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Clalit, also Klalit (Hebrew: שירותי בריאות כללית, lit. General Health Services; previously – קופת חולים כללית, lit. General Sick Fund) is the largest of Israel's four state-mandated health service organizations, charged with administering health care services and funding for its members (all citizens must be a member of one of the four providers). Widely known as Kupat Holim Clalit, it was established in 1911 as a mutual aid society. When the State of Israel was founded in 1948, Clalit was instrumental in providing medical care for the massive influx of new immigrants. Today it is the largest provider of public and semi-private health services in Israel. Under Israeli law, it is run as a not-for-profit entity. Contents 1 History2 Services3 Hospitals 3.1 Criticism4 See also5 References6 External links History The foundations for Kupat Holim Clalit were laid by the Judea Workers' Health Fund, established at a convention of the Federation of Workers in Judea in December 1911.[1] Historically, Clalit was affiliated with the Histadrut labor movement. To be a member of Clalit, one had to join the Histadrut. The name "Clalit" means "general" in Hebrew and derives from the Histadrut's full name – HaHistadrut HaKlalit shel HaOvdim B'Eretz Yisrael (lit. "The General Federation of Laborers in the Land of Israel"). In January 1995, Israel's national health insurance law went into effect, creating a compulsory health care system based on four service providers: Clalit, Leumit, Maccabi, and Meuhedet. Clalit is the largest of the four with around 3.8 million insured members, 54% of the Israeli population. Since the new law went into effect, membership has been open to all citizens and its tie to the Histadrut has been severed. Services Clalit runs its own network of hospitals in Israel. It operates 14 hospitals, including psychiatric hospitals and a rehabilitation hospital, all of them university-affiliated.[2] Clalit runs over 1,300 primary care clinics as well as a network of pharmacies and dental clinics. It was an early adopter of Health information technology with substantial investment in Electronic health records. In 2015 nearly 60% of its paediatric consultations took place over smartphones.[3] Hospitals Soroka Medical Center (founded in 1960) in Beersheba. The largest hospital in the Clalit network, serves over half the area of the State of Israel, and a population of 1 million. Soroka is a referral center for the Barzilai and Yoseftal hospitals.Rabin Medical Center – Beilinson Campus (founded in 1938) in Petah Tikva. Among its specialties are open-heart surgery and neurosurgery, as well as heart, liver and kidney transplants.Rabin Medical Center – Golda Campus (founded in 1942) in Petah Tikva. Among its specialties are total joint replacement, home dialysis, vascular surgery, and hematology research using electromicroscopic techniques.Lady Davis Hospital (founded in 1967) in Haifa. It is part of the modern Carmel Medical Center. and provides comprehensive healthcare to the heterogeneous inhabitants of Haifa, its suburbs and points north. Among its specialties are its Cardiology, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery Departments, and its Community and Medicine Epidemiology DepartmentHaEmek Hospital (founded in 1930)in Afula. It is part of the Ha’Emek Valley Medical Center. It specializes in the treatment of fertility and reproductive problems.Meir Hospital (founded in 1960) in Kfar Saba. It is part of the Sapir Medical Center. It specializes in its treatment of pulmonary diseases and spinal surgery.Kaplan Medical Center (founded in 1953) in Rehovot. It is known for its expertise in hand surgery.Yoseftal Medical Center (founded in 1968) in Eilat. It is part of the Yoseftal Medical Center. It is Israel’s southernmost hospital.[4] Criticism In March 2007, Prof. Gabi Barabash, director of Tel Aviv's Ichilov Hospital, criticized the Israeli Health Ministry for allowing Clalit to run private hospitals. Ruth Ralbag, a senior Health Ministry official, argued that opening private hospitals would lead to a decline in the public health system and divide health consumers into rich and poor.[5] HaHistadrut HaKlalit shel HaOvdim B'Eretz Yisrael (Hebrew: ההסתדרות הכללית של העובדים בארץ ישראל, lit. "General Organisation of Workers in the Land of Israel"), known as the Histadrut, is Israel's organization of trade unions. Established in December 1920 during the British Mandate for Palestine, it became one of the most powerful institutions of Israel. Histadrut enterprises include: Koor Industries Ltd., Solel Boneh, and Kupat Holim Clalit.[1] Contents 1 History2 Hevrat HaOvdim3 Goals4 Leadership5 Criticism6 See also7 References8 External links History The Histadrut was founded in December 1920 in Haifa to look out for the interests of Jewish workers. Until 1920, Ahdut HaAvoda and Hapoel Hatzair had been unable to set up a unified workers organisation.[2] In 1920, Third Aliyah immigrants founded Gdud HaAvoda and demanded a unified organization for all Jewish workers, which led to the establishment of the Histadrut.[3] At the end of 1921 David Ben-Gurion was elected as Secretary.[4] Membership grew from 4,400 in 1920 and to 8,394 members in 1922. By 1927, the Histadrut had 25,000 members, accounting for 75% of the Jewish workforce in Mandatory Palestine. The Histadrut became one of the most powerful institutions in the state of Israel, a mainstay of the Labour Zionist movement and, aside from being a trade union, its state-building role made it the owner of a number of businesses and factories and, for a time, the largest employer in the country. Until Israel began moving away from a socialist economy, the Histadrut, along with the government, owned most of the economy. In particular, the Israeli services sector was completely dominated by the Histadrut and government, and the Histadrut also largely dominated public transport, agriculture, and insurance industries. The Histadrut and government also owned a significant portion of Israel's industrial sector.[5][6] Membership in 1983 was 1,600,000 (including dependants), accounting for more than one-third of the total population of Israel and about 85% of all wage earners. About 170,000 Histadrut members were Arabs (who were admitted to membership starting in 1959). In 1989, the Histadrut was the employer of approximately 280,000 workers. With the increasing liberalization and deregulation of the Israeli economy since the 1980s, the role and size of Histradrut has declined, though it still remains a powerful force in Israeli society and the nation's economy. Following its support of the 2011 Israeli social justice protests, on February 8, 2012, Histadrut called a general strike in support of lower paid subcontracted, and unorganized workers, negotiating with both the government and private employers on their behalf, demanding that the subcontracted workers by hired directly and be offered the pay and benefits granted to regular employees.[7] A settlement was announced on Sunday, February 12, which provided for some gains by the subcontractors, but also for a 3 year moratorium on further strikes over subcontractor issues.[8] Hevrat HaOvdim Through its economic arm, Hevrat HaOvdim ("Society of Workers"), the Histadrut owned and operated a number of enterprises, including the country's largest industrial conglomerates as well as the country's largest bank, Bank Hapoalim. The Histadrut also provided a comprehensive health care system, Kupat Holim Clalit. Histadrut membership[9] year members percent of Jewish workforce 1920 4,415 ... 1923 8,394 45 1927 22,538 68 1933 35,389 75 1939 100,000 75 1947 176,000 ... Goals The initial aim of the Histadrut was to take responsibility for all spheres of activity of the workers movement: settlement, defense, trade unions, education, housing construction, health, banking, cooperative ventures, welfare and even culture.[10] The Histadrut took over economic firms operated by the parties, which operated by subcontracting, and their Office of Information, which was expanded into a Labor Exchange. Already after a few months the Histadrut became the single largest employer in the Yishuv. The Histadrut succeeded in improving worker's rights as e.g. the right to strike was recognised, employers had to motivate dismissal and workers got a place to turn to with their complaints. In the first year of its existence the Histadrut lacked central leadership, and many initiatives were taken at the local level. This changed after David Ben-Gurion became appointed in the General Secretariat. Ben-Gurion wanted to transform the Histadrut into a national instrument for the realisation of Zionism.[11] According to Zeev Sternhell[12] Ben-Gurion's exclusive commitment to this goal is illustrated by a December 1922 quote: [...] Our central problem is immigration ... and not adapting our lives to this or that doctrine. [...] How can we run our Zionist movement in such a way that [... we] will be able to carry out the conquest of the land by the Jewish worker, and which will find the resources to organise the massive immigration and settlement of workers through their own capabilities? The creation of a new Zionist movement, a Zionist movement of workers, is the first prerequisite for the fulfillment of Zionism. [...] Without [such] a new Zionist movement that is entirely at our disposal, there is no future or hope for our activities Ben-Gurion transformed the Histadrut in a few months. He set up a well-defined hierarchy and reduced the competencies of local workers' councils. He also centralised the collection of membership dues, most of which were formerly used up by local branches.[11] Absorption of immigration was seen as a very important task of the Histadrut. Providing immigrants with work was often seen as more important than the financial soundness of its operations. The labor leaders saw failure to absorb immigrants as a moral bankruptcy that was much worse than financial bankruptcy. In 1924 the Histadrut's Office for Public Works collapsed and went bankrupt, and in 1927 the same happened to its successor, the privatised Sollel Boneh. In both cases the Zionist Executive bailed them out and recognised the deficit in the category of "expenses for immigration absorption". The Zionist Executive, sharing the goal of stimulating immigration with the Histadrut, had to do this because beside the Histadrut there was no other organisation in Palestine with the ability to absorb immigrants.[3] By 1930 the Histadrut had become the central organisation of the Yishuv. It did what the Zionist Executive wanted, but was unable to do: absorb immigrants and organise agricultural settlement, defense and expansion into new areas of production. According to Tzahor the Histadrut had become "the executive arm of the Zionist movement—but an arm acting on its own". It had become a "state in the making".[13] According to Tzahor, while the Histadrut focused on constructive action, its leaders did not "abandon fundamental ideological principles".[13] However according to Ze'ev Sternhell in his book The Founding Myths of Israel, the labor leaders had already abandoned socialist principles by 1920 and only used them as "mobilizing myths". Leadership The chairman of the Histadrut today is Avi Nissenkorn.[14] In 2010, then-chairman Ofer Eini appointed a deputy chairman, Adv. Daniel Avi Nissenkorn, from outside the organizational ranks. This is the first time in the Histadrut's history that the Trade Union Division has been headed by someone appointed on a professional basis, rather than rising through the ranks of the workers committees or elected by Histadrut members.[15] Criticism The Histadrut has been criticized by European worker unions and international human rights groups over its failure to represent migrant workers, considered to be the most maltreated employees in Israel. In 2009, the Histadrut began accepting memberships of migrant workers.[16] The Story of Clalit Health Services The story of Clalit Health Services began in 1911 with a group of 150 immigrant workers who joined together to form a mutual aid health care association. In those years, Israel’s pioneers faced neglected, swamp-infested land lacking water and other vital resources. They knew that to help themselves they had to help each other. With this aim in mind they voluntarily set aside a portion of their wages, according to income, for the medical treatment of the sick. And so Clalit (known then as Kupat Holim Clalit) came into being, establishing an impressive history of cooperation and service With the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, Clalit was called upon to fill one of the most important missions in its history: the restructuring of its health care system to provide for the huge wave of new immigrants. Through its intense efforts, it made a decisive contribution to the fledgling nation by ensuring the health of its citizens in times of war and in times of peace. The Clalit clinics quickly became a landmark in every neighborhood of the country where the residents could find care and healing Clalit has since developed into the major health organization in Israel, and one of the most progressive public health associations in the world. Proudly, humanitarian tenets still remain the cornerstone of its philosophy and practice. Through its 14 hospitals and more than 1200 primary and specialized clinics, Clalit provides comprehensive health insurance and highly advanced medical care to the majority of Israel’s population. It is also the only health fund with a countrywide network of state-of-the-art pharmacies, dental clinics, laboratories, diagnostic imaging and specialist centers Family doctors and hospital specialists cooperate to provide a broad medical-social perspective for the care of the individual, the family and the community. Clalit has some 3.8 million insured members from every ethnic group and every walk of life in Israel The health care system in Israel was established by Clalit, a non-governmental, non-profit organization. It has initiated, defined and set the health standards for the entire country for some 90 years. Israel’s high standing in the Western world of medicine is attributable to Clalit’s vision, commitment and expertise In January, 1995, in an effort to set health care on a more economically sound path, a national health insurance law went into effect, creating a compulsory health care system based on four service providers. The largest is Clalit, which covers some 60% of the population. Every member pays in proportion to his or her income, and each is entitled to the same quality and range of medical services. One of Clalit’s unique features is its total involvement in the health services it offers Clalit receives its share of the health tax collected by the National Insurance Institute (a governmental agency) on a capitation basis according to the number and age of its members One of Clalit’s unique features is its total involvement in the health services it offers. It plans, builds, owns and operates its own modern health care facilities, and also leases clinic space in centrally located places such as shopping malls, on a long term basis. It employs as salaried personnel the nurses and doctors, teachers, researchers and administrators who staff its hospitals and clinics, including 7,500 physicians, 11,500 nurses, 1,300 pharmacists, 4,400 paramedics and laboratory/imaging technicians and 9,400 administrative personnel Clalit has adopted a decentralized form of organization, in which the country is divided into 8 districts. Each district has wide scope of independence in decision-making. The districts vary in size from some 340,000 members to over 600,000 members, and are responsible for a varying number of clinics, ranging from 60 to more than 180. Budgeting is based on a capitation system. Each district is headed by an executive board. Day-to-day supervision of the services provided in the clinics is assigned to smaller regional offices Clalit is the only health organization that has an extensive network of hospitals throughout the country. Clalit maintains a total of 14 general and special care hospitals, which include two psychiatric hospitals, each with ambulatory as well as in-patient care, a full care rehabilitation hospital, and two long-term care hospitals with rehabilitation and nursing facilities for the chronically ill and the aged. Members may be hospitalized either at one of Clalit’s eight general hospitals or at a government or public hospital for whose services Clalit pays in full. Members are also entitled to hospital services not included in the Health Ministry basket through Clalit complementary insurance, available at low cost fees. All Clalit hospitals are university affiliate
Clalit’s interest in specialized medical care for children led to the establishment of one of its most outstanding and unique facilities, the Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel (SCMCI), an advanced 224-bed tertiary facility. In the long-term interest of the entire population, Clalit conducts clinical, biomedical and social science research in its own facilities, or in cooperation with Israel’s universities and scientific institutions. The Basil and Gerald Felsenstein Medical Research Center provides a complete support environment dedicated to applied medical research. Clalit advances the interests of the community and the nation through its health education programs and its popular home medical publication which reaches a large audience. Its advanced medical delivery concepts and innovative programs for healthy living for all ages impact on the entire health scene in Israel. Clalit assists in the absorption of new immigrants, and, in time of war and other crises, it puts its facilities at the disposal of the entire population, assigning doctors and nurses to air raid shelters and turning civilian hospitals over to emergency needs. Clalit also sends its doctors as well as medical supplies to many countries of the world in times of earthquakes, droughts and other natural disasters. Clalit has changed the face of medicine and the health care system in Israel by implementing high-tech computer systems in all areas of its activities. It has invested intensively in providing sophisticated services for the benefit of its members, including computerized on-line personal medical records and fax transmission of diagnostic test results to physicians and patients. In one of its major steps forward, Clalit has established throughout its network an innovative telemedicine program for the transfer of electronic medical data. The program enables patients, in coordination with their family physicians, to consult with specialists in every area of the country, and to benefit from the most timely, quality medical diagnoses and treatment recommendations, ensuring that every geographical location in Israel has access to the finest medical care possible. Clalit knows that its future and the future of its members depends on the achievements of the present, and on focusing its resources toward the continued advancement of medical care through utilization of the ever expanding applications of dynamic medical computerization and technology ebay3289