Trump approved large increases in government spending and the 2017 tax cut. As a result, the federal budget deficit increased by almost 50 percent, to nearly $1 trillion in 2019.[222] Under Trump, the U.S. national debt increased by 39 percent, reaching $27.75 trillion by the end of his term, and the U.S. debt-to-GDP ratio hit a post-World War II high.[223] Trump also failed to deliver the $1 trillion infrastructure spending plan on which he had campaigned.[224]
Trump is the only modern U.S. president to leave office with a smaller workforce than when he took office, by 3 million people.[217]
Climate change, environment, and energy
Main article: Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration
Trump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.[225][226] He reduced the budget for renewable energy research by 40 percent and reversed Obama-era policies directed at curbing climate change.[227] In June 2017, Trump announced the U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, making the U.S. the only nation to not ratify the agreement.[228]
Trump aimed to boost the production and exports of fossil fuels.[229][230] Natural gas expanded under Trump, but coal continued to decline.[231][232] Trump rolled back more than 100 federal environmental regulations, including those that curbed greenhouse gas emissions, air and water pollution, and the use of toxic substances. He weakened protections for animals and environmental standards for federal infrastructure projects, and expanded permitted areas for drilling and resource extraction, such as allowing drilling in the Arctic Refuge. Trump's actions while president have been called "a very aggressive attempt to rewrite our laws and reinterpret the meaning of environmental protections".[233]
Deregulation
In January 2017, Trump signed Executive Order 13771, which directed that, for every new regulation, federal agencies "identify" two existing regulations for elimination, though it did not require elimination.[234] He dismantled many federal regulations on health,[235][236] labor,[237][236] and the environment,[238][236] among other topics. Trump signed 14 Congressional Review Act resolutions repealing federal regulations, including a bill that made it easier for severely mentally ill persons to buy guns.[239] During his first six weeks in office, he delayed, suspended, or reversed ninety federal regulations,[240] often "after requests by the regulated industries".[241] The Institute for Policy Integrity found that 78 percent of Trump's proposals were blocked by courts or did not prevail over litigation.[242]
Health care
During his campaign, Trump vowed to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act (ACA).[243] In office, he scaled back the Act's implementation through executive orders 13765[244] and 13813.[245] Trump expressed a desire to "let Obamacare fail"; his administration cut the ACA enrollment period in half and drastically reduced funding for enrollment promotion.[246][247] Trump falsely claimed he saved the coverage of pre-existing conditions provided by the ACA.[248] In June 2018, the Trump administration joined 18 Republican-led states in arguing before the Supreme Court that the elimination of the financial penalties associated with the individual mandate had rendered the ACA unconstitutional.[249][250] If they had succeeded, it would have eliminated health insurance coverage for up to 23 million Americans.[249] During the 2016 campaign, Trump promised to protect funding for Medicare and other social safety-net programs, but in January 2020, he suggested he was willing to consider cuts to such programs.[251]
In response to the opioid epidemic, Trump signed legislation in 2018 to increase funding for drug treatments but was widely criticized for failing to make a concrete strategy. U.S. opioid overdose deaths declined slightly in 2018 but surged to a record 50,052 deaths in 2019.[252]
Social issues
Main article: Social policy of Donald Trump
Trump barred organizations that provide abortions or abortion referrals from receiving federal funds.[253] He said he supported "traditional marriage" but considered the nationwide legality of same-sex marriage a "settled" issue.[254] In March 2017, his administration rolled back key components of the Obama administration's workplace protections against discrimination of LGBT people.[255] Trump's attempted rollback of anti-discrimination protections for transgender patients in August 2020 was halted by a federal judge after the Supreme Court's ruling in July had extended employees' civil rights protections to gender identity and sexual orientation.[256]
Trump has said he is opposed to gun control in general, although his views have shifted over time.[257] After several mass shootings during his term, he said he would propose legislation related to guns, but he abandoned that effort in November 2019.[258] His administration took an anti-marijuana position, revoking Obama-era policies that provided protections for states that legalized marijuana.[259]
Trump is a long-time advocate of capital punishment.[260][261] Under his administration, the federal government executed 13 prisoners, more than in the previous 56 years combined and after a 17-year moratorium.[262] In 2016, Trump said he supported the use of interrogation torture methods such as waterboarding[263][264] but later appeared to recant this due to the opposition of Defense Secretary James Mattis.[265]
Pardons and commutations
Further information: List of people granted executive clemency by Donald Trump
Trump granted 237 requests for clemency, fewer than all presidents since 1900 with the exception of George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush.[266] Only 25 of them had been vetted by the Justice Department's Office of the Pardon Attorney; the others were granted to people with personal or political connections to him, his family, and his allies, or recommended by celebrities.[267][268]
From 2017 to 2019, he pardoned, amongst others, former Navy sailor Kristian Saucier, who was convicted of taking classified photographs of classified areas inside a submarine;[269] and right-wing commentator Dinesh D'Souza.[270] Following a request by celebrity Kim Kardashian, Trump commuted the life sentence of Alice Marie Johnson, who had been convicted of drug trafficking.[271] Trump also pardoned or reversed the sentences of three American servicemen convicted or accused of committing war crimes in Afghanistan or Iraq.[272]
In November and December 2020, Trump pardoned four Blackwater private security contractors convicted of killing Iraqi civilians in the 2007 Nisour Square massacre;[273] white-collar criminals Michael Milken and Bernard Kerik;[274] daughter Ivanka's father-in-law Charles Kushner;[268] and five people convicted as a result of investigations into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential elections. Among them were Michael Flynn; Roger Stone, whose 40-month sentence for lying to Congress, witness tampering, and obstruction he had already commuted in July; and Paul Manafort.[275]
In his last full day in office, Trump granted 73 pardons, including to Steve Bannon and Trump fundraiser Elliott Broidy, and commuted 70 sentences.[276]
Lafayette Square protester removal and photo op
Main article: Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church
Trump and group of officials and advisors on the way from White House complex to St. John's Church
On June 1, 2020, during the George Floyd protests, federal law-enforcement officials used batons, rubber bullets, pepper spray projectiles, stun grenades, and smoke to remove a largely peaceful crowd of protesters from Lafayette Square, outside the White House.[277][278] Trump then walked to St. John's Episcopal Church, where protesters had set a small fire the night before; he posed for photographs holding a Bible, with senior administration officials later joining him in photos.[277][279] Trump said on June 3 that the protesters were cleared because "they tried to burn down the church [on May 31] and almost succeeded", describing the church as "badly hurt".[280]
Religious leaders condemned the treatment of protesters and the photo opportunity itself.[281] Many retired military leaders and defense officials condemned Trump's proposal to use the U.S. military against anti-police-brutality protesters.[282]
Immigration
Main article: Immigration policy of Donald Trump
Trump's proposed immigration policies were a topic of bitter and contentious debate during the campaign. He promised to build a wall on the Mexico–U.S. border to restrict illegal movement and vowed Mexico would pay for it.[283] He pledged to deport millions of illegal immigrants residing in the U.S.,[284] and criticized birthright citizenship for incentivizing "anchor babies".[285] As president, he frequently described illegal immigration as an "invasion" and conflated immigrants with the criminal gang MS-13,[286] though available research shows undocumented immigrants have a lower crime rate than native-born Americans.[287][288]
Trump attempted to drastically escalate immigration enforcement, including implementing harsher immigration enforcement policies against asylum seekers from Central America than any modern U.S. president.[289][290]
From 2018 onward, Trump deployed nearly 6,000 troops to the U.S.–Mexico border[291] to stop most Central American migrants from seeking U.S. asylum. In 2020, his administration widened the public charge rule to further restrict immigrants who might use government benefits from getting permanent residency via green cards.[292] Trump reduced the number of refugees admitted into the U.S. to record lows. When Trump took office, the annual limit was 110,000; Trump set a limit of 18,000 in the 2020 fiscal year and 15,000 in the 2021 fiscal year.[293][294] Additional restrictions implemented by the Trump administration caused significant bottlenecks in processing refugee applications, resulting in fewer refugees accepted compared to the allowed limits.[295]
Travel ban
Main article: Trump travel ban
Further information: Executive Order 13769 and Executive Order 13780
Following the 2015 San Bernardino attack, Trump proposed to ban Muslim foreigners from entering the U.S. until stronger vetting systems could be implemented.[296] He later reframed the proposed ban to apply to countries with a "proven history of terrorism".[297]
On January 27, 2017, Trump signed Executive Order 13769, which suspended admission of refugees for 120 days and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen for 90 days, citing security concerns. The order took effect immediately and without warning, causing confusion and chaos at airports.[298][299] Protests against the ban began at airports the next day.[298][299] Legal challenges to the order resulted in nationwide preliminary injunctions.[300] A March 6 revised order, which excluded Iraq and gave other exemptions, again was blocked by federal judges in three states.[301][302] In a decision in June 2017, the Supreme Court ruled that the ban could be enforced on visitors who lack a "credible claim of a bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States".[303]
The temporary order was replaced by Presidential Proclamation 9645 on September 24, 2017, which restricted travel from the originally targeted countries except Iraq and Sudan, and further banned travelers from North Korea and Chad, along with certain Venezuelan officials.[304] After lower courts partially blocked the new restrictions, the Supreme Court allowed the September version to go into full effect on December 4, 2017,[305] and ultimately upheld the travel ban in a June 2019 ruling.[306]
Family separation at border
Main article: Trump administration family separation policy
Children sitting within a wire mesh compartment
Children and juveniles in a wire mesh compartment, showing sleeping mats and thermal blankets on floor
Children sitting within a wire mesh compartment in the Ursula detention facility in McAllen, Texas, June 2018
The Trump administration separated more than 5,400 children of migrant families from their parents at the U.S.–Mexico border, a sharp increase in the number of family separations at the border starting from the summer of 2017.[307][308] In April 2018, the Trump administration announced a "zero tolerance" policy whereby every adult suspected of illegal entry would be criminally prosecuted.[309] This resulted in family separations, as the migrant adults were put in criminal detention for prosecution, while their children were separated as unaccompanied alien minors.[310] Administration officials described the policy as a way to deter illegal immigration.[311]
The policy of family separations was unprecedented in previous administrations and sparked public outrage.[311][312] Trump falsely asserted that his administration was merely following the law, blaming Democrats, despite the separations being his administration's policy.[313][314][315]
Although Trump originally argued that the separations could not be stopped by an executive order, he acceded to intense public objection and signed an executive order on June 20, 2018, mandating that migrant families be detained together unless "there is a concern" doing so would pose a risk to the child.[316][317] On June 26, 2018, Judge Dana Sabraw concluded that the Trump administration had "no system in place to keep track of" the separated children, nor any effective measures for family communication and reunification;[318] Sabraw ordered for the families to be reunited and family separations stopped except in limited circumstances.[319] After the federal-court order, the Trump administration separated more than a thousand migrant children from their families; the ACLU contended that the Trump administration had abused its discretion and asked Sabraw to more narrowly define the circumstances warranting separation.[308]
Trump wall and government shutdown
Main articles: Trump wall and 2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown
Trump speaks with U.S. Border Patrol agents. Behind him are black SUVs, four short border wall prototype designs, and the current border wall in the background
Trump examines border wall prototypes in Otay Mesa, California.
One of Trump's central campaign promises was to build a 1,000-mile (1,600 km) border wall to Mexico and have Mexico pay for it.[320] By the end of his term, the U.S. had built "40 miles [64 km] of new primary wall and 33 miles [53 km] of secondary wall" in locations where there had been no barriers and 365 miles (587 km) of primary or secondary border fencing replacing dilapidated or outdated barriers.[321]
In 2018, Trump refused to sign any appropriations bill from Congress unless it allocated $5.6 billion in funds for the border wall,[322] resulting in the federal government partially shutting down for 35 days from December 2018 to January 2019, the longest U.S. government shutdown in history.[323][324] Around 800,000 government employees were furloughed or worked without pay.[325] Trump and Congress ended the shutdown by approving temporary funding that provided delayed payments to government workers but no funds for the wall.[323] The shutdown resulted in an estimated permanent loss of $3 billion to the economy, according to the Congressional Budget Office.[326] About half of those polled blamed Trump for the shutdown, and Trump's approval ratings dropped.[327]
To prevent another imminent shutdown in February 2019, Congress passed and Trump signed a funding bill that included $1.375 billion for 55 miles (89 km) of bollard border fencing.[328] Trump also declared a national emergency on the southern border, intending to divert $6.1 billion of funds Congress had allocated to other purposes.[328] Trump vetoed a joint resolution to overturn the declaration, and the Senate voted against a veto override.[329] Legal challenges to the diversion of $2.5 billion originally meant for the Department of Defense's drug interdiction efforts[330][331] and $3.6 billion originally meant for military construction[332][333] were unsuccessful.
Foreign policy
Main article: Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration
See also: List of international presidential trips made by Donald Trump
Trump and other G7 leaders sit at a conference table
Trump with the other G7 leaders at the 45th summit in France, 2019
Trump described himself as a "nationalist"[334] and his foreign policy as "America First".[335] His foreign policy was marked by praise and support of populist, neo-nationalist, and authoritarian governments.[336] Hallmarks of foreign relations during Trump's tenure included unpredictability and uncertainty,[335] a lack of consistent policy,[337] and strained and sometimes antagonistic relationships with European allies.[338] He criticized NATO allies and privately suggested on multiple occasions that the U.S. should withdraw from NATO.[339][340]
Trade
See also: Trump tariffs
Trump withdrew the U.S. from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations,[341] imposed tariffs on steel and aluminum imports,[342] and launched a trade war with China by sharply increasing tariffs on 818 categories (worth $50 billion) of Chinese goods imported into the U.S.[343] While Trump said that import tariffs are paid by China into the U.S. Treasury, they are paid by American companies that import goods from China.[344] Although he pledged during the campaign to significantly reduce the U.S.'s large trade deficits, the trade deficit in July 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, "was the largest monthly deficit since July 2008".[345] Following a 2017–2018 renegotiation, the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) became effective in July 2020 as the successor to NAFTA.[346]
Russia
Trump and Putin, both seated, lean over and shake hands
Putin and Trump shaking hands at the G20 Osaka summit, June 2019
The Trump administration, according to Reuters, "water[ed] down the toughest penalties the U.S. had imposed on Russian entities" after its 2014 annexation of Crimea.[347][348] Trump withdrew the U.S. from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, citing alleged Russian non-compliance,[349] and supported a potential return of Russia to the G7.[350]
Trump repeatedly praised and rarely criticized Russian president Vladimir Putin[351][352] but opposed some actions of the Russian government.[353][354] After he met Putin at the Helsinki Summit in 2018, Trump drew bipartisan criticism for accepting Putin's denial of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election, rather than accepting the findings of U.S. intelligence agencies.[355][356][357] Trump did not discuss alleged Russian bounties offered to Taliban fighters for attacking American soldiers in Afghanistan with Putin, saying both that he doubted the intelligence and that he was not briefed on it.[358]
China
Before and during his presidency, Trump repeatedly accused China of taking unfair advantage of the U.S.[359] As president, Trump launched a trade war against China that was widely characterized as a failure,[360][361][362] sanctioned Huawei for alleged ties to Iran,[363] significantly increased visa restrictions on Chinese students and scholars,[364] and classified China as a currency manipulator.[365] Trump also juxtaposed verbal attacks on China with praise of Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping,[366] which was attributed to trade war negotiations.[367] After initially praising China for its handling of COVID-19,[368] he began a campaign of criticism starting in March 2020.[369]
Trump said he resisted punishing China for its human rights abuses against ethnic minorities in the Xinjiang region for fear of jeopardizing trade negotiations.[370] In July 2020, the Trump administration imposed sanctions and visa restrictions against senior Chinese officials, in response to expanded mass detention camps holding more than a million of the country's Uyghur minority.[371]
North Korea
See also: 2018–19 Korean peace process
Trump and Kim shake hands on a stage with U.S. and North Korean flags in the background
Trump meets Kim Jong Un at the Singapore summit, June 2018.
In 2017, when North Korea's nuclear weapons were increasingly seen as a serious threat,[372] Trump escalated his rhetoric, warning that North Korean aggression would be met with "fire and fury like the world has never seen".[373][374] In 2017, Trump declared that he wanted North Korea's "complete denuclearization", and engaged in name-calling with leader Kim Jong Un.[373][375]
After this period of tension, Trump and Kim exchanged at least 27 letters in which the two men described a warm personal friendship.[376][377] Trump met Kim three times: in Singapore in 2018, in Hanoi in 2019, and in the Korean Demilitarized Zone in 2019.[378] Trump became the first sitting U.S. president to meet a North Korean leader or set foot on North Korean soil.[378] Trump also lifted some U.S. sanctions against North Korea.[379]
However, no denuclearization agreement was reached,[380] and talks in October 2019 broke down after one day.[381] While conducting no nuclear tests since 2017, North Korea continued to build up its arsenal of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles.[382][383]
Afghanistan
U.S. and Taliban officials stand spaced apart in a formal room
U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo meeting with Taliban delegation in Qatar in September 2020
U.S. troop numbers in Afghanistan increased from 8,500 in January 2017 to 14,000 a year later,[384] reversing Trump's pre-election position critical of further involvement in Afghanistan.[385] In February 2020, the Trump administration signed a conditional peace agreement with the Taliban, which called for the withdrawal of foreign troops in 14 months "contingent on a guarantee from the Taliban that Afghan soil will not be used by terrorists with aims to attack the United States or its allies" and for the U.S. to seek the release of 5,000 Taliban imprisoned by the Afghan government.[386][387][388] By the end of Trump's term, 5,000 Taliban had been released, and, despite the Taliban continuing attacks on Afghan forces and integrating Al-Qaeda members into its leadership, U.S. troops had been reduced to 2,500.[388]
Israel
Trump supported many of the policies of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.[389] Under Trump, the U.S. recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel[390] and Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights,[391] leading to international condemnation including from the United Nations General Assembly, the European Union, and the Arab League.[392][393] In 2020, the White House hosted the signing of the Abraham Accords, normalizing the foreign relations of Israel with the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain.[394]
Saudi Arabia
Trump, King Salman of Saudi Arabia, and Abdel Fattah el-Sisi place their hands on a glowing white orb light at waist level
Trump, King Salman of Saudi Arabia, and Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi at the 2017 Riyadh summit in Saudi Arabia
Trump actively supported the Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen against the Houthis and in 2017 signed a $110 billion agreement to sell arms to Saudi Arabia.[395] In 2018, the U.S. provided limited intelligence and logistical support for the intervention.[396][397] Following the 2019 attack on Saudi oil facilities, which the U.S. and Saudi Arabia blamed on Iran, Trump approved the deployment of 3,000 additional U.S. troops, including fighter squadrons, two Patriot batteries, and a Terminal High Altitude Area Defense system, to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.[398]
Syria
Trump and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan at the White House in May 2017
Trump ordered missile strikes in April 2017 and April 2018 against the Assad regime in Syria, in retaliation for the Khan Shaykhun and Douma chemical attacks, respectively.[399][400] In December 2018, Trump declared "we have won against ISIS", contradicting Department of Defense assessments, and ordered the withdrawal of all troops from Syria.[401][402] The next day, Mattis resigned in protest, calling his decision an abandonment of the U.S.'s Kurdish allies who played a key role in fighting ISIS.[403] In October 2019, after Trump spoke to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, U.S. troops in northern Syria were withdrawn from the area and Turkey invaded northern Syria, attacking and displacing American-allied Kurds.[404] Later that month, the U.S. House of Representatives, in a rare bipartisan vote of 354 to 60, condemned Trump's withdrawal of U.S. troops from Syria, for "abandoning U.S. allies, undermining the struggle against ISIS, and spurring a humanitarian catastrophe".[405][406]
Iran
In May 2018, Trump withdrew the U.S. from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, the 2015 agreement that lifted most economic sanctions against Iran in return for Iran agreeing to restrictions on its nuclear program.[407][408] Analysts determined that, after the U.S. withdrawal, Iran moved closer to developing a nuclear weapon.[409]
On January 1, 2020, Trump ordered a U.S. airstrike that killed Iranian general Qasem Soleimani, who had planned nearly every significant operation by Iranian forces over the past two decades.[410][411] Trump threatened to hit 52 Iranian sites if Iran retaliated.[412] On January 8, Iran retaliated with ballistic missile strikes against two U.S. airbases in Iraq. Dozens of soldiers sustained traumatic brain injuries. Their injuries were downplayed by Trump, and they were initially denied Purple Hearts and the special benefits accorded to its recipients.[413][409] On the same day, amid the heightened tensions between the United States and Iran, Iran accidentally shot down Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 after takeoff from Tehran airport.[414][relevant?]
In August 2020, the Trump administration unsuccessfully attempted to trigger a mechanism that was part of the agreement that would have led to the return of UN sanctions against Iran.[415]
Personnel
Main articles: Political appointments by Donald Trump and Cabinet of Donald Trump
The Trump administration had a high turnover of personnel, particularly among White House staff. By the end of Trump's first year in office, 34 percent of his original staff had resigned, been fired, or been reassigned.[416] As of early July 2018, 61 percent of Trump's senior aides had left[417] and 141 staffers had left in the previous year.[418] Both figures set a record for recent presidents—more change in the first 13 months than his four immediate predecessors saw in their first two years.[419] Notable early departures included National Security Advisor Flynn (after just 25 days in office), and Press Secretary Sean Spicer.[419] Close personal aides to Trump including Bannon, Hope Hicks, John McEntee, and Keith Schiller quit or were forced out.[420] Some, including Hicks and McEntee, later returned to the White House in different posts.[421] Trump publicly disparaged several of his former top officials, calling them incompetent, stupid, or crazy.[422]
Trump had four White House chiefs of staff, marginalizing or pushing out several.[423] Reince Priebus was replaced after seven months by retired Marine general John F. Kelly.[424] Kelly resigned in December 2018 after a tumultuous tenure in which his influence waned, and Trump subsequently disparaged him.[425] Kelly was succeeded by Mick Mulvaney as acting chief of staff; he was replaced in March 2020 by Mark Meadows.[423]
On May 9, 2017, Trump dismissed FBI director James Comey. While initially attributing this action to Comey's conduct in the investigation about Hillary Clinton's emails, Trump said a few days later that he was concerned with Comey's roles in the ongoing Trump-Russia investigations, and that he had intended to fire Comey earlier.[426] At a private conversation in February, Trump said he hoped Comey would drop the investigation into Flynn.[427] In March and April, Trump asked Comey to "lift the cloud impairing his ability to act" by saying publicly that the FBI was not investigating him.[427][428]
Turnover was relatively high within the Trump Cabinet.[420] Trump lost three of his 15 original cabinet members within his first year.[429] Health and Human Services secretary Tom Price was forced to resign in September 2017 due to excessive use of private charter jets and military aircraft.[429][420] Environmental Protection Agency administrator Scott Pruitt resigned in 2018 and Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke in January 2019 amid multiple investigations into their conduct.[430][431]
Trump was slow to appoint second-tier officials in the executive branch, saying many of the positions are unnecessary. In October 2017, there were still hundreds of sub-cabinet positions without a nominee.[432] By January 8, 2019, of 706 key positions, 433 had been filled (61 percent) and Trump had no nominee for 264 (37 percent).[433]
Judiciary
Further information: List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump and Donald Trump judicial appointment controversies
Donald Trump and Amy Coney Barrett walk side by side along the West Wing Colonnade; American flags hang between the columns to their right
Trump and his third Supreme Court nominee, Amy Coney Barrett
Trump appointed 226 Article III judges, including 54 to the courts of appeals and three to the Supreme Court: Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett.[434] His Supreme Court nominees were noted as having politically shifted the Court to the right.[435][436][437][438] In the 2016 campaign, he pledged that Roe v. Wade would be overturned "automatically" if he were elected and provided the opportunity to appoint two or three pro-life justices. He later took credit when Roe was overturned in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization; all three of his Supreme Court nominees voted with the majority.[439][440][441]
Trump disparaged courts and judges he disagreed with, often in personal terms, and questioned the judiciary's constitutional authority. His attacks on the courts drew rebukes from observers, including sitting federal judges, concerned about the effect of his statements on the judicial independence and public confidence in the judiciary.[442][443][444]
COVID-19 pandemic
Main articles: COVID-19 pandemic and COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Further information: U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic and Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic
See also: Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Initial response
In December 2019, COVID-19 erupted in Wuhan, China, and spread worldwide within weeks.[445][446] The first confirmed case in the U.S. was reported on January 20, 2020.[447] The outbreak was officially declared a public health emergency by Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary Alex Azar on January 31, 2020.[448] Trump initially ignored persistent public health warnings and calls for action from health officials within his administration and Secretary Azar.[449][450] Throughout January and February he focused on economic and political considerations of the outbreak.[451] In February 2020 Trump publicly asserted that the outbreak in the U.S. was less deadly than influenza, was "very much under control", and would soon be over.[452] On March 19, 2020, Trump privately told Bob Woodward that he was deliberately "playing it down, because I don't want to create a panic".[453][454]
By mid-March, most global financial markets had severely contracted in response to the emerging pandemic.[455] On March 6, Trump signed the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, which provided $8.3 billion in emergency funding for federal agencies.[456] On March 11, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized COVID-19 as a pandemic,[445] and Trump announced partial travel restrictions for most of Europe, effective March 13.[457] That same day, he gave his first serious assessment of the virus in a nationwide Oval Office address, calling the outbreak "horrible" but "a temporary moment" and saying there was no financial crisis.[458] On March 13, he declared a national emergency, freeing up federal resources.[459] Trump falsely claimed that "anybody that wants a test can get a test", despite test availability being severely limited.[460]
On April 22, Trump signed an executive order restricting some forms of immigration.[461] In late spring and early summer, with infections and deaths continuing to rise, he adopted a strategy of blaming the states rather than accepting that his initial assessments of the pandemic were overly optimistic or his failure to provide presidential leadership.[462]
White House Coronavirus Task Force
Trump speaks in the West Wing briefing room with various officials standing behind him, all in formal attire and without face masks
Trump conducts a COVID-19 press briefing with members of the White House Coronavirus Task Force on March 15, 2020.
Trump established the White House Coronavirus Task Force on January 29, 2020.[463] Beginning in mid-March, Trump held a daily task force press conference, joined by medical experts and other administration officials,[464] sometimes disagreeing with them by promoting unproven treatments.[465] Trump was the main speaker at the briefings, where he praised his own response to the pandemic, frequently criticized rival presidential candidate Joe Biden, and denounced the press.[464][466] On March 16, he acknowledged for the first time that the pandemic was not under control and that months of disruption to daily lives and a recession might occur.[467] His repeated use of "Chinese virus" and "China virus" to describe COVID-19 drew criticism from health experts.[468][469][470]
By early April, as the pandemic worsened and amid criticism of his administration's response, Trump refused to admit any mistakes in his handling of the outbreak, instead blaming the media, Democratic state governors, the previous administration, China, and the WHO.[471] The daily coronavirus task force briefings ended in late April, after a briefing at which Trump suggested the dangerous idea of injecting a disinfectant to treat COVID-19;[472] the comment was widely condemned by medical professionals.[473][474]
In early May, Trump proposed the phase-out of the coronavirus task force and its replacement with another group centered on reopening the economy. Amid a backlash, Trump said the task force would "indefinitely" continue.[475] By the end of May, the coronavirus task force's meetings were sharply reduced.[476]
World Health Organization
Prior to the pandemic, Trump criticized the WHO and other international bodies, which he asserted were taking advantage of U.S. aid.[477] His administration's proposed 2021 federal budget, released in February, proposed reducing WHO funding by more than half.[477] In May and April, Trump accused the WHO of "severely mismanaging" COVID-19, alleged without evidence that the organization was under Chinese control and had enabled the Chinese government's concealment of the pandemic's origins,[477][478][479] and announced that he was withdrawing funding for the organization.[477] These were seen as attempts to distract from his own mishandling of the pandemic.[477][480][481] In July 2020, Trump announced the formal withdrawal of the U.S. from the WHO effective July 2021.[478][479] The decision was widely condemned by health and government officials as "short-sighted", "senseless", and "dangerous".[478][479]
Pressure to abandon pandemic mitigation measures
Further information: COVID-19 testing in the United States
In April 2020, Republican-connected groups organized anti-lockdown protests against the measures state governments were taking to combat the pandemic;[482][483] Trump encouraged the protests on Twitter,[484] even though the targeted states did not meet the Trump administration's guidelines for reopening.[485] In April 2020, he first supported, then later criticized, Georgia Governor Brian Kemp's plan to reopen some nonessential businesses.[486] Throughout the spring he increasingly pushed for ending the restrictions to reverse the damage to the country's economy.[487] Trump often refused to mask at public events, contrary to his administration's April 2020 guidance to wear masks in public[488] and despite nearly unanimous medical consensus that masks are important to preventing spread of the virus.[489] By June, Trump had said masks were a "double-edged sword"; ridiculed Biden for wearing masks; continually emphasized that mask-wearing was optional; and suggested that wearing a mask was a political statement against him personally.[489] Trump's contradiction of medical recommendations weakened national efforts to mitigate the pandemic.[488][489]
In June and July, Trump said several times that the U.S. would have fewer cases of coronavirus if it did less testing, that having a large number of reported cases "makes us look bad".[490][491] The CDC guideline at the time was that any person exposed to the virus should be "quickly identified and tested" even if they are not showing symptoms, because asymptomatic people can still spread the virus.[492][493] In August 2020 the CDC quietly lowered its recommendation for testing, advising that people who have been exposed to the virus, but are not showing symptoms, "do not necessarily need a test". The change in guidelines was made by HHS political appointees under Trump administration pressure, against the wishes of CDC scientists.[494][495] The day after this political interference was reported, the testing guideline was changed back to its original recommendation.[495]
Despite record numbers of COVID-19 cases in the U.S. from mid-June onward and an increasing percentage of positive test results, Trump largely continued to downplay the pandemic, including his false claim in early July 2020 that 99 percent of COVID-19 cases are "totally harmless".[496][497] He began insisting that all states should resume in-person education in the fall despite a July spike in reported cases.[498]
Political pressure on health agencies
Main article: Trump administration political interference with science agencies
Trump repeatedly pressured federal health agencies to take actions he favored,[494] such as approving unproven treatments[499][500] or speeding up vaccine approvals.[500] Trump administration political appointees at HHS sought to control CDC communications to the public that undermined Trump's claims that the pandemic was under control. CDC resisted many of the changes, but increasingly allowed HHS personnel to review articles and suggest changes before publication.[501][502] Trump alleged without evidence that FDA scientists were part of a "deep state" opposing him and delaying approval of vaccines and treatments to hurt him politically.[503]
Outbreak at the White House
Main article: White House COVID-19 outbreak
Donald Trump, wearing a black face mask, boards Marine One, a large green helicopter, from the White House lawn
Trump boards Marine One for COVID-19 treatment on October 2, 2020.
On October 2, 2020, Trump tweeted that he had tested positive for COVID-19,[504][505] part of a White House outbreak.[506][507] Later that day Trump was hospitalized at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, reportedly due to fever and labored breathing. He was treated with antiviral and experimental antibody drugs and a steroid. He returned to the White House on October 5, still infectious and unwell.[506][508] During and after his treatment he continued to downplay the virus.[506] In 2021, it was revealed that his condition had been far more serious; he had dangerously low blood oxygen levels, a high fever, and lung infiltrates, indicating a severe case.[507]
Effects on the 2020 presidential campaign
By July 2020, Trump's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic had become a major issue in the presidential election.[509] Biden sought to make the pandemic the central issue.[510] Polls suggested voters blamed Trump for his pandemic response[509] and disbelieved his rhetoric concerning the virus, with an Ipsos/ABC News poll indicating 65 percent of respondents disapproved of his pandemic response.[511] In the final months of the campaign, Trump repeatedly claimed that the U.S. was "rounding the turn" in managing the pandemic, despite increasing cases and deaths.[512] A few days before the November 3 election, the U.S. reported more than 100,000 cases in a single day for the first time.[513]
Investigations
After he assumed office, Trump was the subject of increasing Justice Department and congressional scrutiny, with investigations covering his election campaign, transition, and inauguration, actions taken during his presidency, along with his private businesses, personal taxes, and charitable foundation.[514] There were 30 investigations of Trump, including ten federal criminal investigations, eight state and local investigations, and twelve congressional investigations.[515]
In April 2019, the House Oversight Committee issued subpoenas seeking financial details from Trump's banks, Deutsche Bank and Capital One, and his accounting firm, Mazars USA. Trump then sued the banks, Mazars, and committee chair Elijah Cummings to prevent the disclosures.[516] In May, DC District Court judge Amit Mehta ruled that Mazars must comply with the subpoena,[517] and judge Edgardo Ramos of the Southern District Court of New York ruled that the banks must also comply.[518][519] Trump's attorneys appealed the rulings.[520] In September 2022, the committee and Trump agreed to a settlement about Mazars, and the accounting firm began turning over documents.[521]
Hush money payments
Main article: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal
See also: Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump § Payments related to alleged affairs, Karen McDougal § Alleged affair with Donald Trump, and Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York § Hush money payments
During the 2016 presidential election campaign, American Media, Inc. (AMI), the parent company of the National Enquirer,[522] and a company set up by Cohen paid Playboy model Karen McDougal and adult film actress Stormy Daniels for keeping silent about their alleged affairs with Trump between 2006 and 2007.[523] Cohen pleaded guilty in 2018 to breaking campaign finance laws, saying he had arranged both payments at the direction of Trump to influence the presidential election.[524] Trump denied the affairs and claimed he was not aware of Cohen's payment to Daniels, but he reimbursed him in 2017.[525][526] Federal prosecutors asserted that Trump had been involved in discussions regarding non-disclosure payments as early as 2014.[527] Court documents showed that the FBI believed Trump was directly involved in the payment to Daniels, based on calls he had with Cohen in October 2016.[528][529] Federal prosecutors closed the investigation in 2019,[530] but the Manhattan District Attorney subpoenaed the Trump Organization and AMI for records related to the payments[531] and Trump and the Trump Organization for eight years of tax returns.[532] In November 2022, The New York Times reported that Manhattan prosecutors were "newly optimistic about building a case" against Trump.[533]
Russian election interference
Main articles: Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections and Timelines related to Donald Trump and Russian interference in United States elections
See also: Senate Intelligence Committee report on Russian interference in the 2016 United States presidential election and Steele dossier
In January 2017, American intelligence agencies—the CIA, the FBI, and the NSA, represented by the Director of National Intelligence—jointly stated with "high confidence" that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 presidential election to favor the election of Trump.[534][535] In March 2017, FBI Director James Comey told Congress, "[T]he FBI, as part of our counterintelligence mission, is investigating the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election. That includes investigating the nature of any links between individuals associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government, and whether there was any coordination between the campaign and Russia's efforts."[536] Many suspicious[537] links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies were discovered and the relationships between Russians and "team Trump" were widely reported by the press.[538][539]
Manafort, one of Trump's campaign managers, worked from December 2004 to February 2010 to help pro-Russian politician Viktor Yanukovych win the Ukrainian presidency.[540] Other Trump associates, including Flynn and Stone, were connected to Russian officials.[541][542] Russian agents were overheard during the campaign saying they could use Manafort and Flynn to influence Trump.[543] Members of Trump's campaign and later his White House staff, particularly Flynn, were in contact with Russian officials both before and after the November election.[544][545] On December 29, 2016, Flynn talked with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak about sanctions that were imposed that same day; Flynn later resigned in the midst of controversy over whether he misled Pence.[546] Trump told Kislyak and Sergei Lavrov in May 2017 he was unconcerned about Russian interference in U.S. elections.[547]
Trump and his allies promoted a conspiracy theory that Ukraine, rather than Russia, interfered in the 2016 election—which was also promoted by Russia to frame Ukraine.[548] After the Democratic National Committee was hacked, Trump first claimed it withheld "its server" from the FBI (in actuality there were more than 140 servers, of which digital copies were given to the FBI); second, that CrowdStrike, the company that investigated the servers, was Ukraine-based and Ukrainian-owned (in actuality, CrowdStrike is U.S.-based, with the largest owners being American companies); and third that "the server" was hidden in Ukraine. Members of the Trump administration spoke out against the conspiracy theories.[549]
FBI Crossfire Hurricane and 2017 counterintelligence investigations
In July 2016, the FBI launched an investigation, codenamed Crossfire Hurricane, into possible links between Russia and the Trump campaign.[550] After Trump fired FBI director James Comey in May 2017, the FBI opened a counterintelligence investigation into Trump's personal and business dealings with Russia.[551] Crossfire Hurricane was transferred to the Mueller investigation,[552] but deputy attorney general Rod Rosenstein ended the investigation into Trump's direct ties to Russia while giving the bureau the false impression that Mueller would pursue the matter.[553][554]
Mueller investigation
Main articles: Mueller special counsel investigation, Mueller report, and Criminal charges brought in the Mueller special counsel investigation
In May 2017, Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein appointed Robert Mueller, a former director of the FBI, special counsel for the Department of Justice (DOJ), ordering him to "examine 'any links and/or coordination between the Russian government' and the Trump campaign". He privately told Mueller to restrict the investigation to criminal matters "in connection with Russia's 2016 election interference".[553] The special counsel also investigated whether Trump's dismissal of James Comey as FBI director constituted obstruction of justice[555] and the Trump campaign's possible ties to Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Qatar, Israel, and China.[556] Trump sought to fire Mueller and shut down the investigation multiple times but backed down after his staff objected or after changing his mind.[557]
In March 2019, Mueller concluded his investigation and gave his report to Attorney General William Barr.[558] Two days later, Barr sent a letter to Congress purporting to summarize the report's main conclusions. A federal court, as well as Mueller himself, said Barr mischaracterized the investigation's conclusions and, in so doing, confused the public.[559][560][561] Trump repeatedly and falsely claimed that the investigation exonerated him; the Mueller report expressly stated that it did not exonerate him.[562]
A redacted version of the report was publicly released in April 2019. It found that Russia interfered in 2016 to favor Trump's candidacy and hinder Clinton's.[563] Despite "numerous links between the Russian government and the Trump campaign", the report found that the prevailing evidence "did not establish" that Trump campaign members conspired or coordinated with Russian interference.[564][565] The report revealed sweeping Russian interference[565] and detailed how Trump and his campaign welcomed and encouraged it, believing "[they] would benefit electorally from information stolen and released through Russian efforts".[566][567][568][569]
The report also detailed multiple acts of potential obstruction of justice by Trump but did not make a "traditional prosecutorial judgment" on whether Trump broke the law, suggesting that Congress should make such a determination.[570][571] Investigators decided they could not "apply an approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the President committed crimes" as an Office of Legal Counsel opinion stated that a sitting president could not be indicted,[572] and investigators would not accuse him of a crime when he cannot clear his name in court.[573] The report concluded that Congress, having the authority to take action against a president for wrongdoing, "may apply the obstruction laws".[572] The House of Representatives subsequently launched an impeachment inquiry following the Trump–Ukraine scandal, but did not pursue an article of impeachment related to the Mueller investigation.[574][575]
Several Trump associates pleaded guilty or were convicted in connection with Mueller's investigation and related cases, including Manafort, convicted on eight felony counts,[576] deputy campaign manager Rick Gates,[577] foreign policy advisor Papadopoulos,[578] and Flynn.[579][580] Cohen pleaded guilty to lying to Congress about Trump's 2016 attempts to reach a deal with Russia to build a Trump Tower in Moscow. Cohen said he had made the false statements on behalf of Trump, who was identified as "Individual-1" in the court documents.[581] In February 2020, Stone was sentenced to 40 months in prison for lying to Congress and witness tampering regarding his attempts to learn more about hacked Democratic emails during the 2016 election. The sentencing judge said Stone "was prosecuted for covering up for the president".[582]
First impeachment
Main articles: First impeachment of Donald Trump and Trump–Ukraine scandal
Nancy Pelosi presides over a crowded House of Representatives chamber floor during the impeachment vote
Members of House of Representatives vote on two articles of impeachment (H.Res. 755), December 18, 2019.
In August 2019, a whistleblower filed a complaint with the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community about a July 25 phone call between Trump and President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy, during which Trump had pressured Zelenskyy to investigate CrowdStrike and Democratic presidential candidate Biden and his son Hunter.[583] The whistleblower said that the White House had attempted to cover up the incident and that the call was part of a wider campaign by the Trump administration and Trump attorney Rudy Giuliani that may have included withholding financial aid from Ukraine in July 2019 and canceling Pence's May 2019 Ukraine trip.[584]
House Speaker Nancy Pelosi initiated a formal impeachment inquiry on September 24.[585] Trump then confirmed that he withheld military aid from Ukraine, offering contradictory reasons for the decision.[586][587] On September 25, the Trump administration released a memorandum of the phone call which confirmed that, after Zelenskyy mentioned purchasing American anti-tank missiles, Trump asked him to discuss investigating Biden and his son with Giuliani and Barr.[583][588] The testimony of multiple administration officials and former officials confirmed that this was part of a broader effort to further Trump's personal interests by giving him an advantage in the upcoming presidential election.[589] In October, William B. Taylor Jr., the chargé d'affaires for Ukraine, testified before congressional committees that soon after arriving in Ukraine in June 2019, he found that Zelenskyy was being subjected to pressure directed by Trump and led by Giuliani. According to Taylor and others, the goal was to coerce Zelenskyy into making a public commitment investigating the company that employed Hunter Biden, as well as rumors about Ukrainian involvement in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[590] He said it was made clear that until Zelenskyy made such an announcement, the administration would not release scheduled military aid for Ukraine and not invite Zelenskyy to the White House.[591]
On December 13, the House Judiciary Committee voted along party lines to pass two articles of impeachment: one for abuse of power and one for obstruction of Congress.[592] After debate, the House of Representatives impeached Trump on both articles on December 18.[593]
Impeachment trial in the Senate
Main article: First impeachment trial of Donald Trump
During the trial in January 2020, the House impeachment managers presented their case for three days. They cited evidence to support charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress and asserted that Trump's actions were exactly what the founding fathers had in mind when they created the Constitution's impeachment process.[594]
Trump displaying the front page of The Washington Post reporting his acquittal by the Senate
Trump displaying the headline "Trump acquitted"
Responding over the next three days, Trump's lawyers did not deny the facts as presented in the charges but said Trump had not broken any laws or obstructed Congress.[595] They argued that the impeachment was "constitutionally and legally invalid" because Trump was not charged with a crime and that abuse of power is not an impeachable offense.[595]
On January 31, the Senate voted against allowing subpoenas for witnesses or documents; 51 Republicans formed the majority for this vote.[596] The impeachment trial was the first in U.S. history without witness testimony.[597]
Trump was acquitted of both charges by the Republican majority, 52–48 on abuse of power and 53–47 on obstruction of Congress. Senator Mitt Romney was the only Republican who voted to convict Trump on one charge, the abuse of power.[598] Following his acquittal, Trump fired impeachment witnesses and other political appointees and career officials he deemed insufficiently loyal.[599]
2020 presidential campaign
Trump points his finger at a campaign rally, with crowds behind him
Trump at a 2020 campaign rally in Arizona
Main article: Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign
See also: 2020 United States presidential debates
Breaking with precedent, Trump filed to run for a second term with the FEC within a few hours of assuming the presidency.[600] He held his first reelection rally less than a month after taking office[601] and officially became the Republican nominee in August 2020.[602]
In his first two years in office, Trump's reelection committee reported raising $67.5 million and began 2019 with $19.3 million in cash.[603] By July 2020, the Trump campaign and the Republican Party had raised $1.1 billion and spent $800 million, losing their cash advantage over Biden.[604] The cash shortage forced the campaign to scale back advertising spending.[605]
Trump campaign advertisements focused on crime, claiming that cities would descend into lawlessness if Biden won the presidency.[606] Trump repeatedly misrepresented Biden's positions[607][608] and shifted to appeals to racism.[609]
2020 presidential election
Main article: 2020 United States presidential election
See also: 2020 United States Postal Service crisis
Starting in spring 2020, Trump began to sow doubts about the election, claiming without evidence that the election would be rigged and that the expected widespread use of mail balloting would produce massive election fraud.[610][611] In July, Trump raised the idea of delaying the election.[612] When, in August, the House of Representatives voted for a $25 billion grant to the U.S. Postal Service for the expected surge in mail voting, Trump blocked funding, saying he wanted to prevent any increase in voting by mail.[613] He repeatedly refused to say whether he would accept the results of the election and commit to a peaceful transition of power if he lost.[614][615]
Biden won the election on November 3, receiving 81.3 million votes (51.3 percent) to Trump's 74.2 million (46.8 percent)[616][617] and 306 Electoral College votes to Trump's 232.[618]
False claims of voting fraud, attempt to prevent presidential transition
Further information: Big lie § Donald Trump's false claims of a stolen election, Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election, 2020–21 United States election protests, and Election denial movement in the United States
Electoral college map, depicting Trump winning many states in the South and Rocky Mountains and Biden winning many states in the Northeast, Midwest, and Pacific West
2020 Electoral College results; Trump lost 232–306.
At 2 a.m. the morning after the election, with the results still unclear, Trump declared victory.[619] After Biden was projected the winner days later, Trump stated that "this election is far from over" and baselessly alleged election fraud.[620] Trump and his allies filed many legal challenges to the results, which were rejected by at least 86 judges in both the state and federal courts, including by federal judges appointed by Trump himself, finding no factual or legal basis.[621][622] Trump's unsubstantiated allegations of widespread voting fraud were also refuted by state election officials.[623] After Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) director Chris Krebs contradicted Trump's fraud allegations, Trump dismissed him on November 17.[624] On December 11, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear a case from the Texas attorney general that asked the court to overturn the election results in four states won by Biden.[625]
Trump withdrew from public activities in the weeks following the election.[626] He initially blocked government officials from cooperating in Biden's presidential transition.[627][628] After three weeks, the administrator of the General Services Administration declared Biden the "apparent winner" of the election, allowing the disbursement of transition resources to his team.[629] Trump still did not formally concede while claiming he recommended the GSA begin transition protocols.[630][631]
The Electoral College formalized Biden's victory on December 14.[618] From November to January, Trump repeatedly sought help to overturn the results of the election, personally pressuring various Republican local and state office-holders,[632] Republican state and federal legislators,[633] the Justice Department,[634] and Vice President Pence,[635] urging various actions such as replacing presidential electors, or a request for Georgia officials to "find" votes and announce a "recalculated" result.[633] On February 10, 2021, Georgia prosecutors opened a criminal investigation into Trump's efforts to subvert the election in Georgia.[636]
Trump did not attend Biden's inauguration, leaving Washington for Florida hours before.[637]
Concern about a possible coup attempt or military action
In December 2020, Newsweek reported the Pentagon was on red alert, and ranking officers had discussed what they would do if Trump decided to declare martial law. The Pentagon responded with quotes from defense leaders that the military has no role to play in the outcome of elections.[638]
When Trump moved supporters into positions of power at the Pentagon after the November 2020 election, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mark Milley and CIA director Gina Haspel became concerned about the threat of a possible coup attempt or military action against China or Iran.[639][640] Milley insisted that he should be consulted about any military orders from Trump, including the use of nuclear weapons, and he instructed Haspel and NSA director Paul Nakasone to monitor developments closely.[641][642]
January 6 Capitol attack
Main article: January 6 United States Capitol attack
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the January 6 United States Capitol attack.
On January 6, 2021, while congressional certification of the presidential election results was taking place in the U.S. Capitol, Trump held a noon rally at the Ellipse, Washington, D.C.. He called for the election result to be overturned and urged his supporters to "take back our country" by marching to the Capitol to "show strength" and "fight like hell".[643][644] Many supporters did, joining a crowd already there. Around 2:15 p.m. the mob broke into the building, disrupting certification and causing the evacuation of Congress.[645] During the violence, Trump watched TV and posted messages on Twitter without asking the rioters to disperse. At 6 p.m., Trump tweeted that the rioters should "go home with love & in peace", calling them "great patriots" and "very special" and repeating that the election was stolen from him.[646] After the mob was removed from the Capitol, Congress reconvened and confirmed the Biden election win in the early hours of the following morning.[647] According to the Department of Justice, more than 140 police officers were injured, and five people died.[648][649]
In March 2023, Trump collaborated with incarcerated rioters on a song to benefit the prisoners, and, in June, he said that, if elected, he would pardon a large number of them.[650]
Second impeachment
Main articles: Second impeachment of Donald Trump and Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump
Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi seated at a table and surrounded by public officials. She is signing the second impeachment of Trump.
Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi signing the second impeachment of Trump
On January 11, 2021, an article of impeachment charging Trump with incitement of insurrection against the U.S. government was introduced to the House.[651] The House voted 232–197 to impeach Trump on January 13, making him the first U.S. president to be impeached twice.[652] Ten Republicans voted for the impeachment—the most members of a party ever to vote to impeach a president of their own party.[653]
On February 13, following a five-day Senate trial, Trump was acquitted when the Senate voted 57–43 for conviction, falling ten votes short of the two-thirds majority required to convict; seven Republicans joined every Democrat in voting to convict, the most bipartisan support in any Senate impeachment trial of a president or former president.[654][655] Most Republicans voted to acquit Trump, although some held him responsible but felt the Senate did not have jurisdiction over former presidents (Trump had left office on January 20; the Senate voted 56–44 that the trial was constitutional);[656] included in the latter group was Mitch McConnell.[657]
Post-presidency (2021–present)
See also: Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump and Legal affairs of Donald Trump as president
At the end of his term, Trump went to live at his Mar-a-Lago club.[658] As provided for by the Former Presidents Act,[659] he established an office there to handle his post-presidential activities.[659][660]
Trump's false claims concerning the 2020 election were commonly referred to as the "big lie" in the press and by his critics. In May 2021, Trump and his supporters attempted to co-opt the term, using it to refer to the election itself.[661][662] The Republican Party used Trump's false election narrative to justify the imposition of new voting restrictions in its favor.[662][663] As late as July 2022, Trump was still pressuring state legislators to overturn the 2020 election by rescinding the state's electoral votes for Biden.[664]
Trump resumed his campaign-style rallies with an 85-minute speech at the annual North Carolina Republican Party convention on June 6, 2021.[665][666] On June 26, he held his first public rally since the January 6 rally that preceded the riot at the Capitol.[667]
Unlike other former presidents, Trump continued to dominate his party; he has been described as a modern-day party boss. He continued fundraising, raising more than twice as much as the Republican Party itself, hinted at a third candidacy, and profited from fundraisers many Republican candidates held at Mar-a-Lago. Much of his focus was on how elections are run and on ousting election officials who had resisted his attempts to overturn the 2020 elections results. In the 2022 midterm elections he endorsed over 200 candidates for various offices, most of whom supported his false claim that the 2020 presidential election was stolen from him.[668][669][670]
In February 2021, Trump registered a new company, Trump Media & Technology Group (TMTG), for providing "social networking services" to U.S. customers.[671][672] In March 2024, TMTG merged with special-purpose acquisition company Digital World Acquisition and became a public company.[673]
In February 2022, TMTG launched Truth Social, a social-media platform.[674] As of March 2023, Trump Media, which had taken $8 million from Russia-connected entities, was being investigated by federal prosecutors for possible money laundering.[675][676]
Investigations, criminal charges, civil lawsuits
Trump is the subject of numerous probes into his actions and business dealings before, during and after his presidency.[677] In February 2021, the district attorney for Fulton County, Georgia, Fani Willis, announced a criminal probe into Trump's phone calls to Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger.[678] The New York State Attorney General's Office is conducting criminal investigations into Trump's business activities in conjunction with the Manhattan District Attorney's Office.[679] By May 2021, a special grand jury was considering indictments.[680][681] In July 2021, New York prosecutors charged the Trump Organization with a "15 year 'scheme to defraud' the government".[682] In January 2023, the organization's chief financial officer, Allen Weisselberg, was sentenced to five months in jail and five years probation for tax fraud after a plea deal.[683]
FBI investigations
Main articles: FBI investigation into Donald Trump's handling of government documents, FBI search of Mar-a-Lago, and Smith special counsel investigation
Classified intelligence material found during search of Mar-a-Lago
When Trump left the White House in January 2021, he took government documents and material with him to Mar-a-Lago. By May 2021, the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), the federal agency that preserves government records, realized that important documents had not been turned over to them at the end of Trump's term and asked his office to locate them. In January 2022, they retrieved 15 boxes of White House records from Mar-a-Lago. NARA later informed the Department of Justice that some of the retrieved documents were classified material.[684] The Justice Department began an investigation in April 2022 and convened a grand jury.[685] The Justice Department sent Trump a subpoena for additional material on May 11.[684] On June 3, Justice Department officials visited Mar-a-Lago and received some classified documents from Trump's lawyers.[684] One of the lawyers signed a statement affirming that all material marked as classified had been returned to the government.[686] Later that month an additional subpoena was sent requesting surveillance footage from Mar-a-Lago, which was provided.[684][687][688]
On August 8, 2022, FBI agents searched Trump's residence, office, and storage areas at Mar-a-Lago to recover government documents and material Trump had taken with him when he left office in violation of the Presidential Records Act,[689][690] reportedly including some related to nuclear weapons.[688] The search warrant, authorized by U.S. Attorney General Merrick Garland and approved by a federal magistrate judge, and the written inventory of the seized items were made public on August 12. The text of the search warrant indicates an investigation of potential violations of the Espionage Act and obstruction of justice laws.[691] The items taken in the search included 11 sets of classified documents, four of them tagged as "top secret" and one as "top secret/SCI", the highest level of classification.[689][690]
On November 18, 2022, Garland appointed a special counsel, federal prosecutor Jack Smith, to oversee the federal criminal investigations into Trump retaining government property at Mar-a-Lago and examining Trump's role in the events leading up to the January 6, 2021, Capitol attack.[692][693]
Criminal referral by the House January 6 Committee
Main article: United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack
On December 19, 2022, the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack recommended criminal charges against Trump for obstructing an official proceeding, conspiracy to defraud the United States, and inciting or assisting an insurrection.[694]
Federal and state criminal cases against Trump
New York prosecution for falsifying business records
Main article: Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York
On March 30, 2023, a New York grand jury indicted Trump on 34 felony counts of falsifying business records.[695][696] On April 4, he surrendered and was arrested and arraigned; he pleaded not guilty on all counts and was released.[697] The trial is scheduled to begin on March 25, 2024.[698]
Government and classified documents case
Main article: Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (classified documents case)
On June 8, the Justice Department indicted Trump in Miami federal court for 31 counts of "willfully retaining national defense information under the Espionage Act", one count of making false statements, and, jointly with a personal aide, single counts of conspiracy to obstruct justice, withholding government documents, corruptly concealing records, concealing a document in a federal investigation and scheming to conceal their efforts.[699] Trump pleaded not guilty to all charges.[700] In July a superseding indictment added three additional criminal charges, bringing the number of charges in the case to 40.[701] The trial is scheduled to begin on May 20, 2024.[698]
Election obstruction case
Main article: Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)
On August 1, a Washington, D.C., federal grand jury indicted Trump on four counts for his efforts to overturn the 2020 election results. He was charged with conspiring with unnamed co-conspirators to defraud the U.S., obstruct the certification of the Electoral College vote, and deprive people of the civil right to have their votes counted, as well as obstructing an official proceeding.[702] Trump pleaded not guilty.[703]
Georgia election interference case
Main article: Georgia election racketeering prosecution
On August 14, a Fulton County, Georgia, grand jury indicted Trump on 13 charges for – among other felonies – racketeering after Trump campaign officials accessed voting machines with election officials.[704][705] On August 24, Trump surrendered, was placed under arrest and processed at Fulton County Jail and released on bail. He posted the mug shot on Twitter and on his campaign website with a fundraising pitch.[706] On August 31, he pleaded not guilty.[707] On March 13, 2024, the judge dismissed three of the 13 charges against Trump without dismissing the "overt acts tied to charges".[708]
Civil lawsuits against Trump
New York State's civil fraud case
Main article: New York civil investigation of The Trump Organization
In September 2022, the New York State Attorney General filed a civil fraud case against Trump, his three oldest children, and the Trump Organization.[709] In December 2021, the Attorney General's office had subpoenaed Trump to produce documents related to his business.[710] In April 2022, a New York state judge held Trump in contempt of court for failing to comply with the subpoena and imposed a fine of $10,000 per day until he does.[711] Trump was deposed in August and invoked his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination more than 400 times.[712] The judge presiding over the civil suit ruled in September 2023 that Trump, his adult sons and the Trump Organization repeatedly committed fraud and ordered their New York business certificates canceled and their business entities sent into receivership for dissolution.[713]
In February 2024, the court found Trump liable, ordered him to pay a penalty of more than $350 million plus interest, for a total exceeding $450 million, and barred him from serving as an officer or director of any New York corporation or legal entity for three years. Trump said he would appeal the verdict. The judge also ordered the company to be overseen by the monitor appointed by the court in 2023 and an independent director of compliance, and that any "restructuring and potential dissolution" would be the decision of the monitor.[714]
E. Jean Carroll's lawsuits
Main article: E. Jean Carroll v. Donald J. Trump
In May 2023, a New York jury in a federal lawsuit brought by journalist E. Jean Carroll found Trump liable for sexual abuse and defamation and ordered him to pay her $5 million.[715] Trump asked the district court for a new trial or a reduction of the damage award, arguing that the jury had not found him liable for rape, and also, in a separate lawsuit, countersued Carroll for defamation. The judge for the two lawsuits ruled against Trump in July and August.[716][717] Trump appealed both decisions to an appeals court.[716][718] On January 26, 2024, the jury in the defamation case ordered Trump to pay Carroll $83.3 million in damages. Trump said he would appeal the verdict.[719]
2024 presidential campaign
Main article: Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign
On November 15, 2022, Trump announced his candidacy for the 2024 United States presidential election and set up a fundraising account.[720][721] In March 2023, the campaign began diverting 10 percent of the donations to Trump's leadership PAC which had paid $16 million for his legal bills by June 2023.[722]
In December 2023, the Colorado Supreme Court ruled that Trump was disqualified from holding office until the U.S. Supreme Court reversed the decision via Trump v. Anderson in March 2024.[723]
Public image
Main article: Public image of Donald Trump
Scholarly assessment and public approval surveys
Further information: Opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration and Historical rankings of presidents of the United States
C-SPAN ranked Trump fourth-lowest overall in their Presidential Historians Survey 2021, with Trump rated lowest in the leadership characteristics categories for moral authority and administrative skills.[1][724][725] The Siena College Research Institute's 2022 survey ranked Trump 43rd out of 45 presidents. He was ranked last on background, integrity, intelligence, foreign policy accomplishments, and executive appointments, and second-last on ability to compromise, executive ability, and present overall view. He was ranked near the bottom in all categories except for luck, willingness to take risks, and party leadership.[2]
Trump was the only president never to reach a 50 percent approval rating in the Gallup poll dating to 1938. His approval ratings showed a record-high partisan gap: 88 percent among Republicans and 7 percent among Democrats.[726] Until September 2020, the ratings were unusually stable, reaching a high of 49 percent and a low of 35 percent.[727] Trump finished his term with an approval rating between 29 and 34 percent—the lowest of any president since modern polling began—and a record-low average of 41 percent throughout his presidency.[726][728]
In Gallup's annual poll asking Americans to name the man they admire the most, Trump placed second to Obama in 2017 and 2018, tied with Obama for first in 2019, and placed first in 2020.[729][730] Since Gallup started conducting the poll in 1948, Trump is the first elected president not to be named most admired in his first year in office.[731]
A Gallup poll in 134 countries comparing the approval ratings of U.S. leadership between 2016 and 2017 found that Trump led Obama in job approval in only 29 countries, most of them non-democracies;[732] approval of U.S. leadership plummeted among allies and G7 countries. Overall ratings were similar to those in the last two years of the George W. Bush presidency.[733] By mid-2020, only 16 percent of international respondents to a 13-nation Pew Research poll expressed confidence in Trump, lower than Russia's Vladimir Putin and China's Xi Jinping.[734]
False or misleading statements
See also: False or misleading statements by Donald Trump and Big lie § Donald Trump's false claims of a stolen election
Chart depicting false or misleading claims made by Trump
Fact-checkers from The Washington Post,[735] the Toronto Star,[736] and CNN[737] compiled data on "false or misleading claims" (orange background), and "false claims" (violet foreground), respectively.
As a candidate and as president, Trump frequently made false statements in public remarks[161][157] to an extent unprecedented in American politics.[738][739] His falsehoods became a distinctive part of his political identity.[738]
Trump's false and misleading statements were documented by fact-checkers, including at The Washington Post, which tallied 30,573 false or misleading statements made by Trump over his four-year term.[735] Trump's falsehoods increased in frequency over time, rising from about six false or misleading claims per day in his first year as president to 16 per day in his second, 22 per day in his third, and 39 per day in his final year.[740]
Some of Trump's falsehoods were inconsequential, such as his claim of the "biggest inaugural crowd ever".[741][742] Others had more far-reaching effects, such as his promotion of unproven antimalarial drugs as a treatment for COVID-19,[743][744] causing a U.S. shortage of these drugs and panic-buying in Africa and South Asia.[745][746] Other misinformation, such as misattributing a rise in crime in England and Wales to the "spread of radical Islamic terror", served Trump's domestic political purposes.[747] As a matter of principle, Trump does not apologize for his falsehoods.[748]
Despite the frequency of Trump's falsehoods, the media rarely referred to them as lies.[749][750] The first time The Washington Post did so was in August 2018, when it declared that some of Trump's misstatements concerning hush money paid to Stormy Daniels and Playboy model Karen McDougal were lies.[751][750]
In 2020, Trump was a significant source of disinformation on mail-in voting and the COVID-19 pandemic.[752][753] His attacks on mail-in ballots and other election practices served to weaken public faith in the integrity of the 2020 presidential election,[754][755] while his disinformation about the pandemic delayed and weakened the national response to it.[450][752]
James Pfiffner, professor of policy and government at George Mason University, wrote in 2019 that Trump lies differently from previous presidents, because he offers "egregious false statements that are demonstrably contrary to well-known facts"; these lies are the "most important" of all Trump lies. By calling facts into question, people will be unable to properly evaluate their government, with beliefs or policy irrationally settled by "political power"; this erodes liberal democracy, wrote Pfiffner.[756]
Promotion of conspiracy theories
Main article: List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump
Before and throughout his presidency, Trump promoted numerous conspiracy theories, including Obama birtherism, the Clinton body count conspiracy theory, the conspiracy theory movement QAnon, the Global warming hoax theory, Trump Tower wiretapping allegations, a John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory involving Rafael Cruz, linking talk show host Joe Scarborough to the death of a staffer,[757] alleged foul-play in the death of Justice Antonin Scalia, alleged Ukrainian interference in U.S. elections, and that Osama bin Laden was alive and Obama and Biden had members of Navy SEAL Team 6 killed.[758][759][760][761][762] In at least two instances, Trump clarified to press that he believed the conspiracy theory in question.[760]
During and since the 2020 presidential election, Trump has promoted various conspiracy theories for his defeat including dead people voting,[763] voting machines changing or deleting Trump votes, fraudulent mail-in voting, throwing out Trump votes, and "finding" suitcases full of Biden votes.[764][765]
Incitement of violence
Research suggests Trump's rhetoric caused an increased incidence of hate crimes.[766][767] During his 2016 campaign, he urged or praised physical attacks against protesters or reporters.[768][769] Numerous defendants investigated or prosecuted for violent acts and hate crimes, including participants of the January 6, 2021, storming of the U.S. Capitol, cited Trump's rhetoric in arguing that they were not culpable or should receive leniency.[770][771] A nationwide review by ABC News in May 2020 identified at least 54 criminal cases from August 2015 to April 2020 in which Trump was invoked in direct connection with violence or threats of violence mostly by white men and primarily against minorities.[772]
Social media
Main article: Social media use by Donald Trump
Trump's social media presence attracted worldwide attention after he joined Twitter in 2009. He tweeted frequently during the 2016 election campaign and as president until Twitter banned him in the final days of his term.[773] Trump often used Twitter to communicate directly with the public and sideline the press.[774] In June 2017, a White House press secretary said that Trump's tweets were official presidential statements.[775] Trump often announced terminations of administration officials over Twitter.[776]
After years of criticism for allowing Trump to post misinformation and falsehoods, Twitter began to tag some of his tweets with fact-checking warnings in May 2020.[777] In response, Trump tweeted that "Social Media Platforms totally silence conservative[] voices" and that he would "strongly regulate[] or close them down".[778] In the days after the storming of the Capitol, Trump was banned from Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and other platforms.[779] The loss of his social media presence diminished his ability to shape events[780][781] and prompted a dramatic decrease in the volume of misinformation shared on Twitter.[782] Trump's early attempts to re-establish a social media presence were unsuccessful.[783] In February 2022, he launched social media platform Truth Social where he only attracted a fraction of his Twitter following.[784] Elon Musk, the new owner of Twitter, reinstated Trump's Twitter account in November 2022.[785]
Relationship with the press
Further information: Presidency of Donald Trump § Relationship with the news media
Trump, seated at the Resolute Desk in the White House, speaking to a crowd of reporters with boom microphones in front of him and public officials behind him
Trump talking to the press, March 2017
Trump sought media attention throughout his career, sustaining a "love–hate" relationship with the press.[786] In the 2016 campaign, Trump benefited from a record amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.[154] The New York Times writer Amy Chozick wrote in 2018 that Trump's media dominance enthralled the public and created "must-see TV."[787]
As a candidate and as president, Trump frequently accused the press of bias, calling it the "fake news media" and "the enemy of the people".[788] In 2018, journalist Lesley Stahl recounted Trump's saying he intentionally discredited the media "so when you write negative stories about me no one will believe you".[789]
As president, Trump mused about revoking the press credentials of journalists he viewed as critical.[790] His administration moved to revoke the press passes of two White House reporters, which were restored by the courts.[791] The Trump White House held about a hundred formal press briefings in 2017, declining by half during 2018 and to two in 2019.[791]
Trump also deployed the legal system to intimidate the press.[792] In early 2020, the Trump campaign sued The New York Times, The Washington Post, and CNN for defamation in opinion pieces about Russian election interference.[793][794] Legal experts said that the lawsuits lacked merit and were not likely to succeed.[792][795] By March 2021, the lawsuits against The New York Times and CNN had been dismissed.[796][797]
Racial views
Main article: Racial views of Donald Trump
Many of Trump's comments and actions have been considered racist.[798][799] In national polling, about half of respondents said that Trump is racist; a greater proportion believed that he emboldened racists.[800][801] Several studies and surveys found that racist attitudes fueled Trump's political ascent and were more important than economic factors in determining the allegiance of Trump voters.[802][803] Racist and Islamophobic attitudes are a powerful indicator of support for Trump.[804]
In 1975, he settled a 1973 Department of Justice lawsuit that alleged housing discrimination against black renters.[49] He has also been accused of racism for insisting a group of black and Latino teenagers were guilty of raping a white woman in the 1989 Central Park jogger case, even after they were exonerated by DNA evidence in 2002. As of 2019, he maintained this position.[805]
In 2011, when he was reportedly considering a presidential run, he became the leading proponent of the racist "birther" conspiracy theory, alleging that Barack Obama, the first black U.S. president, was not born in the U.S.[806][807] In April, he claimed credit for pressuring the White House to publish the "long-form" birth certificate, which he considered fraudulent, and later said this made him "very popular".[808][809] In September 2016, amid pressure, he acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S.[810] In 2017, he reportedly expressed birther views privately.[811]
According to an analysis in Political Science Quarterly, Trump made "explicitly racist appeals to whites" during his 2016 presidential campaign.[812] In particular, his campaign launch speech drew widespread criticism for claiming Mexican immigrants were "bringing drugs, they're bringing crime, they're rapists".[813][814] His later comments about a Mexican-American judge presiding over a civil suit regarding Trump University were also criticized as racist.[815]
Trump answers questions from reporters about the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville.
Trump's comments on the 2017 Unite the Right rally, condemning "this egregious display of hatred, bigotry and violence on many sides" and stating that there were "very fine people on both sides", were widely criticized as implying a moral equivalence between the white supremacist demonstrators and the counter-protesters.[816][817][818][819]
In a January 2018 discussion of immigration legislation, Trump reportedly referred to El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, and African nations as "shithole countries".[820] His remarks were condemned as racist.[821][822]
In July 2019, Trump tweeted that four Democratic congresswomen—all from minorities, three of whom are native-born Americans—should "go back" to the countries they "came from".[823] Two days later the House of Representatives voted 240–187, mostly along party lines, to condemn his "racist comments".[824] White nationalist publications and social media praised his remarks, which continued over the following days.[825] Trump continued to make similar remarks during his 2020 campaign.[826]
Misogyny and allegations of sexual misconduct
Main article: Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations
Trump has a history of insulting and belittling women when speaking to media and on social media.[827][828] He made lewd comments, disparaged women's physical appearances, and referred to them using derogatory epithets.[828][829][830] At least 26 women publicly accused Trump of rape, kissing, and groping without consent; looking under women's skirts; and walking in on naked teenage pageant contestants.[831][832][833] Trump has denied all of the allegations.[833]
In October 2016, two days before the second presidential debate, a 2005 "hot mic" recording surfaced in which Trump was heard bragging about kissing and groping women without their consent, saying that "when you're a star, they let you do it. You can do anything. ... Grab 'em by the pussy."[834] The incident's widespread media exposure led to Trump's first public apology during the campaign[835] and caused outrage across the political spectrum.[836]
Popular culture
Main articles: Donald Trump in popular culture and Donald Trump in music
See also: Musicians who oppose Donald Trump's use of their music
Trump has been the subject of comedy and caricature on television, in films, and in comics. He was named in hundreds of hip hop songs from 1989 until 2015; most of these cast Trump in a positive light, but they turned largely negative after he began running for office.[837]
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Reston, Maeve (July 2, 2020). "The Conspiracy-Theorist-in-Chief clears the way for fringe candidates to become mainstream". CNN. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
Perkins, Tom (November 18, 2020). "The dead voter conspiracy theory peddled by Trump voters, debunked". The Guardian. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
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White, Daniel (February 1, 2016). "Donald Trump Tells Crowd To "Knock the Crap Out Of" Hecklers". Time. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
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Helderman, Rosalind S.; Hsu, Spencer S.; Weiner, Rachel (January 16, 2021). "'Trump said to do so': Accounts of rioters who say the president spurred them to rush the Capitol could be pivotal testimony". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
Levine, Mike (May 30, 2020). "'No Blame?' ABC News finds 54 cases invoking 'Trump' in connection with violence, threats, alleged assaults". ABC News. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
Conger, Kate; Isaac, Mike (January 16, 2021). "Inside Twitter's Decision to Cut Off Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
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Landers, Elizabeth (June 6, 2017). "White House: Trump's tweets are 'official statements'". CNN. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
Diehm, Jan; Petulla, Sam; Wolf, Zachary B. (October 21, 2019). "Who has left Trump's administration and orbit?". CNN. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
Dwoskin, Elizabeth (May 27, 2020). "Twitter labels Trump's tweets with a fact check for the first time". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
Dwoskin, Elizabeth (May 27, 2020). "Trump lashes out at social media companies after Twitter labels tweets with fact checks". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
Fischer, Sara; Gold, Ashley (January 11, 2021). "All the platforms that have banned or restricted Trump so far". Axios. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
Timberg, Craig (January 14, 2021). "Twitter ban reveals that tech companies held keys to Trump's power all along". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
Alba, Davey; Koeze, Ella; Silver, Jacob (June 7, 2021). "What Happened When Trump Was Banned on Social Media". The New York Times. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
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Harwell, Drew; Dawsey, Josh (June 2, 2021). "Trump ends blog after 29 days, infuriated by measly readership". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
Harwell, Drew; Dawsey, Josh (November 7, 2022). "Trump once reconsidered sticking with Truth Social. Now he's stuck". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
Mac, Ryan; Browning, Kellen (November 19, 2022). "Elon Musk Reinstates Trump's Twitter Account". The New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2022.
Parnes, Amie (April 28, 2018). "Trump's love-hate relationship with the press". The Hill. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
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Thomsen, Jacqueline (May 22, 2018). "'60 Minutes' correspondent: Trump said he attacks the press so no one believes negative coverage". The Hill. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
Stelter, Brian; Collins, Kaitlan (May 9, 2018). "Trump's latest shot at the press corps: 'Take away credentials?'". CNN Money. Archived from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
Grynbaum, Michael M. (December 30, 2019). "After Another Year of Trump Attacks, 'Ominous Signs' for the American Press". The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
Geltzer, Joshua A.; Katyal, Neal K. (March 11, 2020). "The True Danger of the Trump Campaign's Defamation Lawsuits". The Atlantic. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
Folkenflik, David (March 3, 2020). "Trump 2020 Sues 'Washington Post,' Days After 'N.Y. Times' Defamation Suit". NPR. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
Flood, Brian; Singman, Brooke (March 6, 2020). "Trump campaign sues CNN over 'false and defamatory' statements, seeks millions in damages". Fox News. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
Wise, Justin (March 8, 2020). "Trump escalates fight against press with libel lawsuits". The Hill. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
Darcy, Oliver (November 12, 2020). "Judge dismisses Trump campaign's lawsuit against CNN". CNN. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
Klasfeld, Adam (March 9, 2021). "Judge Throws Out Trump Campaign's Defamation Lawsuit Against New York Times Over Russia 'Quid Pro Quo' Op-Ed". Law and Crime. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
Multiple sources:
Lopez, German (February 14, 2019). "Donald Trump's long history of racism, from the 1970s to 2019". Vox. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
Desjardins, Lisa (January 12, 2018). "Every moment in Trump's charged relationship with race". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Dawsey, Josh (January 11, 2018). "Trump's history of making offensive comments about nonwhite immigrants". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Weaver, Aubree Eliza (January 12, 2018). "Trump's 'shithole' comment denounced across the globe". Politico. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Stoddard, Ed; Mfula, Chris (January 12, 2018). "Africa calls Trump racist after 'shithole' remark". Reuters. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
"Trump: 'I am the least racist person there is anywhere in the world' – video". The Guardian. July 30, 2019. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
Cummins, William (July 31, 2019). "A majority of voters say President Donald Trump is a racist, Quinnipiac University poll finds". USA Today. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
"Harsh Words For U.S. Family Separation Policy, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Voters Have Dim View Of Trump, Dems On Immigration". Quinnipiac University Polling Institute. July 3, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
McElwee, Sean; McDaniel, Jason (May 8, 2017). "Economic Anxiety Didn't Make People Vote Trump, Racism Did". The Nation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Lopez, German (December 15, 2017). "The past year of research has made it very clear: Trump won because of racial resentment". Vox. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
Lajevardi, Nazita; Oskooii, Kassra A. R. (2018). "Old-Fashioned Racism, Contemporary Islamophobia, and the Isolation of Muslim Americans in the Age of Trump". Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics. 3 (1): 112–152. doi:10.1017/rep.2017.37.
Bohlen, Celestine (May 12, 1989). "The Park Attack, Weeks Later: An Anger That Will Not Let Go". The New York Times. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
John, Arit (June 23, 2020). "From birtherism to 'treason': Trump's false allegations against Obama". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
Farley, Robert (February 14, 2011). "Donald Trump says people who went to school with Obama never saw him". PolitiFact. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
Madison, Lucy (April 27, 2011). "Trump takes credit for Obama birth certificate release, but wonders 'is it real?'". CBS News. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
Keneally, Meghan (September 18, 2015). "Donald Trump's History of Raising Birther Questions About President Obama". ABC News. Retrieved August 27, 2016.
Haberman, Maggie; Rappeport, Alan (September 16, 2016). "Trump Drops False 'Birther' Theory, but Floats a New One: Clinton Started It". The New York Times. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
Haberman, Maggie; Martin, Jonathan (November 28, 2017). "Trump Once Said the 'Access Hollywood' Tape Was Real. Now He's Not Sure". The New York Times. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
Schaffner, Brian F.; Macwilliams, Matthew; Nteta, Tatishe (March 2018). "Understanding White Polarization in the 2016 Vote for President: The Sobering Role of Racism and Sexism". Political Science Quarterly. 133 (1): 9–34. doi:10.1002/polq.12737.
Reilly, Katie (August 31, 2016). "Here Are All the Times Donald Trump Insulted Mexico". Time. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Wolf, Z. Byron (April 6, 2018). "Trump basically called Mexicans rapists again". CNN. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
Steinhauer, Jennifer; Martin, Jonathan; Herszenhorn, David M. (June 7, 2016). "Paul Ryan Calls Donald Trump's Attack on Judge 'Racist', but Still Backs Him". The New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Merica, Dan (August 26, 2017). "Trump: 'Both sides' to blame for Charlottesville". CNN. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Johnson, Jenna; Wagner, John (August 12, 2017). "Trump condemns Charlottesville violence but doesn't single out white nationalists". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
Kessler, Glenn (May 8, 2020). "The 'very fine people' at Charlottesville: Who were they?". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
Holan, Angie Dobric (April 26, 2019). "In Context: Donald Trump's 'very fine people on both sides' remarks (transcript)". PolitiFact. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
Beauchamp, Zack (January 11, 2018). "Trump's "shithole countries" comment exposes the core of Trumpism". Vox. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Weaver, Aubree Eliza (January 12, 2018). "Trump's 'shithole' comment denounced across the globe". Politico. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Wintour, Patrick; Burke, Jason; Livsey, Anna (January 13, 2018). "'There's no other word but racist': Trump's global rebuke for 'shithole' remark". The Guardian. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Rogers, Katie; Fandos, Nicholas (July 14, 2019). "Trump Tells Congresswomen to 'Go Back' to the Countries They Came From". The New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
Mak, Tim (July 16, 2019). "House Votes To Condemn Trump's 'Racist Comments'". NPR. Retrieved July 17, 2019.
Simon, Mallory; Sidner, Sara (July 16, 2019). "Trump said 'many people agree' with his racist tweets. These white supremacists certainly do". CNN. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
Choi, Matthew (September 22, 2020). "'She's telling us how to run our country': Trump again goes after Ilhan Omar's Somali roots". Politico. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
Rothe, Dawn L.; Collins, Victoria E. (November 17, 2019). "Turning Back the Clock? Violence against Women and the Trump Administration". Victims & Offenders. 14 (8): 965–978. doi:10.1080/15564886.2019.1671284.
Shear, Michael D.; Sullivan, Eileen (October 16, 2018). "'Horseface,' 'Lowlife,' 'Fat, Ugly': How the President Demeans Women". The New York Times. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
Prasad, Ritu (November 29, 2019). "How Trump talks about women – and does it matter?". BBC News. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
Fieldstadt, Elisha (October 9, 2016). "Donald Trump Consistently Made Lewd Comments on 'The Howard Stern Show'". NBC News. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
Nelson, Libby; McGann, Laura (June 21, 2019). "E. Jean Carroll joins at least 21 other women in publicly accusing Trump of sexual assault or misconduct". Vox. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
Rupar, Aaron (October 9, 2019). "Trump faces a new allegation of sexually assaulting a woman at Mar-a-Lago". Vox. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
Osborne, Lucy (September 17, 2020). "'It felt like tentacles': the women who accuse Trump of sexual misconduct". The Guardian. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
Timm, Jane C. (October 7, 2016). "Trump caught on hot mic making lewd comments about women in 2005". NBC News. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
Burns, Alexander; Haberman, Maggie; Martin, Jonathan (October 7, 2016). "Donald Trump Apology Caps Day of Outrage Over Lewd Tape". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
Hagen, Lisa (October 7, 2016). "Kaine on lewd Trump tapes: 'Makes me sick to my stomach'". The Hill. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
McCann, Allison (July 14, 2016). "Hip-Hop Is Turning On Donald Trump". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
Works cited
Blair, Gwenda (2015) [2001]. The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5011-3936-9.
Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6.
O'Donnell, John R.; Rutherford, James (1991). Trumped!. Crossroad Press Trade Edition. ISBN 978-1-946025-26-5.
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Historic Trump mugshot released after arrest in Atlanta, Georgia
Published
25 August 2023
Related Topics
US election 2024
Mugshot of Donald TrumpImage source, FULTON COUNTY SHERIFF'S OFFICE
By Max Matza & Kayla Epstein
BBC News, Atlanta
Donald Trump has surrendered in Georgia on charges of plotting to overturn the state's 2020 election results in an arrest that saw the first ever mugshot of a former US president.
Mr Trump had to pay a bail bond of $200,000 (£160,000) to be released from the Atlanta jail while he awaits trial.
Afterwards, he described the case as "a travesty of justice".
It was his fourth arrest in five months in a criminal case, but this was his first police booking photo.
Mr Trump later posted on X, formerly known as Twitter, for the first time since January 2021. He shared the address of his website and the mugshot with an all-capital letters caption: "Election interference. Never surrender!"
He joins the ranks of American public figures who have had arrest booking photos, including Frank Sinatra, Al Capone and Dr Martin Luther King Jr.
Trump's mugshot already a campaign symbol
Smirk, don't smile: The art of a good mugshot
Americans react: 'He looks very upset and actually disgusted.'
Mr Trump argues the cases against him are politically motivated because he is leading the Republican race to challenge President Joe Biden, a Democrat, in next year's presidential election.
The first former or serving US president ever to be indicted, he made the round trip from New Jersey on his private jet on Thursday afternoon.
Mr Trump was whisked to Fulton County Jail by a more substantial motorcade than he has used for previous court appearances this year.
Media caption,
Watch: Trump surrenders at Georgia jail...in 74 seconds
He was inside the facility for around 20 minutes. Dozens of his supporters gathered outside.
Records posted on the jail's website described Mr Trump as a white male, 6ft 3in, and weighing 215lbs (97kg), with blond or strawberry hair and blue eyes. His inmate number was P01135809.
Inside notorious Atlanta jail where Trump surrendered
A very simple guide to Trump's indictments
Before heading home he told reporters at the airport that he was entitled to challenge the result of a vote.
"I thought the election was a rigged election, a stolen election," said Mr Trump, who often makes unfounded claims of widespread ballot fraud in 2020. "And I should have every right to do that.
Mr Trump was charged last week alongside 18 co-defendants with meddling in Georgia's election results following his loss to Mr Biden by fewer than 12,000 votes in that state.
From clockwise: Ray Smith, Cathy Latham, Rudy Giuliani, Kenneth Chesebro, Harrison Floyd, Sidney Powell, Mark Meadows, Jenna EllisImage source, Fulton County Sheriff's Office
Image caption,
Clockwise from top left: Ray Smith, Cathy Latham, Rudy Giuliani, Kenneth Chesebro, Harrison Floyd, Sidney Powell, Mark Meadows, Jenna Ellis
The former president was heard in a phone call pressuring Georgia's top election official to "find 11,780 votes" during the ballot count.
Among the 13 charges Mr Trump faces are racketeering, soliciting a public official to violate his oath of office, conspiracy to impersonate a public officer, conspiracy to commit forgery and making false statements.
He denies all the counts against him.
Each of his 18 alleged co-conspirators has been booked at Fulton County Jail in recent days ahead of a Friday deadline set by prosecutors. The list includes former New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani and former White House Chief of Staff Mark Meadows.
One of Mr Trump's co-defendants - the leader of Black Voices for Trump, Harrison Floyd - is being held in custody after turning himself in on Thursday without a bail agreement, court officials say.
A Georgia judge granted a speedy trial request to another co-defendant, attorney Kenneth Chesebro. His case is now due to begin on 23 October.
Just hours before turning himself in, Mr Trump replaced his leading defence lawyer, Drew Findling, with veteran Atlanta criminal defence attorney Steven Sadow.
One of the conditions of Mr Trump's bail release is that he refrain from any comments, on social media or otherwise, that are intended to "intimidate" witnesses or co-defendants. He is also not allowed to have any communication with the other co-defendants, except through his lawyers.
Marsha and Cathy, supporters of former US President Donald Trump, rest in a shade near the entrance of the Fulton County JailImage source, Reuters
Image caption,
Trump supporters Marsha and Cathy outside Fulton County Jail
Before arriving in Georgia, Mr Trump continued to criticise the prosecutor bringing the charges, Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis, a Democrat, who he accuses of trying to sabotage his White House campaign.
Posting on his Truth Social platform, he blamed Ms Willis for murder and violent crime in Atlanta, writing that "people are afraid to go outside to buy a loaf of bread".
The latest police figures indicate that homicides in Atlanta have decreased by about a quarter since last year. Murders in the city spiked during the pandemic, as they did in most major US cities, but they are far from the levels seen in the 1990s.
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2024 United States presidential election
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For related races, see 2024 United States elections.
2024 United States presidential election
← 2020 November 5, 2024 2028 →
538 members of the Electoral College
270 electoral votes needed to win
Opinion polls
Nominee Joe Biden
(presumptive) Donald Trump
(presumptive)
Party Democratic Republican
Home state Delaware Florida
Running mate Kamala Harris
(presumptive) TBA
2024 electoral map, based on the results of the 2020 census
Incumbent President
Joe Biden
Democratic
2024 U.S. presidential election
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The 2024 United States presidential election will be the 60th quadrennial presidential election, set to be held on Tuesday, November 5, 2024.[1] Voters will elect a president and vice president for a term of four years. Incumbent President Joe Biden, a member of the Democratic Party, is running for re-election.[2] His predecessor Donald Trump, a member of the Republican Party, is running for re-election for a second, non-consecutive term.[3] This will mark the seventh presidential rematch in American history and the first since 1956. If Trump wins, he would become the second president to serve a non-consecutive term, the first being Grover Cleveland.
The winner of this election is scheduled to be inaugurated on January 20, 2025. It will occur at the same time as elections relating to the U.S. Senate, House, gubernatorial, and state legislative. On March 12, Biden and Trump became the presumptive nominees for the Democratic and Republican parties respectively by clinching a majority of delegates, although they have yet to be confirmed at the nominating conventions.[4] Robert F. Kennedy Jr. emerged as the highest-polling third-party presidential candidate since Ross Perot[5] in the 1992 and 1996 elections, running as an independent.[6][7][8]
Abortion,[9][10] immigration, healthcare,[11] education,[12] the economy,[13] foreign policy,[14] border security,[15] LGBT rights,[16] climate change,[17] and democracy[18][19][20] are expected to be leading campaign issues.
Background
Procedure
Main article: United States presidential election § Procedure
Article Two of the United States Constitution states that for a person to serve as president, the individual must be a natural-born citizen of the United States, be at least 35 years old, and have been a United States resident for at least 14 years. The Twenty-second Amendment forbids any person from being elected president more than twice. Major party candidates seek the nomination through a series of primary elections that select the delegates who choose the candidate at the party's national convention. Each party's national convention chooses a vice presidential running mate to form that party's ticket. The nominee for president usually picks the running mate, who is then ratified by the delegates at the party's convention.
The general election in November is an indirect election, in which voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College; these electors then directly elect the president and vice president.[21]
Election offices are dealing with increased workloads and public scrutiny, so officials in many key states have sought for more funds to hire more personnel, improve security, and extend training. This demand emerges at a moment when numerous election offices are dealing with an increase in retirements and a flood of public record demands, owing in part to the electoral mistrust planted by former President Donald Trump's loss in the 2020 election. Both Biden and Trump are running for president in 2024, suggesting a potential rematch of the 2020 election, which would be the first presidential rematch since 1956.[22] If Trump is elected, he would become the second president to win a second non-consecutive term, joining Grover Cleveland who did so in 1892.[23]
The Colorado Supreme Court,[24] a state Circuit Court in Illinois,[25] and the Secretary of State of Maine[26] ruled that Trump is ineligible to hold office under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution for his role in the January 6 Capitol attack, and as such, attempted to disqualify him from appearing on the ballot.[27][26] However, on March 4, the United States Supreme Court unanimously ruled that states cannot determine eligibility for a national election under Section 3.[28]
Election interference
Main article: Election interference
Further information: Republican efforts to restrict voting following the 2020 presidential election, Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election, January 6 United States Capitol attack, and Big lie § Donald Trump's false claims of a stolen election
Donald Trump did not concede to Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election, citing false claims of voter fraud, and has continued denying the election results as of February 2024.[29][30] Election security experts have warned that officials who deny the legitimacy of the 2020 presidential election may attempt to impede the voting process or refuse to certify the 2024 election results.[31]
Polling before the election has indicated profound dissatisfaction with the state of American democracy.[32][33][34] Liberals tend to believe that conservatives are threatening the country with autocratic tendencies and their attempts to overturn the 2020 election.[35] Many Republicans are concerned with attempts to prevent former President Trump from holding public office by any means necessary, including impeachment and indictment.[36]
Electoral map
Effects of the 2020 census
Main article: 2020 United States redistricting cycle
This will be the first U.S. presidential election to occur after the reapportionment of votes in the United States Electoral College following the 2020 United States census.[37][38] If the results of the 2020 election were to stay the same (which has never occurred in the history of presidential elections) in 2024, Democrats would have 303 electoral votes against the Republicans' 235, a slight change from Biden's 306 electoral votes and Trump's 232, meaning that Democrats lost a net of 3 electoral votes to the reapportionment process. This apportionment of electoral college votes will remain only through the 2028 election. Reapportionment will be conducted again after the 2030 United States census.[39]
Historical background
Further information: Red states and blue states
Expected partisan lean of the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia on the presidential level. The shading of each state denotes the winner's two-party vote share, averaged between the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections. States that flipped in 2020 are colored gray.
In recent presidential elections, most states are not competitive due to demographics keeping them solidly behind one of the major parties. Because of the nature of the Electoral College, this means that the various swing states — competitive states that "swing" between the Democratic and Republican parties — are vital to winning the presidency. As of now, these include states in the Rust Belt, such as Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, and states in the Sun Belt, such as Nevada, Arizona, and Georgia.[40] North Carolina may also be considered a battleground state, due to the close result in the previous presidential election, in which Trump only won by 1.34%.[41] Due to gradual demographic shifts, some former swing states such as Iowa, Ohio and Florida have shifted significantly towards the Republicans, favoring them in future statewide and local elections. Meanwhile, states like Colorado, New Mexico and Virginia have moved noticeably towards the Democrats, and the party has become the dominant political force there.[42][43][44]
The Democratic electoral coalition, securing the "blue states" for Democratic presidential candidates, performs best among Jewish and Black voters;[45][46] Whites who have attended college[47] or live in urban areas.[48] Working class voters were also a mainstay of the Democratic coalition since the days of the New Deal, but since the 1970s, many have defected to Republicans as the Democratic Party moved significantly to the left on cultural issues.[49] Conversely, the traditional Republican coalition that dominates many "red states" is mainly composed of rural White voters, evangelicals, the elderly, and non-college educated voters.[50] Republicans have also historically performed well with suburban, middle class voters since the 1950s, but this bloc has drifted away from them in recent years due to the rise of the Tea Party movement and later the Make America Great Again movement.[51] The acceleration of this trend has been credited with tipping the 2020 presidential election in favor of Democrat Joe Biden, because the incumbent Trump was historically unpopular in the suburbs for a Republican candidate, underperforming there significantly.[52]
Some polling for this election has indicated that Democratic strength among Hispanic, Asian, Arab, and youth voters appears to have somewhat eroded, while Republicans' durability with Whites and voters over the age of 65 also appears to be slipping.[53][54][55][56][57] However, some political analysts[58] have argued that these apparent trends in polling are not representative of the actual electorate, and are a polling mirage resulting from poor sampling months before the election, large numbers of voters who do not think the election will be between Biden and Trump,[59] and heavy non-response bias.[60][61][62][63] Other pollsters, such as YouGov, have shown no statistically significant generational or racial depolarization among the electorate.[64][65]
Independent and third-party voting
Main article: List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections
Campaign issues
See also: 2024 United States elections § Issues
Abortion
Main article: Abortion in the United States
Abortion access is expected to be a key topic during the campaign. This is the first presidential election to be held in the aftermath of two major court rulings that affected access to abortion. The first is the 2022 Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization decision, in which the United States Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade, leaving abortion law entirely to the states, including bans on abortion.[66] The second is the 2023 Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine v. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, in which a federal judge in northwest Texas overturned the FDA's approval of mifepristone in 2000, which could potentially pull the medication from the market if upheld by higher courts.[67] Both rulings have received strong support from Republican politicians and lawmakers.[66][67]
Democrats are predominantly supportive of viewing abortion access as a right[68] while Republican politicians generally favor significantly restricting the legality of abortion.[69] By April 2023, a large majority of Republican-controlled states had passed near-total bans on abortion, rendering it "largely illegal" throughout much of the United States. According to the Kaiser Family Foundation, there are 15 states that have de jure early stage bans on abortion without exceptions for rape or incest.[66]
Biden has called on Congress to codify abortion protections into federal law, and held many rallies on the issue.[70][71] Trump has claimed credit for overturning Roe but has criticized Republicans pushing for total abortion bans.[72][73]
Border security and immigration
Main articles: Mexico–United States border crisis and United States border security concerns
Polling has shown that border security and immigration are among the top issues concerning potential voters in the 2024 presidential election.[74][75] In 2023 and 2024, a surge of migrants entering the country through the United States' border with Mexico occurred.[76] In response to the influx of migrants, Republican controlled states such as Texas and Florida have been busing migrants to major sanctuary cities controlled by Democrats such as New York and Chicago.[77][78]
Donald Trump has stated that if elected, he would increase deportations, send the U.S. military to the border, expand ICE detentions, deputize local law enforcement to handle border security, increase Customs and Border Patrol funding as well as finish building the wall on the southern border.[77] The Biden administration has undertaken a policy of providing temporary protections to migrants from certain countries such as Venezuela, Ukraine, Nicaragua, Cuba and Haiti.[77] In February 2024, Biden and congressional negotiators reached an agreement on a bill to secure the border, but the bill was opposed by Trump. Biden has pushed back on Republican claims that he could secure the border without Congress.[79]
Kennedy has stated that he supports securing the border, including efforts like Operation Lone Star by states in the absence of federal action.[80]
Democracy
Main article: Democratic backsliding in the United States
Joe Biden has been framing the election as a battle for democracy, which was similar to his framing of contemporary geopolitics as "the battle between democracy and autocracy."[81] Biden's rhetoric previously cited democracy and "a battle for the soul of our nation" as the key message of his 2020 presidential campaign, and uses it as a recurring element in his rhetoric since the 2020 presidential election.[19]
Donald Trump's 2024 campaign has been criticized by the media for making increasingly violent and authoritarian statements,[82][83][84] which some believe the Trump campaign is intentionally leaning into.[85] Trump's previous comments suggesting he can "terminate" the Constitution to reverse his election loss,[86][87] his claim that he would only be a dictator on "day one" of his presidency and not after,[a] his promise to use the Justice Department to go after his political enemies,[94] attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election, continued Republican efforts to restrict voting following the 2020 presidential election, and Trump's baseless predictions of vote fraud in the 2024 election,[95] have raised concerns over the state of democracy in America.[85][96][97][98]
Democracy is expected to be a large issue in the 2024 election. An AP-NORC poll of 1,074 adults conducted between November 30 to December 4, 2023, found that 62% of adults said democracy could be at risk depending on who wins the next election.[99]
Economic issues
Main article: Economy of the United States
Further information: U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic
Voters consistently cite economic issues as their top issue for the 2024 election.[100][101][102] The COVID-19 pandemic left behind significant economic effects which are likely to persist into 2024.[103] A period of high inflation began in 2021, caused by a confluence of events including the pandemic and a supply-chain crisis, which was then heightened by economic effects of Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022.[104][105] Opinion polling over Biden's handling of the economy has consistently been negative since late 2021.[106]
Women were particularly affected by the economic downturn in the wake of the pandemic, particularly those who left their work for childcare responsibilities.[107] Temporary childcare measures, including an expanded child tax credit as part of the American Rescue Plan, were introduced as methods designed to help the economic situation of parents, but these would expire before the 2024 election.[108]
Both Biden and Trump signed pieces of economic legislation in their first terms which they may tout in the 2024 campaign.[109] Biden signed the American Rescue Plan,[110] Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act,[111] Inflation Reduction Act,[112] CHIPS and Science Act,[113] and the Fiscal Responsibility Act.[114] Trump signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act,[115] the CARES Act,[116] and several executive orders providing for de-regulation.[117]
Education
Main article: Education in the United States
Further information: 2020s controversies around critical race theory
Under the Biden administration, several rounds of student loan forgiveness have been issued, totaling over $132 billion. The forgiveness has largely focused on public servants, people who were defrauded, and people in repayment for long periods of time.[118] In August 2022, Biden announced he would sign an executive order that would forgive large amounts of student debt, including $10,000 for student loan debt for single graduates making less than $125,000 or married couples making less than $250,000 and $20,000 for recipients of Pell Grants.[119][120] In June 2023, this plan was overturned in the Supreme Court decision Biden v. Nebraska.[121][122] In the aftermath of the decision, Biden has continued with more limited student loan forgiveness.[118] His plans have been criticized by Republicans as irresponsible spending.[123] Biden stated that offering universal pre-kindergarten services as well as caregiver support would be a priority of a second term.[124]
Some Republican candidates saw education as a winning campaign issue. Dozens of states have created laws preventing the instruction of critical race theory, an academic discipline focused on the examination of racial inequality. Supporters of the laws claim that conversations about racial identity are not appropriate for a school environment.[125][126][12] Critics of the laws against critical race theory claim they whitewash American history and act as memory laws to rewrite public memory of U.S. history.[127]
Foreign policy
Main article: Foreign policy of the United States
The ongoing Israel–Hamas war and Russian invasion of Ukraine are expected to be significant issues of the election.[128]
The United States has provided significant military and humanitarian aid to Ukraine throughout the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[129][130][131] Democratic politicians and a significant number of Republican politicians have supported this plan, arguing that the United States has a significant role to play in "protecting democracy and fighting Russian aggression."[132] Some candidates, including Ron DeSantis and Donald Trump, claim that Ukraine and suppressing Russian intervention should not be a significant interest to the United States, and that the plan should be more limited.[133] Vivek Ramaswamy favors ending U.S. military aid to Ukraine and would recognize Russian annexed territories.[134]
During the Israel–Hamas war, Biden announced "unequivocal" military support for Israel, and condemned the actions of Hamas and other Palestinian militants as terrorism.[135] Biden has requested 10.6 billion dollars of aid for Israel to Congress.[136] Biden's support for Israel has been criticized by progressives and Muslim leaders, many of whom have indicated they will not vote for Biden over the war.[137] Kennedy condemned Hamas' attacks on Israeli civilians and declared support for aid to Israel.[138] Trump has given mixed messages on the war, pledging to support Israel and take a tough line on Iran, while also criticizing Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and praising Hezbollah as "very smart."[139][140]
Healthcare issues
Trump has made repealing the Affordable Care Act, better known as Obamacare, a key issue of the 2024 election.[11] The issue of healthcare and drug policy, including whether the United States should shift to a universal healthcare system,[141] and the COVID-19 pandemic is expected to play a key role in the 2024 presidential election.[142] Kennedy has been a prominent anti-vaccine advocate, but according to Deseret News, he has attempted to moderate his anti-vaccine position before the election, stating that he is not against all vaccines.[143] West is running on a platform of Medicare-for-all.[144] Biden has touted the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which expanded the Affordable Care Act and included provisions to reduce prescription drug prices for people on Medicare.[145]
LGBT rights
Main articles: LGBT rights in the United States and Transgender rights in the United States
Further information: 2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States
In recent years, conservative politicians in state legislatures have introduced a large and growing number of bills that restrict the rights of LGBT people, especially transgender people.[146][147]
In his term as president, Biden signed the Respect for Marriage Act, which codified protections for same-sex and inter-racial marriage into law. Additionally, he has endorsed the Equality Act, legislation aiming to extend the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to offer protection on the basis of gender identity and sexual orientation across various domains such as in the workplace, housing, and health care sectors. In 2023, Biden directed the federal government to provide strategies to states on how to enhance access to healthcare and suicide prevention resources for the LGBT community.[148]
In a February 2023 campaign message, Donald Trump said that if reelected, he would enact a federal law that would recognize only two genders and claimed that being transgender is a concept made up by "the radical left."[149]
Democratic Party
Main articles: 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries and 2024 Democratic Party presidential candidates
Current popular vote results of the 2024 Democratic presidential primaries
On April 25, 2023, President Joe Biden announced his run for re-election, keeping Vice President Kamala Harris as his running mate.[150][151] Consequently, Republicans have intensified their criticism of Harris since Biden declared his intention to run for office.[152] During late 2021, as Biden was facing low approval ratings, there was speculation that he would not seek re-election,[153] and some prominent Democrats (Representatives Carolyn Maloney, Tim Ryan and former Representative Joe Cunningham) publicly urged Biden not to run.[154][155][156] In addition to Biden's unpopularity, many are concerned about his age; he was the oldest person to assume the office at age 78 and would be 82 at the end of his first term. If re-elected, he would be 86 at the end of his second term.[157] According to an NBC poll released in April 2023, 70 percent of Americans—including 51 percent of Democrats—believe Biden should not run for a second term. Almost half said it was because of his age. According to the FiveThirtyEight national polling average, Biden's current approval rating is 41 percent, while 55 percent disapprove.[158] There was also speculation that Biden may face a primary challenge from a member of the Democratic Party's progressive faction.[159][160] After Democrats outperformed expectations in the 2022 midterm elections, many believed the chances that Biden would run for and win his party's nomination had increased.[161]
Author Marianne Williamson announced her candidacy in February 2023, before Biden announced his own candidacy for re-election. Williamson had previously sought the Democratic presidential nomination in 2020.[162] In April 2023, Robert F. Kennedy Jr. announced his candidacy for the nomination.[163] Then on October 9, 2023, Kennedy announced that he would be dropping out of the Democratic primary and would instead run as an independent candidate.[164] Representative Dean Phillips announced his run against Biden on October 26.[165]
On March 6, 2024, Philips suspended his campaign after failing to win any primaries the previous night on Super Tuesday. Biden, Palmer, and Williamson remain the only major candidates for the Democratic presidential nomination.[166]
On March 12, 2024, Biden officially became the presumptive Democratic nominee.[167]
Presumptive nominee
This article is part of
a series about
Joe Biden
Political positionsElectoral history
Early life and careerEponymsFamilyHonorsPublic image
U.S. Senator from Delaware
47th Vice President of the United States
46th President of the United States
Incumbent
Presidency first 100 daystimelineTransition COVID-19 Advisory BoardInaugurationEfforts to impeach inquiry
Tenure
Executive actions proclamationsTrips foreign'21'22'23'24Geneva summitCOVID-19 pandemicAfghanistan withdrawalClassified documents incident2023 debt-ceiling crisis
Policies
COVID-19 WH Response TeamEconomy ARPIIJAIRAElectoral/ethicsEnvironmentForeign policy AUKUSCamp David PrinciplesIPEFWar in UkraineWar in IsraelImmigration border crisisstandoff at Eagle PassSocial issues gunscannabismarriage
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Promises to KeepPromise Me, Dad
Joe Biden's signature
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vte
Main article: Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign
2024 Democratic Party ticket
Joe Biden Kamala Harris
for President for Vice President
46th
President of the United States
(2021–present) 49th
Vice President of the United States
(2021–present)
{{{campaignlogosize}}}
Declared candidates
Other declared major candidates for the 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries
Name Born Experience Home state Campaign
Announcement date Contests won Delegates won Total popular vote Ref
Jason Palmer December 1, 1971
(age 52)
Aberdeen, Maryland Venture capitalist Maryland
Campaign
October 22, 2023
FEC filing[168]
Website 1
(AS) 3
(0.1%) 10,040 (0.1%) [169]
Marianne Williamson July 8, 1952
(age 71)
Houston, Texas Author
Founder of Project Angel Food
Candidate for president in 2020 California
Campaign
March 4, 2023[b]
FEC filing[170]
Website None 0
(0.0%) 390,838 (3.2%) [171]
[172]
[173]
Alternate ballot options
See also: Israel-Hamas war protest vote movements § Uncommitted movements
Alternate ballot options
Name Bound
delegates Popular
vote
Uncommitted 26 (1.0%) 471,014 (3.9%)
Former candidates
The following candidates have dropped out. They have received substantial major media coverage; are or have been elected to major public office such as president, vice president, governor, U.S. senator or U.S. representative; or have been included in at least five national polls.
Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal
Republican Party
Main article: 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries
Current results of the 2024 Republican presidential primaries
Donald Trump, the then-incumbent president, was defeated by Biden in the 2020 election and is not term-limited to run again in 2024, making him the fifth ex-president to seek a second non-consecutive term. If he wins, Trump would be the second president to win a non-consecutive term, after Grover Cleveland in 1892.[178] Trump filed a statement of candidacy with the Federal Election Commission (FEC) on November 15, 2022, and announced his candidacy in a speech at Mar-a-Lago the same day.[179][180] Trump is considered an early frontrunner for the Republican presidential nomination, following his 2024 campaign announcement on November 15, 2022.[181] Trump announced in March 2022 that if he runs for re-election and wins the Republican presidential nomination, his former vice president Mike Pence will not be his running mate.[182]
In March 2023, Trump was indicted over his hush money payments to adult film actress Stormy Daniels.[183] Trump was again indicted in June over his handling of classified documents which contained materials sensitive to national security. Trump has pleaded not guilty to all the charges related to these indictments.[184][185]
Florida Governor Ron DeSantis was seen as the main challenger to Trump for the Republican nomination; he raised more campaign funds in the first half of 2022 and had more favorable polling numbers than Trump by the end of 2022.[186][187][188] On May 24, 2023, DeSantis announced his candidacy on Twitter in an online conversation with Twitter CEO Elon Musk. "American decline is not inevitable—it is a choice...I am running for president of the United States to lead our great American comeback", DeSantis added. His campaign stated to have raised $1 million in the first hour following the announcement of his candidacy.[189] Speaking on Fox & Friends, he stated that he would "destroy leftism" in the United States.[190] At the end of July 2023, FiveThirtyEight's national polling average of the Republican primaries had Trump at 52 percent, and DeSantis at 15.[191]
Following the Iowa caucuses, in which Trump posted a landslide victory, DeSantis and businessman Vivek Ramaswamy dropped out of the race and endorsed Trump, leaving the former president and Nikki Haley, the former South Carolina governor who served in Trump's cabinet, as the only remaining major candidates.[192][193] Trump continued to win all four early voting contests while Haley's campaign struggled to gain momentum.[194] On March 6, 2024, the day after winning only one primary out of fifteen on Super Tuesday, Haley suspended her campaign. Trump became the only remaining major candidate for the Republican presidential nomination.[195]
On March 12, 2024, Trump officially became the presumptive Republican nominee.[196]
Presumptive nominee
This article is part of
a series about
Donald Trump
Business and personal
45th President of the United States
Tenure
Policies
Appointments
Presidential campaigns
Impeachments
Prosecutions
Interactions involving Russia
COVID-19 pandemic
Donald Trump's signature
Seal of the President of the United States
vte
Main article: Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign
2024 Republican Party ticket
Donald Trump TBA
for President for Vice President
45th
President of the United States
(2017–2021) TBA
{{{campaignlogosize}}}
Alternate ballot options
Alternate ballot options
Name Bound
delegates Popular
vote
No preference/
None of the above/
Uncommitted 0 (0%) 112,535 (0.6%)
Former candidates
The following candidates have dropped out; they have received substantial major media coverage; are or have been elected to major public office such as president, vice president, governor, U.S. senator or U.S. representative; or have been included in at least five national polls.
Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal
Third party and independent candidates
Main article: Third party and independent candidates for the 2024 United States presidential election
Third-party and independent candidates have also announced presidential runs. They include socialist activist and intellectual Cornel West, who announced a campaign as an independent after initially announcing a run as a People's Party and later a Green Party candidate.[144] Centrist political organization No Labels confirmed in March 2024 it would field a third-party candidate.[221] Some established third parties, such as the American Solidarity Party, the Prohibition Party, and the Party for Socialism and Liberation have announced presidential nominees, while others, such as the Libertarian Party, the Green Party and the Constitution Party, have begun their primaries. While independent/third-party candidates often do better in opinion polls than actual election performance,[222], third-party candidates, as of October 2023, have the strongest showing in polls since Ross Perot's high poll numbers in the 1990s.[223]
Notable party nominations
The following individuals have been nominated by their respective parties to run for president.
With partial ballot access
These parties have ballot access in some states, but not enough to get 270 votes to win the presidency, without running a write-in campaign.
American Solidarity Party: Peter Sonski, Connecticut local politician[224]
Prohibition Party: Michael Wood, businessman[225]
Party for Socialism and Liberation: Claudia De la Cruz, political activist[226][227]
Without ballot access
Socialist Party USA: Bill Stodden, nonprofit executive[228][229]
Socialist Equality Party: Joseph Kishore, writer and SEP nominee in 2020[230]
Socialist Workers Party: Rachele Fruit, hotel worker and trade unionist[231]
Transhumanist Party: Tom Ross, technology and political activist[232]
Notable declared candidates
The following individuals have declared their intent to run for president.
Independents
Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
Main article: Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 2024 presidential campaign
Robert F. Kennedy Jr., after initially running in the Democratic primary, became an independent candidate in October 2023.[233][234] A member of the Kennedy family, he is an environmental lawyer who promotes conspiracy theories.[235][236] He has drawn support among independent and anti-establishment voters disillusioned with mainstream American political parties.[237][238] His polling, as of November 2023, was at the highest levels for a candidate outside the two major parties since 1992.[6][7] A member of the Kennedy family, Kennedy is a son of U.S. attorney general and senator Robert F. Kennedy and nephew of U.S. president John F. Kennedy and senator Ted Kennedy. On March 26, 2024, Kennedy announced Nicole Shanahan, an attorney from California, as his running mate.[239]
0px2024 We the People Party ticket
Robert F. Kennedy Jr. Nicole Shanahan
for President for Vice President
Environmental lawyer
from California Attorney and technologist
from California
{{{campaignlogosize}}}
Cornel West
Main article: Cornel West 2024 presidential campaign
0px2024 Justice for All Party ticket
Cornel West TBD
for President for Vice President
Academic and activist
from California
{{{campaignlogosize}}}
Other independent candidates
Shiva Ayyadurai, engineer, entrepreneur, and anti-vaccine activist; candidate for U.S. Senate from Massachusetts in 2018 and 2020[240][241][c]
Johnny Buss, part-owner and vice president of strategic development of the Los Angeles Lakers[242][243]
Joseph "Afroman" Foreman, rapper[244][245][246][247]
Taylor Marshall, podcaster and author[248][249][245][250]
Libertarian Party
Main article: 2024 Libertarian Party presidential primaries
Chase Oliver, customer service specialist and nominee for U.S. Senator from Georgia in 2022[251]
Art Olivier, former mayor of Bellflower, California (1998–1999) and Libertarian nominee for vice president in 2000[252]
Michael Rectenwald, author and former liberal studies professor at New York University[253]
Green Party
Main article: 2024 Green Party presidential primaries
Jill Stein, physician and 2012 and 2016 Green presidential nominee, member of the Lexington Town Meeting (2005–2010)[254] (campaign)
Randy Toler, political activist and co-chair of the Green Party of Florida[255]
Publicly expressed interest
As of March 2024, the following notable individuals have expressed an interest in running for president within the previous six months.
Liz Cheney, United States Representative from WY-AL (2017–2023), Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs (2002–2004, 2005–2009)[256]
Withdrawn candidates
The following notable individual(s) announced and then suspended their campaigns before the election:
Kanye West, rapper, candidate for president in 2020[257]
Polling and forecasts
Polling aggregation
Main article: Nationwide opinion polling for the 2024 United States presidential election
See also: Statewide opinion polling for the 2024 United States presidential election
Biden and Trump
Source of poll
aggregation Dates
administered Dates
updated Joe
Biden
Democratic Donald
Trump
Republican Other/
Undecided
[d] Margin
RealClearPolitics February 21, 2023 – March 12, 2024 March 28, 2024 45.5% 46.5% 8.0% Trump +1.0
Race to the WH through March 12, 2024 March 28, 2024 44.8% 45.7% 9.5% Trump +0.9
Decision Desk HQ/The Hill through March 13, 2024 March 28, 2024 45.1% 46.0% 8.9% Trump +0.9
Average 45.1% 46.1% 8.8% Trump +1.0
Biden, Trump, Kennedy, West, and Stein
Poll source Dates
administered Dates
updated Joe
Biden
Democratic Donald
Trump
Republican Robert F.
Kennedy Jr.
Independent Cornel
West
Independent Jill
Stein
Green Other/
Undecided Margin
RealClearPolitics February 5, 2023 – March 26, 2024 March 31, 2024 39.6% 42% 10.3% 2.0% 1.9% 4.2% Trump +2.4
Average 39.6% 42% 10.3% 2.0% 1.9% 4.2% Trump +2.4
Biden, Trump, and Kennedy
Source of poll
aggregation Dates
administered Dates
updated Joe
Biden
Democratic Donald
Trump
Republican Robert F.
Kennedy Jr.
Independent Other/
Undecided
[d] Margin
Decision Desk HQ/The Hill through March 14, 2024 March 15, 2024 38.6% 40.5% 9.9% 11.0% Trump +1.9
Race to the WH through March 14, 2024 March 15, 2024 37.6% 39.5% 11.2% 11.7% Trump +1.9
RealClearPolitics December 14, 2023 – February 22, 2024 February 23, 2024 35.3% 40.7% 12.3% 11.7% Trump +5.4
Average 37.2% 40.2% 11.1% 11.5% Trump +3.0
Forecasts
Elections analysts and political pundits issue probabilistic forecasts to give readers a sense of how probable various electoral outcomes are. These forecasts use a variety of factors to determine the likelihood of each candidate winning each state. Most election predictors use the following ratings:
"tossup": no advantage
"tilt" (used by some predictors): advantage that is not quite as strong as "lean"
"lean" or "leans": slight advantage
"likely": significant, but surmountable, advantage
"safe" or "solid": near-certain chance of victory
Below is a list of states considered by one or more forecast to be competitive; states that are deemed to be "safe" or "solid" by all forecasters (The Cook Political Report, Sabato's Crystal Ball, Inside Elections, CNalysis, and CNN) are omitted for brevity.
State EVs PVI[258] 2020
result 2020
margin[259] IE
April 26,
2023[260] Sabato
January 3,
2024[261] Cook
December 19,
2023[262] CNalysis
December 30,
2023[263] CNN
January 31,
2024[264]
Alaska 3 R+8 52.8% R 10.06% Solid R Likely R Solid R Very Likely R Solid R
Arizona 11 R+2 49.4% D 0.31% Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup
Colorado 10 D+4 55.4% D 13.50% Solid D Solid D Solid D Solid D Lean D
Florida 30 R+3 51.2% R 3.36% Lean R Likely R Likely R Very Likely R Lean R
Georgia 16 R+3 49.5% D 0.24% Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Lean R
Iowa 6 R+6 53.1% R 8.20% Likely R Likely R Solid R Solid R Solid R
Maine[e] 2 D+2 53.1% D 9.07% Likely D Likely D Likely D Very Likely D Solid D
ME–02[e] 1 R+6 52.3% R 7.44% Lean R Lean R Likely R Very Likely R Lean R
Michigan 15 R+1 50.6% D 2.78% Tilt D Lean D Tossup Tossup Lean R
Minnesota 10 D+1 52.4% D 7.11% Lean D Likely D Likely D Very Likely D Lean D
NE–02[e] 1 EVEN 52.0% D 6.50% Lean D Lean D Likely D Lean D Tossup
Nevada 6 R+1 50.1% D 2.39% Tilt D Tossup Tossup Tossup Lean R
New Hampshire 4 D+1 52.7% D 7.35% Lean D Lean D Likely D Very Likely D Lean D
New Mexico 5 D+3 54.3% D 10.79% Solid D Likely D Solid D Solid D Lean D
North Carolina 16 R+3 49.9% R 1.35% Tilt R Lean R Lean R Tossup Lean R
Ohio 17 R+6 53.3% R 8.03% Likely R Likely R Solid R Very Likely R Solid R
Oregon 8 D+6 56.4% D 16.08% Solid D Solid D Solid D Solid D Lean D
Pennsylvania 19 R+2 50.0% D 1.16% Tossup Lean D Tossup Tossup Tossup
Texas 40 R+5 52.1% R 5.58% Likely R Likely R Likely R Lean R Solid R
Virginia 13 D+3 54.1% D 10.11% Likely D Likely D Solid D Very Likely D Lean D
Wisconsin 10 R+2 49.5% D 0.63% Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup
Overall D – 247
R – 235
56 tossups D – 260
R – 235
43 tossups D – 226
R – 235
77 tossups D – 226
R – 219
93 tossups D – 225
R – 272
41 tossups
Debates
Main article: 2024 United States presidential debates
The Commission on Presidential Debates announced the schedule on November 20, 2023. It will host four debates in 2024.
September 16 at Texas State University in San Marcos, Texas (presidential debate).
September 25 at Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania (vice presidential debate).
October 1 at Virginia State University in Petersburg, Virginia (presidential debate).
October 9 at University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah (presidential debate).
To qualify for the debates, candidates must appear on enough ballots to be able to win a majority of the electoral votes, must be constitutionally eligible, and poll an average of at least 15% in national polls from organizations selected by the commission.[265]
"Nikki Haley suspends her campaign and leaves Donald Trump as the last major Republican candidate". AP News. March 6, 2024. Archived from the original on March 6, 2024. Retrieved March 7, 2024.
"Republican Convention 2024". The Green Papers. Archived from the original on November 5, 2022. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
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Tabet, Alex (October 20, 2023). "Perry Johnson drops out of 2024 presidential race". NBC News. Archived from the original on December 24, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
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Vakil, Caroline (October 9, 2023). "Hurd drops out of 2024 GOP race, endorses Haley". The Hill. Archived from the original on October 28, 2023. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
Astor, Maggie; Mazzei, Patricia (June 14, 2023). "Francis Suarez, Miami Mayor, Files for a Republican Presidential Run". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 14, 2023. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
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"Peter Sonski is the American Solidarity Party 2024 Presidential nominee". Ballot Access News. June 3, 2023. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
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"2024 Candidate Filings". Archived from the original on January 15, 2024. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
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"Socialist Party USA Announces 2024 Presidential Ticket and New Leadership". Independent Political Report. October 23, 2023. Archived from the original on November 20, 2023. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
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Multiple sources:
Oshin, Olafimihan (January 23, 2022). "Auschwitz Memorial says RFK Jr. speech at anti-vaccine rally exploits Holocaust tragedy". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 27, 2022. During a speech at the rally, Kennedy, a conspiracy theorist and prominent anti-vaxxer, warned of a massive surveillance network being created with satellites in space and 5G mobile networks collecting data.
"Cheryl Hines Blasts Husband RFK Jr. for Holocaust Remark". The Wrap. January 25, 2022. Archived from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved January 27, 2022. Cheryl Hines has publicly condemned a statement made by her husband Robert F. Kennedy Jr. at a rally on Sunday, in which the environmental lawyer and conspiracy theorist likened COVID regulations to the Holocaust.
"Guests urged to be vaccinated at anti-vaxxer Robert F Kennedy Jr's party". The Guardian. December 18, 2021. Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2022. The younger Kennedy has campaigned on environmental issues but is also a leading vaccines conspiracy theorist and activist against shots including those approved to combat Covid-19, which has killed more than 805,000 in the US and more than 5.3 million worldwide.
Dorn, Sara. "RFK Jr. Makes Unfounded Claims About Mass Shootings, Covid-19: Here Are All The Conspiracies He Promotes". Forbes. Archived from the original on June 22, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
"Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s Conspiracy Theories Go Beyond Vaccines". The New York Times. July 6, 2023. Archived from the original on October 11, 2023. Retrieved October 12, 2023. Robert F. Kennedy Jr., an environmental lawyer, is a leading vaccine skeptic and purveyor of conspiracy theories who has leaned heavily on misinformation as he mounts his long-shot 2024 campaign for the Democratic nomination.
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"2024 Presidential Race Stays Static In The Face Of Major Events, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; RFK Jr. Receives 22% As Independent Candidate In 3-Way Race". Quinnipiac University Polling Institute. November 1, 2023. Archived from the original on November 2, 2023. Retrieved November 2, 2023.
"In 3-Way Race, Independent Robert Kennedy Jr. Garners 24% Across 6 Battleground States; Trump 35%, Biden 33%, Kennedy 24%; RFK Noses Ahead Among Voters Under 45". Siena College Research Institute. November 7, 2023. Archived from the original on November 13, 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
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"Nikki Haley To Shiva Ayyadurai: The 4 Indian-Americans To Enter 2024 US Presidential Election Race". India.com. August 3, 2023. Archived from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved November 4, 2023.
"Lakers part-owner Johnny Buss announces presidential campaign as an independent". CBS Sports. March 14, 2024. Archived from the original on March 16, 2024. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
"Johnny Buss, brother of Lakers owner Jeanie Buss, is running for president". Los Angeles Times. March 15, 2024. Archived from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
Curi, Peter (May 8, 2023). "Afroman hosting 2024 presidential campaign show in Lombard". wgntv.com. Archived from the original on May 9, 2023. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
Lafrate, Anthony (August 6, 2023). "Who Are the 2024 3rd-Party Candidates?". catholicvote.org. Archived from the original on November 15, 2023. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
Foley, Ryan (November 14, 2023). "14 lesser-known candidates running for president in 2024: Afroman". Christian Post. Archived from the original on January 17, 2024. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
Afroman [@ogafroman] (December 18, 2023). "202Fro In Full Effecc💨🇺🇸 Tickets at http://ogafroman.com" (Tweet). Retrieved January 8, 2024 – via Twitter.
Hall, Kennedy (May 19, 2023). "Taylor Marshall Running for President: What Does This Mean?". Crisis Magazine. Archived from the original on May 19, 2023. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
Michael Sean Winters (May 17, 2023). "Taylor Marshall for Prez in 2024! The Catholic candidate whose time has come". www.ncronline.org. Archived from the original on May 19, 2023. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
Foley, Ryan (November 14, 2023). "14 lesser-known candidates running for president in 2024: Taylor Marshall". Christian Post. Archived from the original on January 17, 2024. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
Barton, Tom (July 23, 2023). ""Who is Chase Oliver" Meet the Libertarian candidate running for president". The Gazette. Archived from the original on August 25, 2023. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
"Statement of Candidacy". docquery.fec.gov. December 11, 2023. Archived from the original on January 18, 2024. Retrieved January 17, 2024.[non-primary source needed]
Philips, Aleks (September 9, 2023). "Libertarians Sense Golden Opportunity to Make 2024 Breakthrough". Newsweek. Archived from the original on September 9, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2023.
Astor, Maggie (November 9, 2023). "Jill Stein Announces Third-Party Bid For President". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 9, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
Cruz, Abby; Gersony, Laura. "'People are hungry for more choices': Inside the Green Party's push for 2024". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 14, 2024. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
Howard, Andrew (December 5, 2023). "Liz Cheney says she's considering a third-party presidential bid". Politico. Archived from the original on December 5, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
Dickinson, Tim (October 20, 2023). "Kanye is 'Not a Candidate in 2024,' His Lawyer Says". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on October 20, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
"2022 Cook PVI: State Map and List". Cook Political Report. December 15, 2017. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
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Gonzales, Nathan L. (April 26, 2023). "Initial 2024 Presidential Battleground State Ratings". Inside Elections. Archived from the original on May 1, 2023. Retrieved June 30, 2023.
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Cohen, Ethan (November 20, 2023). "Commission on Presidential Debates announces dates and locations for 2024 general election debates". CNN. Archived from the original on November 20, 2023. Retrieved November 21, 2023.
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Joe Biden
46th President of the United States (2021–present)47th Vice President of the United States (2009–2017)U.S. Senator from Delaware (1973–2009)
Early career
Early lifeU.S. Senate careerVice presidencyClassified Information Procedures ActCounterterrorism ActViolence Against Women ActViolent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act
Presidency
Appointments
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Legislation
2021
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2022
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2023
COVID-19 Origin ActFiscal Responsibility ActNational Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024
2024
Consolidated Appropriations Act
Policies
CannabisCOVID-19 COVID-19 Advisory BoardWhite House COVID-19 Response TeamEconomic Biden v. NebraskaBuild Back Better PlanElectoral and ethical Presidential Commission on the Supreme CourtSummit for DemocracyEnvironmental 2021 Leaders Summit on ClimateExecutive Order 13990Foreign 2021 Russia–United States summit2023 Chinese balloon incidentAUKUSCamp David PrinciplesAfghanistan withdrawalkilling of Ayman al-ZawahiriWar in Ukraine 2022 visit by Volodymyr Zelenskyy2023 visit to UkraineWar in Israel accusation of genocide complicityImmigrationSocialSpace
Timeline
TransitionInauguration securityprotestsFirst 100 days2021 Q1Q2Q3Q42022 Q1Q2Q3Q42023 Q1Q2Q3Q42024 Q1
Classified documents incidentEfforts to impeach House Oversight Committee investigationinquiryExecutive actions proclamationsOpinion polling 202120222023Presidential trips international2021202220232024
Elections
U.S. Senate
1972197819841990199620022008
Vice presidential
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Presidential
1988 campaign primaries2008 campaign primariesdebates2020 campaign endorsements celebrityorganizationsCongressstate and territorial officialsmunicipal officialsprimaries endorsementsdebatesUnity Task Forcesrunning mate selectionconventiondebateselectionprotests2024 campaign primaries endorsementsprotest vote movementselection
Family
Edward Francis Blewitt (great-grandfather)Neilia Hunter Biden (first wife)Jill Biden (second wife)James Biden (brother)Valerie Biden Owens (sister)Beau Biden (son)Hunter Biden (son)Ashley Biden (daughter)Howard Krein (son-in-law)Hallie Olivere Biden (daughter-in-law)Kathleen Buhle (former daughter-in-law)Melissa Cohen Biden (daughter-in-law)Naomi Biden (granddaughter)Dogs ChampMajorCommanderCat Willow
Writings
Promises to KeepPromise Me, DadTomorrow Will Be Different (foreword)
Speeches
Inaugural address (2021)Joint session of Congress (2021)State of the Union Address 202220232024Warsaw speech (2022)Battle for the Soul of the Nation speech (2022)Vilnius speech (2023)
Media
depictions
ConfirmationThe Choice 2020"Intro to Political Science"My Son Hunter"One Last Ride"The Onion's "Diamond Joe"Our Cartoon PresidentSaturday Night Live parodiesSpitting Image
Related
AwardsBeau Biden Cancer MoonshotBiden FoundationBiden–Ukraine conspiracy theoryBuy a ShotgunEponymsHunter Biden laptop controversyI Did That!Let's Go BrandonPublic imageSexual assault allegationSituation RoomSleepy JoeTrump–Ukraine scandal
← Donald Trump
← Dick CheneyMike Pence →
Category
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Donald Trump
45th President of the United States (2017–2021)
Presidency
ElectionReactionsTransitionInaugurationTimeline first 100 days2017 Q1Q2Q3Q42018 Q1Q2Q3Q42019 Q1Q2Q3Q42020–2021 Q1Q2Q3Q4–January 2021domestic trips 2017201820192020–2021international tripsPolls 201720182019Cabinet formationwithdrawnAppointments ambassadorseconomic advisorsJudicial appointments Supreme Court candidatesNeil GorsuchBrett KavanaughAmy Coney BarrettcontroversiesU.S. attorneysshort tenuresDismissals U.S. attorneysinspectors generalJames ComeyPardons and commutations Joe ArpaioExecutive actions proclamationsGovernment shutdowns January 20182018–2019Trump wallFirst impeachment first trialCOVID-19 pandemicPresidential transition of Joe BidenTrump–Raffensperger phone call2020–21 United States election protestsJanuary 6 United States Capitol attackSecond impeachment second trial
Life and
politics
Business career legal affairswealthtax returnsMedia career The ApprenticeAmerican footballGolfHonors and awardsPolitical positions TrumpismRhetoricEconomy tariffsEnvironment Paris withdrawalAmerica's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018Clean Water ActSafe Drinking Water ActForeign policy positions as candidateAmerica FirstChina–United States trade warIsrael–Palestine Jerusalem recognitionGolan Heights recognitionPeace planAbraham Accords UAEBahrainSudanMoroccoKosovo–Serbia agreementIran nuclear-deal withdrawalRussia summit HelsinkiNorth Korea summits SingaporeHanoiDMZDeath of Abu Bakr al-BaghdadiAssassination of Qasem SoleimaniImmigration family separationtravel banwallSocial issues cannabisSpace policyProtests timelineassassination attemptefforts to impeachRacial viewsFalse or misleading statementsPhoto op at St. John's ChurchPolitical interference with science agenciesNational Garden of American HeroesEndorsements
Books
Trump: The Art of the Deal (1987)Trump: Surviving at the Top (1990)Trump: The Art of the Comeback (1997)The America We Deserve (2000)Trump: How to Get Rich (2004)The Way to the Top (2004)Trump 101 (2006)Why We Want You to Be Rich (2006)Think Big and Kick Ass (2007)Time to Get Tough (2011)Midas Touch (2011)Crippled America (2015)
Speeches
Inaugural address (2017)Joint session of Congress (2017)Riyadh summit (2017)Warsaw speech (2017)National Scout Jamboree (2017)State of the Union Address 201820192020Oval Office address 20192020Farewell address (2021)CPAC (2021)
Campaigns
2000 presidential campaign2016 presidential campaign "Make America Great Again"rallies2016 Republican primaries endorsementsdebatesrunning mate selectionconvention2016 general election endorsementsdebatesNever Trump movementRepublican opposition 2016 Mitt Romney speech20202024Sexual misconduct allegations Access Hollywood recording2020 presidential campaign rallies2020 Republican primaries convention2020 general election endorsements politicalnon-politicaldebatesRepublican reactions to Trump's election fraud claims2024 presidential campaign rallies2024 Republican primaries endorsementsdebates2024 general election eligibilityendorsements
Legal affairs
Pre-2020 electionPost-election ArizonaGeorgiaMichiganNevadaPennsylvaniaWisconsinTexas v. PennsylvaniaCarroll v. TrumpTrump v. United States (2022)State prosecution GeorgiaNew YorkFederal prosecution classified documents caseelection obstruction caseTrump mug shotTrump v. United States (2024)
Investigations
Crossfire Hurricane (FBI investigation)Durham special counsel investigationFBI investigation into handling of government documentsFBI search of Mar-a-LagoInvestigation into attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential electionMueller special counsel investigationNew York investigations of The Trump Organization civilcriminalRussia investigation origins counter-narrativeSmith special counsel investigationTimeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia
Related
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← Barack ObamaJoe Biden →
Category
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Kamala Harris
49th Vice President of the United States (2021–present)U.S. Senator from California (2017–2021)Attorney General of California (2011–2017)District Attorney of San Francisco (2004–2011)
Politics
Political positionsJustice for Victims of Lynching ActMORE ActWhite House Office of Gun Violence Prevention
Elections
California
District attorney 20032007Attorney general 20102014
U.S. Senate
2016
Presidential
2020 campaign debatesendorsementsprimaries
Vice presidential
2020 campaign selectionconventiondebateelectiontransition2024 campaign election
Family
P. V. Gopalan (maternal grandfather)Sharada Balachandran Orihuela (maternal cousin)Shyamala Gopalan (mother)Maya Harris (sister)Meena Harris (niece)Donald J. Harris (father)Douglas Emhoff (husband)Ella Emhoff (stepdaughter)Tony West (brother-in-law)
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← Mike Pence
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Categories: 2024 United States presidential electionJoe BidenJoe Biden 2024 presidential campaignDonald TrumpDonald Trump 2024 presidential campaignKamala HarrisNovember 2024 events in the United States