US election 2024: A really simple guide
Published
19 April
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US election 2024
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Americans will head to the polls in November 2024 to elect the next US president. The person sitting in the White House's Oval Office has a big influence on people's lives both at home and abroad, so the outcome of this election matters for everyone.
The US political system today is dominated by just two parties, so every president in modern times has belonged to one of them.
The Democrats are the liberal political party, with an agenda defined largely by its push for civil rights, a broad social safety net and measures to address climate change.
It is the party of incumbent President Joe Biden, who is trying to secure a second term in power.
The Republicans are the conservative political party in the US. Also known as the GOP, or the Grand Old Party, it has stood for lower taxes, shrinking the size of the government, gun rights and tighter restrictions on immigration and abortion.
Former President Donald Trump is the last Republican left in the race and has secured enough support to be nominated the Republican candidate.
The nominations will be made official at party conventions this summer.
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When is the next US presidential election?
The 2024 election will be on Tuesday, 5 November 2024. The winner will serve a term of four years in the White House starting in January 2025.
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Who are the candidates and how are they nominated?
The 2024 presidential campaign is well under way. It started with 15 candidates - nine Republicans, four Democrats and two independents - although nearly all have already dropped out of the race.
The two main parties nominate a presidential candidate by holding a series of state primaries and caucuses.
There are differences between the parties and the process varies from one state to another.
One of the biggest polling days is known as Super Tuesday - named because more than a dozen states all held their primary contests on Tuesday 5 March.
President Biden announced his re-election bid earlier this year and has won enough support to secure the Democratic Party nomination despite some long-shot challenges.
In the Republican Party, former President Donald Trump saw off his last remaining challenger, former UN ambassador Nikki Haley, and has won enough primary contests to propel him over the finish line to be nominated the Republican candidate.
There are also some independent candidates running for president, including Robert F Kennedy Jr, nephew to former president John F Kennedy.
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How does the US presidential election work?
Both candidates compete to win electoral college votes.
Each state has a certain number of electoral college votes partly based on its population and there are a total of 538 up for grabs, so the winner is the candidate that wins 270 or more.
This means voters decide state-level contests rather than the national one, which is why it's possible for a candidate to win the most votes nationally - like Hillary Clinton did in 2016 - but still be defeated by the electoral college.
All but two states have a winner-takes-all rule, so whichever candidate wins the highest number of votes is awarded all of the state's electoral college votes.
Most states lean heavily towards one party or the other, so the focus is usually on a dozen or so states where either of them could win. These are known as the battleground states.
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Who else is being elected?
All of the attention will be on who wins the presidency, but voters will also be choosing new members of Congress - the government's legislature - when they fill in their ballots.
All 435 seats in the House of Representatives are up for election, while 33 Senate seats are also up for grabs.
Republicans control the House and Democrats are in charge of the Senate.
These two chambers pass legislation so can act as a check on White House plans if the controlling party in either chamber disagrees with the president.
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Who can vote?
If you're a US citizen and you're 18 or over, you should be eligible to vote in the presidential election, which takes place every four years.
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When do we know who has won the election?
Usually a winner is declared on the night of the election, but in 2020 it took a few days to count all the votes.
The period after the election is know as the transition if there is a change of president.
It's a time for the new administration, including cabinet ministers, to form and make plans for the new term.
The president is officially sworn into office in January in a ceremony known as the inauguration, held on the steps of the Capitol building in Washington DC.
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More on the US election
Explained: Four things that could decide who wins
Policies: Where Biden and Trump stand on key issues
Analysis: The surprises that could upend the election
Recap: The Trump life story to date
Donald Trump
president of United States
In full: Donald John Trump
Born: June 14, 1946, New York, New York, U.S. (age 77)
Title / Office: presidency of the United States of America (2017-2021), United States
Political Affiliation: Republican Party
Notable Works: “Crippled America: How to Make America Great Again” “The America We Deserve” “Trump: The Art of the Deal”
Notable Family Members: spouse Melania Trump daughter Ivanka Trump son Donald Trump, Jr. son of Frederick Christ Trump son of Mary MacLeod husband of Melania Trump (January 22, 2005–present) husband of Marla Maples (December 20, 1993–June 8, 1999) husband of Ivana Trump (April 9, 1977–March 22, 1992) father of Donald Trump, Jr. (b. 1977) father of Ivanka Trump (b. 1981) father of Eric Trump (b. 1984) father of Tiffany Trump (b. 1993) father of Barron Trump (b. 2006) brother of Maryanne Trump Barry brother of Frederick Trump, Jr. brother of Elizabeth Trump Grau brother of Robert Trump
Recent News
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Donald Trump (born June 14, 1946, New York, New York, U.S.) is the 45th president of the United States (2017–21) and the likely Republican nominee in the U.S. presidential election of 2024. He is also a real estate developer and businessman who has owned, managed, or licensed his name to hotels, casinos, golf courses, resorts, and residential properties in the New York City area and around the world. Since the 1980s Trump has lent his name to scores of retail ventures—including branded lines of clothing, cologne, food, and furniture. In the early 21st century his private conglomerate, the Trump Organization, comprised some 500 companies involved in a wide range of businesses, including hotels and resorts, residential properties, merchandise, and entertainment and television.
Trump is the third president in U.S. history (after Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998) to be impeached by the U.S. House of Representatives and the only president to be impeached twice—once (in 2019) for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress in connection with the Ukraine scandal and once (in 2021) for “incitement of insurrection” in connection with the January 6 attack on the U.S. Capitol by a violent mob of Trump supporters. Both of Trump’s impeachments ended in his acquittal by the U.S. Senate. Trump ran for reelection in 2020 but lost to former vice president Joe Biden by an Electoral College vote of 306 to 232.
Two years after leaving office, Trump became the first former president to be charged with a crime when a Manhattan grand jury indicted him on charges of falsifying business records in connection with a hush-money payment in 2016 to the adult-film star Stephanie Clifford, known as Stormy Daniels, who claimed to have had an affair with Trump in 2006. Trump was later indicted on dozens of other federal and state charges in cases relating to his efforts to overturn Biden’s victory in the 2020 presidential election and his removal of numerous classified documents from the White House on his last day of office. Trump was also found liable in a major civil suit alleging business fraud in New York state and two civil suits accusing him of sexually abusing and defaming the writer E. Jean Carroll. With the start of his trial in the business-records case on April 15, 2024, Trump became the first former president to stand trial on criminal charges.
After the midterm elections of 2022, Trump declared his intention to run for a second term, and in primary elections in early 2024 he accumulated enough delegates to win his party’s nomination, despite the steady progress of the legal cases against him. Although some Republican Party leaders have worried that a criminal trial could seriously weaken Trump’s appeal to moderate Republican and independent voters, others have taken the hopeful view that Trump will use his court appearances to solidify his support by casting himself as a political martyr—the victim of Democratic-led “witch hunts,” “hoaxes,” and “scams,” as he frequently characterizes the many legal investigations he has faced.
Grover Cleveland, 22nd and 24th president of the United States.
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Early life and business career
Donald Trump
Donald Trump
Donald Trump speaking in front of Trump Tower, New York City, August 2008.
Trump was the fourth of five children of Frederick (Fred) Christ Trump, a successful real estate developer, and Mary MacLeod. Donald’s eldest sister, Maryanne Trump Barry, eventually served as a U.S. district court judge (1983–99) and later as a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit until her retirement in 2011. His elder brother, Frederick, Jr. (Freddy), worked briefly for their father’s business before becoming an airline pilot in the 1960s. Freddy’s alcoholism led to his early death in 1981, at the age of 43.
Beginning in the late 1920s, Fred Trump built hundreds of single-family houses and row houses in the Queens and Brooklyn boroughs of New York City, and from the late 1940s he built thousands of apartment units, mostly in Brooklyn, using federal loan guarantees designed to stimulate the construction of affordable housing. During World War II he also built federally backed housing for naval personnel and shipyard workers in Virginia and Pennsylvania. In 1954 Fred was investigated by the Senate Banking Committee for allegedly abusing the loan-guarantee program by deliberately overestimating the costs of his construction projects to secure larger loans from commercial banks, enabling him to keep the difference between the loan amounts and his actual construction costs. In testimony before the Senate committee in 1954, Fred admitted that he had built the Beach Haven apartment complex in Brooklyn for $3.7 million less than the amount of his government-insured loan. Although he was not charged with any crime, he was thereafter unable to obtain federal loan guarantees. A decade later a New York state investigation found that Fred had used his profit on a state-insured construction loan to build a shopping center that was entirely his own property. He eventually returned $1.2 million to the state but was thereafter unable to obtain state loan guarantees for residential projects in the Coney Island area of Brooklyn.
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Key events in the life of U.S. Pres. Donald Trump
Key events in the life of U.S. Pres. Donald Trump
Donald Trump attended New York Military Academy (1959–64), a private boarding school; Fordham University in the Bronx (1964–66); and the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School of Finance and Commerce (1966–68), where he graduated with a bachelor’s degree in economics. In 1968, during the Vietnam War, he secured a diagnosis of bone spurs, which qualified him for a medical exemption from the military draft (he had earlier received four draft deferments for education). Upon his graduation Trump began working full-time for his father’s business, helping to manage its holdings of rental housing, then estimated at between 10,000 and 22,000 units. In 1974 he became president of a conglomeration of Trump-owned corporations and partnerships, which he later named the Trump Organization.
During the 1960s and early 1970s, Trump-owned housing developments in New York City, Cincinnati, Ohio, and Norfolk, Virginia, were the target of several complaints of racial discrimination against African Americans and other minority groups. In 1973 Fred and Donald Trump, along with their company, were sued by the U.S. Justice Department for allegedly violating the Fair Housing Act (1968) in the operation of 39 apartment buildings in New York City. The Trumps initially countersued the Justice Department for $100 million, alleging harm to their reputations. The suit was settled two years later under an agreement that did not require the Trumps to admit guilt.
In the late 1970s and the 1980s, Donald Trump greatly expanded his father’s business by investing in luxury hotels and residential properties and by shifting its geographic focus to Manhattan and later to Atlantic City, New Jersey. In doing so, he relied heavily on loans, gifts, and other financial assistance from his father, as well as on his father’s political connections in New York City. In 1976 he purchased the decrepit Commodore Hotel near Grand Central Station under a complex profit-sharing agreement with the city that included a 40-year property tax abatement, the first such tax break granted to a commercial property in New York City. Relying on a construction loan guaranteed by his father and the Hyatt Corporation, which became a partner in the project, Trump refurbished the building and reopened it in 1980 as the 1,400-room Grand Hyatt Hotel. In 1983 he opened Trump Tower, an office, retail, and residential complex constructed in partnership with the Equitable Life Assurance Company. The 58-story building on 56th Street and Fifth Avenue eventually contained Trump’s Manhattan residence and the headquarters of the Trump Organization. Other Manhattan properties developed by Trump during the 1980s include the Trump Plaza residential cooperative (1984), the Trump Parc luxury condominium complex (1986), and the 19-story Plaza Hotel (1988), a historic landmark for which Trump paid more than $400 million.
In the 1980s Trump invested heavily in the casino business in Atlantic City, where his properties eventually included Harrah’s at Trump Plaza (1984, later renamed Trump Plaza), Trump’s Castle Casino Resort (1985), and the Trump Taj Mahal (1990), then the largest casino in the world. During that period Trump also purchased the New Jersey Generals, a team in the short-lived U.S. Football League; Mar-a-Lago, a 118-room mansion in Palm Beach, Florida, built in the 1920s by the cereal heiress Marjorie Merriweather Post; a 282-foot yacht, then the world’s second largest, which he named the Trump Princess; and an East Coast air-shuttle service, which he called Trump Shuttle.
In 1977 Trump married Ivana Zelníčková Winklmayr, a Czech model, with whom he had three children—Donald, Jr., Ivanka, and Eric—before the couple divorced in 1992. Their married life, as well as Trump’s business affairs, were a staple of the tabloid press in New York City during the 1980s. Trump married the American actress Marla Maples after she gave birth to Trump’s fourth child, Tiffany, in 1993. Their marriage ended in divorce in 1999. In 2005 Trump married the Slovene model Melania Knauss, and their son, Barron, was born the following year. Melania Trump became the second foreign-born first lady of the United States upon Trump’s inauguration as president in 2017.
When the U.S. economy fell into recession in 1990, many of Trump’s businesses suffered, and he soon had trouble making payments on his approximately $5 billion debt, some $900 million of which he had personally guaranteed. Under a restructuring agreement with several banks, Trump was forced to surrender his airline, which was taken over by US Airways in 1992; to sell the Trump Princess; to take out second or third mortgages on nearly all of his properties and to reduce his ownership stakes in them; and to commit himself to living on a personal budget of $450,000 a year. Despite those measures, the Trump Taj Mahal declared bankruptcy in 1991, and two other casinos owned by Trump, as well as his Plaza Hotel in New York City, went bankrupt in 1992. Following those setbacks, most major banks refused to do any further business with him. Estimates of Trump’s net worth during this period ranged from $1.7 billion to minus $900 million.
Trump’s fortunes rebounded with the stronger economy of the later 1990s and with the decision of the Frankfurt-based Deutsche Bank AG to establish a presence in the U.S. commercial real estate market. Deutsche Bank extended hundreds of millions of dollars in credit to Trump in the late 1990s and the 2000s for projects including Trump World Tower (2001) in New York and Trump International Hotel and Tower (2009) in Chicago. In the early 1990s Trump had floated a plan to his creditors to convert his Mar-a-Lago estate into a luxury housing development consisting of several smaller mansions, but local opposition led him instead to turn it into a private club, which was opened in 1995. In 1996 Trump partnered with the NBC television network to purchase the Miss Universe Organization, which produced the Miss Universe, Miss USA, and Miss Teen USA beauty pageants. Trump’s casino businesses continued to struggle, however: in 2004 his company Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts filed for bankruptcy after several of its properties accumulated unmanageable debt, and the same company, renamed Trump Entertainment Resorts, went bankrupt again in 2009.
Beginning in the mid-2000s, Trump enjoyed an enormous financial windfall from the success of The Apprentice, a reality television series in which he starred that directly earned him nearly $200 million over a 16-year period. The Emmy-nominated show, in each episode of which Trump “fired” one or more contestants competing for a lucrative one-year contract as a Trump employee, further enhanced his reputation as a shrewd businessman and self-made billionaire. In 2008 the show was revamped as The Celebrity Apprentice, which featured news makers and entertainers as contestants.
Trump marketed his name as a brand in numerous other business ventures, including Trump Financial, a mortgage company, and the Trump Entrepreneur Initiative (formerly Trump University), an online education company focusing on real estate investment and entrepreneurialism. The latter firm, which ceased operating in 2011, was the target of class-action lawsuits by former students and a separate action by the attorney general of New York state, alleging fraud. After initially denying the allegations, Trump settled the lawsuits for $25 million in November 2016. In 2019, more than two years into his presidency, Trump agreed to pay $2 million in damages and to admit guilt to settle another lawsuit by the attorney general of New York that had accused him of illegally using assets from his charity, the Trump Foundation, to fund his 2016 presidential campaign. As part of the settlement, the Trump Foundation was dissolved.
In 2018 The New York Times published a lengthy investigative report that documented how Fred Trump had regularly transferred vast sums of money, ultimately amounting to hundreds of millions of dollars, to his children by means of strategies that involved tax, securities, and real estate fraud, as well as by legal means. According to the report, Donald Trump was the main beneficiary of the transfers, having received the equivalent (in 2018 dollars) of $413 million by the early 2000s. According to a later report by the Times, based on data from tax returns filed by Trump during an 18-year period starting in 2000, Trump paid no federal taxes in 11 years and only $750 in each of two years, 2016 and 2017. Trump was able to reduce his tax obligations to levels significantly below the average for the wealthiest Americans by claiming massive losses on many of his businesses; by deducting as business expenses costs associated with his residences and his personal aircraft; and by receiving, on the basis of business losses, a tentative refund from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) of nearly $73 million, which more than covered the federal taxes Trump had paid on income he received from The Apprentice in 2005–08. The refund became the subject of an IRS audit and a legally mandated review by the congressional Joint Committee on Taxation.
Trump was credited as coauthor of a number of books on entrepreneurship and his business career, including Trump: The Art of the Deal (1987), Trump: The Art of the Comeback (1997), Why We Want You to Be Rich (2006), Trump 101: The Way to Success (2006), and Trump Never Give Up: How I Turned My Biggest Challenges into Success (2008).
Presidential election of 2016 of Donald Trump
From the 1980s Trump periodically mused in public about running for president, but those moments were widely dismissed in the press as publicity stunts. In 1999 he switched his voter registration from Republican to the Reform Party and established a presidential exploratory committee. Although he ultimately declined to run in 2000, he published a book that year, The America We Deserve, in which he set forth his socially liberal and economically conservative political views. Trump later rejoined the Republican Party, and he maintained a high public profile during the 2012 presidential election. He did not run for office at that time, but he gained much attention for popularizing “birtherism,” a conservative conspiracy theory based on the false claim that Democratic Pres. Barack Obama is not a natural-born U.S. citizen.
In June 2015 Trump announced that he would be a candidate in the U.S. presidential election of 2016. Pledging to “make America great again”—a slogan appearing on the red hats that he and his supporters wore at his rallies—he promised to create millions of new jobs; to punish American companies that exported jobs overseas; to repeal Obama’s signature legislative achievement, the Affordable Care Act (ACA); to revive the U.S. coal industry; to drastically reduce the influence of lobbyists in Washington, D.C. (“drain the swamp”); to withdraw the United States from the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change; to impose tariffs on countries that allegedly engaged in trade practices that were unfair to the United States; to construct a wall along the U.S.-Mexico border to prevent illegal immigration from Latin America; and to ban immigration by Muslims. Trump mused about those and other issues in Crippled America: How to Make America Great Again (2015).
Donald Trump
Donald Trump
Donald Trump wearing a MAGA (Make America Great Again) red hat at a campaign rally in Fountain Hills, Arizona, March 2016.
Donald Trump
Donald Trump
Donald Trump, 2016.
On the campaign trail, Trump quickly established himself as a political outsider, a common strategy among nonincumbent candidates at all levels. In Trump’s case the stance proved popular with conservative voters—especially those in the Tea Party movement—and he frequently topped opinion polls, besting established Republican politicians. However, his campaign was often mired in controversy, much of it of his own making. In speeches and especially via Twitter (later called X), a social media platform he had used frequently since 2009, Trump regularly made inflammatory remarks, including racist and sexist slurs and insults. Other public comments by Trump, especially those directed at his rivals or detractors in the Republican establishment, were widely criticized for their belligerence, their bullying tone, and their indulgence in juvenile name-calling. Trump’s initial refusal to condemn the Ku Klux Klan after a former Klansman endorsed him also drew sharp criticism, as did his failure to repudiate racist elements among his supporters, including white supremacists and neo-Nazis. While Trump’s comments worried the Republican establishment, his supporters were pleased by his combativeness and his apparent willingness to say whatever came into his mind, a sign of honesty and courage in their estimation.
After a loss in the Iowa caucuses to open up the primary season in February 2016, Trump rebounded by winning the next three contests, and he extended his lead with a strong showing on Super Tuesday—when primaries and caucuses were held in 11 states—in early March. After a landslide victory in the Indiana primary in May, Trump became the presumptive Republican nominee as his last two opponents, Ted Cruz and John Kasich, dropped out of the race.
Donald Trump campaigning in 2016
Donald Trump campaigning in 2016
Donald Trump at a rally in Akron, Ohio, August 2016.
In July 2016 Trump announced that Indiana Gov. Mike Pence would be his vice presidential running mate. At the Republican National Convention the following week, Trump was officially named the party’s nominee. There he and other speakers harshly criticized the presumptive Democratic nominee, former secretary of state Hillary Clinton, blaming her for the 2012 attack on the U.S. consulate in Benghazi, Libya, and for allegedly having mishandled classified State Department emails by using a private email server. Earlier in July the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) announced that an investigation of Clinton’s use of email as secretary of state had determined that her actions had been “extremely careless” but not criminal. (A 2019 report by the U.S. State Department, concluding a yearslong investigation, found “no persuasive evidence of systemic, deliberate mishandling of classified information” by Clinton.) Trump continued his criticisms of Clinton in the ensuing weeks, routinely referring to her as “Crooked Hillary” and repeatedly vowing to put her in jail if he were elected. Trump’s threat to jail his political opponent was unprecedented in modern U.S. political history and was not founded in any constitutional power that a U.S. president would have.
Despite having pledged in 2015 that he would release his tax returns, as every presidential nominee of a major party had done since the 1970s, Trump later refused to do so, explaining that he was under routine audit by the IRS—though there was no legal bar to releasing his returns under audit, as Pres. Richard Nixon had done in 1973. In January 2017, soon after Trump’s inauguration as president, a senior White House official announced that Trump had no intention of releasing his returns. Trump’s tax returns and other financial information later became a focus of investigations by the House of Representatives, the district attorney for Manhattan, and the attorney general of New York into alleged criminal activity by Trump and his associates (see below Russia investigation).
In late July, on the eve of the Democratic National Convention, thousands of internal emails of the Democratic National Committee were publicly released by the website WikiLeaks in an apparent effort to damage the Clinton campaign. Reacting to widespread suspicion that the emails had been stolen by Russian hackers, Trump publicly encouraged the Russians to hack Clinton’s private email server to find thousands of emails that he claimed had been illegally deleted. A later investigation by the office of Robert Mueller, the special counsel appointed in 2017 to investigate Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election (see below Russia investigation), determined that Russian hackers first attempted to break into the personal email servers of Clinton campaign officials only hours after Trump issued his invitation.
Following the Democratic convention, Trump continued to make controversial and apparently impromptu comments via Twitter and in other forums that embarrassed the Republican establishment and seriously disrupted his campaign. In a hot-mic video from 2005, which surfaced in October 2016, Trump told an entertainment reporter in vulgar language that he had tried to seduce a married woman and that “when you’re a star…you can do anything,” including grabbing women by the genitals. Although Trump dismissed the conversation as “locker room talk,” eventually more than two dozen women claimed that they had been sexually harassed or assaulted by Trump in the past. (Some of the allegations were made during or after Trump’s presidency—see below Postpresidential activities.) During the campaign, Trump and his legal representatives generally denied the allegations and asserted that all the women were lying; they also noted that Bill Clinton had previously been accused of sexual harassment and assault. In part because of the video, Trump’s support among women voters—already low—continued to wane, and some Republicans began to withdraw their endorsements.
United States presidential election of 2016
United States presidential election of 2016
Results of the U.S. presidential election, 2016.
Approximately one hour after the release of the Trump video, WikiLeaks published a trove of emails that later investigations determined had been stolen by Russian hackers from the account of John Podesta, Clinton’s campaign manager. On the same day, the U.S. intelligence community publicly announced its assessment that the Russian government had directed efforts by hackers to steal and release sensitive Democratic Party emails and other information in order to bolster the Trump campaign and to weaken public confidence in U.S. democratic institutions, including the news media. In response, Trump attacked the competence and motives of U.S. intelligence agencies and insisted that no one really knew who might have been behind the hacking. A secret CIA report to Congress in December and a separate report ordered by Obama and released in January 2017 also concluded that the Russians had interfered in the election, including through the theft and publication of Democratic Party emails and through a vast public influence campaign that had used fake social media accounts to spread disinformation and create discord among Americans.
Despite his ongoing efforts to portray Clinton as “crooked” and an “insider,” Trump trailed her in almost all polls. As election day neared, he repeatedly claimed that the election was “rigged” and that the press was treating him unfairly by reporting “fake news,” a term he used frequently to disparage news reports containing negative information about him. He received no endorsements from major newspapers. During the third and final presidential debate, in October, he made headlines when he refused to say that he would accept the election results.
Eight days after that debate, the Trump campaign received a boost when FBI director James Comey notified Congress that the bureau was reviewing a trove of emails from an unrelated case that appeared to be relevant to its earlier investigation of Clinton. Trump seized on the announcement as vindication of his charge that Clinton was crooked. Six days later Comey announced that the new emails contained no evidence of criminal activity. Notwithstanding the damage that Comey’s revelation had done to her campaign, Clinton retained a slim lead over Trump in polls of swing states (those considered to be winnable by either candidate) on the eve of election day, and most pundits and political analysts remained confident that she would win. When voting proceeded on November 8, 2016, however, Trump defeated Clinton in a chain of critical Rust Belt states. Although Trump won the Electoral College vote by 304 to 227, and thereby the presidency, he lost the nationwide popular vote by more than 2.8 million. After the election, Trump repeatedly claimed, without evidence, that 3–5 million people had voted for Clinton illegally. Trump was inaugurated on January 20, 2017.
Trump’s unexpected victory prompted much discussion in the press regarding the reliability of polls and the strategic mistakes of the Clinton campaign. Most analysts agreed that Clinton had taken for granted some of her core constituencies (including women and minorities) and that Trump had effectively capitalized upon the economic anxieties and racial prejudices of some working-class whites, particularly men.
Presidency of Donald Trump
Donald Trump and Barack Obama
Donald Trump and Barack Obama
Pres. Barack Obama (right) and President-elect Donald Trump in the Oval Office of the White House, Washington, D.C., November 10, 2016.
Donald Trump
Donald Trump
The official presidential portrait of Donald Trump.
Almost immediately upon taking office, Trump began issuing a series of executive orders designed to fulfill some of his campaign promises and to project an image of swift, decisive action. His first order, signed on his first day as president, directed that all “unwarranted economic and regulatory burdens” imposed by the Affordable Care Act should be minimized pending the “prompt repeal” of that law. Five days later he directed the secretary of the Department of Homeland Security to begin planning for the construction of a wall along the country’s southern border. An executive order on ethics imposed a five-year ban on “lobbying activities” by former executive branch employees but weakened or removed some lobbying restrictions imposed by the Obama administration.
Immigration
One of Trump’s most controversial early executive orders, issued on January 27, implemented his promised “Muslim ban,” which temporarily suspended immigration to the United States from seven Muslim-majority countries in the interest of national security. The travel ban, as it came to be known, was immediately challenged in court on statutory and constitutional grounds (i.e., for allegedly violating anti-discrimination and other provisions of the U.S. Immigration and Nationality Act and for being inconsistent with the due process and establishment-of-religion clauses of the Constitution). The ban also provoked spontaneous demonstrations at major airports in the United States in support of persons with valid visas who were prevented from boarding flights to the U.S. or who were detained upon arrival and forced to return to their originating countries. In February a district court in Washington state issued a nationwide temporary restraining order enjoining enforcement of the travel ban, which the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit declined to stay.
Foreseeing eventual defeat in the courts, Trump in March issued a second executive order designed to avoid the constitutional pitfalls of the first, which it superseded. The second order also dropped Iraq from the list of targeted countries and narrowed the categories of persons whose travel would be affected. Nevertheless, district courts in Hawaii and Maryland issued preliminary injunctions blocking enforcement of the revised travel ban; the injunctions were largely upheld in May and June by the Fourth and Ninth Circuit Courts of Appeal, respectively. After agreeing in June to hear the consolidated cases during its October 2017 term, the U.S. Supreme Court significantly narrowed the injunctions, allowing the travel ban to be enforced against all “foreign nationals who lack any bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States.”
In September Trump issued a third version of the ban, which continued to apply to immigrants from six Muslim-majority countries but now included immigrants from North Korea and certain government officials of Venezuela. The Supreme Court then vacated as moot the cases it had been scheduled to hear regarding the second travel ban. The third ban, like the previous two, was immediately challenged and enjoined, but the Supreme Court stayed the injunctions in December pending review by the Fourth and Ninth Circuits (which upheld them). The Ninth Circuit’s decision in Trump v. Hawaii was eventually reversed by the Supreme Court in June 2018. In its ruling, the Court held, among other things, that the ban was not obviously motivated by unconstitutional religious bias, notwithstanding Trump’s many public statements indicating otherwise to lower courts.
Grover Cleveland, 22nd and 24th president of the United States.
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From at least the early 2010s most illegal immigration across the U.S. southern border with Mexico had been undertaken by people seeking asylum from violence and persecution in their home countries, especially in Central America and Africa. Under U.S. immigration law, foreign persons who are physically present in the United States, including those who entered the country illegally, are entitled to asylum as refugees provided that they can establish a credible fear of persecution in their home countries based on their race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in certain social groups.
In April 2018 the Trump administration announced what it called a “zero-tolerance” immigration policy under which all foreign adults who entered the United States illegally (a misdemeanor for first-time offenders) would be criminally prosecuted. The policy entailed that children in families who had illegally crossed the U.S. border together would be taken from their parents (or legal guardians) and placed within a system of hundreds of shelters across the country, which were operated or contracted by the Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR), a division of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Eventually, according to HHS policy, separated children would be released to sponsors (their parents, close relatives, or other suitable persons) or to foster families in the United States. After surrendering their children, parents would be held in detention centers or jails to await prosecution for illegal entry. Under the previous immigration policy, known as “catch and release,” migrant families were usually quickly released and allowed to remain together in the United States while their cases were being resolved by immigration authorities. In practice, family separations conducted under the zero-tolerance policy were traumatic for both children and parents.
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The Trump administration had conceived of and initially defended the separations as a necessary deterrent to illegal economic immigration by people falsely claiming fear of persecution in their home countries. Trump himself falsely asserted that the separations were required by existing immigration law and blamed Democrats for not changing it—though his own party controlled both houses of Congress at the time. Soon, however, widely circulated photographs of crying and visibly terrified children and of children confined within fenced enclosures resembling cages prompted international condemnation of the separation policy, as did eventual news reports of the physical and sexual abuse of some children in shelters and the deaths of others from lack of adequate medical care. Facing pressure to act from congressional Republicans, in late June Trump signed an executive order ending the separations. One week later, pursuant to a class action lawsuit filed by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), a federal judge in California issued an injunction against further separations and ordered the Trump administration to return to their parents all of the more than 2,700 children who had been seized under the zero-tolerance policy. The judge’s 30-day deadline was not met, however, largely because the administration had not established any procedures for tracking the whereabouts of separated children or for reuniting children with their parents or guardians after separation—a situation noted critically in the judge’s order and confirmed by an October 2018 report on the family separation policy by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO). Even after the zero-tolerance policy was rescinded, border authorities continued to seize hundreds of children on the basis of clauses in the injunction and the executive order that permitted taking children from parents who were “unfit” or who posed a “danger” to their children. Broadly interpreting those exceptions, border officials reportedly applied them to parents who had committed minor offenses or who appeared not to be taking proper care of their children. Other family separations were undertaken on the basis of the federal government’s narrow definition of “family,” which allowed children who arrived with other relatives (e.g., aunts, grandparents, or older siblings) to be treated as “unaccompanied.”
As another facet of its campaign to reduce illegal immigration, the Trump administration also greatly increased arrests of undocumented immigrants by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), an agency of the Department of Homeland Security established in 2003. During the Obama administration, ICE had concentrated on undocumented immigrants with serious criminal records, but in January 2017 Trump directed the department to find, arrest, and deport all persons without documentation, regardless of how long they had lived in the country or whether they had committed any crimes. ICE officers thereafter regularly conducted raids—at private homes, churches, schools, courthouses, and job sites—in select locations throughout the country. Both criminal and noncriminal arrests increased nationwide as compared with 2016, but noncriminal arrests constituted a much greater percentage of the total. The raids were condemned by prominent Democrats and civil rights organizations as draconian and wasteful, while some progressive groups proclaimed an “abolish ICE” movement. At the same time, dozens of cities and towns declared themselves “sanctuaries,” vowing not to cooperate with ICE and other federal authorities seeking to remove undocumented immigrants from their jurisdictions.
Emoluments clause
During the presidential election campaign, some of Trump’s critics had warned that his presidency could create a unique and immediate constitutional crisis because of his possible violation of the foreign emoluments clause of the U.S. Constitution, which generally prohibits federal officeholders from accepting gifts, payments, or other items of value from foreign states or rulers without congressional permission. A related constitutional provision, known as the domestic emoluments clause, specifically prohibits the president from receiving any emolument from the federal government or the states beyond his official compensation. Trump’s vast, complex, and largely secret international business interests, it was argued, could create exactly the kind of conflict of interest that the foreign emoluments clause was intended to prevent—unless Trump were to sell his assets or place them in a blind trust. Although federal conflict-of-interest laws did not apply to the president and vice president, several of Trump’s immediate predecessors in office had used blind trusts or other means to avoid the appearance of conflict of interest.
To address such concerns, in January 2017 Trump announced that he would surrender control—but not ownership—of the Trump Organization to his sons Donald, Jr., and Eric; that no new business deals with foreign countries or the U.S. government would be undertaken; and that any profits derived from patronage of Trump’s properties by foreign governments would be donated to the U.S. Treasury—an arrangement that failed to satisfy some specialists in government ethics. In late January a public interest group, Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW), later joined by other plaintiffs, filed suit against Trump (in his capacity as president) in federal district court in Manhattan, alleging that he was in violation of the foreign emoluments clause. In June the attorneys general of Maryland and the District of Columbia sued Trump for allegedly having violated both the foreign and domestic emoluments clauses, and soon afterward nearly 200 Democratic members of Congress filed a separate suit alleging that, by continuing to accept emoluments from foreign countries without consulting Congress, Trump had denied Congress the opportunity to give or withhold its required “Consent.” After the CREW suit was dismissed for lack of standing (the possession of a sufficient interest in the outcome of a judicial proceeding, usually on the basis of an existing or anticipated legal injury) in district court in December, the plaintiffs appealed the case to a three-judge panel of the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, which vacated the lower court’s judgment in September 2019, allowing the suit to proceed to trial. Trump unsuccessfully petitioned the Second Circuit for an en banc hearing (before all judges of the court) and then filed a writ of certiorari (petition for review) with the Supreme Court in September 2020.
In March and July 2018 a federal district court denied motions by Trump to dismiss the suit by Maryland and the District of Columbia, allowing that case to move forward with regard to the operation of the Trump International Hotel in Washington, D.C. After issuing a stay of the district court’s proceedings, a three-judge panel of the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit reversed the district court’s rulings and ordered a dismissal of the suit for lack of standing. That judgment in turn was set aside in October 2019, when the Fourth Circuit agreed to an en banc hearing in December. In May 2020 the Fourth Circuit upheld the district court’s original rulings, leading Trump to file a writ of certiorari with the Supreme Court in September. Meanwhile, in the suit brought by Democratic members of Congress, a district court rejected (in September 2018 and April 2019) the Trump administration’s motion to dismiss but agreed in August 2019 to stay discovery and to allow an immediate appeal of the court’s orders after a three-judge panel of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit remanded the case in July. That panel later agreed to hear oral arguments in December on the question of whether the district court had erred in allowing the suit to proceed. In February 2020 it dismissed the suit for lack of standing, and in October 2020 the Supreme Court declined to review the circuit court’s judgment. Following Biden’s inauguration as president in January 2021, the Supreme Court dismissed both of the remaining emoluments suits as moot.
Although those cases were not resolved, there was no doubt that Trump had profited from patronage of his hotels, golf resorts, and other properties by officials of foreign governments, foreign and domestic lobbyists, Republican politicians, representatives of conservative interest groups, and members of his own administration. It was also apparent that much, if not most, of the business he received from foreign governments and from foreign and domestic lobbyists was undertaken on the assumption (justified or not) that Trump would look more favorably upon those who spent money at his properties than upon those who did not. During his presidency, it became a matter of routine that persons or groups who wished to influence the Trump administration at high levels, whether in the United States or abroad, would patronize a Trump-owned property whenever feasible. Trump’s properties also received much business from the U.S. government itself, which was forced to pay Trump for services and accommodations (e.g., for U.S. Secret Service protection) at his golf courses and at his Mar-a-Lago resort in Florida during his frequent visits to those venues.
Supreme Court of Donald Trump
In January 2017 Trump made good on his promise to place conservative justices on the Supreme Court by nominating Neil Gorsuch, a judge of the Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, to fill the seat that had become vacant with the death in February 2016 of Antonin Scalia. Although Obama had put forward Merrick Garland, a judicial moderate, as Scalia’s replacement in March 2016, the majority leader of the Senate, Republican Mitch McConnell, refused to schedule a vote or even to hold hearings on Garland’s nomination, declaring that the Senate should not consider any Supreme Court nominee during an election year. McConnell’s gamble that a Republican would win the presidency and nominate a more conservative justice proved successful. Gorsuch was confirmed by the Senate in April after Senate Republicans overcame a Democratic filibuster by removing the traditional 60-vote minimum needed for cloture (ending debate and proceeding to a vote).
In July 2018 Trump nominated another conservative appellate court judge, Brett Kavanaugh of the District of Columbia Circuit, to replace retiring Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy. In hearings before the Senate Judiciary Committee in September, Christine Blasey Ford, an academic psychologist, testified that Kavanaugh had sexually molested her when the two were underage teens in Maryland and that he was “stumbling drunk” during the assault. Kavanaugh was also accused of a separate act of sexual assault by a former classmate at Yale University, Deborah Ramirez. A third accuser, Julie Swetnick, declared in a sworn statement that Kavanaugh had attended parties at which gang rapes took place. In his own testimony, Kavanaugh angrily denied the allegations, insisting that they were the product of a conspiracy by Democrats to exact revenge on behalf of “the Clintons” for Kavanaugh’s role as a member of the legal team of independent counsel Kenneth Starr during the latter’s investigation in the 1990s of U.S. Pres. Bill Clinton’s affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. A subsequent supplemental investigation by the FBI, ordered by Trump, was severely limited in duration and scope: Kavanaugh, Ford, and Swetnick were not interviewed; dozens of witnesses recommended to the FBI by Ford and Ramirez were not contacted; and repeated offers of corroborating evidence by numerous other persons were not acted upon. After the Republican chair of the Judiciary Committee declared that the FBI’s confidential report had found “no corroboration” of the allegations, Kavanaugh was narrowly confirmed by the Senate in October.
Ford’s emotionally compelling testimony—and the belief among many women of both political parties that she had been treated unfairly—galvanized the Me Too movement of survivors of sexual assault and reinforced perceptions of the Republican Party and the Trump administration as being insensitive to women’s concerns. Meanwhile, Trump defended Kavanaugh as a victim of persecution and contended that the Me Too movement had created a dangerous climate for men.
In September 2020, eight days after the death of Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Trump announced his nomination of judge Amy Coney Barrett, whom he had appointed to the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit only two years earlier, as Ginsburg’s replacement. Notwithstanding the fact that 2020 was an election year, Senate Republicans declared their intention to confirm Barrett quickly. After Judiciary Committee hearings and Senate debate that Democrats criticized as improperly rushed, Barrett was confirmed by the full Senate on October 26, exactly one month after her nomination and only eight days before the presidential election. An extremely conservative judge, Barrett was expected to move the ideological center of the Supreme Court even farther to the right than it had been under the Court’s previous 5–4 conservative majorities and to make conservative rulings from the Court more likely for many years to come.
Close up of a hand placing a ballot in a ballot box. Election vote voter voting
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Trump also successfully appointed a record number of district and appellate court judges, having inherited more than 100 federal bench vacancies resulting from the refusal of Senate Republicans to confirm most of Obama’s judicial nominees during the last two years of his presidency. Trump’s judicial appointments, almost all of whom were drawn from recommendations by the conservative Federalist Society, were mostly white and male; they were also generally young (less than 50 years old), ensuring that they would serve for several years or even decades. Their usually quick confirmations on party-line votes helped to further the Republican Party’s long-standing project of transforming the federal judiciary, particularly at the appellate level, into a conservative bulwark against liberal legal initiatives and policy making. By the end of Trump’s single presidential term in January 2021, nearly 30 percent of all federal judges were Trump appointees.
Cabinet appointments
Trump took an unusually long time to assemble his cabinet, in part because many of his early nominations to positions requiring Senate confirmation were filibustered by Democrats. His cabinet was also unusual in that its members were the least diverse in decades and the richest by far in U.S. history. Several of Trump’s cabinet-level appointments were closely associated with the firms or industries that their agencies were charged with overseeing or were well known for having opposed their agencies’ basic missions in the past. Trump’s cabinet and high-level executive staff were also distinguished by their relatively high rate of turnover and eventually by the fact that several cabinet-level officials served at various times only in acting capacities, not having been confirmed by the Senate.
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Particularly controversial among the original members of Trump’s cabinet were Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) administrator Scott Pruitt, who as Oklahoma attorney general had spent much of his career suing the agency on behalf of the oil and gas industry; and Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos, who had frequently expressed contempt for public education while promoting and financially supporting school voucher legislation and charter and private schools. Steve Bannon, the former head of Breitbart News, a far-right publishing platform, was appointed chief strategist but left the administration after seven months in August 2017. Trump also gave his son-in-law, Jared Kushner, and his daughter Ivanka Trump prominent (though unpaid) roles as senior adviser to the president and assistant to the president, respectively.
During his administration, several of Trump’s cabinet members were accused of ethics violations and other malfeasance, including breaches of travel regulations and anti-lobbying laws, inappropriate use of their agencies’ resources, perjury, and contempt of Congress for failure to respond to lawful subpoenas by congressional committees (see below Russia investigation and Ukraine scandal). In September 2017 Tom Price resigned as secretary of health and human services after news reports revealed that he had spent some $400,000 on luxury chartered aircraft for trips to Europe and within the United States. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin, Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke, and Veterans Affairs Secretary David Shulkin were also criticized for inappropriate use of chartered or military aircraft, leading to Shulkin’s firing in March 2018. Zinke, who faced several federal investigations of his conduct as interior secretary, including one that was referred to the Justice Department, resigned under pressure in December 2018. Earlier that year Ben Carson, the secretary of housing and urban development, was investigated by a House oversight committee for having spent an inordinate sum on furniture for his government office. In July Pruitt was forced to resign after a long series of scandals concerning questionable spending, the use of EPA employees as personal assistants, inappropriate gifts from lobbyists, and the use of undisclosed email addresses for official EPA business. Although he did not resign as a result, Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross was heavily criticized (but faced no criminal charges) for apparently lying to Congress when he told the House Ways and Means Committee and the Senate Appropriations Committee in March 2018 that his decision to add a citizenship question to the 2020 decennial census was made at the request of the Justice Department to help it better enforce the 1965 Voting Rights Act—a rationale that the Supreme Court later found to be “contrived.” (See Department of Commerce v. New York.) In April–May 2019 Mnuchin declined to act on a request by the House Ways and Means Committee for six years of Trump’s business and personal tax returns (see below Other investigations); in so doing, he appeared to flout a 1924 federal law (26 U.S. Code §6103) that requires the secretary of the Treasury to provide individual tax returns and related tax information upon request to select committees of Congress.
Russia investigation of Donald Trump
Donald Trump
Donald Trump
Donald Trump speaking at a rally in Hershey, Pennsylvania, a month after winning the 2016 U.S. presidential election.
In February 2017 Trump’s new national security adviser, Michael Flynn, was forced to resign after press reports disclosed that Flynn had continued to serve in the White House despite a warning from the Justice Department that he was vulnerable to Russian blackmail for having lied to Vice Pres. Mike Pence about the substance of a telephone conversation between Flynn and the Russian ambassador to the United States in December 2016. Flynn’s contacts with the ambassador, both before and after the election, had been monitored by the FBI as part of its routine surveillance of the ambassador’s communications and in connection with a then secret investigation since July 2016 of possible collusion between Russian officials and prominent members of the Trump campaign. That investigation had been triggered by information obtained by Australian authorities, who reported to the FBI in May that George Papadopoulos, a foreign-policy adviser in the Trump campaign, had told an Australian diplomat in London that Russia had “dirt” on Clinton, an apparent reference to the stolen emails that were eventually released by WikiLeaks in July. Speculation in the press regarding the existence of the investigation had been repeatedly dismissed by Trump as “fake news” but was confirmed by Comey in testimony before the House Intelligence Committee in March 2017, during which he also contradicted Trump’s claim that Obama had spied on the Trump campaign by tapping Trump’s telephones. Democratic members of Congress, meanwhile, expressed dismay that Comey had chosen to report the discovery of additional Clinton emails in October 2016 but had waited until after the election to reveal the Russia investigation.
After Comey testified again in May about Russian interference in the election, Trump abruptly fired him, ostensibly on the recommendation of the Justice Department, which in memos solicited by Trump criticized Comey for his public disclosures regarding Clinton’s emails. Trump soon acknowledged that he had intended to fire Comey regardless of the Justice Department’s recommendation and that “this Russia thing” was a factor in his decision. Later that month the press obtained a copy of a memo written by Comey that summarized a conversation between Comey and Trump at a dinner at the White House in January. The memo stated that Trump had asked Comey to pledge “loyalty” to him and that Trump had indirectly requested that Comey drop the FBI’s investigation of Flynn. The memo immediately raised concerns, even among some Republicans, that Trump’s actions might have constituted obstruction of justice. The deputy attorney general, Rod Rosenstein, then announced the appointment of former FBI director Robert Mueller as special counsel to oversee the FBI’s investigation of Russian interference in the election and possible collusion between Russian officials and the Trump campaign, which Rosenstein’s appointment order characterized as “any links and/or coordination between the Russian government and individuals associated with the campaign of President Donald Trump.” Mueller was also authorized to investigate and prosecute any federal crimes arising directly from or committed in the course of the investigation, including obstruction of justice, perjury, destruction of evidence, and witness intimidation.
Comey’s testimony in June before the Senate Intelligence Committee—which, like the House Intelligence Committee, was conducting its own investigation—was broadcast live on television, radio, and the Internet. Many Americans watched from bars and restaurants, which opened early in some parts of the country to provide venues for viewing the much-anticipated event. Comey accused Trump and other administration officials of lying about Comey’s effectiveness as director of the FBI, and he attributed his being fired to Trump’s alleged desire to shut down the Russia investigation. Comey also revealed that, after being fired, he indirectly leaked the memo that recounted his dinner conversation with Trump in the hope of triggering the appointment of a special counsel to continue the Russia investigation.
Early in July 2017 the press reported that in June 2016 senior members of the Trump campaign, including its chair, Paul Manafort, as well as Jared Kushner and Trump’s son Donald, Jr., had met secretly in Trump Tower with a lawyer associated with the Russian government. In response, Donald, Jr., issued a statement in which he claimed that the meeting had primarily concerned adoptions of Russian children by Americans and that he had not known in advance who on the Russian side would be attending. Three days later the press reported the existence of emails predating the meeting in which the British publicist Rob Goldstone (who had helped Trump stage the 2013 Miss Universe contest in Moscow) notified Donald, Jr., that the Russian government possessed incriminating “documents and information” on Clinton and offered to set up a meeting to convey them through a “Russian government attorney.” Attendance at such a meeting was potentially a crime under U.S. campaign finance law, which generally prohibits accepting or soliciting foreign assistance in connection with a U.S. election.
In January 2018 President Trump’s legal team acknowledged in a memo to the Mueller investigation that Trump himself had dictated the false account of the meeting (claiming that it had concerned adoptions), thus contradicting earlier statements by his attorneys and by White House press secretaries. In August 2018 Trump admitted via Twitter that the purpose of the meeting was “to get information on an opponent” but insisted that the encounter was perfectly legal, that no information was forthcoming, and that he did not know about the meeting in advance. For the first time, he also publicly (on Twitter) called upon Attorney General Jeff Sessions to put an end to the Russia investigation by firing Mueller—a power, however, that Sessions did not possess, having recused himself in March 2017 after revelations of his previously undisclosed contacts with the Russian ambassador as a member of the Trump campaign in September 2016.
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In October 2017 the Mueller investigation announced a plea agreement with Papadopoulos in which he admitted to lying to the FBI about his contacts with Russian nationals regarding the theft of emails from the Clinton campaign and pledged to cooperate with the investigation in exchange for its promise not to prosecute him on more serious charges. Later that month the Mueller team also unveiled a 12-count indictment against Manafort and his associate Rick Gates (who himself had been an adviser to the Trump campaign), charging them with money laundering, tax evasion, and bank fraud in connection with Manafort’s consulting and lobbying efforts on behalf of Ukrainian political parties and leaders between 2006 and 2015. As part of a plea agreement with prosecutors, Flynn twice pleaded guilty in federal district court to lying to the FBI—once in December 2017 and again in December 2018. (Flynn’s sentencing was postponed by the district court on several occasions, initially to permit Flynn to cooperate with government investigators, which he did until mid-2019.) In February 2018 additional charges were filed against Manafort and Gates in a superseding indictment, leading Gates to reach a plea agreement; Gates’s testimony at Manafort’s trial in July–August was instrumental in securing the latter’s conviction on eight criminal counts. Facing a separate trial on other felony charges in September, Manafort reached his own plea agreement with the Mueller investigation that month.
Also in February 2018 the Mueller investigation indicted 13 Russian nationals and three Russian organizations on charges of conspiring to defraud the United States by interfering in its political and electoral processes, including the 2016 election. The indictment charged that the individual defendants, working in part through facilities provided by the Internet Research Agency (IRA) in St. Petersburg, used hundreds of fictitious and stolen social media identities to spread “derogatory information” about Clinton and to support Trump. According to the indictment, they also engaged in efforts to discourage minorities from voting, promoted allegations of voter fraud by the Democratic Party, purchased political advertisements on social media, and used false U.S. identities to organize on-the-ground political rallies in several states.
Acting on a referral by the Mueller investigation, in April the FBI raided the home and office of Michael Cohen, Trump’s personal attorney, seizing business records and recordings of telephone conversations between Cohen and his clients, including Trump. According to press reports, Cohen was being investigated on charges of tax evasion, bank fraud, and violations of campaign finance law in connection with his role in making or arranging hush-money payments in 2016 to Stormy Daniels and the model Karen McDougal in fulfillment of nondisclosure agreements concerning their alleged affairs with Trump in 2006–07. In March both women filed lawsuits seeking to have their agreements declared invalid. Cohen eventually pleaded guilty to eight criminal counts in August 2018 in a hearing at which he stated under oath that Trump had directed him to make or arrange payments to Daniels and McDougal. (Following the end of his presidential term in 2021, Trump himself was indicted on state criminal charges of falsifying business records to conceal the Trump Organization’s reimbursement of Cohen for the hush-money payment to Daniels. See below Criminal indictments.)
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In July 2018 Mueller indicted 12 Russian military intelligence officers for conspiring to interfere in the 2016 election by stealing thousands of emails and other documents from computer servers of the Democratic Party and the Clinton campaign and publicly releasing them through fictitious social media identities and WikiLeaks. The indictment also charged the officers with breaking into the computer network of at least one state board of elections and stealing data on approximately 500,000 voters. (In a secret May 2017 report, later leaked to the press, the National Security Agency [NSA] determined that a total of 39 state boards of election had been targeted.) The announcement of the indictment prompted Trump to again express doubt that Russia was responsible for the interference, as he had done on several occasions since the beginning of the Russia investigation, and to again assert that the FBI was corrupt and dishonest for not pursuing a criminal investigation of Clinton.
In September 2018 Papadopoulos was sentenced to serve 14 days in a minimum-security federal prison for lying to the FBI, becoming the first Trump campaign official to be jailed in connection with the Russia investigation. Two months later, in November, Mueller informed a trial judge that Manafort had violated his plea agreement by again lying in interviews with investigators and by making false statements before a grand jury. Manafort was eventually sentenced to a combined 7.5 years in prison by two federal courts in March 2019. Later that month he was charged with an additional 16 state felonies by the district attorney for Manhattan. Meanwhile, in November 2018, Cohen pleaded guilty to separate charges of lying to Congress for having told the House and Senate intelligence committees that Trump’s efforts to build a hotel in Moscow had ended in January 2016, when, in fact, they had continued until at least June of that year, by which time Trump had become the presumptive Republican presidential nominee. Cohen was sentenced to three years in prison in December 2018.
Also in November 2018, Trump fired Sessions and appointed as acting attorney general Matthew Whitaker, Sessions’s former chief of staff, who had been an outspoken critic of the Russia investigation before joining the Justice Department. Controversy over whether Whitaker should recuse himself from the investigation was soon overshadowed, however, by Trump’s nomination in December of William Barr as Sessions’s permanent successor. Barr, who had served (1991–93) as attorney general in the George H.W. Bush administration, was known for his extreme view of executive power—one that entailed, among other things, that presidents cannot commit obstruction of justice through the exercise of the discretionary powers granted to them by the Constitution. Notably, Barr relied upon that theory to question the legitimacy of the Mueller investigation in an unsolicited memo that he submitted to the Justice Department in June 2018. The memo, which came to light soon after Barr’s nomination, immediately drew criticism from Democrats, who viewed it as an attempt to curry favor with the Trump administration and as a signal of Barr’s apparent willingness to shut down the Mueller inquiry if Trump so ordered. At his confirmation hearings Barr pledged that he would not interfere in the Russia investigation but refused to say whether he would release Mueller’s final report to the public. He was confirmed by the Republican-controlled Senate in February 2019 in a mostly party-line vote.
Approximately five weeks after his confirmation, Barr informed Congress that Mueller had submitted a final report on the results of his investigation and that there would be no additional indictments. (By that time, Mueller’s team had indicted 34 individuals and three businesses on nearly 200 criminal charges and obtained seven guilty pleas.) Two days later Barr sent to Congress an unusual written summary of the report’s contents, in which he stated that Mueller had not found sufficient evidence to establish a charge of conspiracy regarding the Trump campaign’s interactions with Russia and that Mueller had not made a traditional recommendation about whether Trump should be prosecuted for obstruction of justice. Absent that recommendation, he continued, he and Rosenstein had themselves determined that the evidence presented in Mueller’s report was “not sufficient to establish that the President committed an obstruction-of-justice offense.” Barr’s public release of the summary at about the same time, and its wide coverage in the press, encouraged many Americans to assume that Mueller’s report had found no serious wrongdoing by the president, though others remained skeptical. According to press reports in late April, Mueller had privately written to Barr soon after the summary became public to complain that Barr’s characterization of the report to Congress “did not fully capture the context, nature, and substance of this Office’s work and conclusions” and had created “public confusion about critical aspects of the results of our investigation.”
On April 18, nearly one month after his letter to Congress, Barr released a redacted version of the Mueller report. House Democrats welcomed the release but insisted that Barr make available to them all confidential grand jury materials and the redacted passages related to them. After Barr refused, the House Judiciary Committee sued the Justice Department and obtained a court order in October requiring the release of the grand jury materials. That order was later upheld by a three-judge panel of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, a decision that the Justice Department appealed to the Supreme Court in July. In late November, after Biden’s victory over Trump in the 2020 presidential election, the Court removed the case from its argument calendar at the request of the Judiciary Committee.
The two volumes of Mueller’s report reflected the dual mandates of his appointment as special counsel: the first detailed the goals and methods of the Russian attack on the 2016 presidential election, and the second outlined several potentially obstructive actions taken by Trump in connection with the FBI’s investigation of Russian interference (begun in July 2016) and the subsequent investigation led by Mueller (begun in May 2017).
Mueller’s office concluded in the first volume that there was insufficient evidence to establish that “members of the Trump campaign conspired or coordinated with the Russian government” despite “numerous links” between the two as detailed in the report. In the second volume, Mueller explained that his office had decided not to recommend charges of obstruction of justice against Trump because Justice Department regulations prohibited the indictment or criminal prosecution of a sitting president and because the office deemed it unfair to accuse Trump of a crime outside the context of a formal trial, where he would have the opportunity to answer the charges against him. Nevertheless, Mueller emphasized in the conclusion of the second volume that
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If we had confidence after a thorough investigation of the facts that the President clearly did not commit obstruction of justice, we would so state. Based on the facts and the applicable legal standards, we are unable to reach that judgment. Accordingly, while this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime, it also does not exonerate him.
Although the Mueller report appeared to document numerous instances of impeachable behavior by Trump, Democrats in the House were initially divided over whether a formal impeachment inquiry should be opened. Despite demands for immediate action from several liberal Democrats, the House leadership and most other Democratic members preferred a more cautious approach, arguing that most Americans were opposed to impeachment and that Trump could not be removed from office anyway, because he was certain to be acquitted in the Republican-controlled Senate. The latter view, which House Speaker Nancy Pelosi had advocated even before the release of the Mueller report, remained the prevailing position within the Democratic Party until the late summer of 2019 (see below Ukraine scandal).
In December 2019 the Justice Department’s Office of the Inspector General released a report on its investigation of the FBI’s actions during the early stages of the Russia investigation (then code-named “Crossfire Hurricane”). The report addressed, among other topics, whether the FBI had observed proper procedures in opening Crossfire Hurricane and four individual investigations of members of the Trump campaign (Papadopoulos, Carter Page, Manafort, and Flynn) and whether the FBI had placed any undercover agents within the Trump campaign to gain information about possible links and coordination with the Russian government. Although the report concluded that the investigation had been legitimately opened and that there was no evidence of political bias or of FBI “spying” on the Trump campaign, it also faulted the FBI and the Justice Department for serious errors and omissions and at least one case of apparent criminal wrongdoing in its handling of applications (to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court [FISC]) for warrants to surveil Page, then a Trump campaign adviser.
In an extraordinary decision in May 2020, the Justice Department moved to drop its case against Flynn on the grounds that his statements to the FBI were not “materially” relevant to the bureau’s investigation and that, in any event, the investigation of Flynn itself lacked any legitimate counterintelligence or criminal purpose. Although the district court’s refusal to drop the case was eventually upheld by the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, the case became moot after Trump pardoned Flynn in late November 2020. In the last weeks of his presidency, Trump also granted pardons to Manafort and to Roger Stone, a friend and adviser who had been convicted of lying to Congress, obstruction, and witness tampering in connection with the House Intelligence Committee’s investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 election.
Other investigations
As Mueller’s investigation proceeded, and through the release of his report in March, several House committees—including the Judiciary Committee, the Select Committee on Intelligence, the Ways and Means Committee, the Foreign Affairs Committee, the Committee on Oversight and Reform, and the Financial Services Committee—were conducting their own inquiries into possible tax and financial crimes by Trump, the Trump Organization, the Trump inaugural committee, and the charitable Trump Foundation (dissolved in 2018), evidence of which had arisen from Mueller’s investigation and from congressional testimony by Cohen and other Trump associates. At the same time, the office of the U.S. District Attorney for the Southern District of New York (SDNY) continued its separate inquiry into possible tax fraud and violations of campaign-finance law by Trump in connection with the alleged hush-money payments to Daniels and McDougal (that investigation, however, was abruptly closed without explanation in July 2019). Other federal prosecutors, as well as state and local authorities, were looking into possible lawbreaking by Trump in connection with questionable donations to Trump’s inaugural committee, an alleged offer of a presidential pardon to Cohen, misuse of charitable assets by the Trump Foundation, accusations that Trump inflated the value of his assets in four major Trump Organization projects, apparently illegal tax schemes by the Trump family (see above Early life and business career), and other matters. By the summer of 2019 approximately 30 criminal or civil investigations of Trump and his family or associates were underway.
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Since the early months of that year, however, the Trump administration had regularly refused to provide documents or witness testimony requested or subpoenaed by Democratic-led House committees investigating alleged corruption, abuse of power, and obstruction of justice by Trump or the Trump administration. In the wake of the public release in April of the redacted Mueller report, Trump publicly affirmed his administration’s refusal to cooperate with the House investigations, declaring that “we’re fighting all the subpoenas.” He and congressional Republicans frequently insisted that all such inquiries were illegitimate politically motivated attempts to embarrass Trump or to overturn the results of the 2016 election. Although past administrations, including the Richard Nixon administration, had also regularly defied congressional oversight, particularly with claims of executive privilege, none had so broadly rejected, on explicitly partisan grounds, any congressional oversight whatsoever. Some constitutional scholars warned that Trump’s refusal to recognize any legitimate purpose to Congress’s investigations of his administration threatened to undermine the constitutionally established separation of powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. Soon after Pelosi announced the beginning of a formal impeachment investigation of Trump in September 2019 (see below Ukraine scandal), the White House counsel, Pat Cipollone, announced in a letter to her and other House leaders that the Trump administration would refuse to cooperate with the inquiry in any way, primarily because it allegedly did not afford Trump the due process guarantees provided to defendants in criminal trials. The House investigation, however, was not a trial.
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After Michael Cohen’s testimony to Congress in February 2019 that Trump had regularly inflated or deflated the value of his assets in order to obtain bank loans or to reduce his real estate taxes, respectively, the House Oversight Committee in March requested 10 years of Trump’s financial records from Trump’s accounting firm, Mazars, which responded that it could not legally provide the desired records. The committee’s subsequent subpoena was challenged by Trump in a lawsuit against Mazars and the Oversight Committee but ultimately upheld by a U.S. district court and the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Responding to an emergency appeal to the Supreme Court by Trump’s attorneys, Chief Justice John Roberts, Jr., indefinitely stayed the subpoena while the Court considered whether to review the judge’s decision. Meanwhile, two other House committees, on Financial Services and Intelligence, issued subpoenas to Deutsche Bank, Trump’s primary lender since the late 1990s, seeking nearly 10 years of tax returns and other financial documents; the Financial Services Committee also subpoenaed the U.S. bank Capital One for similar information. Trump’s lawsuit to prevent the two banks from releasing his financial information was rejected by a district court and, on appeal, by the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. In a third case, Trump sued New York state officials (and preemptively the House Ways and Means Committee) to block enforcement of a grand jury subpoena to Mazars for eight years of his state tax returns, arguing that a sitting president is immune from state criminal subpoenas. After a district court dismissed that doctrine as “repugnant to the nation’s governmental structure and constitutional values” and the Second Circuit affirmed, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed in December 2019 to hear all three cases, consolidating the first two as Trump v. Mazars. The Court ultimately declined to invalidate the subpoenas in Mazars but remanded the cases to the lower courts for further consideration of their implications for the separation of powers between Congress and the president. In Trump v. Vance the Court rejected Trump’s assertion of immunity but again remanded the case to permit him to challenge the subpoena on other grounds.
Health care
An early goal of the Trump administration, as reflected in Trump’s first executive order, was the repeal of Obamacare (the Affordable Care Act, or ACA), which Trump had long derided—even before announcing his presidential bid—as an expensive failure. Trump pledged during his campaign that he would replace the ACA with a bill that would provide better coverage at lower premiums, and he promised that no one would lose health insurance under his plan. However, the details of the bill, called in the House of Representatives the American Health Care Act (AHCA), proved contentious even within his own party. Because Trump had not worked out a specific plan of his own, he was forced to rely on Republicans in the House to draft a substantive bill that would reduce government involvement in the health insurance market without depriving millions of Americans of the coverage they had acquired under the ACA. The Republicans did not have a detailed alternative in hand, however, resulting in a delay in Trump’s promised repeal of the law.
In early March 2017 House Republicans introduced their plan, which featured elimination of the ACA’s “individual mandate” (the requirement that most Americans obtain health insurance or pay a penalty), a reduction in individual tax credits for the purchase of insurance, cuts in federal Medicaid funding, and nearly $1 trillion in tax cuts over a 10-year period, including $274 billion in cuts for persons earning at least $200,000 a year. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) initially estimated that the plan would reduce the federal deficit by $337 billion over 10 years as compared with current law but would also increase the number of uninsured people by 24 million over the same period. The bill immediately faced objections from both moderate and conservative Republicans. The former worried that too many people would lose affordable coverage, while the latter complained that the plan left too many burdensome provisions of the ACA in place. The anxieties of moderates in particular were amplified by the angry feedback they received at town hall meetings throughout the country from constituents who feared the loss of their health insurance. Unable to bridge the differences between the two factions, in late March the House leadership withdrew the bill without a vote—a major defeat for Trump, who had made repeal and replacement of the ACA a centerpiece of his campaign.
Six weeks later the House narrowly passed a revised version of the AHCA over the unanimous opposition of Democrats. A subsequent CBO analysis projected that the new version would reduce the deficit by $119 billion over 10 years as compared with current law and increase the number of uninsured people by 23 million.
Soon after the AHCA was passed, Republicans in the Senate, working largely in secret and without input from Democrats, began crafting their own replacement for the ACA, initially called the Better Care Reconciliation Act (BCRA). Like the AHCA, the BCRA, in numerous versions under various names, would have decreased the deficit but significantly increased the number of uninsured, and it would have increased insurance premiums in the first year after its passage, according to analyses released by the CBO in late June. The BCRA thus faced the same criticisms that had beset the House measure, revealing deep divisions between Senate Republicans who wished to limit the loss of health insurance in their states and those who aimed to dismantle as much of the current law as possible. Eventually, within a single week in late July, the Senate voted on three bills: a repeal of major provisions of the ACA without immediate replacement; a relatively comprehensive repeal and replacement of the ACA; and a more modest “skinny” repeal and replacement. Despite considerable political pressure on Senate Republicans from the Trump administration, all three measures failed.
Having been unsuccessful in their attempts to repeal and replace the ACA, Republicans in Congress and the Trump administration pursued a series of measures intended to cumulatively undermine the law by making the health insurance it provided less accessible, less affordable, and less effective (through reductions in coverage and other measures), a strategy that Trump described as allowing Obamacare to “explode.” Those changes, some of which predated the failure of Republican alternatives to the ACA in the Senate, included cutting funding for advertising and for assistance with enrollment in Obamacare; drastically reducing open enrollment periods; ending cost-sharing subsidies that enabled insurance companies to reduce out-of-pocket expenses for low- and middle-income Americans; and repealing (effective in 2019) the ACA’s “individual mandate,” which had required all Americans to obtain health insurance or pay a penalty. (The last measure was part of Republican tax legislation drafted in secret and passed without Democratic support in December 2017; Trump signed the measure later that month. A subsequent analysis by the CBO determined that the legislation, which among other things reduced the corporate tax rate from 35 to 21 percent, would increase the federal deficit by approximately $1.8 trillion over a 10-year period.) In November 2017 a study by the CBO had estimated that repealing the individual mandate and making no other changes to the ACA would increase the number of uninsured people by 13 million after 10 years and raise premiums by 10 percent in most years through 2027. Other changes included allowing states to impose work requirements on people receiving Medicaid; allowing the creation of “association health plans” that would offer fewer essential health benefits than plans under the ACA and charge higher premiums to certain enrollees based on factors such as gender, occupation, and age; and permitting the sale of short-term plans that would provide minimal benefits and would not cover medical services for preexisting conditions.
Environmental policy
Watch Donald Trump take the oath of office
Watch Donald Trump take the oath of office
Donald Trump being sworn in as the 45th president of the United States.See all videos for this article
One of the areas in which the Trump administration was able to move quickly to implement its policies was the environment, in part because many of the changes it sought could be accomplished through executive action by Trump or his appointees. Other changes were undertaken through legislation adopted by Congress, whose Republican majority generally shared Trump’s environmental views. In January, for example, Trump signed memoranda to hasten approval and completion of the Dakota Access and Keystone XL oil pipelines, both of which had been blocked by the Obama administration on environmental grounds. In February Trump signed legislation to block an Interior Department rule that would have restricted the dumping of toxic mining waste into streams and other waterways. In March Trump signed an executive order that rescinded various Obama-era policies and programs related to climate change, including a 2016 freeze on new coal leases on federal lands. In the same month, EPA administrator Pruitt withdrew an EPA request that oil and natural gas companies report methane emissions from their facilities and rejected a total ban on the pesticide chlorpyrifos, against the advice of the EPA’s own scientists. Other significant decisions included drastically reducing the size of national monuments created by Presidents Obama and Clinton; rescinding the Obama administration’s Clean Power Plan, a set of EPA regulations that had mandated a 32 percent reduction in carbon emissions by the U.S. power sector between 2005 and 2030; revoking fuel-efficiency standards for cars and light trucks developed by the EPA during the Obama administration; and proposing numerous changes to the Endangered Species Act (ESA) that would weaken legal protections for endangered and threatened animals and make listing species as threatened more difficult.
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Undoubtedly the most momentous environmental decision of the new Trump administration was Trump’s announcement in June that the United States would withdraw from the Paris Agreement on climate change, under which the United States and 194 other countries had agreed to a broad range of measures intended to limit potentially catastrophic increases in global average temperatures during the 21st century and to mitigate the economic consequences of global warming. Trump contended that the agreement would harm the American economy (through government-mandated reductions in the country’s greenhouse gas emissions) and was in other respects unfair and even demeaning to the United States—historically the largest emitter of greenhouse gases and in the early 21st century the second largest emitter after China. Trump’s decision was condemned by government and political leaders, scientists, business executives, and activists throughout the world but praised by Republicans in Congress, who viewed it as a reassertion of American independence in world affairs and a repudiation of the environmental policies of the Obama administration. Like Trump, many Republican lawmakers doubted that climate change was real, while others acknowledged its reality but questioned the human origins of global warming.
Foreign relations of Donald Trump
A major theme of Trump’s presidential campaign was his view that the United States had long been treated unfairly or taken advantage of by other countries, including by some traditional U.S. allies, and that under Obama’s leadership the United States had ceased to be respected in world affairs. In numerous speeches, tweets, and interviews, he threatened to impose tariffs on countries that engaged in what he deemed unfair trade practices; harshly criticized the World Trade Organization (WTO); and promised to renegotiate the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which he called “the worst trade deal” the United States had ever signed. He also criticized the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), dismissing the alliance as “obsolete” but also insisting that other NATO countries devote more of their budgets to defense spending. In January 2017 he withdrew the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a regional trade agreement between 12 Pacific Rim countries that had been a major foreign policy achievement of the Obama administration; Trump’s action was largely symbolic, however, because the Senate had never ratified the treaty.
In January and March 2018 the Trump administration announced steep tariffs on imports of solar panels (worth $8.5 billion per year) and washing machines (worth $1 billion), aimed particularly at China and South Korea, and on imports of aluminum and steel (worth $48 billion) made in several countries, most of them U.S. allies (initial exemptions from the aluminum and steel duties granted to Canada, the European Union [EU], and Mexico were lifted in June). Dismissing warnings and criticisms from economists and business leaders that the tariffs could ignite a trade war, Trump insisted in a tweet that “trade wars are good, and easy to win.” In April China imposed retaliatory tariffs on a variety of U.S. goods worth $2.4 billion annually, approximately the dollar amount of Chinese aluminum and steel imports affected by the Trump tariffs. The EU followed suit in June with tariffs on U.S. imports valued at $3.2 billion, as did Canada in July with tariffs on $12.8 billion of U.S. goods. Following its official finding that the Chinese had engaged in unfair trade practices, in June the Trump administration announced plans for tariffs on an additional $50 billion of dollars worth of Chinese products, prompting China to announce comparable duties. Threats and counterthreats of additional tariffs soon followed, and by July the two countries were engaged in a full-blown trade war.
Trump’s tariffs and his antipathy to the WTO overshadowed the meeting in early June of the Group of 7 in Quebec, Canada, which was marked by tense disagreement between Trump and other G7 leaders over language regarding free trade in the meeting’s final communiqué, usually a bland formality. Following Trump’s early departure from the meeting, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau reiterated his country’s reluctant determination to respond in kind to Trump’s tariffs on aluminum and steel. Reacting to Trudeau’s remarks during a flight to Singapore aboard Air Force One, Trump withdrew his endorsement of the communiqué and called Trudeau “dishonest” and “weak.” In Singapore Trump held a historic meeting with North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un, the first face-to-face encounter between sitting leaders of the two countries. Although Trump declared after the meeting that “there is no longer a Nuclear Threat from North Korea,” it was unclear what concrete commitments North Korea had made to nuclear disarmament. In July Trump attended the annual summit meeting of NATO in Brussels, where in a speech he called other NATO countries “delinquent” and insisted that they increase their defense spending “immediately.” The meeting ended with a joint communiqué in which member countries agreed to continue their efforts to devote 2 percent of their GDP to defense spending by 2024, a goal they had agreed to in 2014.
In May 2018 Trump announced the withdrawal of the United States from a 2015 accord between Iran and five major powers—formally known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)—that had limited Iran’s uranium-enrichment activities and required it to submit to frequent international inspections of its nuclear facilities in return for the lifting of economic sanctions. After the United States killed Iran’s highest-ranking security and intelligence official in a drone strike ordered by Trump, Iran announced in January 2020 that it would no longer observe the JCPOA-imposed restrictions on its enrichment activities, though it stopped short of formally exiting the agreement.
Ukraine scandal
In August 2019 an anonymous whistleblower, later determined to be an official of the CIA, filed a complaint with the inspector general of the U.S. intelligence community, Michael Atkinson, alleging that in a July 25 phone call with the newly elected president of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelensky, Trump had attempted to extort a promise from Zelensky to interfere in the 2020 U.S. presidential election on Trump’s behalf. Specifically, according to the complaint, Trump strongly implied that some $400 million in congressionally mandated security assistance to Ukraine would not be provided unless Zelensky carried out two requests, which Trump introduced by saying, “I would like you to do us a favor though….” The first request was that Zelensky search for a computer server used by the Democratic National Committee that supposedly had been hidden in Ukraine after the Internet security firm CrowdStrike determined in 2016 that it had been broken into by hackers based in Russia. According to the CrowdStrike conspiracy theory, which originated as a disinformation campaign by Russia, the missing server contained evidence that the hackers were in fact Ukrainian and that Democrats and CrowdStrike had conspired to falsely blame Russia for interfering in the 2016 presidential election.
The second request was that Zelensky investigate Biden’s allegedly corrupt motive for pressuring the Ukrainian government in 2015, while Biden was serving as vice president in the Obama administration, to fire the country’s prosecutor general, Viktor Shokin. According to the Burisma conspiracy theory, as it came to be known, Biden called for Shokin’s removal only in order to halt an investigation of the Ukrainian energy company Burisma Holdings, Ltd., that threatened to uncover wrongdoing by Biden’s son Hunter, who was then serving on the company’s board of directors. No serious evidence of wrongdoing by Biden or his son was ever produced, however. In his phone conversation, Trump also repeatedly suggested to Zelensky that in planning or conducting the requested investigations he deal directly with Attorney General Barr and Trump’s personal attorney Rudy Giuliani.
In September 2019, after the press began reporting that Trump’s conversation with Zelensky may have involved a “quid pro quo,” the aid to Ukraine was finally released, and the White House later issued what it called a “rough transcript” of the phone call, which nevertheless did not support Trump’s assertion that there had been no quid pro quo. Later that month Pelosi changed her stance on the impeachment question, announcing that Trump’s attempt to extort a foreign leader to interfere in a U.S. election constituted a betrayal of his oath of office and therefore warranted a formal impeachment inquiry. In testimony before the House Intelligence Committee and later the House Judiciary Committee, career civil servants in the State Department and other witnesses confirmed the outlines of the whistleblower’s account of Trump’s phone call and further indicated that Trump had been attempting to conduct what amounted to a separate “back channel” foreign policy through Giuliani, Barr, and others. In December the Judiciary Committee drafted two articles of impeachment against Trump, one for abuse of power and the other for obstruction of Congress. Those articles were adopted in two party-line votes by the entire House on December 18, making Trump the third president in U.S. history to be impeached. Trump was acquitted by the Senate in February 2020 after a majority of senators voted to find him not guilty on both charges. For additional discussion, see Ukraine scandal.
COVID-19 pandemic
In January 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the continuing spread of COVID-19—a deadly and highly contagious respiratory illness caused by a new form of the coronavirus known as novel coronavirus, or coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)—to be a global health emergency. First reported in the Chinese city of Wuhan in December 2019, the virus soon spread throughout China and then to Europe, the United States, and other regions, prompting WHO to announce in March 2020 that COVID-19 had become a global pandemic. At that time there were more than 118,000 confirmed cases of COVID-19 worldwide and nearly 4,300 deaths. By year’s end those numbers had reached approximately 83 million and 1.8 million, respectively.
(Read about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.)
Soon after the first known case in the United States was identified in mid-January 2020, Trump was privately informed by officials within his administration that the pandemic could result in massive numbers of American deaths and severe damage to the U.S. economy. Those warnings were repeated to Trump for several weeks through February and early March as the numbers of positive tests for the coronavirus and confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the country continued to rise.
At the end of January, Trump imposed a partial entry ban on foreign travelers who had recently visited China. However, he initially neglected to implement the aggressive measures that had been recommended to him to slow the spread of the coronavirus and reduce the number of likely deaths. Such proposals included increasing the country’s testing capacity and developing a national strategy for testing, contact tracing, and quarantining; using his authority under the Defense Production Act (DPA) of 1950 to increase production of personal protective equipment (PPE) for medical personnel and ventilators for critically ill patients; establishing a national purchasing and distribution system to allocate PPE and ventilators to states and localities according to need; and issuing national science-based guidelines for closing businesses and schools, social distancing, mask wearing, and other safety measures. In many of his public statements, Trump downplayed the threat posed by the pandemic, the extent of its spread in the United States, and the severity of COVID-19 itself. In other statements, some made in tweets and at press briefings in April following meetings of the White House coronavirus task force (first convened in late January), he promoted supposed alternative remedies for the virus that were known to be ineffective, unproved, or even deadly, and he made other false claims that expert members of the task force were obliged to contradict.
After WHO’s global pandemic announcement, Trump declared a national emergency, suspended travel to the United States from several European countries, and recommended that Americans practice social distancing for the remainder of March (he later extended that period to April 30). At the end of March he invoked the DPA to officially direct the automobile manufacturer General Motors to produce ventilators. By then, many states had already closed businesses and schools, restricted public gatherings, issued stay-at-home orders, and mandated mask wearing in public spaces. States and individual hospitals were also redoubling their efforts to find increasingly scarce ventilators and respirators after Trump told state governors in a conference call that they should make their own arrangements to obtain such equipment.
The widespread business closings and the shift to work-from-home arrangements in some industries resulted in massive layoffs, eventually producing unemployment levels not seen since the early 1930s and a deep recession. In late March Congress passed, and Trump signed into law, a $2.2 trillion economic relief package, the CARES (Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security) Act, which included a loan program for small businesses, an increase in unemployment benefits through July, one-time direct payments to households, increased funding for food-stamp and child-nutrition programs, and financial aid to state and local governments, which had been overwhelmed by unemployment claims and unprecedented demands for emergency services. Two months later the Democratic-controlled House of Representatives adopted a more extensive ($3 trillion) relief measure, the HEROES (Health and Economic Recovery Omnibus Emergency Solutions) Act, whose provisions included a vote-by-mail option in all federal elections beginning in November and additional funding for the U.S. Postal Service, which was then handling greatly increased numbers of mail-in (or absentee) ballots cast by primary-election voters wishing to avoid exposure to the coronavirus in voting lines and polling stations. Senate Republicans, however, refused to take up the measure, in part because it failed to protect reopened businesses against potential lawsuits by workers who contracted COVID-19 on the job. In late December, after several months of inaction, Congress finally passed scaled-back relief legislation, including a modest temporary increase in unemployment benefits.
Through the spring and summer, while occasionally acknowledging the real scope and seriousness of the pandemic, Trump continued to predict the imminent disappearance of the coronavirus; to dispute or misrepresent official numbers of positive tests, confirmed cases, and deaths in the United States; to promote conspiracy theories that attributed high official numbers to a variety of patently false causes; and to criticize public health officials whose assessments or recommendations did not reflect positively on his leadership. In April and May, as the numbers of new COVID-19 cases and deaths nationwide began to plateau, Trump pushed the states to quickly rescind the public health measures that had helped to slow the spread of the coronavirus, portraying state-imposed business closings and especially mask mandates as violations of economic freedom and individual liberty. Trump’s misrepresentations inspired many of his supporters to hold anti-lockdown demonstrations and to flout state and local mask-wearing orders and limits on public gatherings. Trump’s own refusal to wear a mask in public, a pointed signal of his contempt for such regulations, led many of his supporters, including several Republican governors and lawmakers, to regard the refusal to wear a mask in public as a kind of political statement—an expression of allegiance to Trump and the Republican Party.
In May and June the governors of several states, mostly in the South, responded to Trump’s pressure by relaxing or lifting pandemic-related restrictions—in particular, mask-wearing orders. Partly as a result of those premature changes, a second surge of the pandemic—a spike in positive test rates and in numbers of COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths—occurred in those and a few other states, forcing governors to reimpose restrictions they had declared unnecessary only a few weeks before.
In early October, during the final weeks of his presidential campaign, Trump himself tested positive for the coronavirus and developed COVID-19. He was admitted to Walter Reed Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, with respiratory symptoms and was reportedly treated there with advanced experimental drugs unavailable to almost all other Americans. Released at his insistence after only three days, he eventually resumed his campaign rallies before mostly unmasked supporters in several states. As before, Trump declined to wear a mask in public. Meanwhile, a third surge of the pandemic, which experts had warned would be far more deadly than the second, had begun. By the end of December 2020, more than 350,000 Americans had died of the illness.
Presidential election of 2020
Campaigns and litigation
Facing no serious challengers in the Republican presidential primaries of 2020, Trump became the party’s presumptive nominee in March, having by then collected the minimum number of delegates necessary to win the nomination. He was formally nominated at the Republican National Convention in late August. In an unusual decision, the Republican National Committee declined to write a platform for the 2020 election, instead adopting the same platform it had issued in 2016 (despite its ironically dated criticisms of the “current” president) with an accompanying resolution declaring that “the Republican Party has and will continue to enthusiastically support the President’s America-first agenda.” Shortly before the start of the Republican convention, the Trump campaign released a list of Trump’s “core priorities” for a second term, including “Create 10 Million New Jobs in 10 Months,” “Develop a [COVID-19] Vaccine by The End of 2020,” “Return to Normal in 2021,” “Protect Social Security and Medicare,” “Bring Violent Extremist Groups Like ANTIFA to Justice,” and “Require New Immigrants to Be Able to Support Themselves Financially.” Throughout his campaign Trump also kept up a steady stream of insults and name-calling aimed at Biden, who became the Democratic Party’s presumptive presidential nominee in April and was formally nominated at his party’s national convention in mid-August. Biden promised that as president he would, among other things, bring the COVID-19 pandemic under control, reverse Trump’s policies on immigration and the environment, repair the country’s frayed relations with foreign allies, repeal the 2017 corporate tax cut, strengthen voting rights, and expand access to health insurance under Obamacare.
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The COVID-19 pandemic was understandably a dominant issue in the election. Biden accused Trump of ignoring the early spread of the illness in the United States, mismanaging the nation’s pandemic response, and resisting appropriate input and leadership from government scientific and health experts. Trump, for his part, initially accused Democrats of perpetrating a “hoax” by exaggerating the extent of infection and the danger of the illness. Through the remainder of his campaign, he continued to allege that Biden and other Democrats were overstating the severity of the health crisis for political advantage. A parallel issue was the adequacy of pandemic-related economic relief for individuals, businesses, and state and local governments.
The pandemic also prompted governors and election officials in several states to postpone primary elections or to implement changes in election procedures to enable voters to cast their ballots safely. Such changes included extending voter registration deadlines and early voting periods; loosening or eliminating requirements for obtaining or casting mail-in ballots, which millions of voters were expected to use as an alternative to in-person voting; authorizing the use of drop boxes for returning mail-in ballots; and extending postelection deadlines for receipt of mail-in ballots, whose delivery was expected to be slowed by postal service delays and overwhelming demand. A smaller but still significant number of states declined to change their election procedures or did so in ways that arguably made voting more difficult or less safe than in other states. In October 2020, for example, the Republican governor of Texas, Greg Abbott, issued a directive that limited mail-in ballot drop boxes to one per county.
Pandemic-related changes to state election procedures were intensively litigated. Some were adopted in response to orders issued by federal or state courts, whose rulings were then upheld or struck down on appeal; others were initiated by state authorities and then challenged in the courts. In general, challenges to such changes were lodged by Republican election and government officials, state Republican parties and the Republican National Committee, and the Trump campaign, usually on the grounds that the changes usurped the constitutional authority of state legislatures to establish electoral laws and procedures or that they invited voter fraud (none of the suits, however, presented any evidence of significant fraud). Democrats generally defended the changes as both constitutional and necessary to ensure the opportunity to vote amid an extraordinary public health emergency; they also alleged that Republican opposition to the changes amounted to a form of voter suppression that could unfairly turn the election in Trump’s favor in swing states. In all, more than 300 election-related lawsuits were filed by both Democrats and Republicans prior to election day. The vast majority of Republican challenges were eventually dismissed.
Underlying the strategies of both parties was the accurate perception that Democratic voters were more likely to use mail-in ballots than Republican voters. Trump’s oft-repeated but baseless claim that mail-in voting was rife with fraud and abuse only magnified Democratic concerns about alleged Republican voter suppression. So too did the appointment in May 2020 of a new postmaster general, Louis DeJoy, a major Trump donor, who immediately implemented service cuts and other operational changes in the U.S. Postal Service that slowed mail delivery throughout the country.
Trump’s attacks on mail-in voting and on the postal service itself were one element of a broader accusation that he had emphasized during the 2016 presidential campaign and continued in the 2020 campaign and beyond: that the November election would be “rigged” by Democrats, resulting in “the most INACCURATE & FRAUDULENT Election in history,” as he stated in a July 2020 tweet. In dozens of other tweets and at numerous campaign rallies, interviews, and press encounters, Trump claimed that thousands of mail-in ballots would be stolen or forged by foreign countries and that Democratic election officials would neglect to send mail-in ballots to Republicans and would commit election fraud by intentionally miscounting mail-in ballots. In the summer and fall of 2020 Trump notably refused to commit himself to accepting a Biden victory in November, which seemed likely, given Biden’s consistent and sizable lead over Trump in nationwide opinion polls. Trump insisted, to the contrary, that the only way the Democrats could win would be through fraud, at one point suggesting in a tweet that the election should be delayed “until people can properly, securely and safely vote???” On other occasions he asserted that he should be permitted to extend his first term to make up for the distraction of the Russia investigation.
Trump’s promotion of what amounted to a conspiracy theory of Democratic vote rigging prompted criticism and varying levels of concern among Democrats as well as Trump’s conservative critics, including a small but vocal minority of Republican pundits and journalists. Some believed that Trump was merely setting the stage for a face-saving end to his presidency; others speculated that he would use lawsuits alleging election fraud in a dubious strategy to invalidate mail-in votes in swing states or to delay certification of state elections long enough to enable Republican-controlled state legislatures to take the extreme (albeit constitutional) step of replacing slates of pro-Biden electors chosen by voters with the legislatures’ own slates of pro-Trump electors. Still others feared a scenario in which Trump would simply refuse to leave office, provoking a constitutional crisis in which (in a worst-case scenario) the U.S. military would become involved. An abiding and widely shared concern, particularly among historians and political scholars, was that Trump’s apparent conspiracy mongering would undermine Americans’ trust in democratic institutions. American democracy would be severely damaged, they argued, if a significant segment of either major party consistently refused to accept defeat in elections for president or any other high office.
The 2020 presidential election was unique and historic for the vast number of voters who cast ballots—whether in person or via mail, whether through early voting or on election day—and consequently for the vote totals of both the winning and losing candidates, Biden and Trump, respectively. Trump ultimately received more than 74 million votes and Biden more than 81 million—the latter figure being the highest for any presidential candidate in U.S. history. On the eve of the election, Trump continued to trail Biden in opinion polls in most swing states, though by thinner margins than in polls the previous summer. As voting proceeded, however, it became clear that the vote totals in some states would be far closer than polls had indicated. For a few days after election day (November 3), the outcome remained uncertain, in part because of the vast number of mail-in ballots (more than 65 million nationwide), which naturally took longer to count than in-person ballots. On November 7 the Associated Press and the major U.S. television networks called the election for Biden, who, in their analysis, had by then secured 270 electoral votes, the minimum number needed to win the presidency. The eventual vote of the Electoral College, which took place on December 14, was 306 for Biden and 232 for Trump.
Aftermath
At a press encounter in the early morning of November 4, Trump declared himself the winner of the election and denounced the counting of mail-in ballots as a “fraud on the American people.” During the next several weeks he continually accused Biden and the Democrats of having stolen the presidential election and repeated far-fetched conspiracy theories about ballot stuffing, dead voters, and malicious voting-machine software that had deleted or changed millions of votes for Trump. In addition, he personally pressured election officials and other authorities in Michigan, Georgia, and Pennsylvania to delay certifying or to overturn elections in their states and later attacked those among them who declined to cooperate.
In February 2023 a judge in Georgia ordered the partial release of the final report of a special-purpose grand jury convened in 2022 to investigate possible criminal interference in the 2020 presidential election in Georgia by Trump and his allies. In the released portions of the report, the grand jury concluded that “no widespread fraud took place in the Georgia 2020 presidential election that could result in overturning that election.” The grand jury also reported its belief that “perjury may have been committed by one or more witnesses testifying before it.”
Although nearly all preelection Republican lawsuits had been dismissed, Trump and his allies mounted scores of new challenges on similar grounds. As those efforts also failed, the Trump campaign conceived a more ambitious legal strategy. In late November a team of Trump-supporting lawyers drafted a complaint designed to be submitted directly to the Supreme Court on the basis of its original jurisdiction in cases involving disputes between the states. Eventually filed by Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton in early December, the complaint alleged that pandemic-related changes to electoral procedures in four swing states that had voted for Biden—Pennsylvania, Georgia, Michigan, and Wisconsin—were illegal and unconstitutional and had so increased the potential for voter fraud that Biden’s victories in those states must be overturned. On December 11 the Court tersely dismissed the suit for lack of standing.
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Trump’s legal efforts were ultimately unsuccessful, but his postelection narrative of election fraud and conspiracy, thematically continuous with the false claims of vote rigging that he had been making for months, was accepted by his base of dedicated supporters. Even the less ardent among Trump voters were sympathetic to the notion that Biden had somehow cheated to win the presidential election. According to an opinion poll taken in mid-November, more than 50 percent of all Republicans believed that Trump had “rightfully” won the election; another poll, in December, found that 77 percent of Republicans believed that there had been widespread election fraud.
As vote counting continued, various groups of radicalized Trump supporters quickly coalesced around the idea that forceful protests and even violent direct action were necessary and justified to stop the counting of fraudulent ballots and prevent Biden from taking office. A short-lived Facebook group calling itself “Stop the Steal” was created on November 4 and grew to some 320,000 members in less than 24 hours before the social media company shut it down because of posts containing disinformation and calls for violence. Stop the Steal enthusiasts soon migrated to other (renamed) Facebook groups and other social media venues, where they repeated and elaborated conspiracy theories about the election and organized on-the-ground demonstrations in several cities, including at polling stations where supposedly fraudulent vote counting was underway.
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After the electors from each state cast their votes for president and vice president on December 14, giving Biden an Electoral College victory of 306 to 232, Trump and his allies, as well as leaders of Stop the Steal and other pro-Trump groups across the country, turned their attention to the last, formal step in the election of a U.S. president, the ceremonial opening and counting of the electoral votes of each state in a joint session of Congress presided over by the vice president, Mike Pence, on January 6. Some Trump allies reportedly advised the president—incorrectly—that the vice president’s role in the ceremony entailed that Pence would have the constitutional authority to determine which slate of electors, Democratic or Republican, to accept from any given state. A federal lawsuit seeking a judgment to that effect, filed in late December by Texas Republican Rep. Louie Gohmert, was dismissed for lack of standing.
Meanwhile, in several tweets beginning in mid-December, Trump encouraged his supporters to attend a rally—initially planned by a pro-Trump group, Women for America First—in Washington, D.C., on January 6 to protest Congress’s confirmation of Biden’s victory. In one of the tweets, Trump stated, “Be there, will be wild!” At the rally, held at a public park near the White House, a crowd of thousands, including members of white supremacist and right-wing militia groups, listened to speeches by Trump’s attorney Rudy Giuliani and Trump’s sons Donald, Jr., and Eric, among others. In his own address, Trump repeated well-worn falsehoods and conspiracy theories about election fraud, called on Pence to block Congress’s confirmation of the Electoral College vote—declaring that if Pence failed to act, the crowd would not let the confirmation take place (“We’re just not going to let that happen”)—encouraged the crowd to “walk down Pennsylvania Avenue” to the Capitol building, and urged his audience to “fight like hell” or “you’re not going to have a country anymore.” Although Trump did not explicitly direct those in attendance to commit illegal acts, his generally incendiary language suggested to at least some of his supporters that they would be justified in violently attacking Congress to prevent Biden’s victory.
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What caused the January 6, 2021, Capitol attack?
What caused the January 6, 2021, Capitol attack?
On the afternoon of January 6, 2021, supporters of Donald Trump stormed the United States Capitol building.
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Even before Trump finished his address, a violent mob began storming the perimeter of the Capitol building, where the House and Senate were then debating a doomed challenge by Republican lawmakers to the slate of electors from Arizona, which had voted for Biden. The mob grew larger as more people arrived from the rally at which Trump had spoken. Capitol police were quickly overwhelmed, and for the next several hours rioters vandalized and looted various parts of the complex, including the Senate chamber and the offices of Democratic House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and others. One rioter was shot and killed by police, and four others, including a Capitol police officer, later died of injuries sustained in the assault. After the complex was cleared that evening, Congress resumed the confirmation process, and Biden was certified as the winner of the presidential election of 2020 in the early morning hours of January 7. On January 8 Trump was permanently banned from Twitter for having posted tweets before, during, and after the assault that the company deemed to be in violation of its policy against glorification of violence. (Trump’s Twitter account was later reinstated by the South African-born American billionaire Elon Musk, who purchased the company in 2022.)
Less than one week later the House of Representatives, by a vote of 232 to 197, adopted a single article of impeachment against Trump for “incitement of insurrection,” making him the first president in U.S. history to be impeached twice. At his Senate trial in February, which began three weeks after he left office on January 20, there was some debate about whether the Senate could try a president who was no longer in office. Trump was ultimately acquitted after only 57 senators, 10 short of the required two-thirds majority, voted to find him guilty.
Postpresidential activities
Two days after the insurrection of January 6, which had failed to prevent Congress from certifying the results of the 2020 presidential election, Trump announced that he would not attend Biden’s inauguration. He thereby defied a tradition nearly as old as the United States, one understood to symbolize the peaceful transfer of power and thus the strength and continuity of American democracy. (Trump was the first U.S. president to decline to attend his successor’s inauguration since 1869, when Pres. Andrew Johnson refused to witness the swearing in of Ulysses S. Grant.) Trump and first lady Melania Trump left the White House on the morning of January 20, a few hours before Biden’s inauguration ceremony, and returned to their residence at Mar-a-Lago.
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Unlike most former presidents in the months following their departure from office, Trump did not attempt to keep a low public profile in deference to his successor. Indeed, beginning with an address at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in February 2021, Trump delivered several public speeches in which he sharply criticized the new Biden administration, denounced Republican officeholders who had criticized or opposed him (including the 10 Republican House members who had voted to impeach him for inciting the January 6 U.S. Capitol attack), repeated his well-worn narrative of voter fraud in the 2020 election, and hinted that he intended to run for president again in 2024.
Despite his real-life electoral defeat and the ignominious circumstances of his departure from office, Trump retained a sizable base of dedicated supporters, which he continued to cultivate at his own campaign-style rallies and other events. Trump took advantage of his popularity among Republican voters to become an effective kingmaker within the party, a role that he exercised by granting or withholding endorsements of individual Republican candidates for federal, state, and even local offices, many of whom traveled to Mar-a-Lago to seek his approval. (Trump’s endorsed candidates tended to fare well in the primary elections of 2022 but were only partially successful overall in the November midterm elections.) Trump also amassed huge sums of money from millions of individual donors through his political action committees (PACs) Save America and Make America Great Again Inc. and other organizations.
2024 presidential campaign
Soon after the midterm elections of 2022, Trump announced his candidacy for the 2024 Republican presidential nomination. He initially faced several challengers within his party; by June 2023 nearly a dozen Republicans other than Trump had begun their own presidential campaigns. They included Nikki Haley, who had served as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations under Trump (2017–18) and as governor of South Carolina (2011–17); Ron DeSantis, the governor of Florida (2019– ); former U.S. vice president (2017–21) Mike Pence; and former New Jersey governor (2010–18) and 2016 Republican presidential primary contender Chris Christie. Mindful of Trump’s continued popularity among Republican voters, most of his primary challengers avoided criticizing him directly or forcefully. They instead presented themselves as reliable conservatives who did not face any of the serious legal challenges that threatened to eliminate support for Trump among independent voters. As Trump’s indictments were handed down, however, his popularity among Republicans did not decline significantly, as his challengers had expected. Indeed, some polls showed that his support had increased.
During the remainder of 2023, Trump continued to dominate his rivals in polls of Republican voters, despite his refusal to participate in presidential primary debates sponsored by the Republican National Committee and the steady progress of the legal cases against him. A significant proportion of Republican voters continued to accept Trump’s oft-repeated (but unsupported) claims that the criminal and civil charges against him were false and politically motivated, and many reacted positively to Trump’s suggestions that he would seek retribution for the prosecutions if elected president. By the end of the year, most other Republican presidential candidates, including Pence and Christie, had abandoned their campaigns. After Trump easily won the Republican Iowa caucuses in January 2024, DeSantis, who had long been the second most-popular Republican presidential candidate after Trump, also dropped out of the race. Haley, the sole remaining Trump challenger, continued her campaign through January and February, despite suffering losses to Trump in subsequent Republican primaries and caucuses in New Hampshire, Nevada, the Virgin Islands, Michigan, and her home state of South Carolina. After Trump defeated her in 14 of the 16 Republican presidential primaries held on Super Tuesday (March 5, 2024), Haley finally suspended her campaign, though she declined to endorse Trump.
Criminal investigations and civil suits
From the start of his campaign, Trump was forced to contend with ongoing criminal investigations and civil suits stemming from his conduct before, during, and after his presidency. Among the major criminal probes were Justice Department investigations, conducted from November 2022 by special counsel Jack Smith, dealing with Trump’s alleged incitement of the violent assault on the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021, and his improper removal from the White House of classified documents, which were discovered at Mar-a-Lago during an FBI search of the property in August 2022. In December 2022 Smith’s office expanded the January 6 investigation to focus on how the January 6 attack was funded and organized as well as on broader efforts by Trump and his aides to overturn election results in certain swing states, including by creating “fake” slates of pro-Trump electors.
Meanwhile, the district attorney of Fulton county, Georgia, pursued a parallel criminal investigation into efforts by Trump and his associates to pressure Georgia government officials into reversing or invalidating Biden’s electoral victory in the state. Another state criminal investigation, focusing on the falsification of business records related to the hush-money payment to Daniels, was revived by the district attorney of Manhattan in November 2022 after the Trump Organization’s chief financial officer, Allen Weisselberg, in a plea bargain with prosecutors, agreed to testify against the firm in a trial on charges of tax fraud and other crimes. The Trump Organization was convicted on all counts in December.
In September 2022 the attorney general of New York state filed a $250 million civil suit accusing Trump, three of Trump’s children, and the Trump Organization of business fraud in connection with misrepresentations of properties and other assets designed to secure favorable loan and insurance rates and to minimize tax liabilities. Trump also faced a civil suit accusing him of sexual abuse and defamation brought by the writer E. Jean Carroll, who alleged that Trump had raped her in a department-store dressing room in the mid-1990s.
In February 2024, after being found liable in the civil business-fraud case, Trump was ordered to pay more than $350 million in penalties and interest and barred from serving as an officer or director of any company in New York state, including the Trump Organization, for three years. He was granted a 30-day grace period for either paying the penalties and accumulated interest himself or submitting a bond that would guarantee full payment should he lose his appeal. As the grace period came to a close in late March, a New York appeals court panel reduced to $175 million the amount of the bond that Trump would need to secure. Trump submitted the bond in April.
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In May 2023 Trump was found liable in the civil sexual-abuse and defamation case and was ordered to pay Carroll $5 million. Despite that ruling, Trump continued to publicly insult and disparage Carroll, who then filed a second defamation suit. In January 2024 Trump was again found liable and was ordered to pay Carroll more than $83 million.
Criminal indictments
Presidential mug shot
Presidential mug shot
Former president Donald J. Trump as he appeared in a mug shot taken in August 2023 at the Fulton County Courthouse in Georgia. Trump was charged along with 18 others in a plot to overturn the 2020 presidential election results in that state.
In March 2023 Trump was indicted on 34 felony counts of falsifying business records to conceal the Trump Organization’s reimbursement of Cohen for the latter’s payment of hush money to Daniels. The indictment marked the first time in U.S. history that a former president was charged with a crime. In June 2023 Trump was indicted by a grand jury in Miami on federal criminal charges related to his removal of classified documents from the White House upon leaving office. The indictment marked the first time in U.S. history that a former president was charged with a federal crime. In August 2023 Trump was indicted by a grand jury in Washington, D.C., on federal criminal charges related to his efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election. The indictment charged him with obstruction of an official proceeding and three counts of conspiracy: to obstruct an official proceeding, to defraud the United States, and to impede the free exercise of the right to vote and to have one’s vote counted. Later that month, Trump and 18 of his associates were indicted by a grand jury in Fulton county, Georgia, on criminal charges related to Trump’s efforts to reverse Biden’s electoral victory in that state.
The ensuing trials in three of Trump’s criminal cases—the federal and state cases concerning his efforts to overturn the 2020 election and the criminal business-fraud case—were originally scheduled to begin in March and May 2024. (As of April 2024, the judge in the federal case concerning Trump’s removal of classified documents from the White House was widely expected to postpone the trial’s starting date of May 20.) In each instance, however, Trump’s legal team filed numerous motions or appeals arguing for dismissal of the charges or requesting court actions or judgments whose execution would effectively delay the start of the trial. In January 2024 the federal case concerning Trump’s efforts to overturn the 2020 election, whose trial date had been scheduled for March 4, was indefinitely postponed after Trump appealed the district court’s ruling rejecting his contention that he should be immune from prosecution for actions he committed while serving as president. In February a three-judge panel of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit agreed with the district court that Trump did not possess absolute, or permanent, immunity and thus could be prosecuted as a private citizen for his efforts as president to overturn the 2020 election. Trump then asked the U.S. Supreme Court to put the panel’s ruling on hold while he filed a petition for review by the full appeals court. The Supreme Court instead chose to hear the case itself, scheduling oral arguments for the end of April 2024.
Earlier that month, the Supreme Court also heard oral arguments in a case challenging the conviction of a participant in the January 6 U.S. Capitol attack under a federal law—18 U.S. Code §1512(c)—that prohibits the obstruction of an official proceeding. The plaintiff in the case argued that the law was intended to apply only to evidence tampering and thus could not be violated by other acts, such as physically assaulting police officers, which the plaintiff did during the attack. Should the Court decide in the plaintiff’s favor, the charges and convictions under the law of more than 300 participants in the January 6 attack would have to be dropped or reversed. Notably, two of the four federal charges related to Trump’s efforts to overturn the 2020 election—obstruction of an official proceeding and conspiracy to obstruct an official proceeding—would also be invalidated.
(In yet another case concerning Trump’s role in the January 6 attack, the Supreme Court in March 2024 overturned a ruling by the Colorado Supreme Court that had removed Trump from the state’s Republican primary ballot on the grounds that Trump had disqualified himself under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment [1868], which prohibits any person from “hold[ing] any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any state” if that person has “previously taken an oath…to support the Constitution of the United States” and subsequently “engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof.” See United States presidential election of 2024.)
In March 2024 the criminal business-records case, whose trial date had been scheduled for March 25, was postponed to April 15 following a request by the Manhattan district attorney’s office to allow Trump’s legal team to review a set of records from an earlier federal investigation focusing on the role of Cohen in the hush-money payment to Daniels. The judge in the case rejected Trump’s motion for dismissal, disputing his claim that prosecutors had improperly withheld federal records from Trump’s attorneys. As the starting date of the trial drew closer, Trump performed various legal maneuvers aimed at dismissing the case or significantly delaying the trial, including filing a civil suit against the judge for issuing and then expanding a gag order preventing Trump from verbally attacking witnesses, jurors, and the families of the judge and the Manhattan district attorney, among others. None of Trump’s tactics were successful, and the trial began as scheduled.
Style and rhetoric
Trump’s personal style is unusual, if not unique, among national political figures in modern U.S. history. In part reflecting his experiences as a prominent figure in the New York real estate industry, Trump is fiercely competitive as well as intensely concerned with demonstrating his success and accomplishments to others. Indeed, from the very beginning of his career, he has cultivated and cherished his reputation as a shrewd businessman, an image that often aided him in his real estate dealings and which he eventually exploited as a brand beginning in the 1990s. That concern, however, has been accompanied by an unusual sensitivity to criticism and a tendency to retaliate harshly against those who, in his view, betrayed him or treated him unfairly. His longtime mentor, friend, and legal adviser Roy Cohn (who had assisted Joseph McCarthy’s investigations of alleged communist subversion in the U.S. government in the 1950s) encouraged him in the latter regard, counseling him on numerous occasions never to apologize (because it is a sign of weakness) and always to hit back harder than you are hit, as Trump put the lesson in The Art of the Deal. As he declared in a tweet in 2012, “When someone attacks me, I always attack back…except 100× more. This has nothing to do with a tirade but rather, a way of life!”
In keeping with his bellicose and confrontational style, Trump in his business career characteristically used blunt language as a weapon against his rivals and adversaries, pointedly insulting or belittling them in the press in retaliation for their real or perceived slights. Perhaps surprisingly, Trump did not significantly alter his style or temper his rhetoric upon his entry into politics, notwithstanding the conventional view that success in politics is necessarily a matter of persuasion and compromise rather than “hitting back harder.” The advent of Twitter in 2006 eventually gave Trump (who joined the service in 2009) a larger platform for his unfiltered political comments, once he began regularly tweeting about politics in about 2011. During the presidential primaries and in the 2015–16 election campaign, Trump frequently used his Twitter account, which had more than 40 million followers, to angrily attack individual Democrats, his Republican rivals and critics, members of the news media, and others in comments that were widely perceived as aggressive, boastful, petty, vindictive, juvenile, and vulgar. Trump similarly declined to filter himself in speeches, once even mocking the physical disability of a reporter he disliked.
Another unique feature of Trump’s rhetoric is the extremely large number of his public statements that have been shown to be false or misleading by the press or by independent fact-checking organizations (The Washington Post counted more than 30,500 such claims during Trump’s presidency). Although Trump’s detractors, including some in the Republican Party, admonished him for what they considered his undignified behavior, their criticism only provoked him to make fresh attacks. Despite some speculation after his election that the weight of the presidential office and his eventual need for tangible political and diplomatic successes would lead him to adopt a more conventional demeanor, his confrontational style and rhetoric continued unchanged during his presidency, and, indeed, the targets of his abuse only expanded. Trump’s frequent expressions of contempt for Democrats, along with his general unwillingness to compromise with Democratic leaders in Congress, considerably worsened partisan divisions in American politics, according to many analysts. In any event, Trump certainly distinguished himself from previous U.S. presidents by his heavy use of social media. He was the first president to rely on Twitter as a primary means of communication with his political supporters and the press, using it even as a venue for semiofficial presidential statements.
Trump’s rhetoric has also raised serious concerns among members of both parties about its potential damage to Americans’ faith in democratic institutions, particularly freedom of the press and the rule of law. From early in his presidential campaign, Trump has dismissed unfavorable press reports about him as “fake news,” implying that the news organizations in question knowingly published falsehoods. After his election, Trump frequently condemned most major news organizations as “the enemy of the American people,” a phrase reminiscent of totalitarian societies. The effect of his accusations was to engender distrust and hostility among his supporters toward major media outlets other than Fox News, which generally supported Trump in its reporting and which he regularly watched. Many political scientists and media scholars also pointed to more general problems, claiming that Trump’s efforts to portray the press as untrustworthy had created broad confusion and uncertainty among the electorate about what was true—or even a passive and resigned attitude about the possibility of ever knowing what was true. They also worried that Trump’s rhetoric would so diminish public confidence in the press that it would cease to effectively serve as a check on governmental power, the role that the founders of the country had envisioned for it. Analogous concerns were raised about Trump’s treatment of his perceived enemies in the FBI, the Justice Department, and the judiciary. His rhetoric, critics feared, would encourage some people to view those traditionally apolitical and independent institutions as untrustworthy and incapable of carrying out their responsibilities objectively and impartially.
Another controversial feature of Trump’s rhetoric, one that drew especially heavy criticism from civil rights organizations, was his regular appeals to racist stereotypes, his frequent indulgence in racist slurs aimed at non-European minority and immigrant groups, and his refusal to consistently condemn violence aimed at minorities, including several acts of police brutality against African Americans that prompted large protests in cities across the United States in the summer of 2020 (see Black Lives Matter). Indeed, Trump repeatedly mischaracterized the mostly peaceful demonstrations against police brutality and for racial justice as mob violence by anarchist thugs. Trump’s detractors condemned him for such behavior and warned that he was stirring up racial animosities among his supporters and other Americans and encouraging those who already harbored such prejudices to express them more freely in public or even to act on them violently. In the final months of the 2016 presidential campaign, in the period shortly after Trump’s election, and during the first three years of Trump’s presidency, there were notable increases in hate crimes throughout the country—ranging from vandalism and assaults to bomb threats and mass shootings—particularly against Jews, Muslims, African Americans, Latinos, and LGBTQ persons, as indicated in various studies, including the FBI’s annual hate crime report. Although the validity and implications of such statistics were disputed, many researchers and journalists agreed that Trump’s rhetoric had changed the country’s political culture by making the public expression of hate-based and extremist attitudes more acceptable. Trump himself, meanwhile, denied that his speeches had had any such effect, proclaiming on more than one occasion that he was “the least racist person” in the world.
Joe Biden
Official portrait of Joe Biden as president of the United States
Official portrait, 2021
46th President of the United States
Incumbent
Assumed office
January 20, 2021
Vice President Kamala Harris
Preceded by Donald Trump
47th Vice President of the United States
In office
January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017
President Barack Obama
Preceded by Dick Cheney
Succeeded by Mike Pence
United States Senator
from Delaware
In office
January 3, 1973 – January 15, 2009
Preceded by J. Caleb Boggs
Succeeded by Ted Kaufman
Personal details
Born Joseph Robinette Biden Jr.
November 20, 1942 (age 81)
Scranton, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Political party Democratic (since 1969)
Other political
affiliations Independent (before 1969)
Spouses
Neilia Hunter
(m. 1966; died 1972)
Jill Jacobs
(m. 1977)
Children
Beau Hunter Naomi Ashley
Relatives Biden family
Residence White House
Education
University of Delaware (BA)
Syracuse University (JD)
Occupation
Politician lawyer author
Awards Full list
Signature Cursive signature in ink
Website
Campaign website
White House website
Joe Biden's voice
Duration: 6 minutes and 23 seconds.6:23
Biden speaks on the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan and the fall of Kabul.
Recorded August 16, 2021
Other offices
Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. (/ˈbaɪdən/ ⓘ, BY-dən; born November 20, 1942) is an American politician who is the 46th and current president of the United States since 2021. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 47th vice president from 2009 to 2017 under President Barack Obama and represented Delaware in the United States Senate from 1973 to 2009.
Born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, Biden moved with his family to Delaware in 1953. He graduated from the University of Delaware before earning his law degree from Syracuse University. He was elected to the New Castle County Council in 1970 and to the U.S. Senate in 1972. As a senator, Biden drafted and led the effort to pass the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act and the Violence Against Women Act. He also oversaw six U.S. Supreme Court confirmation hearings, including the contentious hearings for Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas. Biden ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1988 and 2008. In 2008, Obama chose Biden as his running mate, and he was a close counselor to Obama during his two terms as vice president. In the 2020 presidential election, Biden and his running mate, Kamala Harris, defeated incumbents Donald Trump and Mike Pence. He is the oldest president in U.S. history, and the first to have a female vice president.
As president, Biden signed the American Rescue Plan Act in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent recession. He signed bipartisan bills on infrastructure and manufacturing. He proposed the Build Back Better Act, which failed in Congress, but aspects of which were incorporated into the Inflation Reduction Act that he signed into law in 2022. Biden appointed Ketanji Brown Jackson to the Supreme Court. He worked with congressional Republicans to resolve the 2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis by negotiating a deal to raise the debt ceiling. In foreign policy, Biden restored America's membership in the Paris Agreement. He oversaw the complete withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan that ended the war in Afghanistan, during which the Afghan government collapsed and the Taliban seized control. He responded to the Russian invasion of Ukraine by imposing sanctions on Russia and authorizing civilian and military aid to Ukraine. During the Israel–Hamas war, Biden condemned the actions of Hamas and other Palestinian militants as terrorism, announced military support for Israel, and ordered the U.S. military to build a port to facilitate the delivery of humanitarian aid to Palestinian civilians in Gaza.[1] In April 2023, Biden announced his candidacy for the Democratic nomination in the 2024 presidential election.
Early life (1942–1965)
Main article: Early life and career of Joe Biden
Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. was born on November 20, 1942,[2] at St. Mary's Hospital in Scranton, Pennsylvania,[3] to Catherine Eugenia "Jean" Biden (née Finnegan) and Joseph Robinette Biden Sr.[4][5] The oldest child in a Catholic family of English, French, and Irish descent, he has a sister, Valerie, and two brothers, Francis and James.[6]
Biden's father had been wealthy and the family purchased a home in the affluent Long Island suburb of Garden City in the fall of 1946,[7] but he suffered business setbacks around the time Biden was seven years old,[8][9][10] and for several years the family lived with Biden's maternal grandparents in Scranton.[11] Scranton fell into economic decline during the 1950s and Biden's father could not find steady work.[12] Beginning in 1953 when Biden was ten,[13] the family lived in an apartment in Claymont, Delaware, before moving to a house in nearby Mayfield.[14][15][9][11] Biden Sr. later became a successful used-car salesman, maintaining the family in a middle-class lifestyle.[11][12][16]
At Archmere Academy in Claymont,[17] Biden played baseball and was a standout halfback and wide receiver on the high school football team.[11][18] Though a poor student, he was class president in his junior and senior years.[19][20] He graduated in 1961.[19] At the University of Delaware in Newark, Biden briefly played freshman football,[21][22] and, as an unexceptional student,[23] earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1965 with a double major in history and political science.[24][25]
Biden had a stutter and has mitigated it since his early twenties.[26] He has described his efforts to reduce it by reciting poetry before a mirror.[20][27]
Biden is a teetotaler. He has said he abstains from alcohol because there were "too many alcoholics in my family".[28]
Marriages, law school, and early career (1966–1973)
Main article: Early career of Joe Biden
See also: Family of Joe Biden
Neilia Hunter, Joe, Hunter, Naomi Christina and Beau Biden, c. 1972
Biden married Neilia Hunter, a student at Syracuse University, on August 27, 1966,[24][29] after overcoming her parents' disinclination for her to wed a Catholic. Their wedding was held in a Catholic church in Skaneateles, New York.[30] They had three children: Joseph R. "Beau" Biden III, Robert Hunter Biden, and Naomi Christina "Amy" Biden.[24]
Biden in the Syracuse 1968 yearbook
Biden earned a Juris Doctor from Syracuse University College of Law in 1968. He ranked 76th in a class of 85 students after failing a course because he plagiarized a law review article for a paper he wrote in his first year at law school.[23] He was admitted to the Delaware bar in 1969.[2]
Biden clerked at a Wilmington law firm headed by prominent local Republican William Prickett in 1968 and, he later said, "thought of myself as a Republican".[31][32] He disliked incumbent Democratic Delaware governor Charles L. Terry's conservative racial politics and supported a more liberal Republican, Russell W. Peterson, who defeated Terry in 1968.[31] Local Republicans attempted to recruit Biden, but he registered as an Independent because of his distaste for Republican presidential candidate Richard Nixon.[31]
In 1969, Biden practiced law, first as a public defender and then at a law firm headed by a locally active Democrat,[33][31] who named him to the Democratic Forum, a group trying to reform and revitalize the state party;[34] Biden subsequently reregistered as a Democrat.[31] He and another attorney also formed a law firm.[33] Corporate law did not appeal to him, and criminal law did not pay well.[11] He supplemented his income by managing properties.[35]
Biden ran for the 4th district seat on the New Castle County Council in 1970 on a liberal platform that included support for public housing in the suburbs.[36][37] The seat had been held by Republican Henry R. Folsom, who was running in the 5th District following a reapportionment of council districts.[38][39][40] Biden won the general election, defeating Republican Lawrence T. Messick, and took office on January 5, 1971.[41][42] He served until January 1, 1973, and was succeeded by Democrat Francis R. Swift.[43][44] During his time on the county council, Biden opposed large highway projects, which he argued might disrupt Wilmington neighborhoods.[44]
Biden had not openly supported or opposed the Vietnam War until he ran for Senate and opposed Richard Nixon's conduct of the war.[45] While studying at the University of Delaware and Syracuse University, Biden obtained five student draft deferments at a time when most draftees were sent to the war. Based on a physical examination, he was given a conditional medical deferment in 1968; in 2008, a spokesperson for Biden said his having had "asthma as a teenager" was the reason for the deferment.[46]
1972 U.S. Senate campaign in Delaware
Main article: 1972 United States Senate election in Delaware
Biden defeated Republican incumbent J. Caleb Boggs to become the junior U.S. senator from Delaware in 1972. He was the only Democrat willing to challenge Boggs and, with minimal campaign funds, he was thought to have no chance of winning.[33][11] Family members managed and staffed the campaign, which relied on meeting voters face-to-face and hand-distributing position papers,[47] an approach made feasible by Delaware's small size.[35] He received help from the AFL–CIO and Democratic pollster Patrick Caddell.[33] His platform focused on the environment, withdrawal from Vietnam, civil rights, mass transit, equitable taxation, health care and public dissatisfaction with "politics as usual".[33][47] A few months before the election, Biden trailed Boggs by almost thirty percentage points,[33] but his energy, attractive young family, and ability to connect with voters' emotions worked to his advantage,[16] and he won with 50.5% of the vote.[47]
Death of wife and daughter
A few weeks after Biden was elected senator, his wife Neilia and one-year-old daughter Naomi were killed in an automobile accident while Christmas shopping in Hockessin, Delaware, on December 18, 1972.[24][48] Neilia's station wagon was hit by a semi-trailer truck as she pulled out from an intersection. Their sons Beau (aged 3) and Hunter (aged 2) were in the car, and were taken to hospital with non-life-threatening injuries, Beau with a broken leg and other wounds and Hunter with a minor skull fracture and other head injuries.[49] Biden considered resigning to care for them,[16] but Senate majority leader Mike Mansfield persuaded him not to.[50] Biden contemplated suicide and was filled with anger and religious doubt.[51][52] He wrote that he "felt God had played a horrible trick" on him,[53] and had trouble focusing on work.[54][55]
Second marriage
Photo of Biden and his wife smiling, dressed casually
Biden and his second wife, Jill, met in 1975 and married in 1977.
Biden met teacher Jill Tracy Jacobs in 1975 on a blind date.[56] They married at the United Nations chapel in New York on June 17, 1977.[57][58] They spent their honeymoon at Lake Balaton in the Hungarian People's Republic.[59][60] Biden credits her with the renewal of his interest in politics and life.[61] Biden is Roman Catholic and attends Mass with his wife, Jill, at St. Joseph's on the Brandywine in Greenville, Delaware.[62][63][64] Their daughter, Ashley Biden,[24] is a social worker and is married to physician Howard Krein.[65] Beau Biden became an Army judge advocate in Iraq and later Delaware attorney general;[66] he died of brain cancer in 2015.[67][68] Hunter Biden worked as a Washington lobbyist and investment adviser; his business dealings and personal life came under significant scrutiny during his father's presidency.[69][70]
Teaching
From 1991 to 2008, as an adjunct professor, Biden co-taught a seminar on constitutional law at Widener University School of Law.[71][72] He sometimes flew back from overseas to teach the class.[73][74][75][76]
U.S. Senate (1973–2009)
Main article: US Senate career of Joe Biden
Senate activities
Scanned photo of Biden and Carter smiling at each other in the Oval Office. On the photo, Carter wrote: "Best wishes to my friend Joe Biden"
Biden with President Jimmy Carter, 1979
Biden (left) and Frank Church (middle) with president of Egypt Anwar el-Sadat after signing the Egypt–Israel peace treaty, 1979
Secretary of the Senate Francis R. Valeo swore Biden in at the Delaware Division of the Wilmington Medical Center in January 1973.[77][49] Present were his sons Beau (whose leg was still in traction from the automobile accident) and Hunter and other family members.[77][49] At age 30, he was the seventh-youngest senator in U.S. history.[78] To see his sons, Biden traveled by train between his Delaware home and D.C.[79]—74 minutes each way—and maintained this habit throughout his 36 years in the Senate.[16]
Elected to the U.S. Senate in 1972, Biden was reelected in 1978, 1984, 1990, 1996, 2002, and 2008, regularly receiving about 60% of the vote.[80] He was junior senator to William Roth, who was first elected in 1970, until Roth was defeated in 2000.[81] As of 2024, he was the 19th-longest-serving senator in U.S. history.[82]
During his early years in the Senate, Biden focused on consumer protection and environmental issues and called for greater government accountability.[83] In a 1974 interview, he described himself as liberal on civil rights and liberties, senior citizens' concerns and healthcare, but conservative on other issues, including abortion and military conscription.[84] Biden was the first U.S. senator to endorse Jimmy Carter for president in the 1976 Democratic primary.[85] Carter went on to win the Democratic nomination and defeat incumbent Republican President Gerald Ford in the 1976 election. Biden also worked on arms control.[86][87] After Congress failed to ratify the SALT II Treaty signed in 1979 by Soviet general secretary Leonid Brezhnev and President Jimmy Carter, Biden met with Soviet foreign minister Andrei Gromyko to communicate American concerns and secured changes that addressed the Senate Foreign Relations Committee's objections.[88] He received considerable attention when he excoriated Secretary of State George Shultz at a Senate hearing for the Reagan administration's support of South Africa despite its continued policy of apartheid.[31]
In the mid-1970s, Biden was one of the Senate's strongest opponents of race-integration busing. His Delaware constituents strongly opposed it, and such opposition nationwide later led his party to mostly abandon school integration policies.[89] In his first Senate campaign, Biden had expressed support for busing to remedy de jure segregation, as in the South, but opposed its use to remedy de facto segregation arising from racial patterns of neighborhood residency, as in Delaware; he opposed a proposed constitutional amendment banning busing entirely.[90] Biden supported a 1976 measure forbidding the use of federal funds for transporting students beyond the school closest to them.[89] He co-sponsored a 1977 amendment closing loopholes in that measure, which President Carter signed into law in 1978.[91]
Photo of Biden shaking hands with Reagan in the Oval Office
Biden shaking hands with President Ronald Reagan, 1984
Biden became ranking minority member of the Senate Judiciary Committee in 1981. He was a Democratic floor manager for the successful passage of the Comprehensive Crime Control Act in 1984. His supporters praised him for modifying some of the law's worst provisions, and it was his most important legislative accomplishment to that time.[92] In 1994, Biden helped pass the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, which included a ban on assault weapons,[93][94] and the Violence Against Women Act,[95] which he has called his most significant legislation.[96] The 1994 crime law was unpopular among progressives and criticized for resulting in mass incarceration;[97][98] in 2019, Biden called his role in passing the bill a "big mistake", citing its policy on crack cocaine and saying that the bill "trapped an entire generation".[99]
Biden voted for a 1993 provision that deemed homosexuality incompatible with military life, thereby banning gays from serving in the armed forces.[100][101] In 1996, he voted for the Defense of Marriage Act, which prohibited the federal government from recognizing same-sex marriages, thereby barring individuals in such marriages from equal protection under federal law and allowing states to do the same.[102] In 2015, the act was ruled unconstitutional in Obergefell v. Hodges.[103]
Biden was critical of Independent Counsel Ken Starr during the 1990s Whitewater controversy and Lewinsky scandal investigations, saying "it's going to be a cold day in hell" before another independent counsel would be granted similar powers.[104] He voted to acquit during the impeachment of President Clinton.[105] During the 2000s, Biden sponsored bankruptcy legislation sought by credit card issuers.[16] Clinton vetoed the bill in 2000, but it passed in 2005 as the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act,[16] with Biden being one of only 18 Democrats to vote for it, while leading Democrats and consumer rights organizations opposed it.[106] As a senator, Biden strongly supported increased Amtrak funding and rail security.[80][107]
Brain surgeries
In February 1988, after several episodes of increasingly severe neck pain, Biden underwent surgery to correct a leaking intracranial berry aneurysm.[108][109] While recuperating, he suffered a pulmonary embolism, a serious complication.[109] After a second aneurysm was surgically repaired in May,[109][110] Biden's recuperation kept him away from the Senate for seven months.[111]
Senate Judiciary Committee
Photo of Senator Biden giving a speech, with uniformed law enforcement officers in the background
Biden speaking at the signing of the 1994 Crime Bill with President Bill Clinton in 1994
Biden was a longtime member of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. He chaired it from 1987 to 1995 and was a ranking minority member from 1981 to 1987 and again from 1995 to 1997.[112]
As chair, Biden presided over two highly contentious U.S. Supreme Court confirmation hearings.[16] When Robert Bork was nominated in 1988, Biden reversed his approval— given in an interview the previous year— of a hypothetical Bork nomination. Conservatives were angered,[113] but at the hearings' close Biden was praised for his fairness, humor, and courage.[113][114] Rejecting the arguments of some Bork opponents,[16] Biden framed his objections to Bork in terms of the conflict between Bork's strong originalism and the view that the U.S. Constitution provides rights to liberty and privacy beyond those explicitly enumerated in its text.[114] Bork's nomination was rejected in the committee by a 5–9 vote[114] and then in the full Senate, 42–58.[115]
During Clarence Thomas's nomination hearings in 1991, Biden's questions on constitutional issues were often convoluted to the point that Thomas sometimes lost track of them,[116] and Thomas later wrote that Biden's questions were akin to "beanballs".[117] After the committee hearing closed, the public learned that Anita Hill, a University of Oklahoma law school professor, had accused Thomas of making unwelcome sexual comments when they had worked together.[118][119] Biden had known of some of these charges, but initially shared them only with the committee because Hill was then unwilling to testify.[16] The committee hearing was reopened and Hill testified, but Biden did not permit testimony from other witnesses, such as a woman who had made similar charges and experts on harassment.[120] The full Senate confirmed Thomas by a 52–48 vote, with Biden opposed.[16] Liberal legal advocates and women's groups felt strongly that Biden had mishandled the hearings and not done enough to support Hill.[120] In 2019, he told Hill he regretted his treatment of her, but Hill said afterward she remained unsatisfied.[121]
Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Photo of Clinton, his senior officials, and Biden on Air Force One
Senator Biden accompanies President Clinton and other officials to Bosnia and Herzegovina, December 1997.
Biden was a longtime member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He became its ranking minority member in 1997 and chaired it from June 2001 to 2003 and 2007 to 2009.[122] His positions were generally liberal internationalist.[86][123] He collaborated effectively with Republicans and sometimes went against elements of his own party.[122][123] During this time he met with at least 150 leaders from 60 countries and international organizations, becoming a well-known Democratic voice on foreign policy.[124]
Biden voted against authorization for the Gulf War in 1991,[123] siding with 45 of the 55 Democratic senators. He said the U.S. was bearing almost all the burden in the anti-Iraq coalition.[125]
Biden became interested in the Yugoslav Wars after hearing about Serbian abuses during the Croatian War of Independence in 1991.[86] Once the Bosnian War broke out, Biden was among the first to call for the "lift and strike" policy.[86][122] The George H. W. Bush administration and Clinton administration were both reluctant to implement the policy, fearing Balkan entanglement.[86][123] In April 1993, Biden held a tense three-hour meeting with Serbian leader Slobodan Milošević.[126] Biden worked on several versions of legislative language urging the U.S. toward greater involvement.[126] Biden has called his role in affecting Balkan policy in the mid-1990s his "proudest moment in public life" related to foreign policy.[123] In 1999, during the Kosovo War, Biden supported the 1999 NATO bombing of FR Yugoslavia.[86] He and Senator John McCain co-sponsored the McCain-Biden Kosovo Resolution, which called on Clinton to use all necessary force, including ground troops, to confront Milošević over Yugoslav actions toward ethnic Albanians in Kosovo.[123][127]
Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
Main article: War on terror
refer to caption
Biden addresses the press after meeting with Prime Minister Ayad Allawi in Baghdad in 2004.
Biden was a strong supporter of the War in Afghanistan, saying, "Whatever it takes, we should do it."[128] As head of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he said in 2002 that Iraqi president Saddam Hussein was a threat to national security and there was no other option than to "eliminate" that threat.[129] In October 2002, he voted in favor of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq, approving the U.S. Invasion of Iraq.[123] As chair of the committee, he assembled a series of witnesses to testify in favor of the authorization. They gave testimony grossly misrepresenting the intent, history, and status of Saddam and his secular government, which was an avowed enemy of al-Qaeda, and touted Iraq's fictional possession of Weapons of Mass Destruction.[130] Biden eventually became a critic of the war and called his vote and role a "mistake" but did not push for withdrawal.[123][126] He supported the appropriations for the occupation, but argued that the war should be internationalized, that more soldiers were needed, and that the Bush administration should "level with the American people" about its cost and length.[122][127]
By late 2006, Biden's stance had shifted considerably. He opposed the troop surge of 2007,[123][126] saying General David Petraeus was "dead, flat wrong" in believing the surge could work.[131] Biden instead advocated dividing Iraq into a loose federation of three ethnic states.[132] Rather than continue the existing approach or withdrawing, the plan called for "a third way": federalizing Iraq and giving Kurds, Shiites, and Sunnis "breathing room" in their own regions.[133] In September 2007, a non-binding resolution endorsing the plan passed the Senate,[134] but the idea failed to gain traction.[131]
1988 and 2008 presidential campaigns
1988 campaign
Main article: Joe Biden 1988 presidential campaign
Biden speaks at a campaign event, 1987
Biden formally declared his candidacy for the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination on June 9, 1987.[135] He was considered a strong candidate because of his moderate image, his speaking ability, his high profile as chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee at the upcoming Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination hearings, and his appeal to Baby Boomers; he would have been the second-youngest person elected president, after John F. Kennedy.[31][136][137] He raised more in the first quarter of 1987 than any other candidate.[136][137]
By August his campaign's messaging had become confused due to staff rivalries,[138] and in September, he was accused of plagiarizing a speech by British Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock.[139] Biden's speech had similar lines about being the first person in his family to attend university. Biden had credited Kinnock with the formulation on previous occasions,[140][141] but did not on two occasions in late August.[142]: 230–232 [141] Kinnock himself was more forgiving; the two men met in 1988, forming an enduring friendship.[143]
Earlier that year, Biden had also used passages from a 1967 speech by Robert F. Kennedy (for which his aides took blame) and a short phrase from John F. Kennedy's inaugural address; two years earlier he had used a 1976 passage by Hubert Humphrey.[144] Biden responded that politicians often borrow from one another without giving credit, and that one of his rivals for the nomination, Jesse Jackson, had called him to point out that he (Jackson) had used the same material by Humphrey that Biden had used.[16][23]
A few days later, an incident in law school in which Biden drew text from a Fordham Law Review article with inadequate citations was publicized.[23] He was required to repeat the course and passed with high marks.[145] At Biden's request the Delaware Supreme Court's Board of Professional Responsibility reviewed the incident and concluded that he had violated no rules.[146]
Biden has made several false or exaggerated claims about his early life: that he had earned three degrees in college, that he attended law school on a full scholarship, that he had graduated in the top half of his class,[147][148] and that he had marched in the civil rights movement.[149] The limited amount of other news about the presidential race amplified these disclosures[150] and on September 23, 1987, Biden withdrew his candidacy, saying it had been overrun by "the exaggerated shadow" of his past mistakes.[151]
2008 campaign
Main article: Joe Biden 2008 presidential campaign
Photo of Biden, casually dressed, talking with a citizen in a garden
Biden campaigns at a house party in Creston, Iowa, July 2007.
After exploring the possibility of a run in several previous cycles, in January 2007, Biden declared his candidacy in the 2008 elections.[80][152][153] During his campaign, Biden focused on the Iraq War, his record as chairman of major Senate committees, and his foreign-policy experience.[154] Biden was noted for his one-liners during the campaign; in one debate he said of Republican candidate Rudy Giuliani: "There's only three things he mentions in a sentence: a noun, and a verb and 9/11."[155]
Biden had difficulty raising funds, struggled to draw people to his rallies, and failed to gain traction against the high-profile candidacies of Obama and Senator Hillary Clinton.[156] He never rose above single digits in national polls of the Democratic candidates. In the first contest on January 3, 2008, Biden placed fifth in the Iowa caucuses, garnering slightly less than one percent of the state delegates.[157] He withdrew from the race that evening.[158]
Despite its lack of success, Biden's 2008 campaign raised his stature in the political world.[159]: 336 In particular, it changed the relationship between Biden and Obama. Although they had served together on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, they had not been close: Biden resented Obama's quick rise to political stardom,[131][160] while Obama viewed Biden as garrulous and patronizing.[159]: 28, 337–338 Having gotten to know each other during 2007, Obama appreciated Biden's campaign style and appeal to working-class voters, and Biden said he became convinced Obama was "the real deal".[160][159]: 28, 337–338
Vice presidential campaigns of 2008 and 2012
2008 campaign
Main articles: Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign and 2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection
Photo of Biden outdoors behind a lectern, with Obama seated behind him and smiling
Biden speaks at the August 23, 2008, vice presidential announcement at the Old State Capitol in Springfield, Illinois.
Shortly after Biden withdrew from the presidential race, Obama privately told him he was interested in finding an important place for Biden in his administration.[161] In early August, Obama and Biden met in secret to discuss the possibility,[161] and developed a strong personal rapport.[160] On August 22, 2008, Obama announced that Biden would be his running mate.[162] The New York Times reported that the strategy behind the choice reflected a desire to fill out the ticket with someone with foreign policy and national security experience.[163] Others pointed out Biden's appeal to middle-class and blue-collar voters.[164][165] Biden was officially nominated for vice president on August 27 by voice vote at the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver.[166]
Biden's vice-presidential campaigning gained little media attention, as the press devoted far more coverage to the Republican nominee, Alaska governor Sarah Palin.[167][168] Under instructions from the campaign, Biden kept his speeches succinct and tried to avoid offhand remarks, such as one he made about Obama's being tested by a foreign power soon after taking office, which had attracted negative attention.[169][170] Privately, Biden's remarks frustrated Obama. "How many times is Biden gonna say something stupid?" he asked.[159]: 411–414, 419 Obama campaign staffers called Biden's blunders "Joe bombs" and kept Biden uninformed about strategy discussions, which in turn irked Biden.[171] Relations between the two campaigns became strained for a month, until Biden apologized on a call to Obama and the two built a stronger partnership.[159]: 411–414
As the financial crisis of 2007–2010 reached a peak with the liquidity crisis of September 2008 and the proposed bailout of the United States financial system became a major factor in the campaign, Biden voted for the $700 billion Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, which passed in the Senate, 74–25.[172] On October 2, 2008, he participated in the vice-presidential debate with Palin at Washington University in St. Louis. Post-debate polls found that while Palin exceeded many voters' expectations, Biden had won the debate overall.[173]
On November 4, 2008, Obama and Biden were elected with 53% of the popular vote and 365 electoral votes to McCain–Palin's 173.[174][175][176]
At the same time Biden was running for vice president, he was also running for reelection to the Senate,[177] as permitted by Delaware law.[80] On November 4, he was reelected to the Senate, defeating Republican Christine O'Donnell.[178] Having won both races, Biden made a point of waiting to resign from the Senate until he was sworn in for his seventh term on January 6, 2009.[179] Biden cast his last Senate vote on January 15, supporting the release of the second $350 billion for the Troubled Asset Relief Program,[180] and resigned from the Senate later that day.[b]
2012 campaign
Main article: Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign
In October 2010, Biden said Obama had asked him to remain as his running mate for the 2012 presidential election,[184] but with Obama's popularity on the decline, White House chief of staff William M. Daley conducted some secret polling and focus group research in late 2011 on the idea of replacing Biden on the ticket with Hillary Clinton.[185] The notion was dropped when the results showed no appreciable improvement for Obama,[185] and White House officials later said Obama himself had never entertained the idea.[186]
Biden's May 2012 statement that he was "absolutely comfortable" with same-sex marriage gained considerable public attention in comparison to Obama's position, which had been described as "evolving".[187] Biden made his statement without administration consent, and Obama and his aides were quite irked, since Obama had planned to shift position several months later, in the build-up to the party convention.[171][188][189] Gay rights advocates seized upon Biden's statement,[188] and within days, Obama announced that he too supported same-sex marriage, an action in part forced by Biden's remarks.[190] Biden apologized to Obama in private for having spoken out,[191][192] while Obama acknowledged publicly it had been done from the heart.[188]
The Obama campaign valued Biden as a retail-level politician, and he had a heavy schedule of appearances in swing states as the reelection campaign began in earnest in spring 2012.[193][194] An August 2012 remark before a mixed-race audience that Republican proposals to relax Wall Street regulations would "put y'all back in chains" once again drew attention to Biden's propensity for colorful remarks.[193][195][196]
Obama watching Biden debate Paul Ryan in the vice presidential debate on Air Force One
In the first presidential debate of the general election, President Obama's performance was considered surprisingly lackluster.[197] Time magazine's Joe Klein called it "one of the most inept performances I've ever seen by a sitting president."[198] Over the next few days, Obama's lead over Romney collapsed,[199] putting pressure on Biden to stop the bleeding with a strong showing against the Republican vice-presidential nominee, Paul Ryan.[200][201] Some political analysts considered Biden's performance against Ryan in the October 11 vice-presidential debate one of the best of his career[202][203] and a key factor in Obama's rebound in the polls and eventual victory over Romney.[204][205] The debate also became memorable for the popularization of Biden's use of the phrase "a bunch of malarkey" in response to an attack by Ryan on the administration's response to the September 11, 2012, attacks on the U.S. embassy in Benghazi.[206][207] Biden reused the phrase during his 2020 presidential campaign.[208]
On November 6, Obama and Biden won reelection[209] over Romney and Ryan with 332 of 538 Electoral College votes and 51% of the popular vote.[210]
Vice presidency (2009–2017)
See also: Presidency of Barack Obama
First term (2009–2013)
Photo of Biden raising his right hand, reciting the Oath
Biden being sworn in as vice president on January 20, 2009
Biden said he intended to eliminate some explicit roles assumed by George W. Bush's vice president, Dick Cheney, and did not intend to emulate any previous vice presidency.[211] He was sworn in as the 47th vice president of the United States on January 20, 2009.[212] He was the first vice president from Delaware[213] and the first Roman Catholic vice president.[214][215]
Obama was soon comparing Biden to a basketball player "who does a bunch of things that don't show up in the stat sheet".[216] Biden visited Kosovo in May and affirmed the U.S. position that its "independence is irreversible."[217] Biden lost an internal debate to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton about sending 21,000 new troops to Afghanistan,[218][219] but his skepticism was valued,[220] and in 2009, Biden's views gained more influence as Obama reconsidered his Afghanistan strategy.[221] Biden visited Iraq about every two months,[131] becoming the administration's point man in delivering messages to Iraqi leadership about expected progress there.[220] More generally, overseeing Iraq policy became Biden's responsibility: Obama was said to have said, "Joe, you do Iraq."[222] By 2012, Biden had made eight trips there, but his oversight of U.S. policy in Iraq receded with the exit of U.S. troops in 2011.[194][223]
Photo of Obama and Biden shaking hands in the Oval Office
President Obama congratulates Biden for his role in shaping the debt ceiling deal which led to the Budget Control Act of 2011.
Biden oversaw infrastructure spending from the Obama stimulus package intended to help counteract the ongoing recession.[224] During this period, Biden was satisfied that no major instances of waste or corruption had occurred,[220] and when he completed that role in February 2011, he said the number of fraud incidents with stimulus monies had been less than one percent.[225]
Biden's off-message response to a question in late April 2009, during the beginning of the swine flu outbreak, led to a swift retraction by the White House.[226] The remark revived Biden's reputation for gaffes.[227][221][228] Confronted with rising unemployment through July 2009, Biden acknowledged that the administration had "misread how bad the economy was" but maintained confidence the stimulus package would create many more jobs once the pace of expenditures picked up.[229] A hot mic picked up Biden telling Obama that his signing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was "a big fucking deal" on March 23, 2010. Despite their different personalities, Obama and Biden formed a friendship, partly based around Obama's daughter Sasha and Biden's granddaughter Maisy, who attended Sidwell Friends School together.[171]
Members of the Obama administration said Biden's role in the White House was to be a contrarian and force others to defend their positions.[230] Rahm Emanuel, White House chief of staff, said that Biden helped counter groupthink.[216] Obama said, "The best thing about Joe is that when we get everybody together, he really forces people to think and defend their positions, to look at things from every angle, and that is very valuable for me."[220] The Bidens maintained a relaxed atmosphere at their official residence in Washington, often entertaining their grandchildren, and regularly returned to their home in Delaware.[231]
Biden campaigned heavily for Democrats in the 2010 midterm elections, maintaining an attitude of optimism in the face of predictions of large-scale losses for the party.[184] Following big Republican gains in the elections and the departure of White House chief of staff Rahm Emanuel, Biden's past relationships with Republicans in Congress became more important.[232][233] He led the successful administration effort to gain Senate approval for the New START treaty.[232][233] In December 2010, Biden's advocacy for a middle ground, followed by his negotiations with Senate minority leader Mitch McConnell, were instrumental in producing the administration's compromise tax package that included a temporary extension of the Bush tax cuts.[233][234] The package passed as the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010.
Photo of Obama, Biden, and national security staffers in the Situation Room, somberly listening to updates on the bin Laden raid
Biden, Obama and the national security team gathered in the White House Situation Room to monitor the progress of the May 2011 mission to kill Osama bin Laden.
Obama delegated Biden to lead negotiations with Congress in March 2011 to resolve federal spending levels for the rest of the year and avoid a government shutdown.[235] The U.S. debt ceiling crisis developed over the next few months, but Biden's relationship with McConnell again proved key in breaking a deadlock and bringing about a deal to resolve it, in the form of the Budget Control Act of 2011, signed on August 2, 2011, the same day an unprecedented U.S. default had loomed.[236][237][238] Some reports suggest that Biden opposed proceeding with the May 2011 U.S. mission to kill Osama bin Laden,[194][239] lest failure adversely affect Obama's reelection prospects.[240][241]
Obama named Biden to head the Gun Violence Task Force, created to address the causes of school shootings and consider possible gun control to implement in the aftermath of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, in December 2012.[242] Later that month, during the final days before the United States fell off the "fiscal cliff", Biden's relationship with McConnell again proved important as the two negotiated a deal that led to the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 being passed at the start of 2013.[243][244] It made many of the Bush tax cuts permanent but raised rates on upper income levels.[244]
Second term (2013–2017)
Biden in Morocco, November 2014
Biden was inaugurated to a second term on January 20, 2013, at a small ceremony at Number One Observatory Circle, his official residence, with Justice Sonia Sotomayor presiding (a public ceremony took place on January 21).[245]
Biden played little part in discussions that led to the October 2013 passage of the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014, which resolved the federal government shutdown of 2013 and the debt-ceiling crisis of 2013. This was because Senate majority leader Harry Reid and other Democratic leaders cut him out of any direct talks with Congress, feeling Biden had given too much away during previous negotiations.[246][247][248]
Biden's Violence Against Women Act was reauthorized again in 2013. The act led to related developments, such as the White House Council on Women and Girls, begun in the first term, as well as the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault, begun in January 2014 with Biden and Valerie Jarrett as co-chairs.[249][250]
Biden favored arming Syria's rebel fighters.[251] As the ISIL insurgency in Iraq intensified in 2014, renewed attention was paid to the Biden-Gelb Iraqi federalization plan of 2006, with some observers suggesting Biden had been right all along.[252][253] Biden himself said the U.S. would follow ISIL "to the gates of hell".[254] Biden had close relationships with several Latin American leaders and was assigned a focus on the region during the administration; he visited the region 16 times during his vice presidency, the most of any president or vice president.[255] In August 2016, Biden visited Serbia, where he met with the Serbian Prime Minister, Aleksandar Vučić, and expressed his condolences for civilian victims of the bombing campaign during the Kosovo War.[256]
Photo of Biden and Netanyahu giving speeches, with American and Israeli flags in the background
Biden with Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu in Jerusalem, March 9, 2016
Biden never cast a tie-breaking vote in the Senate, making him the longest-serving vice president with this distinction.[257]
Role in the 2016 presidential campaign
During his second term, Biden was often said to be preparing for a bid for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination.[258] With his family, many friends, and donors encouraging him in mid-2015 to enter the race, and with Hillary Clinton's favorability ratings in decline at that time, Biden was reported to again be seriously considering the prospect and a "Draft Biden 2016" PAC was established.[258][259][260]
By late 2015, Biden was still uncertain about running. He felt his son Beau's recent death had largely drained his emotional energy, and said, "nobody has a right ... to seek that office unless they're willing to give it 110% of who they are."[261] On October 21, speaking from a podium in the Rose Garden with his wife and Obama by his side, Biden announced his decision not to run for president in 2016.[262][263][264]
Subsequent activities (2017–2019)
Photo of Trump speaking to Biden and Obama, with Trump's hand on Obama's shoulder
Biden with Barack Obama and Donald Trump, at the latter's inauguration on January 20, 2017
After leaving the vice presidency, Biden became an honorary professor at the University of Pennsylvania, developing the Penn Biden Center for Diplomacy and Global Engagement. Biden remained in that position into 2019, before running for president.[265][266]
In 2017, Biden wrote a memoir, Promise Me, Dad, and went on a book tour.[267] By 2019, he and his wife reported that they had earned over $15 million since the end of his vice presidency from speaking engagements and book sales.[268]
Biden remained in the public eye, endorsing candidates while continuing to comment on politics, climate change, and the presidency of Donald Trump.[269][270][271] He also continued to speak out in favor of LGBT rights, continuing advocacy on an issue he had become more closely associated with during his vice presidency.[272][273] In 2018, he gave a eulogy for Senator John McCain, praising McCain's embrace of American ideals and bipartisan friendships.[274] Biden continued to support cancer research.[275]
2020 presidential campaign
Main article: Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign
Speculation and announcement
Photo of Biden raising his fist while while standing behind a lectern
Biden at his presidential kickoff rally in Philadelphia, May 2019
Between 2016 and 2019, media outlets often mentioned Biden as a likely candidate for president in 2020.[276] When asked if he would run, he gave varied and ambivalent answers, saying "never say never".[277] A political action committee known as Time for Biden was formed in January 2018, seeking Biden's entry into the race.[278] He finally launched his campaign on April 25, 2019,[279] saying he was prompted to run because he was worried by the Trump administration and felt a "sense of duty."[280]
Campaign
As the 2020 campaign season heated up, voluminous public polling showed Biden as one of the best-performing Democratic candidates in a head-to-head matchup against President Trump.[281][282][283] With Democrats keenly focused on "electability" for defeating Trump,[284] this boosted his popularity among Democratic voters.[285] It also made Biden a frequent target of Trump.[286][287] In September 2019, it was reported that Trump had pressured Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy to investigate alleged wrongdoing by Biden and his son Hunter Biden.[288] Despite the allegations, no evidence was produced of any wrongdoing by the Bidens.[289][290][291] Trump's pressure to investigate the Bidens was perceived by many as an attempt to hurt Biden's chances of winning the presidency.[292] Trump's alleged actions against Biden resulted in a political scandal[293] and Trump's impeachment by the House of Representatives for abuse of power and obstruction of congress.[294]
In March 2019 and April 2019, eight women accused Biden of previous instances of inappropriate physical contact, such as embracing, touching or kissing.[295] Biden had previously called himself a "tactile politician" and admitted this behavior had caused trouble for him.[296] Journalist Mark Bowden described Biden's lifelong habit of talking close, writing that he "doesn't just meet you, he engulfs you... scooting closer" and leaning forward to talk.[297] In April 2019, Biden pledged to be more "respectful of people's personal space".[298]
Photo of Biden holding a microphone, with a crowd in the background
Biden at a rally on the eve of the Iowa caucuses, February 2020
Throughout 2019, Biden stayed generally ahead of other Democrats in national polls.[299][300] Despite this, he finished fourth in the Iowa caucuses, and eight days later, fifth in the New Hampshire primary.[301][302] He performed better in the Nevada caucuses, reaching the 15% required for delegates, but still finished 21.6 percentage points behind Bernie Sanders.[303] Making strong appeals to Black voters on the campaign trail and in the South Carolina debate, Biden won the South Carolina primary by more than 28 points.[304] After the withdrawals and subsequent endorsements of candidates Pete Buttigieg and Amy Klobuchar, he made large gains in the March 3 Super Tuesday primary elections. Biden won 18 of the next 26 contests, putting him in the lead overall.[305] Elizabeth Warren and Mike Bloomberg soon dropped out, and Biden expanded his lead with victories over Sanders in four states on March 10.[306]
In late March 2020, Tara Reade, one of the eight women who in 2019 had accused Biden of inappropriate physical contact, accused Biden of having sexually assaulted her in 1993.[307] There were inconsistencies between Reade's 2019 and 2020 allegations.[307][308] Biden and his campaign denied the sexual assault allegation.[309][310]
When Sanders suspended his campaign on April 8, 2020, Biden became the Democratic Party's presumptive nominee for president.[311] On April 13, Sanders endorsed Biden in a live-streamed discussion from their homes.[312] Former president Barack Obama endorsed Biden the next day.[313] On August 11, Biden announced U.S. senator Kamala Harris of California as his running mate, making her the first African American and first South Asian American vice-presidential nominee on a major-party ticket.[314] On August 18, 2020, Biden was officially nominated at the 2020 Democratic National Convention as the Democratic Party nominee for president in the 2020 election.[315][316]
Presidential transition
Main article: Presidential transition of Joe Biden
Biden was elected the 46th president of the United States in November 2020. He defeated the incumbent, Donald Trump, becoming the first candidate to defeat a sitting president since Bill Clinton defeated George H. W. Bush in 1992. Trump refused to concede, insisting the election had been "stolen" from him through "voter fraud", challenging the results in court and promoting numerous conspiracy theories about the voting and vote-counting processes, in an attempt to overturn the election results.[317] Biden's transition was delayed by several weeks as the White House ordered federal agencies not to cooperate.[318] On November 23, General Services Administrator Emily W. Murphy formally recognized Biden as the apparent winner of the 2020 election and authorized the start of a transition process to the Biden administration.[319]
On January 6, 2021, during Congress' electoral vote count, Trump told supporters gathered in front of the White House to march to the Capitol, saying, "We will never give up. We will never concede. It doesn't happen. You don't concede when there's theft involved."[320] Soon after, they attacked the Capitol. During the insurrection at the Capitol, Biden addressed the nation, calling the events "an unprecedented assault unlike anything we've seen in modern times".[321][322] After the Capitol was cleared, Congress resumed its joint session and officially certified the election results with Vice President Mike Pence, in his capacity as President of the Senate, declaring Biden and Harris the winners.[323]
Presidency (2021–present)
Main article: Presidency of Joe Biden
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency.
Photo of Biden raising his right hand, with his left hand placed on a thick Bible
Biden takes the oath of office administered by Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. at the Capitol, January 20, 2021.
Inauguration
Main article: Inauguration of Joe Biden
Biden was inaugurated as the 46th president of the United States on January 20, 2021.[324] At 78, he is the oldest person to have assumed the office.[324] He is the second Catholic president (after John F. Kennedy)[325] and the first president whose home state is Delaware.[326] He is also the first man since George H. W. Bush to have been both vice president and president, and the second non-incumbent vice president (after Richard Nixon in 1968) to be elected president.[327] He is also the first president from the Silent Generation.[328]
Biden's inauguration was "a muted affair unlike any previous inauguration" due to COVID-19 precautions as well as massively increased security measures because of the January 6 United States Capitol attack. Trump did not attend, becoming the first outgoing president since 1869 to not attend his successor's inauguration.[329]
First 100 days
See also: First 100 days of Joe Biden's presidency
In his first two days as president, Biden signed 17 executive orders. By his third day, orders had included rejoining the Paris Climate Agreement, ending the state of national emergency at the border with Mexico, directing the government to rejoin the World Health Organization, face mask requirements on federal property, measures to combat hunger in the United States,[330][331][332][333] and revoking permits for the construction of the Keystone XL pipeline.[334][335][336]
Group photo of Biden, Harris and cabinet members standing outdoors
Biden with his Cabinet, July 2021
On March 11, the first anniversary of COVID-19 having been declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization, Biden signed into law the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, a $1.9 trillion economic stimulus and relief package that he had proposed to support the United States' recovery from the economic and health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.[337] The package included direct payments to most Americans, an extension of increased unemployment benefits, funds for vaccine distribution and school reopenings, and expansions of health insurance subsidies and the child tax credit. Biden's initial proposal included an increase of the federal minimum wage to $15 per hour, but after the Senate parliamentarian determined that including the increase in a budget reconciliation bill would violate Senate rules, Democrats declined to pursue overruling her and removed the increase from the package.[338][339][340]
Also in March, amid a rise in migrants entering the U.S. from Mexico, Biden told migrants, "Don't come over." In the meantime, migrant adults "are being sent back", Biden said, in reference to the continuation of the Trump administration's Title 42 policy for quick deportations.[341] Biden earlier announced that his administration would not deport unaccompanied migrant children; the rise in arrivals of such children exceeded the capacity of facilities meant to shelter them (before they were sent to sponsors), leading the Biden administration in March to direct the Federal Emergency Management Agency to help.[342]
On April 14, Biden announced that the United States would delay the withdrawal of all troops from the war in Afghanistan until September 11, signaling an end to the country's direct military involvement in Afghanistan after nearly 20 years.[343] In February 2020, the Trump administration had made a deal with the Taliban to completely withdraw U.S. forces by May 1, 2021.[344] Biden's decision met with a wide range of reactions, from support and relief to trepidation at the possible collapse of the Afghan government without American support.[345] On April 22–23, Biden held an international climate summit at which he announced that the U.S. would cut its greenhouse gas emissions by 50%–52% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels. Other countries also increased their pledges.[346][347] On April 28, the eve of his 100th day in office, Biden delivered his first address to a joint session of Congress.[348]
Domestic policy
On June 17, Biden signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act, which officially declared Juneteenth a federal holiday.[349] Juneteenth is the first new federal holiday since 1986.[350] In July 2021, amid a slowing of the COVID-19 vaccination rate in the country and the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, Biden said that the country has "a pandemic for those who haven't gotten the vaccination" and that it was therefore "gigantically important" for Americans to be vaccinated.[351]
Economy
Inflation rate, United States and eurozone, January 2018 through June 2023
Main article: Economic policy of the Joe Biden administration
Biden entered office nine months into a recovery from the COVID-19 recession and his first year in office was characterized by robust growth in real GDP, employment, wages and stock market returns, amid significantly elevated inflation. Real GDP grew 5.9%, the fastest rate in 37 years.[352][353] Amid record job creation, the unemployment rate fell at the fastest pace on record during the year.[354][355][356] By the end of 2021, inflation reached a nearly 40-year high of 7.1%, which was partially offset by the highest nominal wage and salary growth in at least 20 years.[357][358][359][360] In his third month in office, Biden signed an executive order to increase the minimum wage for federal contractors to $15 per hour, an increase of nearly 37%. The order went into effect for 390,000 workers in January 2022.[361][362]
Amid a surge in inflation and high gas prices, Biden's approval ratings declined, reaching net negative in early 2022.[363][364][365] After 5.9% growth in 2021, real GDP growth cooled in 2022 to 2.1%, after slightly negative growth in the first half spurred recession concerns. Job creation and consumer spending remained strong through the year, as the unemployment rate fell to match a 53-year low of 3.5% in December. Inflation peaked at 9.1% in June before easing to 3.2% by October 2023. Stocks had had their worst year since 2008[366][367][368] before recovering. Widespread predictions of an imminent recession did not materialize in 2022 or 2023, and by late 2023 indicators showed sharply lower inflation with economic acceleration. GDP growth hit 4.9% in the third quarter of 2023 and the year ended with stocks near record highs, with robust holiday spending.[369][370][371]
Biden signed numerous major pieces of economic legislation in the 117th Congress, including the American Rescue Plan, Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, CHIPS and Science Act, the Inflation Reduction Act, and the Honoring our PACT Act.[372] Biden signed the CHIPS and Science Act into law on August 9, 2022.[373] The act provides billions of dollars in new funding to boost domestic research on and manufacture of semiconductors, to compete economically with China.[374]
Over the course of five days in March 2023, three small- to mid-size U.S. banks failed, triggering a sharp decline in global bank stock prices and swift response by regulators to prevent potential global contagion. After Silicon Valley Bank collapsed, the first to do so, Biden expressed opposition to a bailout by taxpayers.[375] He claimed that the partial rollback of Dodd-Frank regulations contributed to the bank's failure.[376]
At the beginning of the 118th Congress, Biden and congressional Republicans engaged in a standoff after the United States hit its debt limit, which raised the risk that the U.S. would default on its debt.[377] Biden and House speaker Kevin McCarthy struck a deal to raise the debt limit, the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023, which suspended the debt limit until January 2025. Biden signed it on June 3, averting a default.[378] The deal was generally seen as favorable to Biden.[379][380]
Judiciary
Further information: List of federal judges appointed by Joe Biden
Photo of Biden and Jackson looking at an off-camera television screen
Biden and Ketanji Brown Jackson watching the U.S. Senate vote on her confirmation, April 2022
By the end of 2021, 40 of Biden's appointees to the federal judiciary had been confirmed, more than any president in his first year in office since Ronald Reagan.[381] Biden has prioritized diversity in his judicial appointments more than any president in U.S. history, with most of his appointees being women and people of color.[382] Most of his appointments have been in blue states, making a limited impact since the courts in these states already generally lean liberal.[383]
In January 2022, Supreme Court justice Stephen Breyer, a moderate liberal nominated by Bill Clinton, announced his intention to retire from the Supreme Court. During his 2020 campaign, Biden vowed to nominate the first Black woman to the Supreme Court if a vacancy occurred,[384] a promise he reiterated after Breyer announced his retirement.[385] On February 25, Biden nominated federal judge Ketanji Brown Jackson to the Supreme Court.[386] She was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on April 7[387] and sworn in on June 30.[388] By November 2023, Biden had confirmed 150 federal judges, including 100 women.[389]
Infrastructure and climate
Further information: Build Back Better Plan and Environmental policy of the Joe Biden administration
Phot of Biden, Johnson and Guterres standing onstage
Biden, UK prime minister Boris Johnson and UN secretary-general António Guterres at the opening ceremony of the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow on November 1, 2021
As part of Biden's Build Back Better agenda, in late March 2021, he proposed the American Jobs Plan, a $2 trillion package addressing issues including transport infrastructure, utilities infrastructure, broadband infrastructure, housing, schools, manufacturing, research and workforce development.[390][391] After months of negotiations among Biden and lawmakers, in August 2021 the Senate passed a $1 trillion bipartisan infrastructure bill called the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act,[392][393] while the House, also in a bipartisan manner, approved that bill in early November 2021, covering infrastructure related to transport, utilities, and broadband.[394] Biden signed the bill into law in mid-November 2021.[395]
The other core part of the Build Back Better agenda was the Build Back Better Act, a $3.5 trillion social spending bill that expands the social safety net and includes major provisions on climate change.[396][397] The bill did not have Republican support, so Democrats attempted to pass it on a party-line vote through budget reconciliation, but struggled to win the support of Senator Joe Manchin, even as the price was lowered to $2.2 trillion.[398] After Manchin rejected the bill,[399] the Build Back Better Act's size was reduced. It was comprehensively reworked into the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, covering deficit reduction, climate change, healthcare, and tax reform.[400]
The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 was introduced by senators Chuck Schumer and Joe Manchin.[401][402] The package aimed to raise $739 billion and authorize $370 billion in spending on energy and climate change, $300 billion in deficit reduction, three years of Affordable Care Act subsidies, prescription drug reform to lower prices, and tax reform.[403] According to an analysis by the Rhodium Group, the bill will lower US greenhouse gas emissions between 31 percent and 44 percent below 2005 levels by 2030.[404] On August 7, 2022, the Senate passed the bill (as amended) on a 51–50 vote, with all Democrats voting in favor, all Republicans opposed, and Vice President Kamala Harris breaking the tie. The bill was passed by the House on August 12[404] and was signed by Biden on August 16.[405][406]
Before and during the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26), Biden promoted an agreement that the U.S. and the European Union cut methane emissions by a third by 2030 and tried to add dozens of other countries to the effort.[407] Biden pledged to double climate funding to developing countries by 2024.[408] Also at COP26, the U.S. and China reached a deal on greenhouse gas emission reduction. The two countries are responsible for 40 percent of global emissions.[409] In July 2023, when the 2023 heat waves hit the U.S., Biden announced several measures to protect the population and said the heat waves were linked to climate change.[410][411]
COVID-19 diagnosis
On July 21, 2022, Biden tested positive for COVID-19 with reportedly mild symptoms.[412] According to the White House, he was treated with Paxlovid.[413] He worked in isolation in the White House for five days[414] and returned to isolation when he tested positive again on July 30.[415]
Other domestic policy issues
In 2022, Biden endorsed a change to the Senate filibuster to allow for the passing of the Freedom to Vote Act and John Lewis Voting Rights Act, on both of which the Senate had failed to invoke cloture.[416] The rules change failed when two Democratic senators, Joe Manchin and Kyrsten Sinema, joined Senate Republicans in opposing it.[417] In April 2022, Biden signed into law the bipartisan Postal Service Reform Act of 2022 to revamp the finances and operations of the United States Postal Service agency.[418]
On July 28, 2022, the Biden administration announced it would fill four wide gaps on the Mexico–United States border in Arizona near Yuma, an area with some of the busiest corridors for illegal crossings. During his presidential campaign, Biden had pledged to cease all future border wall construction.[419] This occurred after both allies and critics of Biden criticized his administration's management of the southern border.[420]
Photo of Biden and staffers, seated, looking at a television
Biden and senior advisers watch the Senate pass the CHIPS and Science Act on July 27, 2022.
In the summer of 2022, several other pieces of legislation Biden supported passed Congress. The Bipartisan Safer Communities Act aimed to address gun reform issues following the Robb Elementary School shooting in Uvalde, Texas.[421] The act's gun control provisions include extended background checks for gun purchasers under 21, clarification of Federal Firearms License requirements, funding for state red flag laws and other crisis intervention programs, further criminalization of arms trafficking and straw purchases, and partial closure of the boyfriend loophole.[422][423][424] Biden signed the bill on June 25, 2022.[425]
The Honoring our PACT Act of 2022 was introduced in 2021 and signed into law by Biden on August 10, 2022.[426] The act intends to significantly improve healthcare access and funding for veterans who were exposed to toxic substances, including burn pits, during military service.[427]
On October 6, 2022, Biden pardoned all Americans convicted of "small" amounts of cannabis possession under federal law.[428] On December 22, 2023, he pardoned Americans of cannabis use or possession on federal lands regardless of whether they had been charged or prosecuted.[429][430] Two months after his first round of pardons, he signed the Respect for Marriage Act, which repealed the Defense of Marriage Act and requires the federal government to recognize the validity of same-sex and interracial marriages.[431]
2022 elections
Main article: 2022 United States elections
Photo of Biden holding a microphone at a campaign rally, with his jacket off and sleeves rolled up
Biden holding a rally at Bowie State University in Maryland for gubernatorial candidate Wes Moore, November 7, 2022
On September 2, 2022, in a nationally broadcast Philadelphia speech, Biden called for a "battle for the soul of the nation". Off camera, he called Trump supporters "semi-fascists", which Republican commentators denounced.[432][433][434] A predicted Republican wave election did not materialize and the race for U.S. Congress control was much closer than expected, with Republicans securing a slim majority of 222 seats in the House of Representatives,[435][436][437][438] and the Democratic caucus keeping control of the U.S. Senate, with 51 seats, a gain of one seat from the last Congress.[439][c]
It was the first midterm election since 1986 in which the party of the incumbent president achieved a net gain in governorships, and the first since 1934 in which the president's party lost no state legislative chambers.[442] Democrats credited Biden for their unexpectedly favorable performance,[443] and he celebrated the results as a strong day for democracy.[444]
Foreign policy
Main article: Foreign policy of the Joe Biden administration
Photo of Biden, Stoltenberg, and staffers sitting in the Oval Office
Biden meeting with Secretary General of NATO Jens Stoltenberg in the Oval Office, June 7, 2021
In June 2021, Biden took his first trip abroad as president. In eight days he visited Belgium, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. He attended a G7 summit, a NATO summit, and an EU summit, and held one-on-one talks with Russian president Vladimir Putin.[445]
In September 2021, Biden announced AUKUS, a security pact between Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, to ensure "peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific over the long term"; the deal included nuclear-powered submarines built for Australia's use.[446]
Withdrawal from Afghanistan
Main article: 2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan
Photo of Biden seated alone at a table, looking at a videoconference screen
Biden in a video conference with Vice President Harris and the U.S. National Security team, discussing the Fall of Kabul on August 15, 2021
American forces began withdrawing from Afghanistan in 2020, under the provisions of a February 2020 US-Taliban agreement that set a May 1, 2021, deadline.[447] The Taliban began an offensive on May 1.[448][449] By early July, most American troops in Afghanistan had withdrawn.[344] Biden addressed the withdrawal in July, saying, "The likelihood there's going to be the Taliban overrunning everything and owning the whole country is highly unlikely."[344]
On August 15, the Afghan government collapsed under the Taliban offensive, and Afghan President Ashraf Ghani fled the country.[344][450] Biden reacted by ordering 6,000 American troops to assist in the evacuation of American personnel and Afghan allies.[451] He faced bipartisan criticism for the manner of the withdrawal,[452] with the evacuation of Americans and Afghan allies described as chaotic and botched.[453][454][455] On August 16, Biden addressed the "messy" situation, taking responsibility for it, and admitting that the situation "unfolded more quickly than we had anticipated".[450][456] He defended his decision to withdraw, saying that Americans should not be "dying in a war that Afghan forces are not willing to fight for themselves."[456][457]
On August 26, a suicide bombing at the Kabul airport killed 13 U.S. service members and 169 Afghans. On August 27, an American drone strike killed two ISIS-K targets, who were "planners and facilitators", according to a U.S. Army general.[458] On August 29, another American drone strike killed ten civilians, including seven children. The Defense Department initially claimed the strike was conducted on an Islamic State suicide bomber threatening Kabul Airport, but admitted the suspect was harmless on September 17, calling its killing of civilians "a tragic mistake".[459]
The U.S. military completed withdrawal from Afghanistan on August 30. Biden called the extraction of over 120,000 Americans, Afghans and other allies "an extraordinary success".[460] He acknowledged that up to 200 Americans who wanted to leave did not, despite his August 18 pledge to keep troops in Afghanistan until all Americans who wanted to leave had left.[461]
Aid to Ukraine
Photo of a smiling Biden holding a child, with a mask lowered onto his chin
Biden with refugees from Ukraine in Warsaw, Poland, March 2022
In late February 2022, after warning for several weeks that an attack was imminent, Biden led the U.S. response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, imposing severe sanctions on Russia and authorizing over $8 billion in weapons shipments to Ukraine.[462][463][464] On April 29, Biden asked Congress for $33 billion for Ukraine,[465] but lawmakers later increased it to about $40 billion.[466] Biden blamed Vladimir Putin for the emerging energy and food crises,[467][468]
On February 20, 2023, four days before the anniversary of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Biden visited Kyiv and met with President Volodymyr Zelenskyy.[469] While there, he promised more military aid to Ukraine and denounced the war.[470]
In 2022, Congress approved about $113 billion in aid to Ukraine.[471] In October 2023, the Biden administration requested an additional $61.4 billion in aid for Ukraine for the year ahead.[472]
NATO enlargement
Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Biden expressed support for the expansion of NATO to cover both Sweden and Finland.[473][474] On August 9, 2022, he signed the instruments of ratification stipulating U.S. support for their mutual entry into the security pact.[475] While Finnish ascenscion occurred on April 4, 2023, opposition by Hungary and Turkey to Swedish entry into the organization led to a stalemate.[476] Biden led diplomatic talks between the two nations resulting in formal Swedish ascension into NATO on March 7, 2024.[477][478] He has also expressed openness to Ukrainian entry into NATO following the end of the conflict.[479] In doing so he has supported an expedited timetable in its ascension and the removal of requirements such as the Membership Action Plan typically required for NATO entry.[480][481]
China relations
Further information: China–United States relations
Biden with Chinese leader Xi Jinping during the G20 summit in Bali, November 14, 2022
China's assertiveness, particularly in the Pacific, remains a challenge for Biden. The Solomon Islands-China security pact caused alarm, as China could build military bases across the South Pacific. Biden sought to strengthen ties with Australia and New Zealand in the wake of the deal, as Anthony Albanese succeeded to the premiership of Australia and Jacinda Ardern's government took a firmer line on Chinese influence.[482][483][484] In a September 2022 interview with 60 Minutes, Biden said that U.S. forces would defend Taiwan in the event of "an unprecedented attack" by the Chinese,[485] which is in contrast to the long-standing U.S. policy of "strategic ambiguity" toward China and Taiwan.[486][487][488] In late 2022, Biden issued several executive orders and federal rules designed to slow Chinese technological growth, and maintain U.S. leadership over computing, biotech, and clean energy.[489]
On February 4, 2023, Biden ordered the United States Air Force to shoot down a suspected Chinese surveillance balloon off the coast of Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.[490][491] The State Department said the balloon carried antennas and other equipment capable of geolocating communications signals, and similar balloons from China have flown over more than 40 nations.[492] The Chinese government denied that the balloon was a surveillance device, instead claiming it was a civilian (mainly meteorological) airship that had blown off course.[493] The incident was seen as damaging to U.S. and China relations.[494][495][496]
Israel
Biden with Israeli president Isaac Herzog and prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu in Tel Aviv, Israel, October 18, 2023
In October 2023, Hamas launched a surprise attack on Israel that devolved into a war, jeopardizing the administration's push to normalize relations between Israel and Saudi Arabia.[497] Biden stated his unequivocal support for Israel and condemned the attack by Hamas.[498] He deployed aircraft carriers in the region to deter others from joining the war,[499] and called for an additional $14 billion in military aid to Israel.[500] He later began pressuring Israel to address the growing humanitarian crisis in Gaza.[501] Biden rejected calls for a ceasefire but said he supported "humanitarian pauses" to deliver aid to the people of the Gaza Strip.[502] He asked Israel to pause its invasion of Gaza for at least three days to allow for hostage negotiations; Israel agreed to daily four-hour pauses.[503] He also directed the U.S. military to facilitate the delivery of humanitarian aid to Palestinians in Gaza.[504] Biden has said he is a Zionist.[505][506]
As of May 2024, Biden has continued to support Israel during the course of the war despite significant domestic opposition to American involvement in it and subsequent widespread protests. A March 2024 Gallup poll found that a strong majority of Americans disapproved of Israeli conduct during the war.[507] It found that 36% approved "of the military action Israel has taken in Gaza" and 55% disapproved.[507] Young Americans have been significantly less supportive of Israel than older generations.[508][509] Beginning in April 2024, widespread Israel–Hamas war protests emerged on university campuses, denouncing Biden.[510]
Other foreign issues
On February 4, 2021, the Biden administration announced that the United States was ending its support for the Saudi-led bombing campaign in Yemen.[511] In early February 2022, Biden ordered the counterterrorism raid in northern Syria that resulted in the death of Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi, the second leader of the Islamic State.[512] In late July, Biden approved the drone strike that killed Ayman al-Zawahiri, the second leader of Al-Qaeda, and an integral member in the planning of the September 11 attacks.[513] The 2022 OPEC+ oil production cut caused a diplomatic spat with Saudi Arabia, widening the rift between the two countries, and threatening a longstanding alliance.[514][515]
Investigations
Retaining of classified documents
Main article: Joe Biden classified documents incident
On November 2, 2022, while packing files at the Penn Biden Center, Biden's attorneys found classified documents dating from his vice presidency in a "locked closet".[516][517] According to the White House, the documents were reported that day to the U.S. National Archives, which recovered them the next day.[517] On November 14, Attorney General Merrick Garland appointed U.S. attorney John R. Lausch Jr. to conduct an investigation.[518][519] On December 20, a second batch of classified documents was discovered in the garage of Biden's Wilmington, Delaware residence.[520]
The findings broke news on January 9, 2023, after CBS News published an article on the Lausch investigation.[517][521][522] On January 12, Garland appointed Robert K. Hur as special counsel to investigate "possible unauthorized removal and retention of classified documents or other records".[523] On January 20, after a 13-hour consensual search by FBI investigators, six more items with classified markings were recovered from Biden's Wilmington residence.[524] FBI agents searched Biden's home in Rehoboth Beach on February 1 and collected papers and notes from his time as vice president, but did not find any classified information.[525] On February 8, 2024, Hur concluded the special counsel investigation and announced that no charges would be brought against Biden.[526]
Business activities
Main article: United States House Oversight Committee investigation into the Biden family
Further information: Impeachment inquiry into Joe Biden
On January 11, 2023, the House of Representatives launched an investigative committee into the foreign business activities of Biden's son, Hunter, and brother, James.[527] The committee's chair, Representative James Comer, simultaneously investigated alleged corruption related to the Hunter Biden laptop controversy.[528]
On September 12, House speaker Kevin McCarthy initiated a formal impeachment inquiry against Biden, saying that the recent House investigations "paint a picture of corruption" by Biden and his family.[529][530][531][532] Congressional investigations, most notably by the House Oversight committee, have discovered no evidence of wrongdoing by Biden as of December 2023.[d] On December 13, 2023, the House of Representatives voted 221–212 to formalize an impeachment inquiry into Biden.[537][538][539]
2024 presidential campaign
Main article: Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign
Ending months of speculation,[540][541] on April 25, 2023, Biden confirmed he would run for reelection as president in the 2024 election, with Harris again as his running mate. The campaign launched four years to the day after the start of his 2020 presidential campaign.[542] On the day of his announcement, a Gallup poll found that Biden's approval rating was 37 percent.[543] Most of those surveyed in the poll said the economy was their biggest concern.[543] During his campaign, Biden has promoted higher economic growth and recovery following the COVID-19 pandemic.[544][545] He has frequently stated his intention to "finish the job" as a political rallying cry.[546]
2024 primaries
Main article: 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries
Biden was not on the ballot in the January 23 New Hampshire primary, but won it in a write-in campaign with 63.8% of the vote. He had wanted South Carolina to be the first primary, and won that state on February 3 with 96.2% of the vote.[547] Biden received 89.3% of the vote in Nevada and 81.1% of the vote in Michigan, with "none of these candidates" and "uncommitted" coming in second in each state, respectively. On March 5 ("Super Tuesday"), he won 15 of 16 primaries, netting 80% or more of the vote in 13 of them.[548][549] On March 12, he reached more than the 1,968 delegates needed to win the Democratic nomination, becoming the presumptive nominee.[550]
Political positions
Main article: Political positions of Joe Biden
Photo of Obama, Biden and Gorbachev smiling at each other
Mikhail Gorbachev (right) being introduced to President Obama by Joe Biden, March 2009. U.S. ambassador to Russia Michael McFaul is pictured in the background.
Pope Francis (left) meets Joe Biden at the White House, September 2015.
As a senator, Biden was regarded as a moderate Democrat.[551] As a presidential nominee, Biden's platform was the most progressive of any major party platform in history, although not within his party's ideological vanguard.[552]
Biden says his positions are deeply influenced by Catholic social teaching.[553][554][555]
According to political scientist Carlo Invernizzi Accetti, "it has become second nature to describe his politics with such ready-made labels as centrist or moderate."[556] Accetti says that Biden represents an Americanized form of Christian democracy, taking positions characteristic of both the center-right and center-left.[556] Biden has cited the Catholic philosopher Jacques Maritain, credited with starting the Christian democratic movement, as immensely influential in his thinking.[557] Other analysts have likened his ideology to traditional liberalism, "a doctrine of liberty, equality, justice and individual rights that relies, in the modern age, on a strong federal government for enforcement".[558][559] Such analysts distinguish liberals, who believe in a regulated market economy, from the left, who believe in greater economic intervention or a command economy.[558][559] In 2022, journalist Sasha Issenberg wrote that Biden's "most valuable political skill" was "an innate compass for the ever-shifting mainstream of the Democratic Party".[560]
Biden has proposed partially reversing the corporate tax cuts of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, saying that doing so would not hurt businesses' ability to hire.[561][562] But he supports raising the corporate tax only up to 28% from the 21% established in the 2017 bill, not back to 35%, the corporate tax rate until 2017.[563] He voted for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)[564] and the Trans-Pacific Partnership.[565] Biden is a staunch supporter of the Affordable Care Act (ACA).[566][567] He has promoted a plan to expand and build upon it, paid for by revenue gained from reversing some Trump administration tax cuts.[566] Biden's plan aims to expand health insurance coverage to 97% of Americans, including by creating a public health insurance option.[568]
Biden did not support national same-sex marriage rights while in the Senate and voted for the Defense of Marriage Act,[569] but opposed proposals for constitutional amendments that would have banned same-sex marriage nationwide.[570] Biden has supported same-sex marriage since 2012.[571][572]
As a senator, Biden forged deep relationships with police groups and was a chief proponent of a Police Officer's Bill of Rights measure that police unions supported but police chiefs opposed.[573][574] In 2020, Biden also ran on decriminalizing cannabis,[575] after advocating harsher penalties for drug use as a U.S. senator.[576][577]
Biden believes action must be taken on global warming. As a senator, he co-sponsored the Boxer–Sanders Global Warming Pollution Reduction Act, the most stringent climate bill in the United States Senate.[578] Biden supports nature conservation. According to a report from the Center for American Progress, he broke several records in this domain.[579] He took steps to protect Old-growth forests.[580] Biden opposes drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.[581] He wants to achieve a carbon-free power sector in the U.S. by 2035 and stop emissions completely by 2050.[582] His program includes reentering the Paris Agreement, green building and more.[583] Biden supports environmental justice, including climate justice and ocean justice,[584][585] and has taken steps to implement it.[586] A major step is increasing energy efficiency, water efficiency and resilience to climate disasters in low-income houses for mitigate climate change, reduce costs, improve health and safety.[587][588] Biden has called global temperature rise above the 1.5 degree limit the "only existential threat humanity faces even more frightening than a nuclear war".[589] Despite his clean energy policies and congressional Republicans characterizing them as a "War on American Energy", domestic oil production reached a record high in October 2023.[590]
Biden has said the U.S. needs to "get tough" on China, calling it the "most serious competitor" that poses challenges to the United States' "prosperity, security, and democratic values".[591][592] Biden has spoken about human rights abuses in the Xinjiang region to the Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping, pledging to sanction and commercially restrict Chinese government officials and entities who carry out repression.[593][594]
Biden has said he is against regime change, but for providing non-military support to opposition movements.[595] He opposed direct U.S. intervention in Libya,[596][230] voted against U.S. participation in the Gulf War,[597] voted in favor of the Iraq War,[598] and supports a two-state solution in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[599] Biden has pledged to end U.S. support for the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen and to reevaluate the United States' relationship with Saudi Arabia.[270] Biden supports extending the New START arms control treaty with Russia to limit the number of nuclear weapons deployed by both sides.[600][601] In 2021, Biden officially recognized the Armenian genocide, becoming the first U.S. president to do so.[602][e]
Biden has supported abortion rights throughout his presidency, though he personally opposes abortion because of his Catholic faith.[605][606] In 2019, he said he supported Roe v. Wade and repealing the Hyde Amendment.[607][608] After Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, he criticized near-total bans on abortion access passed in a majority of Republican-controlled states,[609] and took measures to protect abortion rights in the United States.[610] He has vowed to sign a bill codifying the protections of Roe into federal law; such a bill passed the House in 2022, but was unable to clear the Senate filibuster.[611][612]
Public image
Main article: Public image of Joe Biden
Biden was consistently ranked one of the least wealthy members of the Senate,[613][614] which he attributed to his having been elected young.[615] Feeling that less-wealthy public officials may be tempted to accept contributions in exchange for political favors, he proposed campaign finance reform measures during his first term.[92] As of November 2009, Biden's net worth was $27,012.[616] By November 2020, the Bidens were worth $9 million, largely due to sales of Biden's books and speaking fees after his vice presidency.[617][618]
The political writer Howard Fineman has written, "Biden is not an academic, he's not a theoretical thinker, he's a great street pol. He comes from a long line of working people in Scranton—auto salesmen, car dealers, people who know how to make a sale. He has that great Irish gift."[35] Political columnist David S. Broder wrote that Biden has grown over time: "He responds to real people—that's been consistent throughout. And his ability to understand himself and deal with other politicians has gotten much much better."[35] Journalist James Traub has written that "Biden is the kind of fundamentally happy person who can be as generous toward others as he is to himself".[131] In recent years, especially after the 2015 death of his elder son Beau, Biden has been noted for his empathetic nature and ability to communicate about grief.[619][620] In 2020, CNN wrote that his presidential campaign aimed to make him "healer-in-chief", while The New York Times described his extensive history of being called upon to give eulogies.[621]
Journalist and TV anchor Wolf Blitzer has called Biden loquacious;[622] journalist Mark Bowden has said that he is famous for "talking too much", leaning in close "like an old pal with something urgent to tell you".[297] He often deviates from prepared remarks[623] and sometimes "puts his foot in his mouth".[167][624][625] Biden has a reputation for being prone to gaffes[626] and in 2018 called himself "a gaffe machine".[627][628] The New York Times wrote that Biden's "weak filters make him capable of blurting out pretty much anything."[167]
Joe Biden's 81st birthday cake.
Joe Biden is the oldest sitting president in United States history.[629][630] During his presidency, Republicans, Democrats, and pundits raised questions about Biden's cognitive health in reaction to his publicized gaffes. Biden has repeatedly said that he is fit for the presidency.[631][632][633][634]
According to The New York Times, Biden often embellishes elements of his life or exaggerates, a trait also noted by The New Yorker in 2014.[635][636] For instance, he has claimed to have been more active in the civil rights movement than he actually was, and has falsely recalled being an excellent student who earned three college degrees.[635] The Times wrote, "Mr. Biden's folksiness can veer into folklore, with dates that don't quite add up and details that are exaggerated or wrong, the factual edges shaved off to make them more powerful for audiences."[636]
Job approval
According to Morning Consult polling, Biden maintained an approval rating above 50 percent in the first eight months of his presidency. In August 2021, it began to decline, and it reached the low forties by December.[637] This was attributed to the Afghanistan withdrawal, increasing hospitalizations from the Delta variant, high inflation and gas prices, disarray within the Democratic Party, and a general decline in popularity customary in politics.[638][639][640][641] According to Gallup, Biden averaged 41 percent approval in his second year in office,[642] and 39.8 percent in his third year.[643]
In February 2021, Gallup, Inc. reported that 98 percent of Democrats approved of Biden.[644][645] As of December 2023, that number had declined to 78 percent.[646] His approval rating among Republicans reached a high of 12 percent in February 2021 and again in July 2021.[644]
Biden ended 2023 with a job approval rating of 39 percent, the lowest of any modern U.S. president after three years in office.[646]
See also
2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries
2020 United States presidential debates
Cabinet of Joe Biden
Electoral history of Joe Biden
List of awards and honors received by Joe Biden
List of things named after Joe Biden
Bibliography of Joe Biden
Notes
Biden held the chairmanship from January 3 to 20, then was succeeded by Jesse Helms until June 6, and thereafter held the position until 2003.
Delaware's Democratic governor, Ruth Ann Minner, announced on November 24, 2008, that she would appoint Biden's longtime senior adviser Ted Kaufman to succeed Biden in the Senate.[181] Kaufman said he would serve only two years, until Delaware's special Senate election in 2010.[181] Biden's son Beau ruled himself out of the 2008 selection process due to his impending tour in Iraq with the Delaware Army National Guard.[182] He was a possible candidate for the 2010 special election, but in early 2010 said he would not run for the seat.[183]
Kyrsten Sinema, whose seat was not up for election in 2022, left the Democratic Party and became an independent politician in December 2022, after the election but before the swearing in of the next Congress. As a result, 48 Democrats (rather than 49), plus Angus King and Bernie Sanders, independents who caucus with Democrats, were in the Senate upon commencement of the 118th United States Congress, on January 3, 2023. Sinema has opted to caucus with neither party but to continue to align with the Democrats, bringing the Democratic Senate majority to 51 seats.[440][441]
Attributed to multiple sources:[533][534][535][536]
In 1981, President Ronald Reagan referred to the Armenian genocide in passing in a statement regarding The Holocaust, but never made a formal declaration recognizing it.[603][604]
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"Presidential Job Approval Center". Gallup, Inc. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
Jones, Jeffrey M. (February 4, 2021). "Biden Begins Term With 57% Job Approval". Gallup, Inc. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
Brenan, Megan (December 22, 2023). "Biden Ends 2023 With 39% Job Approval". Gallup.com.
Works cited
Bronner, Ethan (1989). Battle for Justice: How the Bork Nomination Shook America. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-02690-0.
Gadsden, Brett (October 8, 2012). Between North and South: Delaware, Desegregation, and the Myth of American Sectionalism. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0797-2.
Mayer, Jane; Abramson, Jill (1994). Strange Justice: The Selling of Clarence Thomas. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-63318-2.
Wolffe, Richard (2009). Renegade: The Making of a President. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0-307-46312-8.
Taylor, Paul (1990). See How They Run: Electing the President in an Age of Mediaocracy. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-57059-4.
Witcover, Jules (2010). Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and Redemption. New York City: William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-06-179198-7.
Further reading
Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2008). The Almanac of American Politics. Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group. ISBN 978-0-89234-116-0.
Levingston, Steven; Dyson, Michael (2019). Barack and Joe: The Making of an Extraordinary Partnership. New York: Hachette Books. ISBN 978-0-316-48788-7.
Moritz, Charles, ed. (1987). Current Biography Yearbook 1987. New York: H. W. Wilson Company.
O'Toole, Fintan, "Eldest Statesmen", The New York Review of Books, vol. LXXI, no. 1 (January 18, 2024), pp. 17–19. "Biden's signature achievements as president [are] securing large-scale investment in infrastructure and in the transition to a carbon-free economy... [But t]here has been a relentless decline in absolute [economic] mobility from one generation to the next..." (p. 18.) "With the promised bridge to a new generation as yet unbuilt, time is not on Biden's side, or on the side of American democracy." (p. 19.)
Whipple, Chris (2023). The Fight of His Life: Inside Joe Biden's White House. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-1-9821-0643-0.
External links
Library resources about
Joe Biden
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
By Joe Biden
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Official
President Joe Biden official website
Presidential campaign website
Obama White House biography (archived)
Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission
Legislation sponsored at the Library of Congress
Other
Appearances on C-SPAN
Joe Biden at Curlie
Joe Biden at IMDb
Joe Biden collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Joe Biden at On the Issues
Joe Biden at PolitiFact
Joe Biden on Twitter
Profile at Vote Smart
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Joe Biden
46th President of the United States (2021–present) 47th Vice President of the United States (2009–2017) U.S. Senator from Delaware (1973–2009)
Early career
Early life U.S. Senate career Vice presidency
Obama transition Trump transition Classified Information Procedures Act Counterterrorism Act Violence Against Women Act Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act
Presidency
Appointments
Cabinet Agriculture Commerce Defense Education Energy Executive Office appointments HHS Homeland Security HUD Interior Justice
U.S. attorneys Labor State
ambassadors Transportation Treasury Veterans Affairs Judicial appointments
Jackson Supreme Court candidates
Legislation
2021
American Rescue Plan Act Capitol Police Emergency Assistance Act Consolidated Appropriations Act Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act National Defense Authorization Act RENACER Act Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act
2022
Bipartisan Safer Communities Act CHIPS and Science Act Consolidated Appropriations Act
Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act Merger Filing Fee Modernization Act No TikTok on Government Devices Act Pregnant Workers Fairness Act State Antitrust Enforcement Venue Act Emmett Till Antilynching Act Inflation Reduction Act Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act PACT Act National Defense Authorization Act Postal Service Reform Act Respect for Marriage Act Speak Out Act Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act
2023
COVID-19 Origin Act Fiscal Responsibility Act National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024
2024
Consolidated Appropriations Act
Policies
Cannabis COVID-19
COVID-19 Advisory Board White House COVID-19 Response Team Economic
Biden v. Nebraska Build Back Better Plan Electoral and ethical
Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court Summit for Democracy Environmental
2021 Leaders Summit on Climate Executive Order 13990 Foreign
2021 Russia–United States summit 2023 Chinese balloon incident AUKUS Camp David Principles Afghanistan withdrawal killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri War in Ukraine
2022 visit by Volodymyr Zelenskyy 2023 visit to Ukraine War in Israel
accusation of genocide complicity Immigration Social Space
Timeline
Transition Inauguration
security protests First 100 days 2021
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2022
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2023
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2024
Q1 Q2
Classified documents incident Efforts to impeach
House Oversight Committee investigation inquiry Executive actions
proclamations Opinion polling
2021 2022 2023 2024 Presidential trips
international 2021 2022 2023 2024
Elections
U.S. Senate
1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002 2008
Vice presidential
2008 campaign
selection convention debate election transition 2012 campaign
convention debate election
Presidential
1988 campaign
primaries 2008 campaign
primaries debates 2020 campaign
endorsements
celebrity organizations Congress state and territorial officials municipal officials primaries
endorsements debates Unity Task Forces running mate selection convention debates election protests 2024 campaign
primaries
endorsements protest vote movements election
Family
Edward Francis Blewitt (great-grandfather) Neilia Hunter Biden (first wife) Jill Biden (second wife) James Biden (brother) Valerie Biden Owens (sister) Beau Biden (son) Hunter Biden (son) Ashley Biden (daughter) Howard Krein (son-in-law) Hallie Olivere Biden (daughter-in-law) Kathleen Buhle (former daughter-in-law) Melissa Cohen Biden (daughter-in-law) Naomi Biden (granddaughter) Dogs
Champ Major Commander Cat
Willow
Writings
Promises to Keep Promise Me, Dad Tomorrow Will Be Different (foreword)
Speeches
Inaugural address (2021) Joint session of Congress (2021) State of the Union Address
2022 2023 2024 Warsaw speech (2022) Battle for the Soul of the Nation speech (2022) Vilnius speech (2023)
Media
depictions
Confirmation The Choice 2020 "Intro to Political Science" My Son Hunter "One Last Ride" The Onion's "Diamond Joe" Our Cartoon President Saturday Night Live parodies Spitting Image
Related
Awards Beau Biden Cancer Moonshot Biden Foundation Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory Buy a Shotgun Eponyms Hunter Biden laptop controversy I Did That! Let's Go Brandon Public image Sexual assault allegation Situation Room Sleepy Joe Trump–Ukraine scandal
← Donald Trump
← Dick Cheney Mike Pence →
Category
Offices and distinctions
Party political offices
Preceded by
James M. Tunnell Jr.
Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Delaware
(Class 2)
1972, 1978, 1984, 1990, 1996, 2002, 2008 Succeeded by
Chris Coons
Preceded by
Robert Byrd, Alan Cranston, Al Gore, Gary Hart, Bennett Johnston, Ted Kennedy, Tip O'Neill, Don Riegle, Paul Sarbanes, Jim Sasser
Response to the State of the Union address
1983, 1984
Served alongside: Les AuCoin, Bill Bradley, Robert Byrd, Tom Daschle, Bill Hefner, Barbara B. Kennelly, George Miller, Tip O'Neill, Paul Simon, Paul Tsongas, Tim Wirth (1983), Max Baucus, David Boren, Barbara Boxer, Robert Byrd, Dante Fascell, Bill Gray, Tom Harkin, Dee Huddleston, Carl Levin, Tip O'Neill, Claiborne Pell (1984) Succeeded by
Bill Clinton
Bob Graham
Tip O'Neill
Preceded by
John Edwards
Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States
2008, 2012 Succeeded by
Tim Kaine
Preceded by
Hillary Clinton
Democratic nominee for President of the United States
2020, 2024 (presumptive) Most recent
U.S. Senate
Preceded by
J. Caleb Boggs
United States Senator (Class 2) from Delaware
1973–2009
Served alongside: William V. Roth Jr., Tom Carper Succeeded by
Ted Kaufman
Preceded by
Strom Thurmond
Ranking Member of the Senate Judiciary Committee
1981–1987 Succeeded by
Strom Thurmond
New office Ranking Member of the Senate Narcotics Caucus
1985–1987 Succeeded by
Chuck Grassley
Preceded by
Strom Thurmond
Chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee
1987–1995 Succeeded by
Orrin Hatch
Preceded by
Chuck Grassley
Chair of the Senate Narcotics Caucus
1987–1995 Succeeded by
Chuck Grassley
Preceded by
Orrin Hatch
Ranking Member of the Senate Judiciary Committee
1995–1997 Succeeded by
Patrick Leahy
Preceded by
Chuck Grassley
Ranking Member of the Senate Narcotics Caucus
1995–2001 Succeeded by
Chuck Grassley
Preceded by
Claiborne Pell
Ranking Member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
1997–2001 Succeeded by
Jesse Helms
Preceded by
Jesse Helms
Chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
2001–2003 Succeeded by
Richard Lugar
Preceded by
Chuck Grassley
Chair of the Senate Narcotics Caucus
2001–2003 Succeeded by
Chuck Grassley
Preceded by
Jesse Helms
Ranking Member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
2003–2007 Succeeded by
Richard Lugar
Preceded by
Chuck Grassley
Ranking Member of the Senate Narcotics Caucus
2003–2007 Succeeded by
Dianne Feinstein
Preceded by
Richard Lugar
Chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
2007–2009 Succeeded by
John Kerry
Preceded by
Chuck Grassley
Chair of the Senate Narcotics Caucus
2007–2009 Succeeded by
Dianne Feinstein
Honorary titles
Preceded by
John V. Tunney
Baby of the United States Senate
1973–1979 Succeeded by
Bill Bradley
Political offices
Preceded by
Dick Cheney
Vice President of the United States
2009–2017 Succeeded by
Mike Pence
Preceded by
Donald Trump
President of the United States
2021–present Incumbent
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
First Order of precedence of the United States
President Succeeded by
Kamala Harris
as Vice President
Articles related to Joe Biden
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Presidents of the United States
Presidents and
presidencies
George Washington (1789–1797)
John Adams (1797–1801)
Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809)
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James Monroe (1817–1825)
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Andrew Jackson (1829–1837)
Martin Van Buren (1837–1841)
William Henry Harrison (1841)
John Tyler (1841–1845)
James K. Polk (1845–1849)
Zachary Taylor (1849–1850)
Millard Fillmore (1850–1853)
Franklin Pierce (1853–1857)
James Buchanan (1857–1861)
Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865)
Andrew Johnson (1865–1869)
Ulysses S. Grant (1869–1877)
Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881)
James A. Garfield (1881)
Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885)
Grover Cleveland (1885–1889)
Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893)
Grover Cleveland (1893–1897)
William McKinley (1897–1901)
Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)
William Howard Taft (1909–1913)
Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)
Warren G. Harding (1921–1923)
Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929)
Herbert Hoover (1929–1933)
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945)
Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961)
John F. Kennedy (1961–1963)
Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969)
Richard Nixon (1969–1974)
Gerald Ford (1974–1977)
Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)
Ronald Reagan (1981–1989)
George H. W. Bush (1989–1993)
Bill Clinton (1993–2001)
George W. Bush (2001–2009)
Barack Obama (2009–2017)
Donald Trump (2017–2021)
Joe Biden (2021–present)
Presidency
timelines
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Category List
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Order of precedence in the United States*
President Joe Biden
Vice President Kamala Harris Governor (of the state in which the event is held) House Speaker Mike Johnson Chief Justice John Roberts Former President Jimmy Carter Former President Bill Clinton Former President George W. Bush Former President Barack Obama Former President Donald Trump Former Vice President Dan Quayle Former Vice President Al Gore Former Vice President Dick Cheney Former Vice President Mike Pence Ambassadors of the United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken Associate Justices Retired Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy Retired Associate Justice David Souter Retired Associate Justice Stephen Breyer Members of the Cabinet Senate President pro tempore Patty Murray Members of the Senate Governors of the States (by order of statehood) Members of the House of Representatives
*not including acting officeholders, visiting dignitaries, auxiliary executive and military personnel and most diplomats
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Current heads of state of republics
Africa
Algeria Abdelmadjid Tebboune Angola João Lourenço Benin Patrice Talon Botswana Mokgweetsi Masisi Burkina Faso Ibrahim Traoré* Burundi Évariste Ndayishimiye Cameroon Paul Biya Cape Verde José Maria Neves Central African Republic Faustin-Archange Touadéra Chad Mahamat Déby* Comoros Azali Assoumani Democratic Republic of the Congo Félix Tshisekedi Republic of the Congo Denis Sassou Nguesso Djibouti Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Egypt Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Equatorial Guinea Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo Eritrea Isaias Afwerki Ethiopia Sahle-Work Zewde Gabon Brice Oligui* The Gambia Adama Barrow Ghana Nana Akufo-Addo Guinea Mamady Doumbouya* Guinea-Bissau Umaro Sissoco Embaló Ivory Coast Alassane Ouattara Kenya William Ruto Liberia Joseph Boakai Libya Mohamed al-Menfi* Madagascar Andry Rajoelina Malawi Lazarus Chakwera Mali Assimi Goïta* Mauritania Mohamed Ould Ghazouani Mauritius Prithvirajsing Roopun Mozambique Filipe Nyusi Namibia Nangolo Mbumba Niger Abdourahamane Tchiani* Nigeria Bola Tinubu Rwanda Paul Kagame Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Brahim Ghali São Tomé and Príncipe Carlos Vila Nova Senegal Bassirou Diomaye Faye Seychelles Wavel Ramkalawan Sierra Leone Julius Maada Bio Somaliland Muse Bihi Abdi Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud South Africa Cyril Ramaphosa South Sudan Salva Kiir Mayardit Sudan Transitional Sovereignty Council* Tanzania Samia Suluhu Hassan Togo Faure Gnassingbé Tunisia Kais Saied Uganda Yoweri Museveni Zambia Hakainde Hichilema Zimbabwe Emmerson Mnangagwa
Asia
Abkhazia Aslan Bzhania Armenia Vahagn Khachaturyan Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev Bangladesh Mohammed Shahabuddin China Xi Jinping East Timor José Ramos-Horta India Droupadi Murmu Indonesia Joko Widodo Iran Ali Khamenei Iraq Abdul Latif Rashid Israel Isaac Herzog Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev Kyrgyzstan Sadyr Japarov Laos Thongloun Sisoulith Lebanon Najib Mikati* Maldives Mohamed Muizzu Mongolia Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh Myanmar Myint Swe* Nepal Ram Chandra Poudel North Korea Kim Jong Un Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari State of Palestine Mahmoud Abbas Philippines Bongbong Marcos Singapore Tharman Shanmugaratnam South Korea Yoon Suk Yeol South Ossetia Alan Gagloev Sri Lanka Ranil Wickremesinghe Syria Bashar al-Assad Taiwan Tsai Ing-wen Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon Turkmenistan Serdar Berdimuhamedow Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev Vietnam Võ Thị Ánh Xuân* Yemen Rashad al-Alimi*
Europe
Albania Bajram Begaj Austria Alexander Van der Bellen Belarus Alexander Lukashenko Bosnia and Herzegovina Denis Bećirović, Željka Cvijanović and Željko Komšić Bulgaria Rumen Radev Croatia Zoran Milanović Cyprus Nikos Christodoulides Czech Republic Petr Pavel Estonia Alar Karis Finland Alexander Stubb France Emmanuel Macron Georgia (country) Salome Zourabichvili Germany Frank-Walter Steinmeier Greece Katerina Sakellaropoulou Hungary Tamás Sulyok Iceland Guðni Th. Jóhannesson Republic of Ireland Michael D. Higgins Italy Sergio Mattarella Kosovo Vjosa Osmani Latvia Edgars Rinkēvičs Lithuania Gitanas Nausėda Malta George Vella Moldova Maia Sandu Montenegro Jakov Milatović North Macedonia Stevo Pendarovski Northern Cyprus Ersin Tatar Poland Andrzej Duda Portugal Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa Romania Klaus Iohannis Russia Vladimir Putin San Marino Alessandro Rossi and Milena Gasperoni Serbia Aleksandar Vučić Slovakia Zuzana Čaputová Slovenia Nataša Pirc Musar Switzerland Viola Amherd, Karin Keller-Sutter, Guy Parmelin, Ignazio Cassis, Albert Rösti, Élisabeth Baume-Schneider, and Beat Jans Transnistria Vadim Krasnoselsky Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy
North America
Barbados Sandra Mason Costa Rica Rodrigo Chaves Robles Cuba Miguel Díaz-Canel Dominica Sylvanie Burton Dominican Republic Luis Abinader El Salvador Nayib Bukele Guatemala Bernardo Arévalo Haiti Ariel Henry* Honduras Xiomara Castro Mexico Andrés Manuel López Obrador Nicaragua Daniel Ortega Panama Laurentino Cortizo Trinidad and Tobago Christine Kangaloo United States Joe Biden
South America
Argentina Javier Milei Bolivia Luis Arce Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Chile Gabriel Boric Colombia Gustavo Petro Ecuador Daniel Noboa Guyana Irfaan Ali Paraguay Santiago Peña Peru Dina Boluarte Suriname Chan Santokhi Uruguay Luis Lacalle Pou Venezuela Nicolás Maduro
Oceania
Fiji Wiliame Katonivere Kiribati Taneti Maamau Marshall Islands Hilda Heine Federated States of Micronesia Wesley Simina Nauru David Adeang Palau Surangel Whipps Jr. Samoa Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II Vanuatu Nikenike Vurobaravu
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Leaders of NATO
NATO Secretary General: Stoltenberg
Albania Rama Belgium De Croo Bulgaria Glavchev Canada Trudeau Croatia Plenković Czech Republic Fiala Denmark Frederiksen Estonia Kallas Finland Orpo France Macron Germany Scholz Greece Mitsotakis Hungary Orbán Iceland Bjarni Italy Meloni Latvia Siliņa Lithuania Nausėda Luxembourg Frieden Montenegro Spajić Netherlands Rutte North Macedonia Xhaferi Norway Støre Poland Tusk Portugal Montenegro Romania Iohannis Slovakia Fico Slovenia Golob Spain Sánchez Sweden Kristersson Turkey Erdoğan United Kingdom Sunak United States Biden
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Leaders of the Group of Seven
Canada Trudeau France Macron Germany Scholz Italy Meloni Japan Kishida United Kingdom Sunak United States Biden European Union Michel/Von der Leyen
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Leaders of the G20
African Union Ghazouani / Faki Argentina Milei Australia Albanese Brazil Lula Canada Trudeau China Xi European Union Michel / von der Leyen France Macron Germany Scholz India Modi Indonesia Jokowi Italy Meloni Japan Kishida Mexico López Obrador Russia Putin Saudi Arabia Salman South Africa Ramaphosa South Korea Yoon Turkey Erdoğan United Kingdom Sunak United States Biden
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Leaders of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
Australia Albanese Brunei Bolkiah Canada Trudeau Chile Boric China Xi Taiwan Tsai (Presidential Envoy: Chang)1 Hong Kong Lee Indonesia Jokowi Japan Kishida South Korea Yoon Malaysia Anwar Mexico López Obrador New Zealand Luxon Papua New Guinea Marape Peru Boluarte Philippines Marcos Russia Putin Singapore Lee Thailand Srettha United States Biden Vietnam Ánh Xuân (acting)
1 President is a non-participant; Taiwan is represented as Chinese Taipei.
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Cabinet of President Joe Biden (2021–present)
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Cabinet
Vice President
Kamala Harris (2021–present)
Secretary of State
Antony Blinken (2021–present)
Secretary of the Treasury
Janet Yellen (2021–present)
Secretary of Defense
Lloyd Austin (2021–present)
Attorney General
Merrick Garland (2021–present)
Secretary of the Interior
Deb Haaland (2021–present)
Secretary of Agriculture
Tom Vilsack (2021–present)
Secretary of Commerce
Gina Raimondo (2021–present)
Secretary of Labor
Marty Walsh (2021–2023) Julie Su (acting) (2023–present)
Secretary of Health and Human Services
Xavier Becerra (2021–present)
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
Marcia Fudge (2021–2024) Adrianne Todman (acting) (2024–present)
Secretary of Transportation
Pete Buttigieg (2021–present)
Secretary of Energy
Jennifer Granholm (2021–present)
Secretary of Education
Miguel Cardona (2021–present)
Secretary of Veterans Affairs
Denis McDonough (2021–present)
Secretary of Homeland Security
Alejandro Mayorkas (2021–present)
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Cabinet-level
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
Michael S. Regan (2021–present)
Director of the Office of Management and Budget
Shalanda Young (2021–present)
Director of National Intelligence
Avril Haines (2021–present)
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
William J. Burns (2023–present)
Trade Representative
Katherine Tai (2021–present)
Ambassador to the United Nations
Linda Thomas-Greenfield (2021–present)
Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers
Cecilia Rouse (2021–2023) Jared Bernstein (2023–present)
Administrator of the Small Business Administration
Isabel Guzman (2021–present)
Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy
Eric Lander (2021–2022) Arati Prabhakar (2022–present)
White House Chief of Staff
Ron Klain (2021–2023) Jeff Zients (2023–present)
See also: Political appointments by Joe Biden
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Members of the Cabinet of the United States
Cabinet members
Biden Harris
Austin Becerra Blinken Buttigieg Cardona Garland Granholm Haaland Mayorkas McDonough Raimondo Sua Todmana Vilsack Yellen
White House Logo
Cabinet-level members
Bernstein Burns Guzman Haines Prabhakar Regan Tai Thomas-Greenfield Young Zients
a acting
Cabinet of Joe Biden
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Joe Biden's Office of the Vice President
Position Appointee
Chief of Staff to the Vice President Steve Ricchetti
Counsel to the Vice President Cynthia Hogan
Counselor to the Vice President Mike Donilon
Assistant to the Vice President for Intergovernmental Affairs and Public Liaison Evan Ryan
Assistant to the Vice President and Director of Communications Shailagh Murray
Deputy Chief of Staff to the Vice President Shailagh Murray
Deputy National Security Adviser to the Vice President Brian P. McKeon
Residence Manager and Social Secretary for the Vice President and Second Lady Carlos Elizondo
National Security Adviser to the Vice President Colin Kahl
Position Appointee
Chief of Staff to the Second Lady Catherine M. Russell
Director of Administration for the Office of the Vice President Moises Vela
Domestic Policy Adviser to the Vice President Terrell McSweeny
Chief Economist and Economic Policy Adviser to the Vice President Jared Bernstein
Press Secretary to the Vice President Elizabeth Alexander
Deputy Press Secretary to the Vice President Annie Tomasini
Director of Legislative Affairs Sudafi Henry
Director of Communications for the Second Lady Courtney O’Donnell
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Vice presidents of the United States
John Adams (1789–1797)
Thomas Jefferson (1797–1801)
Aaron Burr (1801–1805)
George Clinton (1805–1812)
Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814)
Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825)
John C. Calhoun (1825–1832)
Martin Van Buren (1833–1837)
Richard M. Johnson (1837–1841)
John Tyler (1841)
George M. Dallas (1845–1849)
Millard Fillmore (1849–1850)
William R. King (1853)
John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861)
Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865)
Andrew Johnson (1865)
Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873)
Henry Wilson (1873–1875)
William A. Wheeler (1877–1881)
Chester A. Arthur (1881)
Thomas A. Hendricks (1885)
Levi P. Morton (1889–1893)
Adlai Stevenson (1893–1897)
Garret Hobart (1897–1899)
Theodore Roosevelt (1901)
Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909)
James S. Sherman (1909–1912)
Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921)
Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923)
Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929)
Charles Curtis (1929–1933)
John N. Garner (1933–1941)
Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945)
Harry S. Truman (1945)
Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953)
Richard Nixon (1953–1961)
Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963)
Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969)
Spiro Agnew (1969–1973)
Gerald Ford (1973–1974)
Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977)
Walter Mondale (1977–1981)
George H. W. Bush (1981–1989)
Dan Quayle (1989–1993)
Al Gore (1993–2001)
Dick Cheney (2001–2009)
Joe Biden (2009–2017)
Mike Pence (2017–2021)
Kamala Harris (2021–present)
Category Commons List
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Cabinet of President Barack Obama (2009–2017)
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Cabinet
Vice President
Joe Biden (2009–2017)
Secretary of State
Hillary Clinton (2009–2013) John Kerry (2013–2017)
Secretary of the Treasury
Timothy Geithner (2009–2013) Jack Lew (2013–2017)
Secretary of Defense
Robert Gates (2009–2011) Leon Panetta (2011–2013) Chuck Hagel (2013–2015) Ash Carter (2015–2017)
Attorney General
Eric Holder (2009–2015) Loretta Lynch (2015–2017)
Secretary of the Interior
Ken Salazar (2009–2013) Sally Jewell (2013–2017)
Secretary of Agriculture
Tom Vilsack (2009–2017)
Secretary of Commerce
Gary Locke (2009–2011) John Bryson (2011–2012) Penny Pritzker (2013–2017)
Secretary of Labor
Hilda Solis (2009–2013) Tom Perez (2013–2017)
Secretary of Health and Human Services
Kathleen Sebelius (2009–2014) Sylvia Mathews Burwell (2014–2017)
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
Shaun Donovan (2009–2014) Julian Castro (2014–2017)
Secretary of Transportation
Ray LaHood (2009–2013) Anthony Foxx (2013–2017)
Secretary of Energy
Steven Chu (2009–2013) Ernest Moniz (2013–2017)
Secretary of Education
Arne Duncan (2009–2016) John King Jr. (2016–2017)
Secretary of Veterans Affairs
Eric Shinseki (2009–2014) Bob McDonald (2014–2017)
Secretary of Homeland Security
Janet Napolitano (2009–2013) Jeh Johnson (2013–2017)
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Cabinet-level
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
Lisa P. Jackson (2009–2013) Gina McCarthy (2013–2017)
Director of the Office of Management and Budget
Peter R. Orszag (2009–2010) Jack Lew (2010–2012) Sylvia Mathews Burwell (2013–2014) Shaun Donovan (2014–2017)
Trade Representative
Ron Kirk (2009–2013) Michael Froman (2013–2017)
Ambassador to the United Nations
Susan Rice (2009–2013) Samantha Power (2013–2017)
Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers
Christina Romer (2009–2010) Austan Goolsbee (2010–2011) Alan Krueger (2011–2013) Jason Furman (2013–2017)
Administrator of the Small Business Administration
Karen Mills (2012–2013)* Maria Contreras-Sweet (2014–2017)
White House Chief of Staff
Rahm Emanuel (2009–2010) William M. Daley (2011–2012) Jack Lew (2012–2013) Denis McDonough (2013–2017)
* took office in 2009, raised to cabinet-rank in 2012
See also: Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet
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United States senators from Delaware
Class 1
Read Latimer White Horsey C. Rodney Thomas Clayton McLane Naudain R. Bayard John M. Clayton Wales J. Bayard Jr. Riddle J. Bayard Jr. T. Bayard Sr. Gray Ball H. du Pont Wolcott T. C. du Pont T. Bayard Jr. Townsend Tunnell Williams Roth Carper
Class 2
Bassett Vining Joshua Clayton Wells J. Bayard Sr. Wells Van Dyke D. Rodney Ridgely John M. Clayton Thomas Clayton Spruance John M. Clayton Comegys Bates W. Saulsbury Sr. E. Saulsbury Higgins Kenney Allee Richardson W. Saulsbury Jr. Ball T. C. du Pont Hastings Hughes Buck Frear Boggs Biden Kaufman Coons
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Democratic Party
History
Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System
National
conventions,
presidential
tickets,
and
presidential
primaries
1828 (None): Jackson/Calhoun 1832 (Baltimore): Jackson/Van Buren 1835 (Baltimore): Van Buren/R. Johnson 1840 (Baltimore): Van Buren/None 1844 (Baltimore): Polk/Dallas 1848 (Baltimore): Cass/Butler 1852 (Baltimore): Pierce/King 1856 (Cincinnati): Buchanan/Breckinridge 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore): Douglas/H. Johnson (Breckinridge/Lane, SD) 1864 (Chicago): McClellan/Pendleton 1868 (New York): Seymour/Blair 1872 (Baltimore): Greeley/Brown 1876 (Saint Louis): Tilden/Hendricks 1880 (Cincinnati): Hancock/English 1884 (Chicago): Cleveland/Hendricks 1888 (Saint Louis): Cleveland/Thurman 1892 (Chicago): Cleveland/Stevenson I 1896 (Chicago): W. Bryan/Sewall 1900 (Kansas City): W. Bryan/Stevenson I 1904 (Saint Louis): Parker/H. Davis 1908 (Denver): W. Bryan/Kern 1912 (Baltimore): Wilson/Marshall
primaries 1916 (Saint Louis): Wilson/Marshall
primaries 1920 (San Francisco): Cox/Roosevelt
primaries 1924 (New York): J. Davis/C. Bryan
primaries 1928 (Houston): Smith/Robinson
primaries 1932 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Garner
primaries 1936 (Philadelphia): Roosevelt/Garner
primaries 1940 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Wallace
primaries 1944 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Truman
primaries 1948 (Philadelphia): Truman/Barkley
primaries 1952 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Sparkman
primaries 1956 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Kefauver
primaries 1960 (Los Angeles): Kennedy/L. Johnson
primaries 1964 (Atlantic City): L. Johnson/Humphrey
primaries 1968 (Chicago): Humphrey/Muskie
primaries 1972 (Miami Beach): McGovern/(Eagleton, Shriver)
primaries 1976 (New York): Carter/Mondale
primaries 1980 (New York): Carter/Mondale
primaries 1984 (San Francisco): Mondale/Ferraro
primaries 1988 (Atlanta): Dukakis/Bentsen
primaries 1992 (New York): B. Clinton/Gore
primaries 1996 (Chicago): B. Clinton/Gore
primaries 2000 (Los Angeles): Gore/Lieberman
primaries 2004 (Boston): Kerry/Edwards
primaries 2008 (Denver): Obama/Biden
primaries 2012 (Charlotte): Obama/Biden
primaries 2016 (Philadelphia): H. Clinton/Kaine
primaries 2020 (Milwaukee/other locations): Biden/Harris
primaries 2024 (Chicago): Biden/Harris (presumptive)
primaries
Presidential
administrations
Jackson (1829–1837) Van Buren (1837–1841) Polk (1845–1849) Pierce (1853–1857) Buchanan (1857–1861) A. Johnson (1868–1869) Cleveland (1885–1889; 1893–1897) Wilson (1913–1921) Roosevelt (1933–1941; 1941–1945) Truman (1945–1953) Kennedy (1961–1963) L. B. Johnson (1963–1969) Carter (1977–1981) Clinton (1993–2001) Obama (2009–2017) Biden (2021–)
U.S. House
leaders,
Speakers,
and
Caucus
chairs
A. Stevenson (1827–1834) Bell (1834–1835) Polk (1835–1839) J. W. Jones (1843–1845) Davis (1845–1847) Cobb (1849–1851) Boyd (1851–1855) G. W. Jones (1855–1857) Orr (1857–1859) Houston (1859–1861) Niblack/Randall (1869–1871) Niblack (1873–1875) Kerr (1875–1876) Randall (1876–1881) Carlisle (1883–1889) Holman (1889–1891) Crisp (1891–1895) D. B. Culberson (1895–1897) Richardson (1897–1903) Williams (1903–1909) Clark (1909–1921) Kitchin (1921–1923) Garrett (1923–1929) Garner (1929–1933) Rainey (1933–1934) Byrns (1935–1936) Bankhead (1936–1940) Rayburn (1940–1961) McCormack (1962–1971) Albert (1971–1977) O'Neill (1977–1987) Wright (1987–1989) Foley (1989–1995) Gephardt (1995–2003) Pelosi (2003–2023) Jeffries (2023–)
U.S. Senate
leaders
and
Caucus
chairs
J. W. Stevenson (1873–1877) Wallace (1877–1881) Pendleton (1881–1885) Beck (1885–1890) Gorman (1890–1898) Turpie (1898–1899) J. K. Jones (1899–1903) Gorman (1903–1906) Blackburn (1906–1907) C. A. Culberson (1907–1909) Money (1909–1911) Martin (1911–1913) Kern (1913–1917) Martin (1917–1919) Hitchcock (1919–1920) Underwood (1920–1923) Robinson (1923–1937) Barkley (1937–1949) Lucas (1949–1951) McFarland (1951–1953) Johnson (1953–1961) Mansfield (1961–1977) Byrd (1977–1989) Mitchell (1989–1995) Daschle (1995–2005) Reid (2005–2017) Schumer (2017–)
Chairs of
the DNC
Hallett McLane Smalley Belmont Schell Hewitt Barnum Brice Harrity Jones Taggart Mack McCombs McCormick Cummings White Hull Shaver Raskob Farley Flynn Walker Hannegan McGrath Boyle McKinney Mitchell Butler Jackson Bailey O'Brien Harris O'Brien Westwood Strauss Curtis White Manatt Kirk Brown Wilhelm DeLee Dodd/Fowler Romer/Grossman Rendell/Andrew McAuliffe Dean Kaine Wasserman Schultz Perez Harrison
State and
territorial
parties
Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Democrats Abroad
Affiliated
groups
Congress
Senate Caucus
Policy Committee Steering and Outreach Committee House Caucus Factions
Blue Dog Coalition Congressional Progressive Caucus Justice Democrats New Democrat Coalition Problem Solvers Caucus
Fundraising
Democratic Attorneys General Association Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee Democratic Governors Association Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee National Conference of Democratic Mayors National Democratic Redistricting Committee
Sectional
College Democrats of America Democrats Abroad National Federation of Democratic Women Stonewall Democrats
Stonewall Young Democrats Young Democrats of America High School Democrats of America
Related
Primaries Presidential candidates Debates Superdelegate 2005 chairmanship election 2017 chairmanship election 2006 House Caucus leadership election 2018 House Caucus leadership election Weekly Democratic Address
vte
(← 1984) 1988 United States presidential election (1992 →)
Republican Party
Convention Primaries
results
Candidates
Nominee: George H. W. Bush
campaign VP nominee: Dan Quayle
Other candidates: Bob Dole Pete du Pont Ben Fernandez Alexander Haig Jack Kemp Paul Laxalt Isabell Masters Pat Robertson Donald Rumsfeld Harold Stassen
Democratic Party
Convention Primaries
results
Candidates
Nominee: Michael Dukakis
campaign VP nominee: Lloyd Bentsen
Other candidates: Douglas Applegate Bruce Babbitt Joe Biden
campaign positions David Duke Dick Gephardt Al Gore
campaign Gary Hart Jesse Jackson
campaign Lyndon LaRouche
campaign positions Andy Martin Patricia Schroeder Paul Simon James Traficant
Third-party and independent candidates
Other 1988 elections: House Senate Gubernatorial
vte
(← 2004) 2008 United States presidential election (2012 →)
2008 United States elections Candidates Comparison Debates Congressional endorsements Fundraising Ballot access Timeline Super Tuesday Potomac primary Super Tuesday II Polls
national statewide international
Democratic Party
▌WFP
Convention
superdelegates Polls
statewide national Debates Primaries Primary results VP candidate selection
Candidates
Nominee: Barack Obama
campaign positions endorsements
cross-party VP nominee: Joe Biden
positions
Other candidates: Evan Bayh
campaign Joe Biden
campaign positions Hillary Clinton
campaign positions endorsements Chris Dodd
campaign John Edwards
campaign positions Mike Gravel
campaign Dennis Kucinich
campaign Bill Richardson
campaign Tom Vilsack
campaign
Republican Party
▌CPNY · ▌IPNY
Convention Polls
statewide national Debates Political positions Primaries Primary results VP candidate selection
Candidates
Nominee: John McCain
campaign positions endorsements
cross-party VP nominee: Sarah Palin
candidacy positions
Other candidates: Sam Brownback
campaign John H. Cox Jim Gilmore
campaign Rudy Giuliani
campaign positions Mike Huckabee
campaign positions Duncan L. Hunter
campaign Alan Keyes
campaign Ray McKinney Ron Paul
campaign positions Mitt Romney
campaign positions Tom Tancredo
campaign Fred Thompson
campaign Tommy Thompson
campaign
Draft movements
Democratic: Al Gore Mark Warner
movement Republican: Newt Gingrich Condoleezza Rice
movement Independent: Michael Bloomberg
movement
Third party and independent candidates
Constitution Party
(convention)
Nominee: Chuck Baldwin
campaign VP nominee: Darrell Castle
Other candidates: Daniel Imperato Alan Keyes
campaign
Green Party
(convention)
Nominee: Cynthia McKinney
campaign positions VP nominee: Rosa Clemente
Other candidates: Elaine Brown
Libertarian Party
(convention)
Nominee: Bob Barr
campaign positions VP nominee: Wayne Allyn Root
Other candidates: Mike Gravel
campaign Steve Kubby Wayne Allyn Root Mary Ruwart Doug Stanhope
America's Independent Party
Nominee: Alan Keyes
campaign VP nominee: Brian Rohrbough
Boston Tea Party
Nominee: Charles Jay
Objectivist Party
Nominee: Tom Stevens
Peace and Freedom Party
Nominee: Ralph Nader
campaign VP nominee: Matt Gonzalez
Other candidates: Gloria La Riva Cynthia McKinney
campaign Brian Moore
campaign
Prohibition Party
Nominee: Gene Amondson
Reform Party
Nominee: Ted Weill VP nominee: Frank McEnulty
Socialism and Liberation Party
Nominee: Gloria La Riva VP nominee: Eugene Puryear
Socialist Party
Nominee: Brian Moore
campaign VP nominee: Stewart Alexander
Other candidates: Eric Chester
Socialist Workers Party
Nominee: Róger Calero Alternate nominee: James Harris VP nominee: Alyson Kennedy
Independent / Other
Jeff Boss Stephen Colbert
campaign Earl Dodge Bradford Lyttle Frank Moore Joe Schriner Jonathon Sharkey
Other 2008 elections: House Senate Gubernatorial
vte
(← 2008) 2012 United States presidential election (2016 →)
Fundraising National polls Statewide polls (pre-2012, early 2012) Timeline General election debates Newspaper endorsements Hurricane Sandy
Democratic Party
Convention Primaries Results
Candidates
Incumbent nominee: Barack Obama
campaign endorsements positions Incumbent VP nominee: Joe Biden
positions
Challengers
Bob Ely
Keith Judd
Warren Mosler
Vermin Supreme
Randall Terry
John Wolfe
Republican Party
Convention Primaries Debates Statewide polls National polls Straw polls
Candidates
Nominee: Mitt Romney
campaign endorsements positions VP nominee: Paul Ryan
positions
Other candidates
Michele Bachmann
campaign
Herman Cain
campaign
positions
Mark Callahan
Jack Fellure
Newt Gingrich
campaign
positions
Stewart Greenleaf
John Davis
Jon Huntsman
campaign
Gary Johnson
campaign
Fred Karger
Andy Martin
Thaddeus McCotter
campaign
Jimmy McMillan
Roy Moore
Ron Paul
campaign
positions
Tim Pawlenty
campaign
Rick Perry
campaign
positions
Buddy Roemer
campaign
Rick Santorum
campaign
Libertarian Party
Convention
Candidates
Nominee: Gary Johnson
campaign VP nominee: Jim Gray
Other candidates
Carl Person
Sam Sloan
Green Party
Convention Primaries
Candidates
Nominee: Jill Stein
campaign VP nominee: Cheri Honkala
Other candidates: Stewart Alexander Roseanne Barr
Other third-party and independent candidates
American Independent Party
Nominee: Tom Hoefling Other candidates: Wiley Drake Virgil Goode
campaign Edward C. Noonan Laurie Roth
American Third Position Party
Nominee: Merlin Miller VP nominee: Virginia Abernethy
Constitution Party
Convention Nominee: Virgil Goode
campaign VP nominee: Jim Clymer Other candidates: Laurie Roth Robby Wells
Freedom Socialist Party
Nominee: Stephen Durham
Grassroots Party
Nominee
Jim Carlson
Justice Party
Nominee: Rocky Anderson VP nominee: Luis J. Rodriguez
Socialism and Liberation
Nominee: Peta Lindsay
Peace and Freedom Party
Nominee: Roseanne Barr VP nominee: Cindy Sheehan Other candidates: Stewart Alexander Rocky Anderson Peta Lindsay
Prohibition Party
Nominee: Jack Fellure Other candidates: James Hedges
Reform Party
Nominee: Andre Barnett Other candidates: Laurence Kotlikoff Buddy Roemer
campaign Robby Wells
Socialist Equality Party
Nominee
Jerry White
Socialist Workers Party
Nominee: James Harris
Socialist Party
Nominee: Stewart Alexander
campaign VP nominee: Alejandro Mendoza
Independents and others
Objectivist Party
Tom Stevens
Independents
Lee Abramson
Randy Blythe
Jeff Boss
Robert Burck
Terry Jones
Joe Schriner
Michael Bloomberg
attempt to draft
Other 2012 elections: House Senate Gubernatorial
vte
(← 2016) 2020 United States presidential election (2024 →)
Joe Biden, Kamala Harris (D), 306 electoral votes; Donald Trump, Mike Pence (R), 232 electoral votes
2020 United States elections Polls
national state Predictions Timeline Debates Postal voting Social media Fundraising Electors Electoral College vote count Transition
inauguration
Democratic Party
▌IPO · ▌WFP
Primaries Candidates Debates Forums Results Convention (automatic delegates) Polls (national · state) Positions Endorsements VP candidate selection Unity Task Forces
Candidates
Nominee: Joe Biden
campaign endorsements
primary celebrity organizations Congress state & territorial officials municipal officials positions VP nominee: Kamala Harris
positions
Withdrew during primaries
Michael Bennet
Michael Bloomberg
campaign
endorsements
positions
Pete Buttigieg
campaign
endorsements
positions
Tulsi Gabbard
campaign
positions
Amy Klobuchar
campaign
endorsements
positions
Deval Patrick
Bernie Sanders
campaign
endorsements
positions
media coverage
Tom Steyer
Elizabeth Warren
campaign
endorsements
positions
Andrew Yang
campaign
endorsements
Withdrew before primaries
Cory Booker
campaign
endorsements
positions
Steve Bullock
Julian Castro
Bill de Blasio
John Delaney
campaign
positions
Kirsten Gillibrand
positions
Mike Gravel
campaign
Kamala Harris
campaign
endorsements
positions
John Hickenlooper
Jay Inslee
campaign
Wayne Messam
Seth Moulton
Richard Ojeda
Beto O'Rourke
campaign
Tim Ryan
Joe Sestak
Eric Swalwell
Marianne Williamson
campaign
Republican Party
▌CPNYS · ▌RTLP
Primaries Results Debates Convention Polls
Candidates
Incumbent nominee
Donald Trump
campaign
endorsements
political
non-political
positions
GOP opposition
GOP reactions to fraud claims
Incumbent VP nominee: Mike Pence
Withdrew during primaries
Rocky De La Fuente
Bob Ely
Jack Fellure
Zoltan Istvan
Joe Walsh
campaign
Bill Weld
campaign
Withdrew before primaries
Mark Sanford
campaign
Libertarian Party
Primaries Results Convention
Candidates
Nominee
Jo Jorgensen
campaign
endorsements
VP nominee: Spike Cohen
Eliminated in balloting
Jim Gray
Adam Kokesh
John McAfee
John Monds
Vermin Supreme
campaign
Withdrew before or during primaries
Max Abramson
Lincoln Chafee
Zoltan Istvan
Formed exploratory committee but did not run
Justin Amash
Green Party
▌LMN · ▌SA · ▌SPUSA
Primaries Results Debates Convention
Candidates
Nominee: Howie Hawkins
campaign endorsements VP nominee: Angela Walker
Withdrew during primaries
Dario Hunter
Other candidates
Jesse Ventura
vte
Other third-party candidates
Alliance Party
▌AIP · ▌Reform
Nominee: Rocky De La Fuente VP nominee: Darcy Richardson AIP VP nominee: Kanye West
Other candidates
Max Abramson
Phil Collins
American Solidarity Party
Nominee: Brian T. Carroll
Other candidates
Joe Schriner
Birthday Party
Nominee: Kanye West
campaign positions
Bread and Roses
Nominee: Jerome Segal
Constitution Party
Primaries Nominee: Don Blankenship
Party for Socialism & Liberation
▌LUP · ▌PFP
Nominee: Gloria La Riva VP nominee: Leonard Peltier (withdrew)
Other candidates: Howie Hawkins
Progressive Party
Nominee: Dario Hunter
Prohibition Party
Nominee: Phil Collins
Socialist Action
Nominee: Jeff Mackler
Socialist Equality Party
Nominee: Joseph Kishore
Socialist Workers Party
Nominee: Alyson Kennedy
Independent candidates
Declared
Pete Accetturo
Mark Charles
Brock Pierce (▌IPNY nominee)
Jade Simmons
Joe Schriner
Withdrew
Perry Caravello
Jeremy Gable
Disputes
Attempts to overturn
Protests
during inauguration week U.S. Capitol attack
timeline aftermath
second impeachment of Donald Trump
trial January 6 commission reactions
domestic international Trump fake electors plot
Arizona Georgia Michigan Trump–Raffensperger phone call Eastman memos
Lawsuits
Filed before Election Day Filed during or after Election Day
Arizona Georgia Michigan Nevada Pennsylvania Wisconsin Texas v. Pennsylvania
Controversies
Russian interference Voting restrictions
vte
Chairs of the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary
Chase Crittenden Burrill Smith Van Buren Berrien Rowan Marcy Wilkins Clayton Grundy Wall Berrien Ashley Butler Bayard Trumbull Wright Edmunds Thurman Edmunds Hoar Pugh Hoar Platt Clark Culberson Nelson Brandegee Cummins Norris Ashurst Van Nuys McCarran Wiley McCarran Langer Kilgore Eastland Kennedy Thurmond Biden Hatch Leahy Hatch Leahy Hatch Specter Leahy Grassley Graham Durbin
Seal of the United States Senate
vte
Chairs of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
Barbour Macon Brown Barbour R. King Barbour Macon Sanford Macon Tazewell Forsyth Wilkins Clay Buchanan Rives Archer Allen Sevier Hannegan Benton W. King Foote Mason Sumner Cameron Hamlin Eaton Burnside Edmunds Windom Miller Sherman Morgan Sherman Frye Davis Cullom Bacon Stone Hitchcock Lodge Borah Pittman George Connally Vandenberg Connally Wiley George Green Fulbright Sparkman Church Percy Lugar Pell Helms Biden Helms Biden Lugar Biden Kerry Menendez Corker Risch Menendez Cardin
Seal of the United States Senate
vte
Patriot Act
Titles I · II · III · IV · V · VI · VII · VIII · IX · X · History
Acts modified
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 Electronic Communications Privacy Act Computer Fraud and Abuse Act Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act Money Laundering Control Act Bank Secrecy Act Right to Financial Privacy Act Fair Credit Reporting Act Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 Victims of Crime Act of 1984 Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act
People
George W. Bush John Ashcroft Alberto Gonzales Patrick Leahy Orrin Hatch Jon Kyl Dianne Feinstein Viet D. Dinh Joe Biden Michael Chertoff Barack Obama Eric Holder Chuck Schumer Lamar Smith Bob Graham Jay Rockefeller Arlen Specter Mike Oxley Dick Armey Paul Sarbanes Trent Lott Tom Daschle Russ Feingold Ellen Huvelle Ron Paul Lisa Murkowski Ron Wyden Dennis Kucinich Larry Craig John E. Sununu Richard Durbin Bernie Sanders Jerry Nadler John Conyers Jr. Butch Otter
Government
organizations
Federal Bureau of Investigation Department of Justice Select Committee on Intelligence Department of the Treasury FinCEN Department of State National Institute of Standards and Technology Customs Service U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
Non-government
organizations
American Civil Liberties Union American Library Association Center for Democracy and Technology Center for Public Integrity Electronic Frontier Foundation Electronic Privacy Information Center Humanitarian Law Project
vte
Time Persons of the Year
1927–1950
Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mohandas Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950)
1951–1975
Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts: William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975)
1976–2000
Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000)
2001–present
Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023)
vte
Delaware's delegation(s) to the 93rd–111th United States Congresses (ordered by seniority)
93rd
Senate:
▌W. Roth (R) ▌J. Biden (D)
House: ▌P. du Pont (R)
94th
Senate:
▌W. Roth (R) ▌J. Biden (D)
House: ▌P. du Pont (R)
95th
Senate:
▌W. Roth (R) ▌J. Biden (D)
House: ▌T. Evans (R)
96th
Senate:
▌W. Roth (R) ▌J. Biden (D)
House: ▌T. Evans (R)
97th
Senate:
▌W. Roth (R) ▌J. Biden (D)
House: ▌T. Evans (R)
98th
Senate:
▌W. Roth (R) ▌J. Biden (D)
House: ▌T. Carper (D)
99th
Senate:
▌W. Roth (R) ▌J. Biden (D)
House: ▌T. Carper (D)
100th
Senate:
▌W. Roth (R) ▌J. Biden (D)
House: ▌T. Carper (D)
101st
Senate:
▌W. Roth (R) ▌J. Biden (D)
House: ▌T. Carper (D)
102nd
Senate:
▌W. Roth (R) ▌J. Biden (D)
House: ▌T. Carper (D)
103rd
Senate:
▌W. Roth (R) ▌J. Biden (D)
House: ▌M. Castle (R)
104th
Senate:
▌W. Roth (R) ▌J. Biden (D)
House: ▌M. Castle (R)
105th
Senate:
▌W. Roth (R) ▌J. Biden (D)
House: ▌M. Castle (R)
106th
Senate:
▌W. Roth (R) ▌J. Biden (D)
House: ▌M. Castle (R)
107th
Senate:
▌J. Biden (D) ▌T. Carper (D)
House: ▌M. Castle (R)
108th
Senate:
▌J. Biden (D) ▌T. Carper (D)
House: ▌M. Castle (R)
109th
Senate:
▌J. Biden (D) ▌T. Carper (D)
House: ▌M. Castle (R)
110th
Senate:
▌J. Biden (D) ▌T. Carper (D)
House: ▌M. Castle (R)
111th
Senate:
▌J. Biden (D) ▌T. Carper (D)
▌T. Kaufman (D) ▌C. Coons (D)
House: ▌M. Castle (R)
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COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Timeline
early cases 2020 2021 Data
by state chart Vaccination
mandates misinformation and hesitancy Misinformation
Locations
States and D.C.
Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California
timeline S.F. Bay Area Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland
timeline Massachusetts
timeline Boston
timeline Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York
New York City
timeline North Carolina North Dakota Ohio
Columbus Oklahoma Oregon
Portland Pennsylvania
Philadelphia Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas
timeline Austin Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington, D.C.
White House West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Territories and
other areas
American Samoa Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Immigration detention Guam Navajo Nation Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Ships
Grand Princess USS Theodore Roosevelt
Responses
Government
response
Pre-pandemic exercises
Crimson Contagion Event 201 Federal government response
Trump administration communication Operation Warp Speed Biden administration COVID-19 action plan State and local government responses
state responses
California government response New York government response Texas government response Regional responses
Eastern States Multi-state Council Midwest Governors Regional Pact Western States Pact Eviction moratoriums House Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic White House Coronavirus Task Force COVID-19 Advisory Board Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups Hospital ships
USNS Mercy USNS Comfort 2020 Oval Office address
Paycheck Protection Program Pandemic Response Accountability Committee Special Inspector General for Pandemic Recovery COVID-19 Congressional Oversight Commission
Legislation
Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020 Families First Coronavirus Response Act CARES Act Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act HEROES Act HEALS Act American Rescue Plan
Private
response
Center for COVID Control Covid Act Now COVID Tracking Project MusiCares COVID-19 Relief Fund
Media
30 Rock: A One-Time Special Acting for a Cause Digital Drag Fest Home Movie: The Princess Bride iHeart Living Room Concert for America Make It Work! Saturday Night Seder Saturday Night Live at Home Sesame Street: Elmo's Playdate The Disney Family Singalong
Volume II Take Me to the World: A Sondheim 90th Birthday Celebration Together at Home Saving Our Selves A Parks and Recreation Special Rise Up New York! "U.S. Deaths Near 100,000, An Incalculable Loss" Dear Class of 2020 #Graduation2020 Graduate Together: America Honors the High School Class of 2020 We Are One: A Global Film Festival Global Goal: Unite for Our Future A Killer Party The Disney Holiday Singalong WrestleMania 36 Ratatouille the Musical Nicole Kidman AMC Theatres commercial 93rd Academy Awards 74th Tony Awards Stars in the House
Impacts
Social
2020 presidential election
postal voting 2021 hospital crisis Abortion Congressional insider trading scandal Education Face masks Foster care Microsoft Teams Protests
Open the States George Floyd Election
United States Capitol attack Racial disparities
African-American communities Native American communities Sports Television
programs affected The Walt Disney Company Zoom Video Communications
2022–2023 pediatric care crisis
Economic
Meat industry Recession Restaurant industry Stock market crash
Strikes
Alabama aluminum plant strike Allegheny Technologies strike Bath shipbuilders' strike Columbia University strike Frito-Lay strike HarperCollins strike Heaven Hill strike Hunts Point Produce Market strike John Deere strike Kellogg's strike Mercy Hospital strike Michigan graduate students' strike Nabisco strike Oregon Tech strike Saint Vincent Hospital strike St. Charles Bend strike St. Paul Park refinery strike University of Illinois Hospital strikes Virginia Volvo Trucks strike Warrior Met Coal strike
Notable
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