2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit
For the 2019 Trump–Kim summit, see 2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit.
"Singapore summit" redirects here. For the 2015 summit between leaders of mainland China and Taiwan, see Ma–Xi meeting.
2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit
Singapore Summit
DPRK–USA Singapore Summit (US logo).png
Logo used by the United States[1]
DPRK–USA Singapore Summit.png
Logo used by Singapore[2]
Kim and Trump shaking hands at the red carpet during the DPRK–USA Singapore Summit.jpg
Kim Jong-un and Donald J. Trump shaking hands at the start of the summit
Host country Singapore
Date June 12, 2018
09:00 SGT (01:00 UTC)
Venue(s) Capella Resort, Sentosa[3]
Participants North Korea Kim Jong-un
United States Donald J. Trump
Precedes 2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit
2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit
North Korean name
Chosŏn'gŭl 조미 수뇌상봉
Hancha 朝美 首腦相逢
Transcriptions
South Korean name
Hangul 북미 정상회담
Hanja 北美 頂上會談
Transcriptions
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The
2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit, commonly known as
Singapore Summit, was a summit meeting between North Korean Chairman Kim
Jong-un and U.S. President Donald Trump,[4] held at the Capella Hotel,
Sentosa, Singapore. This was the first-ever meeting between leaders of
North Korea and the United States. They signed a joint statement,
agreeing to security guarantees for North Korea, new peaceful relations,
the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, recovery of soldiers'
remains, and follow-up negotiations between high-level officials. Both
leaders also met separately with Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien
Loong.
Immediately following the summit, President Trump
announced that the U.S. military would discontinue "provocative" joint
military exercises with South Korea, and stated that he wished to bring
the U.S. soldiers back home at some point, but he reinforced that it was
not part of the Singapore equation.[5][6] On August 1, 2018, the U.S.
Senate passed the military budget bill for 2019, forbidding funding the
reduction of active USFK personnel below 22,000; significant removal of
US forces is considered a non-negotiable item in denuclearization talks
with the North.[7]
After a period of heightened conflict that
included North Korea successfully testing what it claims was its first
hydrogen bomb and the Hwasong-15 intercontinental ballistic missile
(ICBM) in late 2017, tensions began to de-escalate after Kim Jong-un
announced his desire to send athletes to the 2018 Winter Olympics being
held in South Korea. During the games, Kim proposed talks with South
Korea to plan a inter-Korean summit. On March 8, the South Korean
delegation returned from the talks and traveled to the United States to
deliver an invitation by Kim Jong-un to Donald Trump for a meeting.
High-level exchanges between the two sides then took place, including a
visit by then-CIA Director Mike Pompeo to Pyongyang and a visit by Kim
Yong-chol, Vice Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea, to the White
House. Both sides threatened to cancel the summit after a round of joint
military exercises by the U.S. and South Korea, with Trump even
delivering a formal letter to Kim to call off the meeting; however, the
two sides eventually agreed to meet.[8] A second meeting was held
between Trump and Kim in February 2019 in Hanoi, Vietnam.
Background
See also: North Korea–United States relations
USS Carl Vinson carrier strike group and South Korean Navy vessels having a joint exercise on May 3, 2017
Korea
has been divided since 1945. The Korean War of 1950–1953 ended with an
armistice agreement but not a peace settlement. A sporadic conflict has
continued, with American troops remaining in the South as part of a
mutual defense treaty. The North began building a nuclear reactor in
1963, and it began a nuclear weapons program in the 1980s. North Korea
first committed to denuclearization in 1992 in the Joint Declaration of
the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. In a speech authored by
David Frum, President George W. Bush referred to North Korea as part of
an "axis of evil" during his 2002 State of the Union address,[9] but in
the 2005 Joint Statement of the Fourth Round of the Six-Party Talks,
North Korea reaffirmed the 1992 Joint Declaration and the goal of
verifiable denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. In 2008, North
Korea voluntarily gave information on its nuclear program in exchange
for sanction relief, and they were taken off the State Sponsors of
Terrorism list. Despite this, nuclear inspectors were barred from
surveying any North Korean weapons facilities.[10] The Obama
administration had a policy of "strategic patience", in which perceived
North Korean provocations would not be "rewarded" with presidential
attention or the sending of high-level envoys but instead be punished
with sanctions and greater military coordination with South Korea and
Japan.[11] More nuclear tests were conducted in the succeeding years,
and the 2010 bombardment of Yeonpyeong markedly raised tensions between
North Korea and South Korea. The escalation of North Korea's nuclear
program advanced particularly under the rule of Kim Jong-un, who became
the leader in December 2011, after his father Kim Jong-il died.[9]
Donald
Trump was elected US President in 2016 with a position of opposition to
Barack Obama's policy of "strategic patience" towards North Korea.
While advocating a tough stance, he also expressed openness to dialogue,
saying he would be prepared to "eat a hamburger" with Kim. He put
himself at odds with military allies, saying that it would be better if
South Korea and Japan protect themselves. In return, a pro-North Korean
website, DPRK Today, described him as a "wise politician".[12] The
editorial suggested that Trump might make the slogan "Yankee go home" a
reality.[13] In 2017, Moon Jae-in was elected President of South Korea
with a promise to return to the Sunshine Policy of friendly relations
with the North.[14]
Artist's conception of the Hwasong-15 on its mobile launch vehicle, depicted to scale
During
a period of heightened tensions with the United States, North Korea
successfully tested its first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM),
named Hwasong-14, in July 2017.[15] In response to heightened North
Korean rhetoric, Trump warned that any North Korean attack "will be met
with fire, fury and frankly power, the likes of which the world has
never seen before". In response, North Korea announced that it was
considering a missile test in which the missiles would land near the US
territory of Guam.[16][17] North Korea tested what some sources argued
may have been its first hydrogen bomb on September 3.[18] The test was
internationally condemned, and further economic sanctions were put on
North Korea.[19] The United States also added North Korea back to its
State Sponsors of Terrorism list after nine years.[20] On November 28,
North Korea launched the Hwasong-15, which, according to analysts, would
be capable of reaching anywhere in the United States.[21] The United
Nations responded by placing further sanctions on the country.[22] After
North Korea claimed that the missile was capable of "carrying [a]
super-heavy [nuclear] warhead and hitting the whole mainland of the
U.S.", Kim-Jong-Un announced that they had "finally realized the great
historic cause of completing the state nuclear force",[23] putting them
in a position of strength to push the United States into talks.[24]
Moon
Jae-in (standing, lower left) with the North Korean representatives
(upper right) and U.S. Vice President Mike Pence (lower right) at the
PyeongChang Olympics
In his New Year address for 2018, North
Korean chairman Kim Jong-un celebrated completing their nuclear
capabilities and proposed talks for sending a delegation to the upcoming
Winter Olympics in South Korea.[25] In January a false missile alert
alarmed Hawaii.[26] The Seoul–Pyongyang hotline was reopened after
almost two years.[27] North Korea sent an unprecedented high-level
delegation, headed by Kim Yo-jong, sister of Kim Jong-un, and Chairman
of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly Kim Yong-nam, and
including performers like the Samjiyon Orchestra.[28] The delegation
passed on an invitation to President Moon to visit North Korea.[28] The
United States was represented by Vice President Mike Pence. After
arriving late to a dinner hosted by President Moon, he was asked to
greet the other dignitaries, but he shook hands with everyone except Kim
Yong-nam and left early.[29][30][31] North and South Korean athletes
marched together in the Olympics opening ceremony and fielded a united
women's ice hockey team.[32]
Announcement
Chung Eui-yong (left),
the South Korean national security chief, and Kim Jong-un meeting in
Pyongyang on March 5, 2018. Kim is holding a letter from President Moon
Jae-in arranging for direct peace talks.
On March 5, 2018, South
Korea's special delegation agreed to hold the third inter-Korean summit
at Inter-Korean Peace House in Panmunjom on April 27, 2018.[33] On March
6, after returning to South Korea, the national security adviser, Chung
Eui-yong, and National Information Director Suh Hoon traveled to the
United States on March 8 to report to Trump about the upcoming
inter-Korean summit and relayed to President Trump the North Korean
chairman Kim Jong-un's invitation.[34] Trump endorsed the North
Korea–United States summit about an hour after receiving the report. The
South Korean National Security Adviser (SKNS), Mr. Jeong briefed the
public that the North Korea–United States summit would be held sometime
in May 2018.[35]
ROK President Moon Jae-in and US President Donald Trump, November 2017
The
White House announced that the UN Sanctions would remain in place until
an agreement between the United States and North Korea is reached.[36]
On March 6, Sarah Sanders said that the White House would need to see
"concrete and verifiable steps" toward the denuclearization of North
Korea before Trump would meet with Kim Jong-un. Later that day, an
unidentified Trump official told The Wall Street Journal that Trump had
still accepted Kim Jong-un's invitation.[37]
South Korea's
national security adviser Chung Eui-yong visited China on March 12 to
meet with the Chinese leader, Xi Jinping, of the foreign officials and
report on the planned inter-Korean summit as well as the North
Korea-United States summit and asked their advice.[38] Russia on March
14, 2018, for explaining North Korea and the United States Visit
Summary, seeking guidance for upcoming 2018 inter-Korean summit.[39]
National Information Director Suh Hoon visited Japan and had a
consultation with Prime Minister Shinzō Abe including the foreign
officials about the denuclearization and Permanent Peace on the Korean
Peninsula.[40][41]
Preparations
Preparatory talks
South
Korea's foreign ministry announced on March 18 that selected informal
delegations from North Korea, South Korea, and the US would meet for
denuclearization discussions in April in Vantaa, Finland. (This type of
discussions, as held previously, had sometimes been referred to as
track-2 talks.)[42] According to South Korea's Yonhap news, Choe
Kang-il, a deputy director general for North American affairs at North
Korea's foreign ministry, would also attend the event, which Yonhap
termed "track-1.5 talks".[43]
Kim Jong-un's meeting with Xi Jinping
Main article: Kim–Xi meetings
North
Korea's supreme leader Kim was in Beijing on March 25–28, 2018,
arriving by special train for talks with China's paramount leader Xi
Jinping, Kim's first known out-of-country excursion since taking power
six years previously.[44] China stated that North Korea was "committed
to denuclearization" and willing to hold a summit with the United
States.[45][46] It was organized by the invitation of Xi. During the
meeting between two leaders, Kim officially invited Xi to the North
Korean capital Pyongyang when it was convenient in his schedule, and Xi
accepted the invitation.[47] Xi urged Kim to strengthen the strategic
and diplomatic future partnership between China and North Korea. Kim
stressed to Xi that North Korea and China are communist countries and
that there are many ways to cooperate in various aspects in the
future.[48][49] Kim and Xi met again on May 7, 2018, in the city of
Dalian, China.[50]
Announcement within North Korea
According
to North Korea's state media Korean Central News Agency (KCNA), Kim led a
meeting of the ruling Workers' Party of Korea’s political bureau on
April 9, 2018, where he spoke about the planned summit with Trump for
the first time.[51]
Proposed conditions by North Korea
On April 11, North Korea presented five entreaties as conditions for the dismissal of their nuclear-capable ICBMs:
Ensuring the United States and South Korea do not locate nuclear
weapons strategic assets within the vicinity of the Korean Peninsula[52]
Ceasing development or operation of strategic nuclear assets during USFK–ROK combined military training
Ensuring the United States will not attack North Korea with conventional or nuclear weapons
Converting the 1953 Korean Armistice Agreement into a peace treaty on the Korean Peninsula
Establishing official diplomatic ties between North Korea and the United States.
Although
North Korea was previously expected to request the withdrawal of United
States Forces Korea (USFK) from South Korea, North Korea publicized
they would embrace the continuous deployment of 25,000 USFK troops in
South Korea as long as the security of North Korea is guaranteed.[53]
April 2018 inter-Korean summit
Main article: April 2018 inter-Korean summit
Kim
and President of South Korea Moon Jae-in shake hands in greeting, in an
initiating gesture for the April 2018 inter-Korean summit.
At an
inter-Korean summit on April 27, 2018, held at the Peace House in
Panmunjom, the leaders of North and South Korea agreed to formally end
the Korean War before the end of the year and confirmed the goal of a
nuclear-free Korean Peninsula through denuclearization.[54]
Release of the American detainees
President Donald J. Trump and First Lady Melania Trump welcome home three American returnees from North Korea.
On
May 10, 2018, three Americans held by North Korea were released
following negotiations between the Trump administration and the North
Korean regime. Some have speculated that their release was part of an
attempt of the regime to motivate the US to continue the negotiations
and perhaps ease the pressure upon the North Koreans. Nevertheless,
their release has managed to ease the tensions between the Trump
administration and the North Korean regime, enabling both sides to
proceed to further negotiations, possibly leading to the 2018 North
Korea–United States summit.[55]
The three Americans Kim
Dong-chul, Kim Sang-duk, and Kim Hak-song left North Korea accompanied
by Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and were greeted by the president and
the first lady upon their landing on US soil at Joint Base Andrews in
Maryland.[55]
Tensions, cancelation, and reinstatement
A commemorative coin released on May 21 by the White House Communications Agency for the summit[56]
Letter sent to North Korean leader Kim Jong-un by US President Donald Trump informing Kim of the cancellation of the summit
American
Vice President Mike Pence said on May 21, 2018, that "this will only
end like the Libyan model ended if Kim Jong-un doesn't make a deal" to
"dismantle his nuclear weapons program". Trump had made similar remarks
on May 17, as he described that Libya's fate is "what will take place if
we don't make a deal". These comments were in reference to the killing
of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi after military intervention by
Americans and Europeans in 2011.[57] After a NATO airstrike prevented
Gaddafi's escape, the Libyan rebels captured, assaulted, sodomized,[58]
and executed Gaddafi. However, Libya under Gaddafi had already in 2003
voluntarily ended its nuclear weapons program and complied with
conditions set by Western powers.[59] As a result, North Korean vice
foreign minister Choe Son-hui called Pence's remarks "ignorant and
stupid" and threatened a "nuclear-to-nuclear showdown".[57][60][61]
Trump
canceled the summit on May 24, 2018, via a letter to Chairman Kim,
writing that "based on the tremendous anger and open hostility displayed
in your most recent statement, I feel it is inappropriate, at this
time, to have this long-planned meeting ... You talk about your nuclear
capabilities, but ours are so massive and powerful that I pray to God
they will never have to be used." Even though it was Trump who decided
to cancel, Trump told Kim, "If you change your mind having to do with
this most important summit, please do not hesitate to call me or
write."[62][63]
South Korean President Moon was left "very
perplexed" by Trump's cancellation, while the South Korean minister in
charge of inter-Korean affairs Cho Myoung-gyon said that North Korea
"remains sincere" on "efforts on denuclearization and peace
building".[64]
In response to Trump's cancellation, North Korean
vice foreign minister Kim Kye-gwan expressed his country's "willingness
to sit down face-to-face with the US and resolve issues anytime and in
any format", being "open-minded in giving time and opportunity to the
US" for the "peace and stability for the world and the Korean
Peninsula".[64] Trump's cancellation had come on the day North Korea had
detonated explosives at its only known nuclear test site, at Punggye-ri
in front of international journalists; North Korea claimed that this
would have demolished the test site.[65]
On May 25, however,
Trump announced that the summit could resume as scheduled following a
"very nice statement" he received from North Korea and that talks were
now resuming.[66]
The following day, White House Press Secretary
Sarah Sanders confirmed in a statement that a "pre-advance team for
Singapore will leave as scheduled in order to prepare the summit should
take place". The team, consisting of about thirty staffers from both the
White House and State Department, met with North Korean counterparts
over Memorial Day weekend.[67]
Kim Yong-chol met with Pompeo on May 30, and with Trump on June 1.
On
May 30, North Korean general Kim Yong-chol arrived in New York City to
meet with US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo.[68] Negotiations between
Kim and Pompeo continued the next day, and Pompeo later stated at a
press conference that "good progress" had been made.[69] Kim Yong-chol,
who is the Vice Chair of Central Committee of the Workers' Party of
Korea, is the highest-ranking North Korean official to visit the US
since 2000 (when Jo Myong-rok met with US President Bill Clinton in
Washington, D.C.).[70][71][72]
On June 1, Trump announced the
summit would resume as scheduled for June 12 after he met Kim Yong-chol
at the White House. Kim Yong-chol delivered a letter from Kim Jong-un to
Trump,[73] of which Trump first told reporters that it was "a very
nice" and "a very interesting letter", yet eight minutes later said "I
haven't seen the letter yet. I purposely didn't open the
letter".[74][75]
US–South Korea summit
Moon Jae-in met with Trump on May 22.
On
May 22, 2018, South Korea President Moon Jae-in visited the United
States to meet President Trump, to promote Trump-Kim summit progress,
and to coordinate the two countries' common strategy regarding the
upcoming summit, following harsh rhetoric from North Korea towards
Washington.[76]
Closure of Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site
North Korea shut down its Punggye-ri nuclear test site on 23 May (Thursday) to demonstrate its commitment to denuclearization.
The
South Korean government welcomed the DPRK's unilateral nuclear
concession to help facilitate a broader agreement with the United States
to completely end its nuclear weapons program.
On 12 May 2018,
North Korea announced the closure and planned dismantlement of its
Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site, and invited journalists to witness the
destruction of its tunnels and other testing infrastructure.[77] On 24
May 2018, reporters witnessed explosions to purportedly close those
tunnels, although independent inspectors were not present.[78] Those
explosions destroyed the portals to several test tunnels, but the extent
of the damage to the tunnels themselves was not clear.[79][80][81]
Replacement of North Korean generals
On
June 3, North Korea's Chairman Kim Jong-un replaced three generals of
highest military officers who are responsible for the development of
North Korea's ICBM nuclear weapons.[82]
May 2018 inter-Korean summit
Two
leaders of North and South Koreas exchanged their opinions about the
issues and solutions for the Trump-Kim summit as Trump abruptly
cancelled the upcoming US-North Korea summit on 12 June.[83] The
principal agenda of the meeting was trying to get U.S. summit back on
track and keep progressing the denuclearization talks.[84][85] The
second 2018 summit was established by Kim Jung-un's suggestion within a
whirlwind 24 hour notice, but Moon Jae-in accepted Kim's invitation as
per the critical nuclear agenda between North and South Korea. Moon
Jae-in had expressed his belief, and he discussed with Kim Jong Un about
Kim's willingness to join nuclear interventions with Trump. Both
leaders also agreed to accelerate the implementation of the Panmunjom
Declaration and meet again at "anytime and anyplace" without
formality.[86][87]
Potential denuclearization process
During
President Donald Trump's meeting with North Korea envoy, the former spy
chief Kim Yong-chol[88] at the White House, Trump said that he would
choose the "denuclearization process" in North Korea. The nuclear
warheads and the ICBM nuclear missiles completed in North Korea could be
transferred outside of North Korea and economic sanctions on North
Korea could be partly alleviated. The next step would be comprehensive
inspections on North Korea's nuclear facilities and nuclear ICBM weapons
program by IAEA.[89][90][91] On July 7, 2018, U.S. Secretary of State
Mike Pompeo, Japanese Foreign Minister Taro Kono and South Korean
Foreign Minister Kang Kyung Wha met in Tokyo, where they reaffirmed
their unity in urging North Korea to denuclearize as promised. The
ministers stressed the need to call on North Korea to take concrete
steps toward denuclearization and to keep existing U.N. economic
sanctions in place.[92] Ten days later, Donald Trump said there is "no
time limit" for North Korea to denuclearize and that there is no need to
rush the process.[93]
Logistical preparations
On June 3, a
"special event area" was declared by the Ministry of Home Affairs around
the area surrounding the Shangri-La Hotel Singapore and stringent
security measures will be in force from June 10–14. On the same day, a
smaller segment within the "special event area" was declared a "special
zone" by the Singapore Police Force where enhanced police powers will be
in effect during the same period.[94] On June 5, the Ministry of Home
Affairs (Singapore) declared the whole of Sentosa Island, including
waters off its south-west beaches, a "special event area" from June
10–14. The summit venue Capella Singapore sits on the "special event
area". The government also issued an order exempting four bulletproof
and bombproof vehicles from certain traffic rules for the purposes of
conveying "non-citizen" individuals for the summit from June 5–30.[95]
The
F1 Pit Building has also been designated as the summit's International
Media Centre for international journalists to cover the summit and will
be operated from 10 am on June 10 to 10 pm on June 13.[96]
On
June 6, Singapore's aviation authorities announced that temporary
airspace restrictions will be put in place for parts of June 11, 12 and
13. Aircraft arriving at Singapore Changi Airport will be required to
reduce speed and some restrictions are placed on runway use. Aviators
are also informed to stay away from Paya Lebar Air Base, a facility used
by US Presidents on their previous visits to Singapore.[97][98]
The
Singapore Mint also released three commemorative medallions to mark the
summit.[99] They are available in gold proof, silver proof, and nickel
plated zinc proof.[100]
On June 9, the Singapore Police Force and
the Land Transport Authority announced that security measures, such as
road closures and security checks, will kick in. Some bus stops in the
Tanglin area will be skipped and security checks will be conducted along
stretches of roads around the Shangri-La Hotel Singapore and the St
Regis Hotel Singapore, the two hotels Trump and Kim are believed to be
staying in. Bag searches and other security checks may be conducted for
visitors entering Sentosa Island.[101]
On June 11, Singapore's
Minister for Foreign Affairs Vivian Balakrishnan announced that the
Singapore government would be paying for the North Korean contingent's
hotel bill, forming part of the total US$20 million expenditure for the
summit, as it was "hospitality that we would have offered them".[102] On
June 25, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) announced that the
summit cost S$16.3 million, lower than the initial planned cost
mentioned by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong.[103]
Diplomatic preparations
In
preparation for the summit, Singapore's Minister for Foreign Affairs
Vivian Balakrishnan visited the United States on a working visit and met
with the United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and National
Security Advisor John R. Bolton.[104] He visited North Korea and met
with North Korea's Minister of Foreign Affairs Ri Yong-ho and Chairman
of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly Kim Yong-nam to
further lay the groundwork for the Trump-Kim summit.[105]
The
United States did not convene a Cabinet-level National Security Council
meeting to discuss the summit with North Korea. Trump said: "I think I'm
very well prepared ... I don't think I have to prepare very much ...
this isn't a question of preparation, it's a question of whether or not
people want it to happen, and we'll know that very quickly."[106]
Media center
Logo used at the International Media Centre
Singapore
Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong visited the summit's International Media
Centre on June 10 when it opened. At a media conference, Lee mentioned
that the summit cost S$20 million, with security costs taking up S$10
million and the setting up of the International Media Centre costing S$5
million, but it is a cost that Singapore is "willing to pay".[107] The
media center opened to journalists and they were given customized items,
including a bottle of water, a fan, and a notebook. The center hosted
more than 2500 local and international journalists.[108]
Meeting location
Background
U.S. Secretary of State (then CIA Director) Mike Pompeo and Kim Jong-un meeting in Pyongyang, North Korea on March 31, 2018
On
March 31 and possibly also April 1, then-CIA director Mike Pompeo had
secretly met with Kim in Pyongyang[109] to lay the groundwork for the
summit, including their discussing possible venues.[110] On April 17, on
the day of a meeting at Mar-a-Lago of Trump with Prime Minister of
Japan Shinzō Abe, sources revealed to reporters the identities involved
in the discussions in Pyongyang.[111]
Locations considered
Trump
administration sources said on April 28 that the meeting would be held
in either Singapore or Mongolia.[112] On April 30, Trump remarked on a
possibility the Peace House and inter-Korean House of Freedom (Joint
Security Area) in Panmunjom would serve as venues.[113] Trump believed
that Panmunjom in DMZ would be the reasonable location for the meeting
to remove nuclear weapons and to sign the preparatory peace treaty on
the Korean peninsula.[114]
The inter-Korean Peace House was where
the 2018 inter-Korean summit was held earlier in April. Singapore was
the site of a recent China–Taiwan summit. Mongolia has sponsored a
number of talks in recent years involving regional and international
players and is accessible by train from North Korea.[115]
On
April 30, Trump confirmed that Singapore, the Peace House and the
inter-Korean House of Freedom were under consideration.[116]
American
officials said the most likely mutually-agreed-upon choice of venue
would be in Southeast Asia or Europe, especially from among the choices
of Singapore, Vietnam, Thailand, Switzerland (where Kim and his two
siblings had some schooling),[117] or Sweden (whose embassy acts as
intermediary for Americans traveling in North Korea).[118] Another
possible location of the summit would be Ulaanbaatar,
Mongolia.[119][120]
Additionally proposed venues included
Pyongyang, North Korea (favored by Kim); the Inter-Korean Peace House in
Panmunjom near the boundary of the Demilitarized Zone between North and
South Korea (site for the April 27, 2018 inter-Korean summit; a site
possibly favored by Kim for the summit with the US as well);[121][122]
the Russian port city of Vladivostok (accessible to Kim by land or sea
and nearby Vyatskoye, Kim's predecessor and father Kim Jong-il's
February 16, 1941 birthplace[123][124]);[125] a Chinese city such as
Shenyang, Changchun, or Beijing (favored by China); Seoul or South
Korea's Jeju Island; or, aboard a US ship in international
waters.[126][127]
Announcement on holding the talks in Singapore
North
Korea's Vice Chairman Kim Yong-chol delivers a personal letter from Kim
to Trump, in the White House Oval Office on June 1, 2018.
CNN
reported on May 9 that Singapore will be hosting the meeting on June
12.[128][129] As per CNBC, a White House official said Singapore was
chosen as it has diplomatic relations with both United States and North
Korea, and was one of the few countries that have relationships with
both countries.[130] Trump confirmed the location on May 10 and
announced that the summit is set for June 12.[131][132] At 4,700
kilometres (2,900 mi) from Pyongyang's Sunan airport, Singapore is
easily within the range of Kim's Soviet-made Il-62M aircraft.[133] Local
media reported that the most likely choice of venue would be the
Shangri-La Hotel Singapore near Orchard Road,[134] known for hosting the
annual Shangri-La Dialogue and the 2015 Ma–Xi meeting. A South Korean
report also cited The Istana, the official residence of the President of
Singapore, as a possible venue to host the summit.[135]
Trump together with Vice Chairman Kim Yong-chol of the North Korean delegation, outside the Oval Office
An aerial view of the Capella Singapore
Singapore's
Ministry of Foreign Affairs further provided information on the summit
stating that "Singapore is pleased to host the meeting between President
of the United States Donald J. Trump and Democratic People's Republic
of Korea State Affairs Commission Chairman Kim Jong-un on 12 June 2018.
We hope this meeting will advance prospects for peace in the Korean
Peninsula". However, the ministry did not provide any details on the
venue and the arrangements.[136]
Following Trump's renewed
commitment to the summit on June 1, Singapore's Defence Minister Ng Eng
Hen welcomed the move and stated that Singapore would cover some of the
costs of the summit.[137] Advance team members of the American and North
Korean delegations that were meeting in Singapore in prior weeks were
believed to have been staying in Capella Singapore on Sentosa, and the
Fullerton Hotel Singapore in the city's Downtown Core respectively, both
of which were additional venue options for the summit.[138]
The
White House announced on June 4 that the meeting will take place at 9:00
am (SGT), and confirmed the next day that Capella Singapore will be the
venue for the June 12 summit.[139] The US clarified that they would not
pay for North Korea's officials' accommodation. They also affirmed that
they would talk with the South Korean and Japanese governments if asked
about the possible declaration of the end of the Korean War during the
summit.[140]
On June 9, 2018, at a press conference at the G7
Summit in Quebec, Trump estimated that the interpersonal chemistry[141]
between him and Leader Kim Jong-un would be a deciding factor in the
success of the Summit in Singapore and that this would be a one-time
chance[142] for North Korea to strike a deal.[143]
Pre-summit events
Leaders' arrivals
Kim
arrived in Singapore in an Air China Boeing 747-400 registered
B-2447;[144][145] Photo of this aircraft taken in Beijing in March 2018
US
President Donald Trump left the 44th G7 summit around four hours
earlier than scheduled and departed directly for Singapore. He
reportedly viewed the G7 summit as a "distraction" from his summit with
Kim.[146] Trump landed at Singapore's Paya Lebar Airbase at 20:20 local
time and was welcomed by Singapore's Minister for Foreign Affairs Vivian
Balakrishnan.[147] A US Air Force Boeing C-17 Globemaster III transport
plane was already at the air base ahead of his arrival. Trump stayed at
the Shangri-La Hotel Singapore, which has also hosted previous US
Presidents.[148]
North Korean chairman Kim Jong-un landed at
Singapore Changi Airport on Sunday at about 14:35 local time and was
welcomed by Singapore's Minister for Foreign Affairs Vivian Balakrishnan
and Minister for Education Ong Ye Kung.[149] Kim flew to Singapore on a
Boeing 747 operated by Air China, a plane used by the highest echelons
of the Chinese leadership.[150][151][145] According to media reports, a
cargo plane, an Air Koryo Ilyushin Il-76, containing food items and
other perishables landed in Singapore from North Korea before Kim's
plane landed. Chiller trucks ferried them to the St. Regis Hotel
Singapore where Kim stayed.[152] A third plane from North Korea, an Air
Koryo Ilyushin Il-62, landed shortly afterward; Kim's sister and Vice
Director of the Propaganda and Agitation Department, Kim Yo-jong, was
believed to be on board.[153]
Working-level meetings
Both
Trump and Kim met separately with Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien
Loong.[154] Kim met Lee on Sunday evening at The Istana.[155] Trump met
Lee on Monday afternoon, also at The Istana. He was accorded a bilateral
meeting, followed by a working lunch and then an expanded bilateral
meeting.[156] During the meeting, Trump accepted President Halimah
Yacob's invitation to make a State Visit to Singapore in November 2018,
in conjunction with the 6th ASEAN-US Summit and 13th East Asia
Summit.[157]
A working-level meeting was held between the United
States Ambassador to the Philippines Sung Kim and Vice Minister of
Foreign Affairs Choe Son-hui, at The Ritz-Carlton Millenia Singapore on
Monday morning. The meeting lasted over two hours and was believed to
further work out the details of the summit between Trump and Kim and to
push forward their agendas.[158][159]
Meanwhile, North Korea's
Minister of Foreign Affairs Ri Yong-ho met with his Singaporean
counterpart Vivian Balakrishnan on Monday morning too.[160]
Pre-summit activities
Trump's activities
After
meeting Singapore's Prime Minister, Trump and Secretary of State Pompeo
met and thanked the team at the United States embassy in Singapore and
Task Force 73 at Shangri-La Hotel.[161]
Trump then discussed the
summit with South Korea's President Moon Jae-in in a 40-minute phone
call, expressing that he is willing to take "bold decisions" while Moon
said that South Koreans are praying for Trump to "create a miraculous
result".[162] He also spoke with Japan's Prime Minister Shinzō Abe on
the phone.[163]
US press briefing
Secretary of State Mike
Pompeo gave a press briefing at the White House press room set up at the
JW Marriott Hotel Singapore South Beach Hotel on Monday afternoon. He
mentioned details of the preparations done by the US delegation and that
the US is willing to offer North Korea security guarantees in exchange
for the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.[164]
South Korea press briefing
A
South Korean official spoke at a closed-door press briefing held at
South Korea's Korea Press Center, confirming that Moon Jae-in will not
travel to Singapore to attend the summit, despite earlier speculations.
Instead, South Korea sent a delegation to Singapore to monitor the
summit.[165]
Kim's tour of Singapore
Kim visited several of
Singapore's attractions in the Central Area together with his sister,
Kim Yo-jong, on Monday evening. They visited the Flower Dome at Gardens
by the Bay, the Jubilee Bridge, and the Marina Bay Sands integrated
resorts. They were accompanied by Singapore's Minister for Foreign
Affairs Vivian Balakrishnan and Minister for Education Ong Ye Kung, the
same ministers who welcomed him at Changi Airport the previous
day.[166][167]
Dennis Rodman
Retired U.S. basketball star
Dennis Rodman, who made a number of visits to North Korea to promote
sports and developed a personal relationship with Chairman Kim over
several years, announced that he would be in Singapore during the summit
but would not be involved in the meeting.[168] Rodman arrived the day
before the summit.[169] The basketball star broke down in tears live on
CNN as he recounted the hostility he faced for meeting Kim Jong-un.[170]
Summit meeting
External video U.S.-North Korea Summit Sights and Sounds, June 11, 2018, C-SPAN
President Trump Greets North Korean Leader Kim Jong Un, June 11, 2018, C-SPAN
The summit was broadcast in real-time internationally.[171]
One-on-one meeting
Kim and Trump before the start of their one-on-one meeting
United
States President Donald Trump arrived at Capella Hotel first before
North Korean leader Kim Jong-un arrived seventeen minutes later.[3] They
started the summit at 9:05 am local time with a 12-second handshake and
then participated in a one-on-one meeting, with interpreters only.
Trump and Kim emerged from the one-on-one talks and walked down the
corridor to the Cassia where the expanded bilateral meeting took place.
Trump described the one-on-one meeting as "very very good" when asked by
a reporter.[172][173] When Trump was asked if he had notes of the
one-on-one meeting to refer back and verify, Trump replied, "I don't
have to verify because I have one of the great memories of all
time".[174]
Expanded bilateral meeting and working lunch
The expanded bilateral meeting between both the United States and North Korean delegations
Both countries' delegations proceeded to participate in an expanded bilateral meeting and a working lunch.[175]
Both
delegations dined together on Korean, Southeast Asian and Western
dishes with ice cream, tropézienne, and dark chocolate ganache tartlet
for dessert.[176] After the lunch, Trump and Kim took a short walk
together and viewed the interior of the presidential state car.[3]
Joint signing ceremony
File:Singapore Summit- Trump-Kim Signing Ceremony.webmPlay media
The signing moment of the two leaders
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Joint
Statement of President Donald J. Trump of the United States of America
and Chairman Kim Jong Un of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea at
the Singapore Summit
Subsequently, Trump and Kim signed a joint
statement, titled "Joint Statement of President Donald J. Trump of the
United States of America and Chairman Kim Jong-un of the Democratic
People's Republic of Korea at the Singapore Summit", which Trump
described as a "very important" and "comprehensive" agreement.[177]
The document said:[178]
President Trump and Chairman Kim Jong Un state the following:
The United States and the DPRK commit to establish new U.S.-DPRK
relations in accordance with the desire of the peoples of the two
countries for peace and prosperity.
The United States and the
DPRK will join their efforts to build a lasting and stable peace regime
on the Korean Peninsula.
Reaffirming the April 27, 2018
Panmunjom Declaration, the DPRK commits to work towards the complete
denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.
The United States
and the DPRK commit to recovering POW/MIA remains including the
immediate repatriation of those already identified.
In addition
to the numbered provisions, the joint statement also mentions Trump's
commitment to providing security guarantees to North Korea. Follow-up
negotiations between Pompeo and an undetermined high-level North Korean
official are also called for by the joint statement.[177]
US news conference
Trump at the news conference after the summit
Trump
held a news conference at 16:15 local time which lasted for more than
an hour. In his news conference, Trump said that further discussions
will take place with North Korean officials and that he would consider
visiting Pyongyang.[179] Referring to his commitment in the Joint
Statement[180] to "provide security guarantees" to North Korea, Trump
announced the end of the joint military exercises with the South Korean
military, which he described as "provocative". U.S. Forces Korea and
South Korea were apparently not consulted.[181] He expressed his hope
that the removal of 32,000 American troops defending South Korea would
become part of the equation. The next round of joint military exercises
was scheduled for late August.[182][183]
End of summit
On June
12, Trump left Singapore from Paya Lebar Air Base at around 18:30 local
time, earlier than his planned departure time of 19:00 while Kim
Jong-un left Singapore from Changi Airport at around 22:30.[184]
Upon
returning to the United States the following day, President Trump
declared that North Korea was no longer a nuclear threat.[185] On June
22, 2018, Trump provided a "Notice Regarding the Continuation of the
National Emergency with Respect to North Korea," which extended the
Executive Order 13466 of 2008 by one year, reaffirming "the current
existence and risk of the proliferation of weapons-usable fissile
material on the Korean Peninsula constitute an unusual and extraordinary
threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United
States, and I hereby declare a national emergency to deal with that
threat."[186][187]
In October 2018, a second North Korea–United States summit was announced.[188]
Delegations in attendance
Participants in the expanded bilateral meeting
United States (USA)
Name Title
Donald Trump President
Mike Pompeo[189] Secretary of State
John F. Kelly[189] White House Chief of Staff
John R. Bolton[190] National Security Advisor
North Korea (DPRK)
Name Title
Kim Jong-un[191] Chairman of the State Affairs Commission
Ri Yong-ho[192] Minister of Foreign Affairs
Kim Yong-chol[193] Vice Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea
Ri Su-yong[191] Vice Chairman of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
Other delegates
United States (USA)
Name Title
Cabinet of the United States
Randall Schriver[194] Assistant Secretary of Defense for Asian and Pacific Security Affairs
White House Office
Sarah Huckabee Sanders[195] White House Press Secretary
Stephen Miller[196] Senior Advisor to the President
National Security Council (NSC)
Mira Ricardel[196] Deputy National Security Advisor
Sarah Tinsley[196] NSC Director for Strategic Communications
Matthew Pottinger[196] NSC Senior Director for Asian Affairs
Brenan Richards[197] NSC Director for Southeast Asian Affairs
Allison Hooker[194] NSC Member
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Andrew Kim[194] Director of the CIA Korea Mission Center
Ambassadors of the United States
Sung Kim[194] Ambassador to the Philippines
P. Michael McKinley[196] Ambassador to Brazil
Stephanie Syptak-Ramnath[196] Chargé d'affaires (acting Ambassador) at the US Embassy in Singapore
Melissa Brown[196] Counsellor for Economic and Political Affairs at the US Embassy in Singapore
North Korea (DPRK)
Name Title
Government of North Korea
No Kwang-chol[192] Minister of People's Armed Forces
Choe Son-hui[191] Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs
Workers' Party of Korea (WPK)
Kim Yo-jong[192] Kim Jong-un's sister
Vice Director of the Propaganda and Agitation Department
Other members of the Central Committee and the State Affairs Commission[191]
Reactions
Main article: International reactions to the 2018 North Korea–United States summit
The
summit received a mixed international reaction, with many countries
expressing praise or hope for achieving a peace deal from the
summit.[198] Some commentators expressed skepticism towards the signed
agreement, pointing to a history of failed past agreements and to the
vague wording of the declarations.[199] China raised the possibility of
sanction relief following the summit,[200] but Pompeo said sanction
relief would only be granted after complete denuclearization.[201]
Joint-military exercises between the United States and South Korea were
halted, a demand that North Korea had long made.[202] Visitors to North
Korea reported that anti-American posters, postcards, stamps and similar
items were no longer sold in tourist shops.[203]
Incidents
On
June 9, two South Korean media personnel from South Korean broadcaster
KBS News were arrested for trespassing at the home of the North Korean
ambassador in Singapore.[204] KBS News subsequently issued an apology
for not being cautious.[205] The two media personnel were deported the
next day on June 10.[206]
On June 11, five South Korean women
were arrested on Monday night for protesting outside the St. Regis Hotel
where Chairman Kim and his delegation were staying. The police warned
the women for violating the Public Order Act but they refused to
cooperate, leading to their arrests.[207][208]
Aftermath
Progress of joint statement
The
director of USC Korean Studies Institute David C. Kang wrote an
analysis of North Korea's solution which was published in the New York
Times. Writing that the Trump administration should proceed with the
necessary action items of U.S. side in order to ask North Korea to give
up their Nuclear Weapons, Kang emphasized that unilateral disarmament of
the DPRK would be impractical, and that a "phased" and "synchronous"
approach with "step by step" negotiations would be a more reasonable way
forward, with respect to the US-DPRK Joint Statement signed at the
Singapore summit.[209] The DPRK has shown eight or more types of various
actions on their portion of the agreement; a moratorium on
missile/nuclear tests, dismantling the Sohae atomic test and satellite
launch site, the shutting down of an intercontinental ballistic missile
assembly facility near Pyongyang, the returning of the remains of 55
U.S. Soldiers killed in the Korean War, the removal of domestic
anti-American propaganda, and the release of three American Citizens
arrested and imprisoned in the DPRK, as North Korean action items of the
summit. However, the US has thus far taken only one action; the
cancelling of joint military exercises between the US and South Korean
Air Forces in the peninsula. If the United States should complete more
of its action items under the Singapore agreement, with regard to North
Korea's security concerns, the North Korean government in turn may be
willing to make further actions toward denuclearization.[209][210] North
Korean minister Ri Yong-ho has claimed that the US is backtracking or
has made no progress on the American side of the Singapore Summit
agreement, while saying that North Korea itself has taken some measures
including the cessation of nuclear and missile testing, along with the
removal of a primary nuclear site.[211] US Secretary of State Mike
Pompeo has made a request for North Korea to hand over 60 to 70 percent
of its nuclear arsenal within six to eight months. However, the DPRK has
not yet accepted that proposal.[212] The North Korean foreign minister
released an announcement criticizing unilateral denuclearization, and Ri
Yong-ho has emphasized that it is only equitable to perform a
“balanced, simultaneous, step-by-step implementation” of the US-DPRK
Joint Statement.[213] There are four action items in the Joint
Statement, the first and second items being the renewal of North
Korea–United States relations, the third item being the denuclearization
of the Korean Peninsula, and the final item the recovery of American
POW/MIA remains from the Korean War. Currently, there are still three
American nuclear capable jets stationed in South Korea. Additionally,
North and South Korea, still lacking a proper peace treaty, are still
technically at war.[214] The DPRK urged the US to guarantee the DPRK's
security by a formal declaration of the ending of the Korean War, in
exchange for the DPRK ending its nuclear program and forfeiting its
nuclear weapons.[215] Doug Bandow, a special assistant to former
President Ronald Reagan, suggested that the US provide the DPRK with a
safety framework in the form of a peace treaty, in exchange for the DPRK
ending their nuclear program.[216]
Removed anti-American propaganda in DPRK
The
DPRK government toned down aspects of its anti-American propaganda
after the Singapore summit, with many anti-American posters being
removed in the capital to give way to less politicized messages.[217]
The government also cancelled North Korea's annual "anti-US imperialism"
rally on 27 July, a national holiday commemorating the start of the
Korean War (Fatherland Liberation War in DPRK historiography).[218]
Pompeo's subsequent visits to North Korea
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
A letter from Kim Jong Un to Donald Trump
On
July 6–7, Pompeo travelled to North Korea for the third time to
continue the negotiations with Kim Yong-chol, "a senior official who has
been [North Korea's] point person in deliberations with the United
States, South Korea and China". After the meeting, Pompeo said that the
talks were productive and that progress had been made "on almost all of
the central issues". However, North Korean state media criticized the
meeting soon after, saying the U.S. had shown a "gangster-like attitude"
and calling the demands of the Trump administration "deeply
regrettable".[219] Notwithstanding the stern reports, Pompeo delivered a
letter from Kim to Trump, in which the latter expressed his hope for
successful implementation of the US-North Korea Joint Statement and
reaffirmed his will for improving the relations between the
countries.[220]
Pompeo announced on August 23, 2018, that he
would return to North Korea the following week for the fourth round of
talks.[221] The following day, Trump tweeted that he had asked Pompeo
not to make the trip because he felt "we are not making sufficient
progress with respect to the denuclearization of the Korean
Peninsula."[222] Concerning the cancellation of Pompeo's planned North
Korea trip, Vox summarized the background based on the reports by the
Washington Post and CNN that North Korea delivered an irate letter to
Pompeo and the letter was shown to Trump in the Oval Office on Friday,
and Trump tweeted the cancellation of Pompeo's trip. The message from
DPRK was North Korea's evident disappointment as Washington had shown no
real eagerness to sign a peace treaty to end the Korean
War.[223][224][225]
South Korean Foreign Minister Kang Kyung-wha
spoke to Pompeo by telephone on August 25, urging the U.S. and DPRK to
continue talks relating to denuclearization and peace on the Korean
peninsula, in spite of concerns over the cancellation of the trip by
Trump. Japanese Foreign Minister Taro Kono revealed appreciation for
Pompeo's "prompt communication” with South Korea, and said Japan would
be pleased to cooperate with the U.S. for denuclearization of the Korean
peninsula.[226][227]
Return of remains of US soldiers
After the Trump-Kim summit, North Korea searched for and returned the remains of U.S. POWs and MIAs from the Korean War.
The remains of US soldiers in DPRK start the journey to the U.S. after 65 years.
The
US war remains were delivered from the eastern DPRK city of Wonsan by
U.S. military transport plane C-17 Globemaster to the Osan Air Base near
Seoul in South Korea.
On June 27, Pompeo said North Korea was
planning to hand over presumed remains of U.S. soldiers killed during
the Korean War in the near future.[228] In preparation, the U.S.
military had moved 158 metal coffins through the DMZ border between
North and South Korea one week earlier.[229]
Following Pompeo's
second visit to Pyongyang, a lower ranks meeting took place on July 15
regarding the retrieving of remains of US soldiers from the Korean War.
Pompeo called the talks "productive" and said the two sides had reached
firm commitments on the issue.[230] On July 27 North Korea handed over
55 boxes of human remains, thus starting to fulfill their pledge in the
Singapore declaration. The remains were saluted in a ceremony in their
honor by US soldiers.[231] More than 36,000 American troops died during
the Korean War, but some 7,700 remain unaccounted for, including 5,300
believed to have died in North Korea. Earlier, 220 remains were
recovered during 1996–2005.[232] North Korea reported to the U.S.
Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency that they couldn't be sure how many
individuals were represented in each of the 55 boxes.[233]
There
was uncertainty about the nationality of the war remains,[234] whether
the individuals were American or from other countries that took part in
the Korean War, such as Australia, Belgium, France, and the
Philippines.[235] Kelly McKeague, the director of the POW/MIA Accounting
Agency, said a preliminary review showed that the remains are
"consistent" with being American and are from the Battle of Chosin
Reservoir.[236] The next phase would be matching the dental records,
X-rays and DNA testing to further analyze the remains for possible
identification. McKeague expressed his opinion that North Korea needs to
allow the resumption of joint U.S.-North Korean searches of
battlefields and POW camp graveyards to discover more war remains as
soon as practical.[233]
Shutdown of ICBM assembly facility near Pyongyang
The
Voice of America (VOA) reported on July 25 that there is evidence that
North Korea has dismantled an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)
construction facility near Pyongyang. It was confirmed by analyzing
satellite images taken around the March 16 with the latest satellite
images in July. It was the investigated place of the factory that the
Hwasong-15 ICBM that North Korea test-launched on November 29, 2017, was
assembled at this plant and then moved on a
transporter-erector-launcher (TEL). Kim Jong-un was at this vehicle
factory that was connected to the ICBM assembly factory when he gave the
command for the transfer of the TEL carrying the Hwasong-15 ICBM. State
Department Spokesperson Heather Nauert announced that the U.S would be
looking for DPRK's consent for allowing the Verification process of the
denuclearization of North Korea. Heather also added “Verification is
obviously something that is paramount. Verification from legitimate
groups and done by legitimate countries."[237]
Destruction of missile test site
North
Korea dismantled the various significant parts and permanent structure
of the Sohae ICBM missile & Satellite Launching Station.
The DPRK
Government had begun to dismantle an ICBM rocket launching and testing
engine site to demonstrate its commitment to denuclearization. CBS News
has identified the site as the freshest of North Korea's recognised
major missile testing facilities.[238]
On July 24, it was
reported that North Korea had begun to dismantle a rocket launching and
testing site near Tonchang, an action which Kim had pledged to Trump.
South Korean President Moon called the move "a good sign for North
Korea’s denuclearization".[239] The North Korea monitoring specialist
group 38 North found that the Sohae Station, a satellite-launch site in
North Korea, was being demolished. Satellite imagery shows that several
significant structures were destroyed: a missile-launching stand and a
building near a launchpad for satellites. 38 North suggested that it is
an essential beginning step towards achieving a commitment made by Kim
Jong Un at the June 12 Singapore Summit.[240] On 7 August, there is more
progress on Dismantling Facilities at the Sohae Satellite and Missile
Launching Station. it entails the demolition of the test stand's
concrete foundations, launch pad's gantry tower and pad foundation, etc.
While the previous dismantlement of the vertical engine test stand on
23 July, represents a fulfilment of Chairman Kim's arrangement with
President Trump conducted publicly during the post-Singapore Summit
press conference, activity at the launch pad and concrete foundation
appears to go exceeding that pledge. These activities, however, must be
viewed cautiously as “principal steps” since neither are presently
permanent or irreversible. Concerning 38 North's scrutiny, it would
characterize more durable and irreversible actions as there is no
identified facility with equivalent capabilities elsewhere in the
DPRK.[241]
North Korea announced in December 2019 that it had
recently conducted a "very important test" at the Sohae site. Some
analysts believed the test involved a new ICBM engine, as the country
was believed to be migrating from its liquid-fueled missiles to new
solid-fueled versions that were easier to transport, conceal and
launch.[242] The country announced it had conducted a "crucial test' at
the Sohae site days later.[243]
Negotiation process between US and DPRK
In
August, during the ASEAN Regional Forum 2018, North Korea's nuclear
program was the critical agenda item. ASEAN forum foreign ministers
issued a joint statement calling for a "complete denuclearization" which
is the same phrase used in the joint statement issued after the summit,
and represents a change from last year's call for a "complete,
verifiable and irreversible denuclearization".[244] South Korea's
Foreign Minister Kang Kyung-wha has said that she had "considerable"
consultations over the issue of the declaration to a formal end of the
1950-53 Korean war with the Chinese and U.S. foreign ministers.[245]
Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi said "everyone can announce a
declaration ending the war if they do not want the war to happen
again".[246] North Korean Foreign Minister Ri Yong Ho said he was
“alarmed” by U.S. insistence on maintaining sanctions until North Korea
denuclearizes and what he said was U.S. reluctance to declare a formal
end to the Korean War.[247] United States Forces in Korea maintains
several nuclear bomber fighters and DPRK is demanding USA safety
guarantee for giving up nuclear weapon programs of Pyongyang.[215]
Questions about missile development
The
media source 38 North, an American agency which monitors North Korea,
told CNN that only two small roof buildings had been newly erected,
which might be used for hospitality roles for senior officials or
nuclear inspectors. Other improved infrastructures were already
developed before the Trump-Kim Summit.[248][249] On June 30, NBC
reported that, according to an assessment by the U.S. intelligence
agencies, North Korea might have increased production of fuel for
nuclear weapons at multiple secret sites after the summit, though if the
process of enrichment had occurred, it must have begun before the
summit.[250][251] On August 3, experts monitoring U.N. sanctions against
North Korea sent a report to the UN Security Council saying North Korea
"has not stopped its nuclear and missiles programs" and is still
violating sanctions by transferring coal at sea and flouting an arms
embargo and financial sanctions.[252][253] However, North Korean Foreign
Minister Ri-Yong Ho said in a privilege speech at the ASEAN summit,
that a “good-faith implementation of the Joint Statement (between the
USA and DPRK) would be necessary”. Referring to this same speech, the
North Korea monitoring specialist Group, 38 North, believes that in
order to achieve the goal to denuclearize, a scheme of ALL TAKE-NO GIVE
will never work with DPRK.[254][255][256][257][258]
The New York
Times reported on November 12, 2018 that "satellite images suggest that
the North has been engaged in a great deception" by offering to
dismantle one missile launch site while continuing to develop sixteen
others. The Times reported that American intelligence had determined
that North Korea's production of fissile material, nuclear weapons and
mobile missile systems had continued since the summit, adding that the
missile network was "long known to American intelligence agencies but
left undiscussed as President Trump claims to have neutralized the
North’s nuclear threat."[259] The following day, Trump called the report
of North Korea developing missile sites "inaccurate" and "just more
fake news," adding "We fully know about the sites being discussed,
nothing new."[260] The Times stood by the accuracy of its report.[261]
On November 13, 2018, Kim Eui Keum, a spokesman for South Korean
President Moon Jae-In, described the report and images as "nothing new"
and further stated that North Korea "has never signed any agreement, any
negotiation that makes shutting down missile bases mandatory."[262]
CNN
acquired satellite images in December 2018 that indicated North Korea
was continuing to significantly expand a major long-range missile site
in the mountainous interior of the country, including an "extremely
large underground facility" that could be under construction as of
August 2018.[263]
Second U.S.–North Korean Summit
Main article: 2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit
On
October 7, 2018, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and Kim met in
Pyongyang and agreed to a second U.S.–North Korea summit,[264] with
South Korea's presidential office stating that it would take place "as
soon as possible."[265] It is unknown at this time when the second
summit will take place. However, Pompeo stated it would happen "soon"
and that details have been revealed to South Korean President Moon
Jae-In during a meeting in the South Korean capital of Seoul.[266]
During the State of the Union Address President Trump announced Vietnam
to host the second meeting between the two leaders. According to
President Trump, this summit will be held in Vietnam on February 27–28,
2019.
On February 8, 2019, President Trump announced that Hanoi will host the summit meeting.[267]
See also
2018–19 Korean peace process
Korean reunification
North Korea–United States relations
Agreed Framework
2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit (the second Trump–Kim summit)
Peace Treaty on Korean Peninsula
North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
Nuclear power in North Korea
List of nuclear weapons tests of North Korea
2017–18 North Korea crisis
2017 North Korean missile tests
April 2018 inter-Korean summit
May 2018 inter-Korean summit
September 2018 inter-Korean summit
Kim–Xi meetings, unofficial North Korea–China summit
Kim–Putin meetings, unofficial North Korea–Russia summit
List of international trips made by Kim Jong-un
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"[LIVE HD] Trump-Kim historic summit livestream". June 12, 2018. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
"Joint
Statement of President Donald J. Trump of the United States of America
and Chairman Kim Jong Un of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea at
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit.
The full text of Joint Statement of President Donald J. Trump of the
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People’s Republic of Korea at the Singapore Summit at Wikisource
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Donald Trump
45th President of the United States
Incumbent
Assumed office
January 20, 2017
Vice President Mike Pence
Preceded by Barack Obama
Personal details
Born Donald John Trump
June 14, 1946 (age 73)
Queens, New York City
Political party Republican (1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–present)
Other political
affiliations
Democratic (until 1987, 2001–2009)
Reform (1999–2001)
Independent (2011–2012)
Spouse(s)
Ivana Zelníčková
(m. 1977; div. 1992)
Marla Maples
(m. 1993; div. 1999)
Melania Knauss (m. 2005)
Children
Donald Jr. Ivanka Eric Tiffany Barron
Parents Fred Trump
Mary Anne MacLeod
Relatives Family of Donald Trump
Residence
White House (official)
Mar-a-Lago (personal)
Full list
Alma mater The Wharton School (BS in Econ.)
Net worth US$2.1 billion (April 2020)[a]
Awards List of honors and awards
Signature Donald J Trump stylized autograph, in ink
Website
Official website
White House website
Nickname(s) "The Donald"[1]
Donald Trump official portrait (cropped).jpg
This article is part of
a series about
Donald Trump
President of the United States
Incumbent
Presidency
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Appointments
Cabinet
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Comey
Policies
Economy
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Paris withdrawal Foreign policy
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cannabis Space
Impeachment
Early efforts Trump–Ukraine scandal Inquiry and hearings Senate trial
Presidential campaigns
Controversies involving Russia
Business and personal
vte
Donald
John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is the 45th and current president of
the United States. Before entering politics, he was a businessman and
television personality.
Trump was born and raised in Queens, a
borough of New York City, and received a bachelor's degree in economics
from the Wharton School. He took charge of his family's real-estate
business in 1971, renamed it The Trump Organization, and expanded its
operations from Queens and Brooklyn into Manhattan. The company built or
renovated skyscrapers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. Trump later
started various side ventures, mostly by licensing his name. He produced
and hosted The Apprentice, a reality television series, from 2003 to
2015. As of 2020, Forbes estimated his net worth to be $2.1 billion.[a]
Trump
entered the 2016 presidential race as a Republican and defeated 16
other candidates in the primaries. His political positions have been
described as populist, protectionist, and nationalist. Despite not being
favored in most forecasts, he was elected over Democratic nominee
Hillary Clinton, although he lost the popular vote. He became the oldest
first-term U.S. president,[b] and the first without prior military or
government service. His election and policies have sparked numerous
protests. Trump has made many false or misleading statements during his
campaign and presidency. The statements have been documented by
fact-checkers, and the media have widely described the phenomenon as
unprecedented in American politics. Many of his comments and actions
have been characterized as racially charged or racist.
During his
presidency, Trump ordered a travel ban on citizens from several
Muslim-majority countries, citing security concerns; after legal
challenges, the Supreme Court upheld the policy's third revision. He
enacted a tax-cut package for individuals and businesses, rescinding the
individual health insurance mandate. He appointed Neil Gorsuch and
Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court. In foreign policy, Trump has
pursued an America First agenda, withdrawing the U.S. from the
Trans-Pacific Partnership trade negotiations, the Paris Agreement on
climate change, and the Iran nuclear deal. During increased tensions
with Iran, he ordered the killing of Iranian general Qasem Soleimani. He
imposed import tariffs triggering a trade war with China, recognized
Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, and withdrew U.S. troops in northern
Syria to avoid Turkey's offensive on American-allied Kurds.
A
special counsel investigation led by Robert Mueller found that Trump and
his campaign welcomed and encouraged Russian foreign interference in
the 2016 presidential election under the belief that it would be
politically advantageous, but did not find sufficient evidence to press
charges of criminal conspiracy or coordination with Russia. Mueller also
investigated Trump for obstruction of justice, and his report neither
indicted nor exonerated Trump on that count. A 2019 House of
Representatives impeachment inquiry found that Trump solicited foreign
interference in the 2020 U.S. presidential election from Ukraine to help
his re-election bid and then obstructed the inquiry itself. The House
impeached Trump on December 18, 2019, for abuse of power and obstruction
of Congress. The Senate acquitted him of both charges on February 5,
2020.
Personal life
Early life and education
A
black-and-white photograph of Donald Trump as a teenager, smiling and
wearing a dark pseudo-military uniform with various badges and a
light-colored stripe crossing his right shoulder
1964 yearbook photo
Donald
John Trump was born on June 14, 1946, at the Jamaica Hospital in the
borough of Queens, New York City.[2] His father was Frederick Christ
Trump, a Bronx-born real estate developer whose parents were German
immigrants. His mother was Scottish-born housewife Mary Anne MacLeod
Trump. Trump grew up in the Jamaica Estates neighborhood of Queens and
attended the Kew-Forest School from kindergarten through seventh
grade.[3][4] At age 13, he was enrolled in the New York Military
Academy, a private boarding school.[5] In 1964, Trump enrolled at
Fordham University. Two years later he transferred to the Wharton School
of the University of Pennsylvania.[6] While at Wharton, he worked at
the family business, Elizabeth Trump & Son.[7] He graduated in May
1968 with a B.S. in economics.[6][8] Profiles of Trump published in The
New York Times in 1973 and 1976 erroneously reported that he had
graduated first in his class at Wharton, but he had never made the
school's honor roll.[9] In 2015, Trump's lawyer Michael Cohen threatened
Fordham University and the New York Military Academy with legal action
if they released Trump's academic records.[10]
While in college,
Trump obtained four student draft deferments.[11] In 1966, he was deemed
fit for military service based upon a medical examination, and in July
1968 a local draft board classified him as eligible to serve.[12] In
October 1968, he was medically deferred and classified 1-Y (unqualified
for duty except in the case of a national emergency).[13] In 1972, he
was reclassified 4-F due to bone spurs, which permanently disqualified
him from service.[14][15] Trump said in 2015 that the medical deferment
was due to a bone spur in a foot, though he could not remember which
foot had been afflicted.[13]
Family
Main article: Family of Donald Trump
Further information: Trump family
Trump
is sworn in as president by Chief Justice John Roberts on January 20,
2017: Trump, wife Melania, and his children Donald Jr., Barron, Ivanka,
Eric, and Tiffany.
Trump's father, Fred, was born in 1905 in the
Bronx. He started working with his mother in real estate when he was 15.
Their company, "E. Trump & Son", founded in 1923,[16] was active in
the New York boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn, building and selling
thousands of houses, barracks, and apartments.[17] In spite of his
German ancestry, Fred claimed to be Swedish amid the anti-German
sentiment sparked by World War II; Trump repeated this claim until the
1990s.[18] Trump's mother Mary Anne MacLeod was born in Scotland.[19]
Fred and Mary were married in 1936 and raised their family in
Queens.[20] Trump grew up with three elder siblings – Maryanne, Fred
Jr., and Elizabeth – and younger brother Robert.[21]
In 1977,
Trump married Czech model Ivana Zelníčková.[22] They have three
children, Donald Jr. (born 1977), Ivanka (born 1981), and Eric (born
1984), and ten grandchildren.[23] Ivana became a naturalized United
States citizen in 1988.[24] The couple divorced in 1992, following
Trump's affair with actress Marla Maples.[25] Maples and Trump married
in 1993[26] and had one daughter, Tiffany (born 1993).[27] They were
divorced in 1999,[28] and Tiffany was raised by Marla in California.[29]
In 2005, Trump married Slovenian model Melania Knauss.[30] They have
one son, Barron (born 2006).[31] Melania gained U.S. citizenship in
2006.[32]
Religion
Trump is a Presbyterian and as a child was
confirmed at the First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica, Queens.[33] In
the 1970s, his parents joined the Marble Collegiate Church in
Manhattan.[34] The pastor at Marble, Norman Vincent Peale,[33]
ministered to Trump's family and mentored him until Peale's death in
1993.[35][34]
While campaigning, Trump referred to The Art of the
Deal as his second favorite book; he said, "Nothing beats the
Bible."[36] In November 2019, Trump appointed his personal pastor,
controversial televangelist Paula White, to the White House Office of
Public Liaison.[37]
Health and lifestyle
Trump abstains from
alcohol, a reaction to his older brother Fred Trump Jr.'s alcoholism and
early death.[38] He stated that he has never smoked cigarettes or
cannabis.[39] He likes fast food.[40] He has said he prefers three to
four hours of sleep per night.[41] He has called golfing his "primary
form of exercise",[42] although he usually does not walk the course.[43]
He considers exercise a waste of energy.[44][45]
In December
2015, Harold Bornstein, who had been Trump's personal physician since
1980, wrote in a letter that he would "be the healthiest individual ever
elected to the presidency".[46] In May 2018, Bornstein said Trump
himself had dictated the contents of the letter,[47] and that three
Trump agents had removed his medical records in February 2017 without
due authorization.[48]
In January 2018, White House physician
Ronny Jackson said Trump was in excellent health and that his cardiac
assessment revealed no issues.[49] Several outside cardiologists
commented that Trump's 2018 LDL cholesterol level of 143 did not
indicate excellent health.[50] In February 2019, after a new
examination, White House physician Sean Conley said Trump was in "very
good health overall", although he was clinically obese.[51] His 2019 ry
CT calcium scan score indicates he suffers from a form of ry artery
disease common for white men of his age.[52]
Wealth
Main article: Wealth of Donald Trump
See also: Tax returns of Donald Trump
In
1982, Trump was listed on the initial Forbes list of wealthy
individuals as having a share of his family's estimated $200 million net
worth. His financial losses in the 1980s caused him to be dropped from
the list between 1990 and 1995.[53] In its 2020 billionaires ranking,
Forbes estimated Trump's net worth at $2.1 billion[a] (1,001st in the
world, 275th in the U.S.)[56] making him one of the richest politicians
in American history and the first billionaire American president.[56]
During the three years since Trump announced his presidential run in
2015, Forbes estimated his net worth declined 31% and his ranking fell
138 spots.[57] When he filed mandatory financial disclosure forms with
the Federal Elections Commission (FEC) in July 2015, Trump claimed a net
worth of about $10 billion;[58] however FEC figures cannot corroborate
this estimate because they only show each of his largest buildings as
being worth over $50 million, yielding total assets worth more than $1.4
billion and debt over $265 million.[59] Trump said in a 2007
deposition, "My net worth fluctuates, and it goes up and down with
markets and with attitudes and with feelings, even my own feelings."[60]
Trump with King Fahd of Saudi Arabia, U.S. president Ronald Reagan, and his first wife Ivana Trump in 1985
Journalist
Jonathan Greenberg reported in April 2018 that Trump, using a pseudonym
"John Barron", called him in 1984 to falsely assert that he owned "in
excess of ninety percent" of the Trump family's business, in an effort
to secure a higher ranking on the Forbes 400 list of wealthy Americans.
Greenberg also wrote that Forbes had vastly overestimated Trump's wealth
and wrongly included him on the Forbes 400 rankings of 1982, 1983, and
1984.[61]
Trump has often said he began his career with "a small
loan of one million dollars" from his father, and that he had to pay it
back with interest.[62] In October 2018, The New York Times reported
that Trump "was a millionaire by age 8", borrowed at least $60 million
from his father, largely failed to reimburse him, and had received $413
million (adjusted for inflation) from his father's business empire over
his lifetime.[63][64] According to the report, Trump and his family
committed tax fraud, which a lawyer for Trump denied. The tax department
of New York says it is "vigorously pursuing all appropriate avenues of
investigation" into it.[65][66] Analyses by The Economist and The
Washington Post have concluded that Trump's investments underperformed
the stock market.[67][68] Forbes estimated in October 2018 that the
value of Trump's personal brand licensing business had declined by 88%
since 2015, to $3 million.[69]
Trump's tax returns from 1985 to
1994 show net losses totaling $1.17 billion over the ten-year period, in
contrast to his claims about his financial health and business
abilities. The New York Times reported that "year after year, Mr. Trump
appears to have lost more money than nearly any other individual
American taxpayer", and Trump's "core business losses in 1990 and 1991 –
more than $250 million each year – were more than double those of the
nearest taxpayers in the I.R.S. information for those years". In 1995
his reported losses were $915.7 million.[70][71]
Business career
Main article: Business career of Donald Trump
Further information: Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia
Real estate
Distinctive façade of Trump Tower, headquarters of the Trump Organization, in Midtown Manhattan
Trump
began his career in 1968 at his father Fred's real estate development
company, E. Trump & Son, which owned middle-class rental housing in
New York City's outer boroughs.[72][73] In 1971, he was named president
of the family company and renamed it The Trump Organization.[74]
Manhattan developments
Trump
attracted public attention in 1978 with the launch of his family's
first Manhattan venture, the renovation of the derelict Commodore Hotel,
adjacent to Grand Central Terminal. The financing was facilitated by a
$400 million city property tax abatement arranged by Fred Trump,[75] who
also joined Hyatt in guaranteeing $70 million in bank construction
financing.[76][77] The hotel reopened in 1980 as the Grand Hyatt
Hotel,[78] and that same year, Trump obtained rights to develop Trump
Tower, a mixed-use skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan.[79] The building
houses the headquarters of the Trump Organization and was Trump's
primary residence until 2019.[80][81]
In 1988, Trump acquired the
Plaza Hotel in Manhattan with a loan of $425 million from a consortium
of banks. Two years later, the hotel filed for bankruptcy protection,
and a reorganization plan was approved in 1992.[82] In 1995, Trump lost
the hotel to Citibank and investors from Singapore and Saudi Arabia, who
assumed $300 million of the debt.[83][84]
In 1996, Trump
acquired a vacant 71-story skyscraper at 40 Wall Street. After an
extensive renovation, the high-rise was renamed the Trump Building.[85]
In the early 1990s, Trump won the right to develop a 70-acre (28 ha)
tract in the Lincoln Square neighborhood near the Hudson River.
Struggling with debt from other ventures in 1994, Trump sold most of his
interest in the project to Asian investors who were able to finance
completion of the project, Riverside South. Trump temporarily retained a
partial stake in an adjacent site along with other investors.[86]
Palm Beach estate
Main article: Mar-a-Lago
Mar-a-Lago in 2009
In
1985, Trump acquired the Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, Florida.[87]
Trump used a wing of the estate as a home, while converting the
remainder into a private club with an initiation fee and annual
dues.[88] The initiation fee was $100,000 until 2016; it was doubled to
$200,000 in January 2017.[89] On September 27, 2019, Trump declared
Mar-a-Lago his primary residence.[81]
Atlantic City casinos
In
1984, Trump opened Harrah's at Trump Plaza hotel and casino in Atlantic
City, New Jersey with financing from the Holiday Corporation, who also
managed the operation. Gambling had been legalized there in 1977 in an
effort to revitalize the once-popular seaside destination.[90] Soon
after it opened the casino was renamed "Trump Plaza", but the property's
poor financial results worsened tensions between Holiday and Trump, who
paid Holiday $70 million in May 1986 to take sole control of the
property.[91] Earlier, Trump had also acquired a partially completed
building in Atlantic City from the Hilton Corporation for $320 million.
Upon its completion in 1985, that hotel and casino was called Trump
Castle. Trump's then-wife Ivana managed it until 1988.[92][93]
The entrance of the Trump Taj Mahal, a casino in Atlantic City. It has motifs evocative of the Taj Mahal in India.
Entrance of the Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City
Trump
acquired a third casino in Atlantic City, the Taj Mahal, in 1988 in a
highly leveraged transaction.[94] It was financed with $675 million in
junk bonds and completed at a cost of $1.1 billion, opening in April
1990.[95][96][97] The project went bankrupt the following year,[96] and
the reorganization left Trump with only half his initial ownership stake
and required him to pledge personal guarantees of future
performance.[98] Facing "enormous debt", he gave up control of his
money-losing airline, Trump Shuttle, and sold his 282-foot (86 m) mega
yacht, the Trump Princess, which had been indefinitely docked in
Atlantic City while leased to his casinos for use by wealthy
gamblers.[99][100]
In 1995, Trump founded Trump Hotels &
Casino Resorts (THCR), which assumed ownership of Trump Plaza, Trump
Castle, and the Trump Casino in Gary, Indiana.[101] THCR purchased the
Taj Mahal in 1996 and underwent successive bankruptcies in 2004, 2009,
and 2014, leaving Trump with only ten percent ownership.[102] He
remained chairman of THCR until 2009.[103]
Golf courses
Main article: Donald Trump and golf
A golf course. In the background is the Turnberry Hotel, a two-story hotel with white façade and a red roof.
Turnberry Hotel and golf course in Ayrshire, Scotland
The
Trump Organization began acquiring and constructing golf courses in
1999.[104] It owned 16 golf courses and resorts worldwide and operated
another two as of December 2016. According to Trump's FEC personal
financial disclosure, his 2015 golf and resort revenue amounted to $382
million.[105]
From his inauguration until the end of 2019, Trump spent around one out of every five days at one of his golf clubs.[106]
Branding and licensing
See also: List of things named after Donald Trump
Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago
After
the Trump Organization's financial losses in the early 1990s, it
refocused its business on branding and licensing the Trump name for
building projects that are owned and operated by other people and
companies.[107] In the late 2000s and early 2010s, it expanded this
branding and management business to hotel towers to locations around the
world, including Chicago; Las Vegas; Washington, D.C.; Panama City;
Toronto; and Vancouver. There were also Trump-branded buildings in
Dubai, Honolulu, Istanbul, Manila, Mumbai, and Indonesia.[108]
The
Trump name has also been licensed for various consumer products and
services, including foodstuffs, apparel, adult learning courses, and
home furnishings.[109][110] According to an analysis by The Washington
Post, there are more than fifty licensing or management deals involving
Trump's name, which have generated at least $59 million in yearly
revenue for his companies.[111] By 2018 only two consumer goods
companies continued to license his name.[110]
Lawsuits and bankruptcies
Main articles: Legal affairs of Donald Trump and List of lawsuits involving Donald Trump
As
of April 2018, Trump and his businesses had been involved in more than
4,000 state and federal legal actions, according to a running tally by
USA Today.[112] As of 2016, he or one of his companies had been the
plaintiff in 1,900 cases and the defendant in 1,450.[113]
While
Trump has not filed for personal bankruptcy, his over-leveraged hotel
and casino businesses in Atlantic City and New York filed for Chapter 11
bankruptcy protection six times between 1991 and 2009.[114][115] They
continued to operate while the banks restructured debt and reduced
Trump's shares in the properties.[114][115]
During the 1980s,
more than 70 banks had lent Trump $4 billion,[116] but in the aftermath
of his corporate bankruptcies of the early 1990s, most major banks
declined to lend to him, with only Deutsche Bank still willing to lend
money.[117]
In April 2019, the House Oversight Committee issued
subpoenas seeking financial details from Trump's banks, Deutsche Bank
and Capital One, and his accounting firm, Mazars USA. In response, Trump
sued the banks, Mazars, and committee chairman Elijah Cummings to
prevent the disclosures.[118][119] In May, DC District Court judge Amit
Mehta ruled that Mazars must comply with the subpoena,[120] and judge
Edgardo Ramos of the Southern District Court of New York ruled that the
banks must also comply.[121][122] Trump's attorneys appealed the
rulings,[123] arguing that Congress was attempting to usurp the
"exercise of law-enforcement authority that the Constitution reserves to
the executive branch".[124][125]
Side ventures
After taking
over control of the Trump Organization in 1971, Trump expanded its real
estate operations and ventured into other business activities. The
company eventually became the umbrella organization for several hundred
individual business ventures and partnerships.[126]
In September
1983, Trump purchased the New Jersey Generals, a team in the United
States Football League. After the 1985 season, the league folded largely
due to Trump's strategy of moving games to a fall schedule where they
competed with the NFL for audience, and trying to force a merger with
the NFL by bringing an antitrust lawsuit against the
organization.[127][128]
Trump's businesses have hosted several
boxing matches at the Atlantic City Convention Hall adjacent to and
promoted as taking place at the Trump Plaza in Atlantic City, including
Mike Tyson's 1988 heavyweight championship fight against Michael
Spinks.[129][130] In 1989 and 1990, Trump lent his name to the Tour de
Trump cycling stage race, which was an attempt to create an American
equivalent of European races such as the Tour de France or the Giro
d'Italia.[131]
In the late 1980s, Trump mimicked the actions of
Wall Street's so-called corporate raiders, whose tactics had attracted
wide public attention. Trump began to purchase significant blocks of
shares in various public companies, leading some observers to think that
he was engaged in the practice called greenmail, or feigning the intent
to acquire the companies and then pressuring management to repurchase
the buyer's stake at a premium. The New York Times found that Trump
initially made millions of dollars in such stock transactions, but later
"lost most, if not all, of those gains after investors stopped taking
his takeover talk seriously."[132][133][134]
Trump's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
In
1988, Trump purchased the defunct Eastern Air Lines shuttle, with 21
planes and landing rights in New York City, Boston, and Washington, D.C.
He financed the purchase with $380 million from 22 banks, rebranded the
operation the Trump Shuttle, and operated it until 1992. Trump failed
to earn a profit with the airline and sold it to USAir.[135]
From
1996 to 2015, Trump owned part of or all the Miss Universe pageants,
including Miss USA and Miss Teen USA.[136][137] Due to disagreements
with CBS about scheduling, he took both pageants to NBC in
2002.[138][139] In 2007, Trump received a star on the Hollywood Walk of
Fame for his work as producer of Miss Universe.[140] After NBC and
Univision dropped the pageants from their broadcasting lineups in June
2015,[141] Trump bought NBC's share of the Miss Universe Organization
and sold the entire company to the William Morris talent agency.[142]
Trump University
Main article: Trump University
In
2004, Trump co-founded a company called Trump University that sold real
estate training courses priced from $1,500 to $35,000.[143][144] After
New York State authorities notified the company that its use of the word
"university" violated state law, its name was changed to Trump
Entrepreneur Initiative in 2010.[145]
In 2013, the State of New
York filed a $40 million civil suit against Trump University; the suit
alleged that the company made false statements and defrauded
consumers.[146][147] In addition, two class-action civil lawsuits were
filed in federal court; they named Trump personally as well as his
companies. Internal documents revealed that employees were instructed to
use a hard-sell approach, and former employees said in depositions that
Trump University had defrauded or lied to its
students.[148][149][150][151][152] Shortly after he won the presidency,
Trump agreed to pay a total of $25 million to settle the three
cases.[153]
Foundation
Main article: Donald J. Trump Foundation
The
Donald J. Trump Foundation was a U.S.-based private foundation
established in 1988 for the initial purpose of giving away proceeds from
the book Trump: The Art of the Deal.[154][155] In the foundation's
final years its funds mostly came from donors other than Trump, who did
not donate any personal funds to the charity from 2009 until 2014.[156]
The foundation gave to health care and sports-related charities, as well
as conservative groups.[157]
In 2016, The Washington Post
reported that the charity had committed several potential legal and
ethical violations, including alleged self-dealing and possible tax
evasion.[158] Also in 2016, the New York State Attorney General's office
said the foundation appeared to be in violation of New York laws
regarding charities and ordered it to immediately cease its fundraising
activities in New York.[159][160] Trump's team announced in late
December 2016 that the Foundation would be dissolved to remove "even the
appearance of any conflict with [his] role as President".[161]
In
June 2018 the New York attorney general's office filed a civil suit
against the foundation, Trump himself, and his adult children, asking
for $2.8 million in restitution and additional penalties.[162][163] In
December 2018, the foundation ceased operation and disbursed all its
assets to other charities.[164] The following November, a New York state
judge ordered Trump to pay $2 million to a group of charities for
misusing the foundation's funds, in part to finance his presidential
campaign.[165][166]
Conflicts of interest
Tayyip Erdoğan, then the prime minister of Turkey, attended the opening of the Trump Towers Istanbul AVM in 2012.
Before
being inaugurated as president, Trump moved his businesses into a
revocable trust run by his eldest sons and a business
associate.[167][168] According to ethics experts, as long as Trump
continues to profit from his businesses, the measures taken by Trump do
not help to avoid conflicts of interest.[169] Because Trump would have
knowledge of how his administration's policies would affect his
businesses, ethics experts recommend that Trump sell off his
businesses.[168] While Trump said his organization would eschew "new
foreign deals", the Trump Organization has since pursued expansions of
its operations in Dubai, Scotland, and the Dominican Republic.[169]
Multiple
lawsuits have been filed alleging that Trump is violating the
Emoluments Clause of the United States Constitution, which forbids
presidents from taking money from foreign governments, due to his
business interests; they argue that these interests allow foreign
governments to influence him.[169][170] Previous presidents in the
modern era have either divested their holdings or put them in blind
trusts,[167] and he is the first president to be sued over the
emoluments clause.[170] According to The Guardian, "NBC News recently
calculated that representatives of at least 22 foreign governments –
including some facing charges of corruption or human rights abuses such
as Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Turkey and the Philippines – seem to have
spent funds at Trump properties while he has been president."[171] On
October 21, 2019, Trump mocked the Emoluments Clause as "phony".[172]
In
2015, Trump said he "makes a lot of money with" the Saudis and that
"they pay me millions and hundreds of millions."[173] And at a political
rally, Trump said about Saudi Arabia: "They buy apartments from me.
They spend $40 million, $50 million. Am I supposed to dislike them? I
like them very much."[174]
In December 2015, Trump said in a
radio interview that he had a "conflict of interest" in dealing with
Turkey and Turkish president Tayyip Erdoğan because of his Trump Towers
Istanbul, saying "I have a little conflict of interest because I have a
major, major building in Istanbul and it's a tremendously successful job
... It's called Trump Towers – two towers instead of one ... I've
gotten to know Turkey very well".[175][176]
Media career
Books
Main article: Bibliography of Donald Trump
Trump's
first ghostwritten book, The Art of the Deal (1987), was on the New
York Times Best Seller list for 48 weeks. According to The New Yorker,
"The book expanded Trump's renown far beyond New York City, promoting an
image of himself as a successful dealmaker and tycoon." Tony Schwartz,
who is credited as co-author, later said he did all the writing, backed
by Howard Kaminsky, then-head of Random House, the book's
publisher.[177] Two further lesser memoirs were published in 1990 and
1997.
WWF/E
Trump has had a sporadic relationship with
professional wrestling promotion World Wrestling
Federation/Entertainment and its owners Vince and Linda McMahon since
the late 1980s; in 1988 and 1989, WrestleMania IV and V, which took
place at the Atlantic City Convention Hall, were billed as taking place
at the nearby Trump Plaza.[178][179] He headlined the record-breaking
WrestleMania 23 in 2007 and was inducted into the celebrity wing of the
WWE Hall of Fame in 2013.[180]
The Apprentice
Main article: The Apprentice (American TV series)
In
2003, Trump became the co-producer and host of The Apprentice, a
reality show in which contestants competed for a one-year management job
with the Trump Organization, and Trump weeded out applicants with the
catchphrase "You're fired".[181] He later co-hosted The Celebrity
Apprentice, in which celebrities competed to win money for
charities.[181]
Acting
Main article: Donald Trump filmography
Trump
has made cameo appearances in eight films and television
shows[182][183] and performed a song as a Green Acres character with
Megan Mullally at the 57th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2005.[184]
Talk shows
Starting
in the 1990s, Trump was a guest about 24 times on the nationally
syndicated Howard Stern Show.[185] He also had his own short-form talk
radio program called Trumped! (one to two minutes on weekdays) from 2004
to 2008.[186][187] In 2011, he was given a weekly unpaid guest
commentator spot on Fox & Friends that continued until he started
his presidential candidacy in 2015.[188][189]
Political career
Main article: Political career of Donald Trump
Political activities up to 2015
Trump's
political party affiliation changed numerous times. He registered as a
Republican in Manhattan in 1987, switched to the Reform Party in 1999,
the Democratic Party in 2001, and back to the Republican Party in
2009.[190]
In 1987, Trump placed full-page advertisements in
three major newspapers,[191] advocating peace in Central America,
accelerated nuclear disarmament talks with the Soviet Union, and
reduction of the federal budget deficit by making American allies pay
"their fair share" for military defense.[192] He ruled out running for
local office but not for the presidency.[191]
2000 presidential campaign
Main article: Donald Trump 2000 presidential campaign
In
1999, Trump filed an exploratory committee to seek the nomination of
the Reform Party for the 2000 presidential election.[193][194] A July
1999 poll matching him against likely Republican nominee George W. Bush
and likely Democratic nominee Al Gore showed Trump with seven percent
support.[195] Trump dropped out of the race in February 2000.[196]
2012 presidential speculation
Trump
speculated about running for president in the 2012 election, making his
first speaking appearance at the Conservative Political Action
Conference (CPAC) in February 2011 and giving speeches in early primary
states.[197][198] In May 2011 he announced that he would not run.[197]
Trump's
presidential ambitions were generally not taken seriously at the
time.[199] Before the 2016 election, The New York Times speculated that
Trump "accelerated his ferocious efforts to gain stature within the
political world" after Obama lampooned him at the White House
Correspondents' Association Dinner in April 2011.[200]
In 2011
the then-superintendent of the New York Military Academy, Jeffrey
Coverdale, ordered the then-headmaster of the school, Evan Jones, to
give him Trump's academic records so that he could keep them secret,
according to Jones. Coverdale said he had been asked to add to hand the
records over to members of the school's board of trustees who were Mr.
Trump's friends, but he refused to give the records to anyone and
instead sealed Trump's records on campus. The incident reportedly
happened days after Trump demanded the release of President Barack
Obama's academic records.[201]
2013–2015
In 2013, Trump spoke
at CPAC again;[202] he railed against illegal immigration, bemoaned
Obama's "unprecedented media protection", advised against harming
Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security, and suggested that the
government "take" Iraq's oil and use the proceeds to pay a million
dollars each to families of dead soldiers.[203][204] He spent over $1
million that year to research a possible 2016 candidacy.[205]
In
October 2013, New York Republicans circulated a memo suggesting Trump
should run for governor of the state in 2014 against Andrew Cuomo. Trump
responded that while New York had problems and its taxes were too high,
he was not interested in the governorship.[206] A February 2014
Quinnipiac poll had shown Trump losing to the more popular Cuomo by 37
points in a hypothetical election.[207]
According to Trump's
attorney Michael Cohen, in May 2015 he sent letters to the New York
Military Academy and to Fordham, threatening legal action if the schools
ever released Trump's grades or SAT scores; Fordham confirmed receipt
of the letter as well as a phone call from a member of the Trump
team.[208]
2016 presidential campaign
Main article: Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign
Republican primaries
See also: 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries
Trump speaking behind a brown wooden podium, wearing a dark blue suit and a red tie. The podium sports a blue "TRUMP" sign.
Trump campaigning in Laconia, New Hampshire, July 2015
On
June 16, 2015, Trump announced his candidacy for President of the
United States at Trump Tower in Manhattan. In the speech, Trump
discussed illegal immigration, offshoring of American jobs, the U.S.
national debt, and Islamic terrorism, which all remained large
priorities during the campaign. He also announced his campaign slogan:
"Make America Great Again".[209] Trump said his wealth would make him
immune to pressure from campaign donors.[210] He declared that he was
funding his own campaign,[211] but according to The Atlantic, "Trump's
claims of self-funding have always been dubious at best and actively
misleading at worst."[212]
Trump's campaign was initially not taken seriously by political analysts, but he quickly rose to the top of opinion polls.[213]
On
Super Tuesday, Trump received the most votes, and he remained the
front-runner throughout the primaries. By March 2016, Trump was poised
to win the Republican nomination.[214] After a landslide win in Indiana
on May 3, 2016 – which prompted the remaining candidates Cruz and John
Kasich to suspend their presidential campaigns – RNC chairman Reince
Priebus declared Trump the presumptive Republican nominee.[215]
General election campaign
After
becoming the presumptive Republican nominee, Trump shifted his focus to
the general election. Trump began campaigning against Hillary Clinton,
who became the presumptive Democratic nominee on June 6, 2016.
Clinton
had established a significant lead over Trump in national polls
throughout most of 2016. In early July, Clinton's lead narrowed in
national polling averages following the FBI's re-opening of its
investigation into her ongoing email controversy.[216][217][218]
Donald
Trump and his running mate for vice president, Mike Pence. They appear
to be standing in front of a huge screen with the colors of the American
flag displayed on it. Trump is at left, facing toward the viewer and
making "thumbs-up" gestures. Pence is at right, facing Trump and
clapping.
Candidate Trump and running mate Mike Pence at the Republican National Convention, July 2016
On
July 15, 2016, Trump announced his selection of Indiana governor Mike
Pence as his running mate.[219] Four days later, the two were officially
nominated by the Republican Party at the Republican National
Convention.[220] The list of convention speakers and attendees included
former presidential nominee Bob Dole, but the other prior nominees did
not attend.[221][222]
On September 26, 2016, Trump and Clinton
faced off in their first presidential debate, which was held at Hofstra
University in Hempstead, New York.[223] The second presidential debate
was held at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. The final
presidential debate was held on October 19 at the University of Nevada,
Las Vegas. Trump's refusal to say whether he would accept the result of
the election, regardless of the outcome, drew particular attention, with
some saying it undermined democracy.[224][225]
Political positions
Main article: Political positions of Donald Trump
Trump's
campaign platform emphasized renegotiating U.S.–China relations and
free trade agreements such as NAFTA and the Trans-Pacific Partnership,
strongly enforcing immigration laws, and building a new wall along the
U.S.–Mexico border. His other campaign positions included pursuing
energy independence while opposing climate change regulations such as
the Clean Power Plan and the Paris Agreement, modernizing and expediting
services for veterans, repealing and replacing the Affordable Care Act,
abolishing Common Core education standards, investing in
infrastructure, simplifying the tax code while reducing taxes for all
economic classes, and imposing tariffs on imports by companies that
offshore jobs. During the campaign, he also advocated a largely
non-interventionist approach to foreign policy while increasing military
spending, extreme vetting or banning immigrants from Muslim-majority
countries[226] to pre-empt domestic Islamic terrorism, and aggressive
military action against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. During
the campaign Trump repeatedly called NATO "obsolete".[227][228]
His
political positions have been described as populist,[229][230][231] and
some of his views cross party lines. For example, his economic campaign
plan calls for deregulation and large reductions in income taxes,
consistent with Republican Party policies,[232] along with significant
infrastructure investment, usually considered a Democratic Party
policy.[233] Trump has supported or leaned toward varying political
positions over time.[234][235] Politico has described his positions as
"eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory",[236] while NBC News
counted "141 distinct shifts on 23 major issues" during his
campaign.[237]
Campaign rhetoric
In his campaign, Trump said
he disdained political correctness; he also said the media had
intentionally misinterpreted his words, and he made other claims of
adverse media bias.[238][239][240] In part due to his fame, and due to
his willingness to say things other candidates would not, and because a
candidate who is gaining ground automatically provides a compelling news
story, Trump received an unprecedented amount of free media coverage
during his run for the presidency, which elevated his standing in the
Republican primaries.[241]
Fact-checking organizations have
denounced Trump for making a record number of false statements compared
to other candidates.[242][243][244] At least four major publications –
Politico, The Washington Post, The New York Times, and the Los Angeles
Times – have pointed out lies or falsehoods in his campaign statements,
with the Los Angeles Times saying that "Never in modern presidential
politics has a major candidate made false statements as routinely as
Trump has".[245] NPR said Trump's campaign statements were often opaque
or suggestive.[246]
Trump's penchant for hyperbole is believed to
have roots in the New York real estate scene, where Trump established
his wealth and where puffery abounds.[247] Trump adopted his
ghostwriter's phrase "truthful hyperbole" to describe his public
speaking style.[247][248]
Support from the far right
According
to Michael Barkun, the Trump campaign was remarkable for bringing
fringe ideas, beliefs, and organizations into the mainstream.[249]
During his presidential campaign, Trump was accused of pandering to
white supremacists.[250][251][252] He retweeted open racists,[253][254]
and repeatedly refused to condemn David Duke, the Ku Klux Klan or white
supremacists, in an interview on CNN's State of the Union, saying he
would first need to "do research" because he knew nothing about Duke or
white supremacists.[255][256] Duke himself enthusiastically supported
Trump throughout the 2016 primary and election, and has said he and
like-minded people voted for Trump because of his promises to "take our
country back".[257][258]
After repeated questioning by reporters,
Trump said he disavowed David Duke and the KKK.[259] Trump said on
MSNBC's Morning Joe: "I disavowed him. I disavowed the KKK. Do you want
me to do it again for the 12th time? I disavowed him in the past, I
disavow him now."[259]
The alt-right movement coalesced around
Trump's candidacy,[260] due in part to its opposition to
multiculturalism and immigration.[261][262][263] Members of the
alt-right enthusiastically supported Trump's campaign.[264] In August
2016, he appointed Steve Bannon – the executive chairman of Breitbart
News – as his campaign CEO; Bannon described Breitbart News as "the
platform for the alt-right".[265] In an interview days after the
election, Trump condemned supporters who celebrated his victory with
Nazi salutes.[266][267]
Financial disclosures
As a
presidential candidate, Trump disclosed details of his companies,
assets, and revenue sources to the extent required by the FEC. His 2015
report listed assets above $1.4 billion and outstanding debts of at
least $265 million.[59][268] The 2016 form showed little change.[105]
Trump
has not released his tax returns, contrary to the practice of every
major candidate since 1976 and his promise in 2014 to do so if he ran
for office.[269] He said his tax returns were being audited, and his
lawyers had advised him against releasing them.[270] Trump has told the
press his tax rate was none of their business, and that he tries to pay
"as little tax as possible".[271]
In October 2016, portions of
Trump's state filings for 1995 were leaked to a reporter from The New
York Times. They show that Trump declared a loss of $916 million that
year, which could have let him avoid taxes for up to 18 years. During
the second presidential debate, Trump acknowledged using the deduction,
but declined to provide details such as the specific years it was
applied.[272]
On March 14, 2017, the first two pages of Trump's
2005 federal income tax returns were leaked to MSNBC. The document
states that Trump had a gross adjusted income of $150 million and paid
$38 million in federal taxes. The White House confirmed the authenticity
of the documents.[273][274]
On April 3, 2019, the House Ways and
Means Committee made a formal request to the Internal Revenue Service
for Trump's personal and business tax returns from 2013 to 2018, setting
a deadline of April 10.[275] That day, Treasury secretary Steven
Mnuchin said the deadline would not be met,[276] and the deadline was
extended to April 23, which also was not honored,[277] and on May 6
Mnuchin said the request would be denied.[278] On May 10, 2019,
committee chairman Richard Neal subpoenaed the Treasury Department and
the IRS for the returns and seven days later the subpoenas were
defied.[279][280] A fall 2018 draft IRS legal memo asserted that Trump
must provide his tax returns to Congress unless he invokes executive
privilege, contradicting the administration's justification for defying
the earlier subpoena.[281] Mnuchin asserted the memo actually addressed a
different matter.[282]
Election to the presidency
Main article: 2016 United States presidential election
2016 electoral vote results
On
November 8, 2016, Trump received 306 pledged electoral votes versus 232
for Clinton. The official counts were 304 and 227 respectively, after
defections on both sides.[283] Trump received nearly 2.9 million fewer
popular votes than Clinton, which made him the fifth person to be
elected president while losing the popular vote.[284][c] Clinton was
ahead nationwide with 65,853,514 votes (48.18%) to 62,984,828 votes
(46.09%).[287]
Trump's victory was considered a stunning
political upset by most observers, as polls had consistently showed
Hillary Clinton with a nationwide – though diminishing – lead, as well
as a favorable advantage in most of the competitive states. Trump's
support had been modestly underestimated throughout his campaign,[288]
and many observers blamed errors in polls, partially attributed to
pollsters overestimating Clinton's support among well-educated and
nonwhite voters, while underestimating Trump's support among white
working-class voters.[289] The polls were relatively accurate,[290] but
media outlets and pundits alike showed overconfidence in a Clinton
victory despite a large number of undecided voters and a favorable
concentration of Trump's core constituencies in competitive states.[291]
Trump
won 30 states, including Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, which
had been considered a blue wall of Democratic strongholds since the
1990s. Clinton won 20 states and the District of Columbia. Trump's
victory marked the return of a Republican White House combined with
control of both chambers of Congress.
Trump is the wealthiest
president in U.S. history, even after adjusting for inflation,[292] and
the oldest person to take office as president.[293] He is also the first
president who did not serve in the military or hold elective or
appointed government office prior to being elected.[294][295] Of the
43[d] previous presidents, 38 had held prior elective office, two had
not held elective office but had served in the Cabinet, and three had
never held public office but had been commanding generals.[295]
Protests
Main article: Protests against Donald Trump
Women's March in Washington on January 21, 2017, a day after the inauguration
Some
rallies during the primary season were accompanied by protests or
violence, including attacks on Trump supporters and vice versa both
inside and outside the venues.[297][298][299] Trump's election victory
sparked protests across the United States, in opposition to his policies
and his inflammatory statements. Trump initially said on Twitter that
these were "professional protesters, incited by the media", and were
"unfair", but he later tweeted, "Love the fact that the small groups of
protesters last night have passion for our great country."[300][301]
In
the weeks following Trump's inauguration, massive anti-Trump
demonstrations took place, such as the Women Marches, which gathered
2,600,000 people worldwide,[302] including 500,000 in Washington
alone.[303] Marches against his travel ban began across the country on
January 29, 2017, just nine days after his inauguration.[304]
2020 presidential campaign
Main article: Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign
Trump
signaled his intention to run for a second term by filing with the FEC
within a few hours of assuming the presidency.[305] This transformed his
2016 election committee into a 2020 reelection one.[306] Trump marked
the official start of the campaign with a rally in Melbourne, Florida,
on February 18, 2017, less than a month after taking office.[307] By
January 2018, Trump's reelection committee had $22 million in hand,[308]
and it had raised a total amount exceeding $67 million by December
2018.[309] Trump became the Republican presumptive nominee on March 17,
2020 after securing a majority of pledged delegates.[310]
Presidency
Main article: Presidency of Donald Trump
For a chronological guide to this subject, see Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency.
Early actions
See also: Presidential transition of Donald Trump and First 100 days of Donald Trump's presidency
Trump during his inauguration in 2017. From left, Barack Obama, Joe Biden, Chuck Schumer.
Trump
was inaugurated as the 45th president of the United States on January
20, 2017. During his first week in office, he signed six executive
orders: interim procedures in anticipation of repealing the Patient
Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare), withdrawal from the
Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations, reinstatement of the Mexico City
Policy, unlocking the Keystone XL and Dakota Access Pipeline
construction projects, reinforcing border security, and beginning the
planning and design process to construct a wall along the U.S. border
with Mexico.[311]
Upon inauguration, Trump delegated the
management of his real estate business to his sons Eric and Don Jr.[312]
His daughter Ivanka resigned from the Trump Organization and moved to
Washington, D.C., with her husband Jared Kushner. She serves as an
assistant to the President,[313] and he is a Senior Advisor in the White
House.[314]
On January 31, Trump nominated U.S. Appeals Court
judge Neil Gorsuch to fill the seat on the Supreme Court previously held
by Justice Antonin Scalia until his death on February 13, 2016.[315]
Domestic policy
Economy and trade
Main article: Economic policy of Donald Trump
See also: Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and Trump tariffs
The
economic expansion that began in June 2009 continued through Trump's
first three years in office. Throughout his presidency, he has
repeatedly and falsely characterized the economy as the best in American
history.[316]
In December 2017, Trump signed the Tax Cuts and
Jobs Act of 2017, which cut the corporate tax rate to 21 percent,
lowered personal tax brackets, increased child tax credit, doubled the
estate tax exemption to $11.2 million, and limited the state and local
tax deduction to $10,000.[317]
Trump speaking to automobile workers in Michigan, March 2017
Trump
is a skeptic of multilateral trade deals, as he believes they
indirectly incentivize unfair trade practices that then tend to go
unpoliced. He favors bilateral trade deals, as they allow one party to
pull out if the other party is believed to be behaving unfairly. Trump
favors neutral or positive balances of trade over negative balances of
trade, also known as a "trade deficit". Trump adopted his current
skeptical views toward trade liberalization in the 1980s, and he sharply
criticized NAFTA during the Republican primary campaign in
2015.[318][319][320] He withdrew the U.S. from the Trans-Pacific
Partnership (TPP) negotiations,[321] imposed tariffs on steel and
aluminum imports,[322] and launched a trade war with China by sharply
increasing tariffs on 818 categories (worth $50 billion) of Chinese
goods imported into the U.S.[323][324] On several occasions, Trump has
said incorrectly that these import tariffs are paid by China into the
U.S. Treasury.[325]
Energy and climate
Main article: Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration
Trump
rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.[326][327] Since his
election Trump has made large budget cuts to programs that research
renewable energy and has rolled back Obama-era policies directed at
curbing climate change.[328] In June 2017, Trump announced the
withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement, making the
U.S. the only nation in the world to not ratify the agreement.[329] At
the 2019 G7 summit, Trump skipped the sessions on climate change but
said afterward during a press conference that he is an
environmentalist.[330]
Trump has rolled back federal regulations
aimed at curbing greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, water
pollution, and the usage of toxic substances. He relaxed environmental
standards for federal infrastructure projects, while expanding permitted
areas for drilling and resource extraction. Trump also weakened
protections for animals.[331] Trump's energy policies aimed to boost the
production and exports of coal, oil, and natural gas.[332]
Government size and deregulation
Trump's
early policies have favored rollback and dismantling of government
regulations. He has signed 15 Congressional Review Act disapproval
resolutions to allow Congress to repeal executive regulations, the
second President to sign any such resolutions after the first CRA
resolution was passed in 2001, and the first President to sign more than
one such resolution.[333] During his first six weeks in office, he
delayed, suspended or reversed ninety federal regulations.[334][335]
On
January 30, 2017, Trump signed Executive Order 13771, which directed
that for every new regulation administrative agencies issue "at least
two existing regulations be identified for elimination."[336][337]
Agency defenders expressed opposition to Trump's criticisms, saying the
bureaucracy exists to protect people against well-organized, well-funded
interest groups.[338]
Health care
During his campaign, Trump
repeatedly vowed to repeal and replace Patient Protection and Affordable
Care Act (ACA or "Obamacare").[339] Shortly after taking office, he
urged Congress to repeal and replace it. In May of that year, the House
of Representatives voted to repeal it.[340] His first action as
President was Executive Order 13765, which increased flexibility "to the
maximum extent permitted by law" for the Cabinet to issue waivers,
deferrals, and exemptions for the law while attempting to give states
more flexibility.[341] Executive Order 13813 was subsequently issued,
designed to reduce regulations imposed under Obamacare by increasing
competition.[342] Trump has expressed a desire to "let Obamacare fail",
and the Trump administration has cut the ACA enrollment period in half
and drastically reduced funding for advertising and other ways to
encourage enrollment.[343][344][345] The 2017 tax bill effectively
repealed the ACA's individual health insurance mandate in
2019,[346][347][348] and a budget bill Trump signed in 2019 repealed the
Cadillac plan tax, medical device tax, and tanning tax.[349][350] As
president, Trump has falsely claimed he saved the coverage of
pre-existing conditions provided by ACA, while his administration
declined to challenge a lawsuit that would eliminate it.[351] As a 2016
candidate, Trump promised to protect funding for Medicare and other
social safety-net programs, but in January 2020 he suggested he was
willing to consider cuts to such programs.[352]
Social issues
Main article: Social policy of Donald Trump
Trump
favored modifying the 2016 Republican platform opposing abortion, to
allow for exceptions in cases of rape, incest, and circumstances
endangering the health of the mother.[353] He has said he is committed
to appointing "pro-life" justices.[354] He says he personally supports
"traditional marriage"[355] but considers the nationwide legality of
same-sex marriage a "settled" issue.[354] Despite the statement by Trump
and the White House saying they would keep in place a 2014 executive
order from the Obama administration which created federal workplace
protections for LGBT people,[356] in March 2017, the Trump
administration rolled back key components of the Obama administration's
workplace protections for LGBT people.[357]
Trump supports a
broad interpretation of the Second Amendment and says he is opposed to
gun control in general,[358][359] although his views have shifted over
time.[360] Trump opposes legalizing recreational marijuana but supports
legalizing medical marijuana.[361] He favors capital
punishment,[362][363] as well as the use of waterboarding and "a hell of
a lot worse" methods.[364][365]
Pardons and commutation
On
February 18, 2020, Trump pardoned white-collar criminals Michael Milken,
Bernard Kerik, and Edward J. DeBartolo Jr., and commuted former
Illinois governor Rod Blagojevich's 14-year corruption
sentence.[366][367]
On February 19, 2020, Assange's barrister
told the court that Dana Rohrabacher, who was then a Republican
Representative in the House, had visited Assange at the Ecuadorian
embassy in August 2017 and, on instructions from Trump, offered a pardon
if Assange said that Russia had no role in the 2016 Democratic National
Committee email leaks. The district judge hearing the case ruled that
the evidence is admissible in Assange's legal attempts to block
extradition to the U.S. "It is a complete fabrication", the White House
Press Secretary, Stephanie Grisham, told reporters. "The president
barely knows Dana Rohrabacher other than he's an ex-congressman. He's
never spoken to him on this subject or almost any subject." Trump had
previously invited Rohrabacher to the White House in April 2017.[368]
Immigration
Main article: Immigration policy of Donald Trump
Trump's
proposed immigration policies were a topic of bitter and contentious
debate during the campaign. He promised to build a more substantial wall
on the Mexico–United States border to keep out illegal immigrants and
vowed Mexico would pay for it.[369] He pledged to massively deport
illegal immigrants residing in the United States,[370] and criticized
birthright citizenship for creating "anchor babies".[371] He said
deportation would focus on criminals, visa overstays, and security
threats.[372] As president, he frequently described illegal immigration
as an "invasion" and conflated immigrants with the gang MS-13, though
research shows undocumented immigrants have a lower crime rate than
native-born Americans.[373]
Travel ban
Main articles: Executive Order 13769 and Executive Order 13780
Following
the November 2015 Paris attacks, Trump made a controversial proposal to
ban Muslim foreigners from entering the United States until stronger
vetting systems could be implemented.[374][375][376] He later reframed
the proposed ban to apply to countries with a "proven history of
terrorism".[377][378][379]
On January 27, 2017, Trump signed
Executive Order 13769, which suspended admission of refugees for 120
days and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan,
Syria, and Yemen for 90 days, citing security concerns. The order was
imposed without warning and took effect immediately.[380] Confusion and
protests caused chaos at airports.[381][382] Sally Yates, the acting
Attorney General, directed Justice Department lawyers not to defend the
executive order, which she deemed unenforceable and
unconstitutional;[383] Trump immediately dismissed her.[384] Multiple
legal challenges were filed against the order, and on February 5 a
federal judge in Seattle blocked its implementation
nationwide.[385][386] On March 6, Trump issued a revised order, which
excluded Iraq, gave specific exemptions for permanent residents, and
removed priorities for Christian minorities.[387][380] Again federal
judges in three states blocked its implementation.[388] On June 26,
2017, the Supreme Court ruled that the ban could be enforced on visitors
who lack a "credible claim of a bona fide relationship with a person or
entity in the United States".[389]
The temporary order was
replaced by Presidential Proclamation 9645 on September 24, 2017, which
permanently restricts travel from the originally targeted countries
except Iraq and Sudan, and further bans travelers from North Korea and
Chad, along with certain Venezuelan officials.[390] After lower courts
partially blocked the new restrictions, the Supreme Court allowed the
September version to go into full effect on December 4,[391] and
ultimately upheld the travel ban in a June 2019 ruling.[392]
Family separation at border
Main article: Trump administration family separation policy
In
April 2018, Trump enacted a "zero tolerance" immigration policy that
temporarily took adults irregularly entering the U.S. into custody for
criminal prosecution and forcibly separated children from parents,
eliminating the policy of previous administrations, which had made
exceptions for families with children.[393][394] By mid-June, more than
2,300 children had been placed in shelters, including Department of
Health and Human Services-designated "tender age" shelters for children
under thirteen,[395] culminating in demands from Democrats, Republicans,
Trump allies, and religious groups that the policy be rescinded.[396]
Trump falsely asserted that his administration was merely following the
law.[397][398][399] On June 20, Trump signed an executive order to end
family separations at the U.S. border.[400] On June 26 a federal judge
in San Diego issued a preliminary injunction requiring the Trump
administration to stop detaining immigrant parents separately from their
minor children, and to reunite family groups who had been separated at
the border.[401]
2018–2019 federal government shutdown
Trump examines border wall prototypes in Otay Mesa, California
Main article: 2018–19 United States federal government shutdown
On
December 22, 2018, the federal government was partially shut down after
Trump declared that any funding extension must include $5.6 billion in
federal funds for a U.S.–Mexico border wall to partly fulfill his
campaign promise.[402] The shutdown was caused by a lapse in funding for
nine federal departments, affecting about one-fourth of federal
government activities.[403] Trump said he would not accept any bill that
did not include funding for the wall, and Democrats, who control the
House, said they would not support any bill that does. Senate
Republicans have said they will not advance any legislation that Trump
would not sign.[404] In earlier negotiations with Democratic leaders,
Trump commented that he would be "proud to shut down the government for
border security".[405]
Foreign policy
Main article: Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration
Trump with Angela Merkel, Emmanuel Macron, Justin Trudeau and other leaders at the 45th G7 summit in France
Trump, King Salman of Saudi Arabia, and Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi at the 2017 Riyadh summit in Saudi Arabia
Trump
has been described as a non-interventionist[406][407] and an American
nationalist.[408] He has repeatedly said he supports an "America First"
foreign policy.[409] He supports increasing United States military
defense spending,[408] but favors decreasing United States spending on
NATO and in the Pacific region.[410] He says America should look inward,
stop "nation building", and re-orient its resources toward domestic
needs.[407]
His foreign policy has been marked by repeated praise
and support of neo-nationalist and authoritarian strongmen and
criticism of democratically-led governments.[411] Trump has cited
China's president Xi Jinping,[412] Philippines president Rodrigo
Duterte,[413] Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi,[414] Turkey's
president Tayyip Erdoğan,[415] King Salman of Saudi Arabia,[416] Italy's
prime minister Giuseppe Conte,[417] Brazil's president Jair
Bolsonaro,[418] Indian prime minister Narendra Modi,[419] and Hungarian
prime minister Viktor Orbán as examples of good leaders.[420] Trump has
also praised Poland under the EU-skeptic, anti-immigrant Law and Justice
party (PiS) as a defender of Western civilization.[421][422]
ISIS and war
In
April 2017, Trump ordered a missile strike against a Syrian airfield in
retaliation for the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack.[423] According to
investigative journalist Bob Woodward, Trump had ordered his defense
secretary James Mattis to assassinate Syrian president Bashar al-Assad
after the chemical attack, but Mattis declined; Trump denied doing
so.[424] In April 2018, he announced missile strikes against Assad's
regime, following a suspected chemical attack near Damascus.[425]
In
December 2018, Trump declared "we have won against ISIS," and ordered
the withdrawal of all troops from Syria, contradicting Department of
Defense assessments.[426][427][428] Mattis resigned the next day over
disagreements in foreign policy, calling this decision an abandonment of
Kurd allies who had played a key role in fighting ISIS.[429] One week
after his announcement, Trump said he would not approve any extension of
the American deployment in Syria.[430] On January 6, 2019, national
security advisor John Bolton announced America would remain in Syria
until ISIS is eradicated and Turkey guarantees it will not strike
America's Kurdish allies.[431]
Trump actively supported the Saudi
Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Houthis and signed a $110
billion agreement to sell arms to Saudi Arabia.[432][433][434] Trump
also praised his relationship with Saudi Arabia's powerful Crown Prince
Mohammad bin Salman.[432]
U.S. troop numbers in Afghanistan
increased from 8,500 to 14,000, as of January 2017,[435] reversing
Trump's pre-election position critical of further involvement in
Afghanistan.[436] U.S. officials said then that they aimed to "force the
Taliban to negotiate a political settlement"; in January 2018, however,
Trump spoke against talks with the Taliban.[437]
Trump with Turkish president Erdoğan in November 2019
In
October 2019, after Trump spoke to Turkish president Recep Tayyip
Erdoğan, the White House acknowledged that Turkey would be carrying out a
planned military offensive into northern Syria; as such, U.S. troops in
northern Syria were withdrawn from the area to avoid interference with
that operation. The statement also passed responsibility for the area's
captured ISIS fighters to Turkey.[438] In the following days, Trump
suggested that the Kurds intentionally released ISIS prisoners in order
to gain sympathy, suggested that they were fighting only for their own
financial interests, suggested that some of them were worse than ISIS,
and termed them "no angels".[439]
Congress members of both
parties denounced the move, including Republican allies of Trump such as
Senator Lindsey Graham. They argued that the move betrayed the
American-allied Kurds, and would benefit ISIS, Turkey, Russia, Iran, and
Bashar al-Assad's Syrian regime.[440] Trump defended the move, citing
the high cost of supporting the Kurds, and the lack of support from the
Kurds in past U.S. wars.[441][442] After the U.S. pullout, Turkey
proceeded to attack Kurdish-controlled areas in northeastern Syria.[443]
On October 16, the United States House of Representatives, in a rare
bipartisan vote of 354 to 60, "condemned" Trump's withdrawal of U.S.
troops from Syria for "abandoning U.S. allies, undermining the struggle
against ISIS, and spurring a humanitarian catastrophe".[444][445]
Iran
See
also: Iran–United States relations § 2017–present: Trump
administration, United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive
Plan of Action, and 2019–20 Persian Gulf crisis
Trump has
described the regime in Iran as "the rogue regime", although he has also
asserted he does not seek regime change.[446][447] He has repeatedly
criticized the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA or "Iran
nuclear deal") that was negotiated with the United States, Iran, and
five other world powers in 2015, calling it "terrible" and saying the
Obama administration had negotiated the agreement "from
desperation".[448][449][450]
Following Iran's ballistic missile
tests on January 29, 2017, the Trump administration imposed sanctions on
25 Iranian individuals and entities in February 2017.[451][452][453]
Trump reportedly lobbied "dozens" of European officials against doing
business with Iran during the May 2017 Brussels summit; this likely
violated the terms of the JCPOA, under which the U.S. may not pursue
"any policy specifically intended to directly and adversely affect the
normalization of trade and economic relations with Iran". The Trump
administration certified in July 2017 that Iran had upheld its end of
the agreement.[454] On August 2, 2017, Trump signed into law the
Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) that
grouped together sanctions against Iran, Russia, and North Korea.[455]
On May 18, 2018, Trump announced the United States' unilateral departure
from the JCPOA.[449]
In May 2017, strained relations between the
U.S. and Iran escalated when Trump deployed military bombers and a
carrier group to the Persian Gulf. Trump hinted at war on social media,
provoking a response from Iran for what Iranian foreign minister Javad
Zarif called "genocidal taunts".[456][457][458] Trump and Saudi Crown
Prince Mohammad bin Salman are allies in the conflict with Iran.[459]
Trump approved the deployment of additional U.S. troops to Saudi Arabia
and the United Arab Emirates following the attack on Saudi oil
facilities which the United States has blamed on Iran.[460] He also
ordered a targeted U.S. airstrike on January 2, 2020, which killed
Iranian Major General and IRGC Quds Force commander Qasem Soleimani and
Iraqi Popular Mobilization Forces commander Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, as
well as eight other people.[461] Trump publicly threatened to attack
Iranian cultural sites if Iran retaliated; such an attack by the U.S.
would violate international law.[462] On January 8, 2020, the Islamic
Revolutionary Guard Corps launched multiple ballistic missiles on two
U.S. airbases in Iraq.[463]
Israel
See also: Israel–United States relations § Trump administration (2017–present)
Trump and Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu at Yad Vashem, May 2017
Trump
has supported the policies of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin
Netanyahu.[464] He officially recognized Jerusalem as the capital of
Israel on December 6, 2017, despite criticism and warnings from world
leaders. He subsequently opened a new U.S. embassy in Jerusalem in May
2018.[465][466] The United Nations General Assembly condemned the move,
adopting a resolution that "calls upon all States to refrain from the
establishment of diplomatic missions in the Holy City of
Jerusalem".[467][468] In March 2019, Trump reversed decades of U.S.
policy by recognizing Israel's annexation of the Golan Heights,[469] a
move condemned by the European Union and the Arab League.[470]
China
See also: China–United States relations § Trump's presidency (2017–), and China–United States trade war
Before
and during his presidency, Trump has repeatedly accused China of taking
unfair advantage of the U.S.[471] During his presidency, Trump has
launched a trade war against China, sanctioned Huawei for its alleged
ties to Iran,[472] significantly increased visa restrictions on Chinese
nationality students and scholars[473][474] and classified China as a
"currency manipulator".[475] In the wake of the significant
deterioration of relations, many political observers have warned against
a new cold war between China and the U.S.[476][477][478]
North Korea
See also: North Korea–United States relations
Trump meets Kim Jong-un at the Singapore summit, June 2018.
In
2017, North Korea's nuclear weapons became increasingly seen as a
serious threat to the United States.[479][480][481] In August, Trump
dramatically escalated his rhetoric against North Korea, warning that
further provocations against the U.S. would be met with "fire and fury
like the world has never seen".[482] In response, North Korean leader
Kim Jong-un threatened to direct a missile test toward Guam.[483]
On
June 12, 2018, Trump and Kim held a summit in Singapore,[484] resulting
in North Korea affirming its intention "to work toward complete
denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula."[485][486] A second summit
took place in February 2019, in Hanoi, Vietnam.[487] It ended abruptly
without an agreement, both sides blaming each other and offering
differing accounts of the negotiations.[487][488] On June 30, 2019,
Trump, Kim, and South Korean President Moon Jae-in held brief talks in
the Korean Demilitarized Zone, marking the first time a sitting U.S.
president had set foot on North Korean soil. They agreed to resume
negotiations.[489] Bilateral talks began in Stockholm on October 5, but
broke down after one day.[490]
Russia
See also: Russia–United States relations
Putin and Trump at the G20 Osaka summit, June 2019
During
his campaign and as president, Trump has repeatedly asserted that he
desires better relations with Russia,[491][492] and he has praised
Russian president Vladimir Putin as a strong leader.[493][494] He also
said Russia could help the U.S. in its fight against ISIS.[495]
According to Putin and some political experts and diplomats, the
U.S.–Russian relations, which were already at the lowest level since the
end of the Cold War, have further deteriorated since Trump took office
in January 2017.[496][497][498]
After Trump met Putin at the
Helsinki Summit on July 16, 2018, Trump drew bipartisan criticism for
siding with Putin's denial of Russian interference in the 2016
presidential election, rather than accepting the findings of the United
States intelligence community.[499][500][501]
Trump has
criticized Russia about Syria,[502] Ukraine,[503] North Korea,[504]
Venezuela,[505] and the Skripal poisoning,[506] but has sent mixed
messages regarding Crimea.[507][508][509] He forbade U.S. oil companies
from drilling in Russia.[510]
Cuba
See also: Cuba–United States relations
In
November 2017, the Trump administration tightened the rules on trade
with Cuba and individual visits to the country, undoing the Obama
administration's loosening of restrictions. According to an
administration official, the new rules were intended to hinder trade
with businesses with ties to the Cuban military, intelligence and
security services.[511]
Venezuela
See also: United States–Venezuela relations
Trump with Venezuela's opposition leader and interim president, Juan Guaidó, at the White House, February 2020
On
August 11, 2017, Trump said he is "not going to rule out a military
option" to confront the government of Nicolás Maduro.[512] In September
2018, Trump called "for the restoration of democracy in Venezuela" and
said that "socialism has bankrupted the oil-rich nation and driven its
people into abject poverty."[513] On January 23, 2019, Maduro announced
that Venezuela was breaking ties with the United States following
Trump's announcement of recognizing Juan Guaidó, the Venezuelan
opposition leader, as the interim president of Venezuela.[514]
NATO
Trump and NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg, April 2017
As
a candidate, Trump questioned whether he, as president, would
automatically extend security guarantees to NATO members,[515] and
suggested that he might leave NATO unless changes are made to the
alliance.[516] As president, he reaffirmed the U.S. commitment to NATO
in March 2017.[517] However, he has repeatedly accused fellow NATO
members of paying less than their fair share of the expenses of the
alliance.[518]
In January 2019, The New York Times quoted senior
administration officials as saying Trump has privately suggested on
multiple occasions that the United States should withdraw from
NATO.[519] The next day Trump said the United States is going to "be
with NATO one hundred percent" but repeated that the other countries
have to "step up" and pay more.[520]
Personnel
Main articles: Political appointments by Donald Trump and Cabinet of Donald Trump
See also: Formation of Donald Trump's Cabinet
Cabinet meeting, March 2017
The
Trump administration has been characterized by high turnover,
particularly among White House staff. By the end of Trump's first year
in office, 34 percent of his original staff had resigned, been fired, or
been reassigned.[521] As of early July 2018, 61 percent of Trump's
senior aides had left[522] and 141 staffers had left in the past
year.[523] Both figures set a record for recent presidents – more change
in the first 13 months than his four immediate predecessors saw in
their first two years.[524] Notable early departures included National
Security Advisor Mike Flynn (after just 25 days in office), Chief of
Staff Reince Priebus, replaced by retired Marine general John F. Kelly
on July 28, 2017,[525] and Press Secretary Sean Spicer.[524] Close
personal aides to Trump such as Steve Bannon, Hope Hicks, John McEntee
and Keith Schiller, have quit or been forced out.[526]
Trump's
cabinet nominations included U.S. senator from Alabama Jeff Sessions as
Attorney General,[527] financier Steve Mnuchin as Secretary of the
Treasury,[528] retired Marine Corps general James Mattis as Secretary of
Defense,[529] and ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson as Secretary of
State.[530] Trump also brought on board politicians who had opposed him
during the presidential campaign, such as neurosurgeon Ben Carson as
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development,[531] and South Carolina
governor Nikki Haley as Ambassador to the United Nations.[532]
Two
of Trump's 15 original cabinet members were gone within 15 months:
Health and Human Services Secretary Tom Price was forced to resign in
September 2017 due to excessive use of private charter jets and military
aircraft, and Trump replaced Secretary of State Rex Tillerson with Mike
Pompeo in March 2018 over disagreements on foreign policy.[533][526]
EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt resigned in July 2018 amidst multiple
investigations into his conduct,[534] while Interior Secretary Ryan
Zinke resigned five months later as he also faced multiple
investigations.[535]
Trump has been slow to appoint second-tier
officials in the executive branch, saying that many of the positions are
unnecessary. In October 2017, there were still hundreds of sub-cabinet
positions without a nominee.[536] By January 8, 2019, of 706 key
positions, 433 had been filled (61%) and Trump had no nominee for 264
(37%).[537]
Dismissal of James Comey
Main article: Dismissal of James Comey
On
May 9, 2017, Trump dismissed FBI director James Comey. He first
attributed this action to recommendations from Attorney General Jeff
Sessions and Deputy AG Rod Rosenstein,[538] which criticized Comey's
conduct in the investigation about Hillary Clinton's emails.[539] On May
11, Trump said he was concerned with the ongoing "Russia thing"[540]
and that he had intended to fire Comey earlier, regardless of DOJ
advice.[541]
According to a Comey memo of a private conversation
on February 14, 2017, Trump said he "hoped" Comey would drop the
investigation into National Security Advisor Michael Flynn.[542] In
March and April, Trump had told Comey the ongoing suspicions formed a
"cloud" impairing his presidency,[543] and asked him to publicly state
that he was not personally under investigation.[544] He also asked
intelligence chiefs Dan Coats and Michael Rogers to issue statements
saying there was no evidence that his campaign colluded with Russia
during the 2016 election.[545] Both refused, considering this an
inappropriate request, although not illegal.[546] Comey eventually
testified on June 8 that while he was director, the FBI investigations
did not target Trump himself.[543][547]
virus pandemic
Trump conducting press briefing on March 15, 2020, at White House press briefing room
Trump
conducting press briefing on April 1, 2020. Yellow signs on the backs
of chairs mandate social distancing for members of the press.
Main article: 2020 virus pandemic in the United States
In
December 2019, an outbreak of virus disease 2019 () was first
identified in Wuhan, Hubei, China, spreading worldwide within
weeks.[548][549] The first confirmed case in the United States was
reported on January 20, 2020.[550] On January 31, Health and Human
Services Secretary Alex Azar announced a partial ban on travel to the
U.S. from China, effective February 2.[551] Trump was slow to address
the pandemic, initially dismissing the imminent threat and ignoring
calls for action from government medical experts including
Azar.[552][553][554] Throughout January and February, he rejected
persistent public health warnings from officials within his
administration, focusing instead on economic and political
considerations of the outbreak.[555] He continued to claim that a
vaccine was months away, although HHS and CDC officials had repeatedly
told him it would take 12–18 months to develop a vaccine.[556][557]
Trump also exaggerated the availability of testing for the virus,
falsely claiming that "Anybody that wants a test can get a test," even
though availability of tests was severely limited.[558][559]
On
March 6, Trump signed the virus Preparedness and Response Supplemental
Appropriations Act into law, which provided $8.3 billion in emergency
funding for federal agencies.[560] On March 11, Trump gave his first
serious assessment of the virus in a nationwide Oval Office address,
stating that the outbreak was "a temporary moment" and that there was no
financial crisis.[561] On March 13 he declared a national emergency,
freeing up federal resources.[562][563][564] In a March 16 press
conference, Trump acknowledged for the first time that the pandemic was
"not under control"; that the situation was "bad"; and that months of
disruption to daily lives and a recession might occur.[565]
Beginning
in mid-March, Trump held a daily press conference, joined by medical
experts and other administration officials,[566] sometimes disagreeing
with them by promoting unproven treatments.[567] Trump also frequently
criticized rival presidential candidate Joe Biden; praised his own
response to the pandemic; and denounced members of the White House press
corps.[566][568][569] Trump's repeated use of the terms "Chinese virus"
and "China virus" to describe drew criticism from the media, health
experts, the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Chinese
government.[570][571][572] By mid-April 2020, some national news
agencies began limiting live coverage of Trump's daily press briefings,
with The Washington Post reporting that "propagandistic and false
statements from Trump alternate with newsworthy pronouncements from
members of his virus task force, particularly virus response coordinator
Deborah Birx and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Director Anthony S. Fauci."[573]
Anti-lockdown protest at the Ohio Statehouse, April 18, 2020
In
April 2020, Republican-connected groups organized anti-lockdown
protests against the measures state governments were taking to combat
the pandemic;[574][575] Trump encouraged the protests on Twitter.[576]
Public profile
Approval ratings
Further information: Opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration
Polling
suggests that Trump is the most unpopular president since Harry
Truman.[577] At the end of his second year, his two-year average Gallup
approval rating was the lowest of any president since World War II.[578]
As of February 2020, his Gallup rating has ranged from a low of 35%
approval to a high of 49%.[579][580] His approval and disapproval
ratings have been unusually stable.[581][582]
In Gallup's
end-of-year poll asking Americans to name the man they admire the most,
Trump placed second to Obama in 2017 and 2018, and tied with Obama for
most admired man in 2019.[583] Trump is the first elected president not
to be named most admired in his first year in office.[584]
False statements
Main article: Veracity of statements by Donald Trump
Fact-checkers
from The Washington Post[585] and from the Toronto Star[586] and
CNN[587] compiled data on "false or misleading claims" (orange
background), and "false claims" (violet foreground), respectively.
As
president, Trump has frequently made false statements in public
speeches and remarks.[588][589][590] The statements have been documented
by fact-checkers; academics and the media have widely described the
phenomenon as unprecedented in American politics.[591][592][248] This
trait of his was similarly observed when he was a presidential
candidate.[593][594] His falsehoods have also become a distinctive part
of his political identity.[592]
Trump uttered "at least one false
or misleading claim per day on 91 of his first 99 days" in office,
according to The New York Times,[588] and 1,318 total in his first 263
days in office, according to the "Fact Checker" political analysis
column of The Washington Post.[595] By the Post's tally, it took Trump
601 days to reach 5,000 false or misleading statements and another 226
days to reach the 10,000 mark.[596] For the seven weeks leading up to
the midterm elections, it rose to an average of thirty per day[597] from
4.9 during his first hundred days in office.[598] The Post's reported
tally is 18,000 as of April 3, 2020,[585] with the 2019 total more than
double the cumulative total of 2017 and 2018.[599]
Racial views
Main article: Racial views of Donald Trump
Trump
has made numerous comments and actions that have been characterized
both within the U.S. and abroad as racially charged or racist.[600]
Trump has repeatedly denied he is racist, asserting "I am the least
racist person there is anywhere in the world".[601] Many of his
supporters say the way he speaks reflects his rejection of political
correctness, while others accept it because they share such
beliefs.[602][603]
Several studies and surveys have found that
racist attitudes fueled Trump's political ascendance and have been more
important than economic factors in determining the allegiance of Trump
voters.[603][604] In a June 2018 Quinnipiac University poll, 49 percent
of respondents believed he was racist, while 47 percent believed he was
not.[605] Additionally, 55 percent said he "has emboldened people who
hold racist beliefs to express those beliefs publicly".[606]
In
1975, he settled a 1973 Department of Justice lawsuit that alleged
housing discrimination against black renters.[73] He has also been
accused of racism for insisting a group of black and Latino teenagers
were guilty of raping a white woman in the 1989 Central Park jogger
case, even after they were exonerated by DNA evidence in 2002. He has
maintained his position on the matter into 2019.[607]
Trump
launched his political career in 2011 as a leading proponent of
"birther" conspiracy theories alleging that Barack Obama, the first
black U.S. president, was not born in the United States.[608][609] In
April 2011, Trump claimed credit for pressuring the White House to
publish the "long-form" birth certificate, which he considered
fraudulent, and later saying this made him "very popular".[610][611] In
September 2016, he acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S. and
falsely claimed that the rumors had been started by Hillary Clinton
during her 2008 presidential campaign.[612]
According to an
analysis in Political Science Quarterly, Trump made "explicitly racist
appeals to whites" during his 2016 presidential campaign.[613] In
particular, his campaign launch speech drew widespread criticism for
claiming Mexican immigrants were "bringing drugs, they're bringing
crime, they're rapists".[614][615] His later comments about a
Mexican-American judge presiding over a civil suit regarding Trump
University were also criticized as racist.[616]
File:President Trump Gives a Statement on the Infrastructure Discussion.webmPlay media
Trump answers questions from reporters about the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville.
Trump's
comments in reaction to the 2017 Charlottesville far-right rally were
interpreted as implying a moral equivalence between white supremacist
demonstrators and counter-protesters.[617]
In a January 2018 Oval
Office meeting to discuss immigration legislation, he reportedly
referred to El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, and African nations as
"shithole countries".[618] His remarks were condemned as racist
worldwide, as well as by many members of Congress.[619][620]
In
July 2019, Trump tweeted that four Democratic members of Congress – all
four minority women, three of them native-born Americans – should "go
back" to the countries they "came from".[621] Two days later the House
of Representatives voted 240–187, mostly along party lines, to condemn
his "racist comments".[622] White nationalist publications and social
media sites praised his remarks, which continued over the following
days.[623]
Allegations of sexual misconduct
Main articles: Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations and Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape
Twenty-two
women have publicly accused Trump of sexual misconduct as of June 2019.
There were allegations of rape, violence, being kissed and groped
without consent, looking under women's skirts, and walking in on naked
women.[624] In 2016, he denied all accusations, calling them "false
smears", and alleged there was a conspiracy against him.[625]
In
October 2016, two days before the second presidential debate, a 2005
"hot mic" recording surfaced in which Trump was heard bragging about
forcibly kissing and groping women, saying "when you're a star, they let
you do it, you can do anything ... grab 'em by the pussy."[626] The
incident's widespread media exposure led to Trump's first public apology
during the campaign,[627] and caused outrage across the political
spectrum.[628]
Allegations of inciting violence
Some research
suggests Trump's rhetoric causes an increased incidence of hate
crimes.[629][630][631] During the 2016 campaign, he sometimes urged or
praised physical attacks against protesters or reporters.[632][633]
Since then, some individuals or their attorneys have cited Trump's
rhetoric as a defense for their hate speech or violent actions.[634] In
August 2019 it was reported that a man who allegedly assaulted a minor
for perceived disrespect toward the national anthem had cited Trump's
rhetoric in his own defense.[635] It was also reported in August 2019
that a nationwide review conducted by ABC News had identified at least
36 criminal cases where Trump was invoked in direct connection with
violence or threats of violence. Of these, 29 were based around someone
echoing presidential rhetoric, while the other seven were someone
protesting it or not having direct linkage.[636]
Relationship with the press
Further information: Presidency of Donald Trump § Relationship with the news media
Trump talking to the press, March 2017
Throughout
his career, Trump has sought media attention. His interactions with the
press turned into what some sources called a "love-hate"
relationship.[637][638][639] Trump began promoting himself in the press
in the 1970s.[640] Fox News anchor Bret Baier and former House speaker
Paul Ryan have characterized Trump as a "troll" who makes controversial
statements to see people's "heads explode".[641][642]
Throughout
his 2016 presidential campaign and his presidency, Trump has repeatedly
accused the press of intentionally misinterpreting his words and of
being biased, calling them "fake news media" and "the enemy of the
people".[238][643] In the campaign, Trump benefited from a record amount
of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican
primaries.[241] New York Times writer Amy Chozick wrote in September
2018 that one of the reasons for Trump's appeal was his media dominance.
To answer the question of why the U.S. public could not stop being
enthralled by his actions, she wrote "Even in the so-called golden age
of TV, Mr. Trump hasn't just dominated water-cooler conversation; he's
sucked the water right out, making all other entertainment from N.F.L.
games to awards shows pale in comparison."[644] Chozick quoted Brent
Montgomery, the creator of the reality TV show Pawn Stars, saying "Part
of what he's doing that makes it feel like a reality show is that he is
feeding you something every night. You can't afford to miss one episode
or you're left behind."[644]
After winning the election, Trump
told journalist Lesley Stahl he intentionally demeaned and discredited
the media "so when you write negative stories about me no one will
believe you".[645] Into his presidency, Trump has described negative
media coverage as "fake news".[646] Trump has privately and publicly
mused about taking away critical reporters' White House press
credentials.[647] His administration moved to revoke the press passes of
two White House reporters, which were restored by the courts.[648] In
2019, a member of the foreign press reported many of the same concerns
as those of media in the U.S., expressing concern that a normalization
process by reporters and media results in an inaccurate characterization
of Trump.[649] The Trump White House held about a hundred formal press
briefings in 2017, declining by half during 2018 and to two in
2019.[648]
In early 2020 the Trump campaign sued The New York Times, The Washington Post, and CNN for alleged defamation.[650][651]
Popular culture
Main articles: Donald Trump in popular culture and Donald Trump in music
Trump
has been the subject of comedians, Flash cartoon artists, and online
caricature artists. He has been parodied regularly on Saturday Night
Live by Phil Hartman, Darrell Hammond, and Alec Baldwin, and in South
Park as Mr. Garrison. The Simpsons episode "Bart to the Future", written
during his 2000 campaign for the Reform party, anticipated a future
Trump presidency. A dedicated parody series called The President Show
debuted in April 2017 on Comedy Central, while another one called Our
Cartoon President debuted on Showtime in February 2018.[652]
Trump's
wealth and lifestyle had been a fixture of hip-hop lyrics since the
1980s, as he was named in hundreds of songs, most often in a positive
tone.[653][654] Mentions of Trump turned negative and pejorative after
he ran for office in 2015.[653]
Social media
Main article: Donald Trump on social media
Trump's
presence on social media has attracted attention worldwide since he
joined Twitter in March 2009. He communicated heavily on Twitter during
the 2016 election campaign, and has continued to use this channel during
his presidency. The attention on Trump's Twitter activity has
significantly increased since he was sworn in as president. As of May
2019, he is in the top 15 for most Twitter followers at more than 60
million.[655] Trump has frequently used Twitter as a direct means of
communication with the public, sidelining the press.[656] Many of the
assertions he tweeted have been proven false.[657][658][659]
Recognition
Further information: List of honors and awards received by Donald Trump
In
1983, Trump received the Jewish National Fund Tree of Life Award, after
he helped fund the building of two playgrounds, a park, and a reservoir
in Israel.[660][661] In 1986, he received the Ellis Island Medal of
Honor in recognition of "patriotism, tolerance, brotherhood and
diversity",[662] and in 1995 was awarded the President's Medal from the
Freedoms Foundation for his support of youth programs.[663] Liberty
University awarded Trump an honorary Doctorate of Business in 2012[664]
and an honorary Doctor of Laws in 2017, during his first college
commencement speech as president.[665][666] In 2015, Robert Gordon
University revoked the honorary Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
they had granted him in 2010, stating that "Mr. Trump has made a number
of statements that are wholly incompatible with the ethos and values of
the university."[667]
In December 2016, Time named Trump as its
"Person of the Year",[668] but Trump took issue with the magazine for
referring to him as the "President of the Divided States of
America".[669] In the same month, he was named Financial Times Person of
the Year[670] and was ranked by Forbes the second most powerful person
in the world after Vladimir Putin.[671] As president, Trump received the
Collar of The Order of Abdulaziz al Saud from Saudi Arabia in
2017.[672]
Investigations
Further information: Timeline of
investigations into Trump and Russia (transition, January–June 2017,
July–December 2017, January–June 2018, July–December 2018 and 2019–2020)
The
Crossfire Hurricane FBI investigation into possible links between
Russia and the Trump campaign was launched in mid-2016 during the
campaign season. Since he assumed the presidency, Trump has been the
subject of increasing Justice Department and congressional scrutiny,
with investigations covering his election campaign, transition and
inauguration, actions taken during his presidency, along with his
private businesses, personal taxes, and charitable foundation.[66] The
New York Times reported in May 2019 that there were 29 open
investigations of Trump, including ten federal criminal investigations,
eight state and local investigations, and eleven Congressional
investigations.[673]
Hush payments
Main article: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal
See
also: Legal affairs of Donald Trump § Payments related to alleged
affairs, and Karen McDougal § Alleged affair with Donald Trump
American
Media, Inc. (AMI) paid $150,000 to Playboy model Karen McDougal in
August 2016,[674] and Trump's attorney Michael Cohen paid $130,000 to
adult film actress Stormy Daniels in October 2016.[675] Both women were
paid for non-disclosure agreements regarding their alleged affairs with
Trump between 2006 and 2007.[676] Cohen pleaded guilty in 2018 to
breaking campaign finance laws, saying he had arranged the payments at
the direction of Trump in order to influence the presidential
election.[677] AMI admitted paying McDougal to prevent publication of
stories that might damage Trump's electoral chances.[678] Trump denied
the affairs, and claimed he was not aware of Cohen's payment to Daniels,
but reimbursed him in 2017.[679][680] Federal prosecutors asserted that
Trump had been involved in discussions regarding non-disclosure
payments as early as 2014.[681] Court documents showed that the FBI
believed Trump was directly involved in the payment to Daniels, based on
calls he had with Cohen in October 2016.[682][683] In July 2019, a
federal judge disclosed that prosecutors had stated in a court filing
that they had closed the investigation,[684] but days later the
Manhattan District Attorney subpoenaed the Trump Organization and AMI
for records related to the hush payments[685] and in August subpoenaed
eight years of tax returns for Trump and the Trump Organization.[686]
Russian interference
Main article: Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
See also: Links between Trump associates and Russian officials, Steele dossier, and Trump-Ukraine scandal
In
January 2017, American intelligence agencies – the CIA, the FBI, and
the NSA, represented by the Director of National Intelligence – jointly
stated with "high confidence" that the Russian government interfered in
the 2016 presidential election to favor the election of Trump.[687][688]
In March 2017, FBI Director James Comey told Congress that "the FBI, as
part of our counterintelligence mission, is investigating the Russian
government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election.
That includes investigating the nature of any links between individuals
associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government, and
whether there was any coordination between the campaign and Russia's
efforts."[689]
The connections between Trump associates and
Russia have been widely reported by the press.[690][691] One of Trump's
campaign managers, Paul Manafort, had worked from December 2004 until
February 2010 to help pro-Russian politician Viktor Yanukovych win the
Ukrainian presidency.[692] Other Trump associates, including former
National Security Advisor Michael T. Flynn and political consultant
Roger Stone, have been connected to Russian officials.[693][694] Russian
agents were overheard during the campaign saying they could use
Manafort and Flynn to influence Trump.[695] Members of Trump's campaign
and later his White House staff, particularly Flynn, were in contact
with Russian officials both before and after the November
election.[696][697] On December 29, 2016, Flynn talked with Russian
Ambassador Sergey Kislyak about sanctions that had been imposed the same
day; Flynn later resigned in the midst of controversy over whether he
misled Pence.[698] The Washington Post reported that Trump told Kislyak
and Sergei Lavrov in May 2017 that he was unconcerned about Russian
interference in U.S. elections.[699]
Trump and his allies have
promoted a conspiracy theory that Ukraine, rather than Russia,
interfered in the 2016 election – which has also been promoted by Russia
in an effort to frame Ukraine.[700] After the Democratic National
Committee was hacked, Trump firstly claimed that it withheld "its
server" from the FBI (in actuality there were more than 140 servers, of
which digital copies were given to the FBI); secondly claimed that
CrowdStrike, the company which investigated the servers, was
Ukraine-based and Ukrainian-owned (in actuality, CrowdStrike is
U.S.-based, with the largest owners being American companies); and
thirdly claimed that "the server" was hidden in Ukraine. Members of the
Trump administration have spoken out against the conspiracy
theories.[701]
Special counsel investigation
Main articles: Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019) and Mueller Report
On
May 17, 2017, former Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein appointed
Robert Mueller, a former director of the FBI, to serve as special
counsel for the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) investigating
"any links and/or coordination between Russian government and
individuals associated with the campaign of President Donald Trump, and
any matters that arose or may arise directly from the
investigation",[702][703] thus taking over the existing "Crossfire
Hurricane" FBI investigation into the matter.[703] The special counsel
also investigated whether Trump's dismissal of James Comey as FBI
director constituted obstruction of justice, and possible campaign ties
to other national governments.[704] Trump repeatedly denied any
collusion between his campaign and the Russian government.[705] Mueller
also investigated the Trump campaign's possible ties to Saudi Arabia,
the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Qatar, Israel, and China.[706]
Trump
sought to fire Mueller on several occasions – in June 2017, December
2017, and April 2018 – and close the investigation, but backed down
after his staff objected or after changing his mind.[707] He bemoaned
the recusal of his first Attorney General Jeff Sessions regarding Russia
matters, and believed Sessions should have stopped the
investigation.[708]
On March 22, 2019, Mueller concluded his
investigation and gave his report to Attorney General William Barr.[709]
On March 24, Barr sent a four-page letter to Congress summarizing the
"principal conclusions" in the report. He quoted Mueller as stating
"while this report does not conclude that the President committed a
crime, it also does not exonerate him." Barr further wrote that he and
Rosenstein did not see sufficient evidence to prove obstruction of
justice.[710] Trump interpreted Mueller's report as a "complete
exoneration", a phrase he repeated multiple times in the ensuing
weeks.[711] Mueller privately complained to Barr on March 27 that his
summary did not accurately reflect what the report said,[712] and some
legal analysts called the Barr letter misleading.[713]
A redacted
version of the report was released to the public on April 18, 2019. The
first volume found that Russia interfered to favor Trump's candidacy
and hinder Clinton's.[714] Despite "numerous links between the Russian
government and the Trump campaign", the prevailing evidence "did not
establish" that Trump campaign members conspired or coordinated with
Russian interference.[715][716] The report states that Russian
interference in the 2016 presidential election was illegal and occurred
"in sweeping and systematic fashion",[702] and it details how Trump and
his campaign welcomed and encouraged foreign interference believing they
would politically benefit.[717][718][719]
The second volume of
the Mueller Report dealt with possible obstruction of justice by
Trump.[720] The report did not exonerate Trump of obstruction inasmuch
as investigators were not confident of his innocence after examining his
intent and actions.[721] Investigators decided they could not "apply an
approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the President
committed crimes", as they could not indict a sitting president per an
Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) opinion, and would not accuse him of a
crime when he cannot clear his name in court.[722] The report concluded
that Congress, having the authority to take action against a president
for wrongdoing, "may apply the obstruction laws".[723] Congress
subsequently launched an impeachment inquiry following the Trump–Ukraine
scandal, albeit it ultimately did not press charges related to the
Mueller investigation.
Associates
See also: Criminal charges brought in the Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019)
On
August 21, 2018, former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort was
convicted on eight felony counts of false tax filing and bank
fraud.[724] Trump said he felt very badly for Manafort and praised him
for resisting the pressure to make a deal with prosecutors, saying "Such
respect for a brave man!" According to Rudy Giuliani, Trump's personal
attorney, Trump had sought advice about pardoning Manafort but was
counseled against it.[725]
On November 29, Trump's former
attorney Michael Cohen pleaded guilty to lying to Congress about Trump's
2016 attempts to reach a deal with Russia to build a Trump Tower in
Moscow. Cohen said he had made the false statements on behalf of Trump,
who was identified as "Individual-1" in the court documents.[726]
The
five Trump associates who have pleaded guilty or have been convicted in
Mueller's investigation or related cases include Paul Manafort, deputy
campaign manager Rick Gates, foreign policy advisor George Papadopoulos,
Michael Flynn, and Michael Cohen.[727][728] On January 25, 2019, Trump
adviser Roger Stone was arrested at his home in Fort Lauderdale,
Florida, and indicted on seven criminal charges.[729] He was later
convicted and sentenced to three years and four months in prison.[730]
2019 congressional investigation
In
March 2019, the House Judiciary Committee launched a broad
investigation of Trump for possible obstruction of justice, corruption,
and abuse of power.[731] Committee chairman Jerrold Nadler sent letters
demanding documents to 81 individuals and organizations associated with
Trump's presidency, business, and private life, saying it is "very clear
that the president obstructed justice".[732][733] Three other committee
chairmen wrote the White House and State Department requesting details
of Trump's communications with Putin, including any efforts to conceal
the content of those communications.[733] The White House refused to
comply, asserting that presidential communications with foreign leaders
are protected and confidential.[734]
Impeachment
Main articles: Impeachment inquiry into Donald Trump, Impeachment of Donald Trump, and Impeachment trial of Donald Trump
See also: Trump–Ukraine scandal
Impeachment
and trial is a process under the United States Constitution whereby the
legislature can remove from office a president, cabinet member, judge,
or other civil officer.[735] The House of Representatives investigates
the case; if the House votes to bring charges, that is an impeachment.
There is then a trial in the Senate; a two-thirds vote is required to
remove the person from office.[736]
Impeachment by the House of Representatives
During
much of Trump's presidency, Democrats were divided on the question of
impeachment.[737] Fewer than 20 representatives in the House supported
impeachment by January 2019; after the Mueller Report was released in
April and special counsel Robert Mueller testified in July, this number
grew to around 140 representatives.[738]
In August 2019, a
whistleblower filed a complaint with the Inspector General of the
Intelligence Community about a July 25 phone call between Trump and
President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky, during which Trump had
pressured Zelensky to investigate CrowdStrike and Democratic
presidential primary candidate Joe Biden and his son Hunter, adding that
the White House attempted to "lock down" the call records in a
cover-up.[739] The whistleblower further stated that the call was part
of a wider pressure campaign by Giuliani and the Trump administration
which may have included withholding financial aid from Ukraine in July
2019 and canceling Vice President Pence's May 2019 Ukraine trip.[740]
Trump later confirmed having withheld military aid from Ukraine and
offered contradicting reasons for the decision.[741][742][743]
After
the whistleblower complaint became known in September 2019, House
speaker Nancy Pelosi initiated a formal impeachment inquiry on September
24.[744][745] The Trump administration subsequently released a
memorandum of the July 25 phone call, confirming that after Zelensky
mentioned purchasing American anti-tank missiles, Trump asked Zelensky
to investigate and to discuss these matters with Trump's personal
attorney Rudy Giuliani and Attorney General William Barr.[739][746]
According to the testimony of multiple administration officials and
former officials, the events were part of a broader effort to further
Trump's personal interests by giving him an advantage in the upcoming
presidential election.[747]
Among several State Department
employees testifying to congressional committees in October 2019,
William B. Taylor Jr., the chargé d'affaires for Ukraine, testified that
soon after arriving in Ukraine in June 2019, he found that Zelensky was
being subjected to pressure from a private initiative directed by Trump
and led by Giuliani. According to Taylor and others, the goal was to
coerce Zelensky into making a public commitment to investigate the
company that employed Hunter Biden, as well as rumors about Ukrainian
involvement in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[748] He said it was
made clear that until Zelensky made such an announcement, the
administration would not release scheduled military aid for Ukraine and
not invite Zelensky to the White House.[749][750] Zelensky denied that
he felt pressured by Trump.[751]
On December 3, 2019, the House
Intelligence Committee published a report authored by Democrats on the
committee, stating that "the impeachment inquiry has found that
President Trump, personally and acting through agents within and outside
of the U.S. government, solicited the interference of a foreign
government, Ukraine, to benefit his reelection." The report stated that
Trump withheld military aid and a White House invitation in order to
influence Ukraine to announce investigations into Trump's political
rivals. Furthermore, the report described Trump was the only U.S.
president thus far to have "openly and indiscriminately" defied
impeachment proceedings by telling his administration officials to
ignore subpoenas for documents and testimony.[752][753][754]:8,208 The
Republicans of the House Committees had released a draft of a countering
report the previous day, saying in part that the evidence "does not
prove any of these Democrat allegations, and none of the Democrats'
witnesses testified to having evidence of bribery, extortion, or any
high crime or misdemeanor."[755][756]
On December 13, 2019, the
House Judiciary Committee voted along party lines to pass two articles
of impeachment: abuse of power and obstruction of Congress.[757] After
debate, the House of Representatives impeached Trump with both articles
on December 18.[758]
Impeachment trial in the Senate
Main article: Impeachment trial of Donald Trump
The
Senate impeachment trial began on January 16, 2020.[759] On January 22,
the Republican Senate majority rejected amendments proposed by the
Democratic minority to call witnesses and subpoena documents; evidence
collected during the House impeachment proceedings will be entered into
the Senate record automatically unless objected to on a case-by-case
basis.[760] For the three days, January 22–24, the impeachment managers
for the House presented their case to the Senate. They cited evidence to
support charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress, and
asserted that Trump's actions were exactly what the founding fathers had
in mind when they included an impeachment process in the
Constitution.[761] Responding over the next three days, the Trump legal
team did not deny the facts as presented in the charges, but said Trump
had not broken any laws or obstructed Congress.[762] They argued that
the impeachment was "constitutionally and legally invalid" because Trump
was not charged with a crime, that abuse of power is not an impeachable
offense, and that Trump therefore should be acquitted immediately.[762]
January 29 and 30 were devoted to written questions from senators.[763]
On January 31, the Senate voted against allowing subpoenas to call
witnesses or documents; 51 Republicans formed the majority for this
vote.[764] Thus, this became the first impeachment trial in U.S. history
without witness testimony.[765] On February 5, Trump was acquitted of
both charges in a vote nearly along party lines, with Republican Mitt
Romney being the only senator – and the only senator in U.S. history –
to cross party lines by voting to convict on one of the charges.[766]
Following his acquittal, Trump began identifying and removing political
appointees and career officials he deemed insufficiently
loyal.[767][768][769]
Notes
This estimate is by Forbes in
their annual ranking. Bloomberg Billionaires Index listed Trump's net
worth as $2.97 billion in June 2019,[54] and Wealth-X listed it as at
least $3.2 billion in April 2019.[55]
Ronald Reagan was older upon his second-term inauguration.
Records
on this matter date from the year 1824. The number "five" includes the
elections of 1824, 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016. Despite their
similarities, some of these five elections had peculiar results; e.g.
John Quincy Adams trailed in both the national popular vote and the
electoral college in 1824 (since no one had a majority in the electoral
college, Adams was chosen by the House of Representatives), and Samuel
Tilden in 1876 remains the only losing candidate to win an actual
majority of the popular vote (rather than just a plurality).[285][286]
Grover Cleveland was the 22nd and 24th president.[296]
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Works cited
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Trumped!. Crossroad Press Trade Edition. ISBN 978-1946025-26-5.
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The Art of the Deal. Random House. ISBN 978-0-446-35325-0.
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External links
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