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The Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Lithuania resulted in the near total destruction of Lithuanian Jews[a] living in the Nazi-controlled Lithuanian and Polish territories (Generalbezirk Litauen of Reichskommissariat Ostland). Out of approximately 208,000 to 210,000 Jews, an estimated 195,000–196,000 were murdered before the end of World War II (wider estimates are sometimes published); most between June and December 1941.[1][2][3] The Holocaust resulted in the largest ever loss of life in so short a space of time in the history of Lithuania.[3] The events that took place in the western regions of the USSR occupied by Nazi Germany in the first weeks after the German invasion, including Lithuania, marked the sharp intensification of the Holocaust.[4][5][6][b] An important component to the Holocaust in Lithuania was that the occupying Nazi German administration fanned antisemitism by blaming the Soviet regime's recent annexation of Lithuania, a year earlier, on the Jewish community. Another significant factor was the large extent to which the Nazis' design drew upon the physical organization, preparation and execution of their orders by local Lithuanian auxiliaries of the Nazi occupation regime.[1][2] Background For more details on this topic, see History of the Jews in Lithuania. The Soviet Union invaded and occupied and subsequently annexed Lithuania in 1940. The German invasion of the Soviet Union, on 22 June 1941, came after a year of Soviet occupation which had culminated in mass deportations across the Baltics only a week before the invasion. The Germans were welcomed as liberators and received support from Lithuania's irregular militia against retreating Soviet forces. Many Lithuanians believed Germany would allow the re-establishment of the country's independence.[7] In order to appease the Germans, some people expressed significant antisemitic sentiments.[8] Nazi Germany, which had seized the Lithuanian territories in the first week of the offensive, used this situation to its advantage and indeed in the first days permitted a Lithuanian Provisional Government of the Lithuanian Activist Front to be established.[7] For a brief period it appeared that the Germans were about to grant Lithuania significant autonomy, comparable with that given to Slovak Republic.[7] However, after about a month, the more independently minded Lithuanian organizations were disbanded around August and September 1941, as the Germans seized more control.[7] The destruction of Lithuanian Jewry Estimated number of victims Prior to the German invasion, the population of Jews was estimated to be about 210,000,[2] although according to data from the Lithuanian statistics department, as of 1 January 1941 there were 208,000 Jews.[3] This estimate, based on the officially accounted for prewar emigration within the USSR (approx. 8,500), the number of escapees from Kaunas and Vilnius Ghettos, (1,500-2,000), as well as the number of the survivors in the concentration camps when they were liberated by the Red Army, (2,000-3,000), puts the number of Lithuanian Jews murdered in the Holocaust at 195,000 to 196,000.[3] It is difficult to estimate the exact number of casualties of the Holocaust and the latter number cannot be final or indisputable. The numbers given by historians differ significantly ranging from 165,000 to 254,000, the higher number probably including non-Lithuanian Jews among other Riech (empirical) dissenters labeled as Jewish killed in Lithuania.[3] The Holocaust events Chronologically, the genocide in Lithuania can be divided into three phases: phase 1) summer to the end of 1941; phase 2) December 1941 – March 1943; phase 3) April 1943 – mid-July 1944.[9] The Lithuanian port city of Klaipėda (Memel in German) had historically been a member of the German Hanseatic League, and had belonged to Germany and East Prussia prior to 1918. The city was semi-autonomous during the period of Lithuanian independence, and under League of Nations supervision. Approximately 8,000 Jews lived in Memel when it was absorbed into the Reich on March 15, 1939. Its Jewish residents were expelled, and most fled into Lithuania proper. In 1941, German killing squads, the Einsatzgruppen, followed the advance of the German army units and immediately began organizing the murder of Jews.[5] Most Lithuanian Jews perished in the first phase during the first months of the occupation and before the end of 1941. The first recorded action of the Einsatzgruppen (Einsatzgruppe A) took place on June 22, 1941, in the border town of Gargzdai (called Gorzdt in Yiddish and Garsden in German), which was one of the oldest Jewish settlements in the country and only eleven miles from German-annexed Memel. Approximately 800 Jews were shot that day in what is known as the Garsden Massacre. Approximately 100 non-Jewish Lithuanians were also executed, many for trying to aid their Jewish neighbors.[1][2] About 80,000 Jews were killed by October and about 175,000 by the end of the year.[1] The majority of Jews in Lithuania were not required to live in ghettos[c] nor sent to the Nazi concentration camps which at that time were just in the preliminary stages of operation. Instead they were shot in pits near their places of residence with the most infamous mass murders taking place in the Ninth Fort near Kaunas and the Ponary Forest near Vilnius.[5][10][11] By 1942 about 45,000 Jews survived, largely those who had been sent to ghettos and camps.[c] In the second phase, the Holocaust slowed, as Germans decided to use the Jews as forced labor to fuel the German war economy.[12] In the third phase, the destruction of Jews was again given a high priority; it was in that phase that the remaining ghettos and camps were liquidated. Two factors contributed to the rapid destruction of Lithuanian Jewry. The first was the significant support for the "de-Jewification" of Lithuania coming from the Lithuanian populace.[8][12] The second was the German plan for early colonization of Lithuania – which shared a border with German East Prussia – in accordance with their Generalplan Ost; hence the high priority given to the extermination of the relatively small Lithuanian Jewish community.[12] Participation of local collaborators The Nazi German administration directed and supported the organized killing of Lithuanian Jews. Local Lithuanian auxiliaries of the Nazi occupation regime carried out logistics for the preparation and execution of the murders under Nazi direction.[1][2][12] Nazi SS Brigadeführer Franz Walter Stahlecker arrived in Kaunas on 25 June 1941 and gave agitation speeches in the city to instigate the murder of Jews. Initially this was in the former State Security Department building, but officials there refused to take any action. Later, he gave speeches in the city.[13] In a report of October 15, Stahlecker wrote that they had succeeded in covering up their vanguard unit (Vorkommando) actions, and it was made to look like it was the initiative of the local population.[13][14] Groups of partisans, civil units of nationalist-rightist anti-Soviet affiliation, initiated contact with the Germans as soon as they entered the Lithuanian territories.[1] A rogue unit of insurgents headed by Algirdas Klimaitis and encouraged by Germans from the Sicherheitspolizei and Sicherheitsdienst, started anti-Jewish pogroms in Kaunas (Kovno) on the night of 25–26 June 1941. Over a thousand Jews perished over the next few days in what was the first pogrom in Nazi-occupied Lithuania.[5][14][15] Different sources give different figures, one being 1,500[5] and another 3,800, with additional victims in other towns of the region.[15] On 24 June 1941, the Lithuanian Security Police (Lietuvos saugumo policija), subordinate to Nazi Germany's Security Police and Nazi Germany's Criminal Police, was created. It would be involved in various actions against the Jews and other enemies of the Nazi regime.[14] Nazi commanders filed reports purporting the "zeal" of the Lithuanian police battalions surpassed their own.[8] The most notorious Lithuanian unit participating in the Holocaust was the Lithuanian Sonderkommando Squad (Ypatingasis būrys) from the Vilnius (Vilna, Wilno) area which[citation needed] killed tens of thousands of Jews, Poles and others in the Ponary massacre.[10][11][14] Another Lithuanian organization involved in the Holocaust was the Lithuanian Labor Guard.[1] Many Lithuanian supporters of the Nazi policies came from the fascist Iron Wolf organization.[2] Overall, the nationalistic Lithuanian administration was interested in the liquidation of the Jews as a perceived enemy and potential rivals of ethnic Lithuanians and thus not only did not oppose Nazi Holocaust policy but in effect adopted it as their own.[12] A combination of factors serves as an explanation for participation of some Lithuanians in genocide against Jews.[8] Those factors include national traditions and values, including antisemitism, common throughout contemporary Central Europe, and a more Lithuanian-specific desire for a "pure" Lithuanian nation-state with which the Jewish population was believed to be incompatible.[2] There were a number of additional factors, such as severe economic problems which led to the killing of Jews over personal property.[8] Finally the Jews were seen as having supported the Soviet regime in Lithuania during 1940–1941.[d][2][8][12] During the period leading up to the German invasion, the Jews were blamed by some for virtually every misfortune that had befallen Lithuania.[2][12] The involvement of the local population and institutions, in relatively high numbers, in the destruction of Lithuanian Jewry became a defining factor of the Holocaust in Lithuania.[1][2][12] Not all of the Lithuanian populace supported the killings.[16] Out of a population of close to 3,000,000 (80% of it ethnic Lithuanians),[17] a few thousands[citation needed] took an active part in the killings while many hundreds risked their lives sheltering the Jews.[8] Israel has recognized 723 Lithuanians as Righteous Among the Nations for risking their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust.[2][8][18][19] In addition, many members of the Polish minority in Lithuania also helped to shelter the Jews.[16] Lithuanians and Poles who risked their lives saving Jews were persecuted and often executed by the Nazis.[20] Comprehension and remembrance The genocide in Lithuania is seen by some historians as one of the earliest large-scale implementations of the Final Solution, leading some scholars to express an opinion that the Holocaust began in Lithuania in the summer of 1941.[5][6]^ Other scholars say the Holocaust started in September 1939 with the onset of the Second World War,[21] or even earlier, on Kristallnacht in 1938,[22] or, according to the Jewish Virtual Library, when Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933. The Soviet government, for political reasons, tried to minimize the unique suffering of the Jews.[23] In Lithuania and throughout the Soviet Union, memorials did not mention Jews in particular; instead they were built to commemorate the suffering of "local inhabitants".[23] People guilty of Nazi collaboration and crimes against Jews were not punished severely.[23] Since Lithuania regained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, the debate over Lithuanian participation in the Holocaust has been fraught with difficulty. Modern Lithuanian nationalists stress anti-Soviet resistance, but some Lithuanian partisans, seen in Lithuania as heroes in the struggle against Soviet occupation. were also Nazi collaborators who had cooperated in the murder of Lithuanian Jewry.[24] The post-Soviet Lithuanian government has on a number of occasions stated a commitment to commemorating the Holocaust, combating antisemitism, and bringing Nazi-era war criminals to justice.[19] The National Conference on Soviet Jewry (NCSJ) have said "Lithuania has made slow but significant progress in the prosecution of suspected Lithuanian collaborators in the Nazi genocide".[19] Lithuania was the first of the newly independent post-Soviet states to legislate for the protection and marking of Holocaust-related sites.[19] In 1995, president of Lithuania Algirdas Brazauskas speaking before the Israeli Knesset, offered a public apology to the Jewish people for the Lithuanian participation in the Holocaust.[16] On 20 September 2001, to mark the 60th anniversary of the Holocaust in Lithuania, the Seimas (Lithuanian parliament) held a session during which Alfonsas Eidintas, the historian nominated as the Republic's next ambassador to Israel, delivered an address accounting for the annihilation of Lithuania's Jews.[25] There has been criticism that Lithuania is dragging its feet on the issue; in 2001 Dr. Efraim Zuroff, Director of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, criticized the Lithuanian government for its unwillingness to prosecute Lithuanians involved in the Holocaust.[26] In 2002 the Simon Wiesenthal Center declared its dissatisfaction with the Lithuanian government’s efforts and launched a controversial "Operation Last Chance" offering monetary rewards for evidence that leads to the prosecution of war criminals; this campaign has encountered much resistance in Lithuania and the other former Soviet bloc countries.[19] More recently, in 2008, the Simon Weisenthal Center which had initially ranked Lithuania high during on-going trials to bring Lithuanian war criminals to justice, noted, in its annual report, no progress and the lack of any real punishment by Lithuanian justice organs for Holocaust perpetrators.[27] There has been limited debate on the place of the Holocaust in Lithuanian national memory; historically Lithuanians have denied national participation in the Holocaust or labeled the Lithuanian participants in genocide as fringe extreme elements.[25][28] The memories of that time and the discussion of those events in Jewish and Lithuanian historiographies are quite different,[25] although Lithuanian historiography in the past two decades has improved, compared to the Soviet historiography, with the works of scholars such as Alfonsas Eidintas, Valentinas Brandišauskas and Arūnas Bubnys, among others, being positively reviewed by the Western and Jewish historians.[9][25][29] The issue remains controversial to this day.[25][29] According to Lithuanian historians, the contentious issues involve the role of the Lithuanian Activist Front, the Lithuanian Provisional Government and participation of Lithuanian civilians and volunteers in the Holocaust. ***** Y. KISIN (I. KISSIN)
Y. KISIN (I. KISSIN) (August 5, 1886-July 25, 1950) He was born Yekusiel Garnitski in Grodno.[1] He published fiction, essays, and translations. His father was a preacher. In 1892 he moved with his parents to Kovno. He attended religious elementary school and received a general education with private tutors. He emigrated to the United States in 1904. He published poetry, stories, essays, literary critical articles, and translations in: Literatur un leben (Literature and life), Tog (Day), Tsukunft (Future), Di naye velt (The new world), Fraye arbeter shtime (Free voice of labor), Der inzel (The island), Der veker (The alarm), Forverts (Forward) for which he was a regular contributor for twenty-five years, Nay-idish (New Yiddish), and Der obhoyb (The beginning), among others. His poems also appeared in: B. Vladek, Fun der tifenish fun hartsn, a bukh fun laydn un kamf (From the depths of the heart, a book of suffering and struggle) (New York: Miler and Hillman, 1917); Mani Leyb, Nyu-york in ferzn (New York in verse) (New York: Inzel, 1918); Zishe Landau, Antologye, di yidishe dikhtung in amerike biz yor 1919 (Anthology, Yiddish poetry in America until 1919) (New York: Idish, 1919); Nakhmen Mayzil, Amerike in yidishn vort (America in the Yiddish word) (New York, 1955); and Shimshon Meltser, Al naharot, tisha maḥazore shira misifrut yidish (By the rivers, nine cycles of poetry from Yiddish literature) (Jerusalem, 1956). Longer works were published in: Di naye velt (May-June 1920), on the Yiddish Introspectivists; Tsukunft 4 (1922), on Borekh Glazman; and Lite (Lithuania), vol. 1 (New York, 1951), which he also co-edited, on Elyokem Tsunzer and Lithuania in poetry and prose; among others. His other works include: Edgar elen po, ophandlung (Edgar Allan Poe, treatment) (New York, 1919), 44 pp.; Gezamelte shriftn (Collected writings) (New York, 1922), 295 pp.; Lider fun der milkhome, antologye (Poetry from the war, anthology) (New York: Biblyotek fun poezye un eseyen, 1943), 240 pp., a collection of poems by over 200 poets from various countries, many of them translated by Kisin himself; Lid un esey (Poem and essay) (New York, 1953), 320 pp. His translations include: Edward Stilgebauer, Der gehenem (Inferno [original: Inferno, Roman aus dem Weltkrieg (Inferno, a novel of the world war)]) (New York: Naye velt, 1918), 298 pp.; Meïr Goldschmidt, Der id (The Jew [original: En Jøde]) (New York: Naye velt, 1919), 344 pp.; Mikhail Tugan-Baronovsky, Sotsyalistishe kolonyen (Socialist colonies) (New York: Jewish Socialist Federation of America, 1919), 80 pp.—the above three translations in his original name of Y. Garnitski; Edgar Allan Poe, Oysgevehlte verk (Selected works), vol. 2 (New York: Yidish, 1920)—vol. 1 translated by Leon Elbe; Peter Kropotkin, Gezamelte shriftn (Collected writings) (New York: Kropotkin Literature Society, 1922), 295 pp.; and Der veg tsu frayhayt (The road to freedom), a series of translations published in various newspapers and anthologies—from Maxim Gorky, Alexander Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov, Heinrich Heine, Omar Khayyam, and others. “Kisin,” noted A. Tabatshnik, “is the poet of reflective and intellectual lyricism…. [His essays are often] competent, instructive, and well-written pieces of work.” He died in Dayton, Ohio.
Sources: Zalmen Reyzen, Leksikon, vol. 3; Talush, Yidishe shrayber (Yiddish writers) (New York, 1953), pp. 198-205; Lite (Lithuania), vol. 1 (New York, 1951), pp. 1015-19; Ruvn Ayzland, Fun undzer friling (From our spring) (Miami Beach and New York, 1954), pp. 173-75; A. Tabatshnik, in Tsukunft (New York) 5 (1954); D. Shub, Fun di amolike yorn (From years gone by), vol.2 (New York, 1970), pp. 644-46; Yankev Glatshteyn, Prost un poshet, literarishe eseyen (Plain and simple, literary essays) (New York, 1978); Yeshurin archive, YIVO (New York ****** Lithuania
Translation of Lite
Edited by:
Dr. Mendel Sudarsky
Uriah Katzenelenbogen
J. Kissin
Berl Kagan
Published in New York, NY, 1951
Acknowledgments
Project Coordinators
Max Heffler
Sonia Kovitz (Emerita)
Our sincere appreciation to Sondra Ettlinger for extracting the pictures
from the original book, enabling their addition to the project.
This is a translation from: Lite (vol.1), ed. Mendel Sudarsky, and Uriah Katzenelenbogen.
New York: Jewish-Cultural Society, 1951
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see also Lite (Volume2)
Introduction Prof. Louis Ginzberg 25
HISTORY
Lithuania in Our Memory Uriah Katzenelenbogen 33
The History of the Lithuanian Jews – From the Middle Ages to the First World War (A General Survey)
The Distinctive Traits in the History of the Lithuanian Jews – When Have the Jews Appeared in Lithuania? – The Realm of Lithuania in the Middle Ages – The Union of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1386 – The Charters of 1388 and 1389 for the Jews in Lithuania – The Reign of Vytautas (1386-1430), a “Bright Era” for the Lithuanian Jews – King and Grand Duke Casimir (1440-1492) Continues the Policies Regarding the Jews of Vytautas – The Expulsion of the Jews in 1495 – The Return of the Jews in 1503 – The Expanding of the Jewish Population in the 16th Century – The Conditions of the Jews under the Rule of Sigismund – Sigismund Augustus (1548-1572), a Liberal Ruler – Anti-Jewish Tendencies among the Middle Classes of the Urban Population and in the Circles of Impoverished Gentry – The Magdeburg Law Aggravates the Position of the Jewish Merchants and Artisans – Henry Válois, a Prince of France, becomes King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania – A Hard Struggle for the Morsel of Bread after the Economic Prosperity at the End of the 16th Century and in the Beginning of the 17th – The Disaster Brought by the Invasion of Moscow. The Initial Emigration to Western Europe – The Economic Decline Brings Social Discrimination – Vilnius (Wilno) and Kaunas (Kovno) – Spiritual and Cultural Upsurge in the 17th and 18th Centuries – Lithuanian Jews under the Rule of Russia – The Strife between the Hasidim and the Misnagdim – The Rise of the Haskalah – Under the Reign of Nicholas I – The Difficult Path of the Haskalah and its Progress – The Epoch of Alexander II – Changes in Social-Economic Conditions in the Second Half of the 19th Century – 1869, the Beginning of the Emigration from the Kovno Province to the U S A. – Emigration and Self-Help, Zionism and Bundism – The Revolution in Russia (1905) – On the Eve of the First World War.
Dr. Mark Wishnitzer 43
I
The Exile of the Lithuanian Jews in the Conflagration of the First World War (1914-1918)
1. Outbreak of the War – 2. On the Eve of the Exile – 3. The “Kuzhi Frame-up” and the Expulsion of Lithuanian Jews – 4. The Resounding Effect of the Exile and New Banishments – 5. The “Yekopo” (Jewish Committee of Relief) Aids the Hapless Wanderers – 6. Pogroms on Lithuanian Jews Who Avoided the Expulsion – 7. The Plight of the Refugees – 8. Lithuanian Jews on a Strange Soil – 9. The February Revoluticn of 1917 – 10. Repatriation.
Louis Stein 89
Jews in the Independent Lithuania (Between the Two World Wars)
The Establishment of the Lithuanian “Taryba” (Council) – The Taryba of Vilnius Proclaims the Independence of Lithuania and Selects a King – Jews are Invited to Participate in the Taryba and in the Ministerial Cabinet – Lithuanian-Jewish Freindship. Dr. Vigodsky the First Jewish Minister – The Lithuanian Government Moves to Kaunas – The Molding of the Jewish National Autonomy – The Government Declaration of May 12, 1922 – The Jewish Part in Political and Industrial Life – Jewish Cultural and Social Achievements – The Origination of the Jewish National Council – Obstacles in its Activities – The “Golden Era” of the National Autonomy – The Downthrow – The Bitter Disappointment – The Resignation of the Minister of Jewish Affairs, Dr. Soloveichik – The Desperate Struggle for National Autonomy – Anti-Jewish Regulations and the Daubing of Jewish Signs – The Liquidation of the Ministry for Jewish Affairs and the Jewish National Council – The Blow at the Jewish Communities (Kehilot) – Anti-Jewish Decrees – The Fight of the Jewish Parliamentarians (Jewish Seim-Faction) for Jewish Rights – Smetona's Goup d'Etat, December 17, 1926 – Remnants of the National Autonomy – New Restrictions against Jews – The Inner Strength of the Lithuanian Jewry.
Dr. Mendel Sudarsky 119
The Last Year of Existence of the Lithuanian Jewry Dr. Samuel Greenhaus 153
Vaad of Lithuania (Council of the Union of the Jewish Communities, 1623-1761), Its Structure and Role in the Social Life of the Lithuanian Jews
1. Origin of the Vaad of Lithuania and its General Character – 2. The Economic Legislation of the Vaad – 3. Its Regulations Regarding Education, Social Protection, Family Life and the Ways of Conduct – 4. The Discipline of the Communities and the Functions of their Councils – 5. The Defense of the Rights of the Jews and he Fighting Off of Instigators against Jews – 6. The Composition of the Vaad – 7. Its Business Order – 8. The Executive Body of the Vaad – 9. Contentions among the Leading Forces – 10. Cycles in the History of the Vaad – 11. The Autonomical Organization of the Communities in Samegitia.
Dr. Mark Wishnitzer 163
The Origin of the Karaites in Lithuania and Poland Dr. J. Brutzkus 193
The Karaites of the Last 150 Years M. Uriel 203
To the History of the Conference in Kaunas in 1869 Gregory Aronson 209
The Conference in Kaunas in 1909 G. A. 219
The Jewish National Autonomy in Independent Lithuania (Reminiscences with a Critical View) Dr. Joseph Berger 223
The Second Conference of the Jewish Communities (Kehilot) of Lithuania Dr. E. Widans 241
The Jewish National Assembly in Lithuania L. Shimoni 251
The Jews in the Seim (Diet) of Lithuania M. S. 273
The Jewish Faction in the Seim of Lithuania Dr. Jacob Robinson 275
The Jewish Faction of the Second Seim A. Makovsky 279
The Jews in the Municipal Administration Att. Lazar Lowenstein 287
Lithuania and Its Fight for Vilnius Dr. Mendel Sudarsky 295
II
LITVAKS
ENVIRONS – NEIGHBORS – MORES – LANGUAGES – PORTRAIT PAINTINGS
Litvaks
1. The Ethnographical and Historical Boundaries of Lithuania – 2. The Heathen Lithuania – 3. In the Christian Lithuania – 4. The Jews among Subjugated Peasant Peoples – 5. Insurrections, Liberation of Peasants, Prohibition of Lithuanian and Whiterussian Languages – 6. Lithuania, a Hostelry of Jewish Learning – 7. The Language Milieu of the Haskalah – 8. Litvaks the World Over – 9. Hopes for Good-Neighborly Relations among the Peoples of Lithuania – 10. The Split Lithuania – 11. Litvaks after the Destruction of the Lithuanian Jewry.
Uriah Katzenelenbogen 307
The Tribe of the Litvaks
1. The Air of Lithuania – 2. The Interpretation of a “Cross-Head" (Tseilom-Kop) – 3. King Solomon Receives the Last Word – 4. And This is the Blessing.
Dr. Aaron Steinberg 393
The Litvaks of Kurland B. Rivkin 407
Jewish Foods in Lithuania Hirsh Abramovitz 417
Our Lithuanian Yiddish
1. Among My People I Live – 2. Not All of the Lithuanian Jews Talk Alike – 3. Common Peculiarities in the Sounds of all Colloquialisms – 4. The Notorious Confusion of S and Sh (Sabesdiker Losn) – 5. The Yiddish of Samogitia – 6. The Usual Lithuanian Yiddish – 7. The Yiddish of Suvlkija – 8. About the Origin of the Diversity of Colloquialisms – 9. The Grammatical Gender in our Usage – 10. More Idiosyncrasies in the Grammar of the Lithuanian Dialect – 11. The Vocabulary of the Lithuanian Yiddish – 12. Lithuanianisms in Yiddish – 13. Typical Proverbs of Our Localities.
Yudel Mark 429
Types of Lithuanian Jews Painted by Jewish Artists
Sholem Feigensohn – Jewish Women, His Mother; Mark Chagall – An Ethrog and Palm Branch Carrier, A Scroll Reader, A Preacher; J. Messenblum – A Lithuanian Jew; Max Band – A Laborer; Albert Rappoport – A Pauper-Wanderer; Sholem Feigensohn – A Village Pedlar, His Father, A Learner, Hermann Struck – A Porter, A Bricklayer, A Coachman.
473
TORAH – MUSAR – RABB1NATE – HASIDISM (HABAD) – MISNAGDIM – YESHIBOT
Learning in Lithuania in the 19th Century
Introductory – Hasidot and Misnagdot – The Gaon of Wilno and his Disciples – The Yeshibah of Volozhin – The Yeshibot of Mir and Eishishkai – The Medium Yeshibot – Learners in Synagogues – Rabbi Israel Salanter and the Musar-Movement – The Musar-Yeshibot of Slabodka (Viliampole) and Novogrodek.
A. Menes 483
The Gaon of Wilno Rabbi Elijah Prof. Louis Ginzberg 527
The Originators of the Musar-Movement
1. Rabbi Joseph Zundl Salanter – 2. Rabbi Israel Salanter – 3. Rabbi Isaac Blazer.
A. R. Malachi 539
Rabbi Isaac Elchanan
Transcribed for the Book “Lite” by Uriah Katzenelenbogen Narrated by Prof. Chaim Tchernowitz 567
Rabbi Isaac of Panevczhys Rabbi M. S. Shapiro 577
Rabbi Abraham Duber Shapiro (The Last Chief Rabbi of Kaunas) Rabbi M. S. Shapiro 583
Habad Aaron Zeitlin 589
Hasidot and Misnagdot Rabbi Moses Hyim Adler 599
The Method of Interpretation in the Lithuanian Yeshibot Prof. Samuel Atlas 605
III
In the Yeshibah of Volozhin Ben-Zion Pecker 615
The Yeshibah of Telshiai Rabbi Elijah Meir Bloch 623
The Yeshibah of Mir M. Hindes 631
Lyda, Its Rabbis and Its Yeshibah M. Evensky 635
The Kibutz of Panevezhys Isaac Rivkind 645
The Yeshibah in Radun (Chofetz-Chaim Yeshibah) A. Rivkes 653
Midrash-Kaunas
1. Kaunas-Aleksotai – 2. How Simcha Zissl was Converted to Musar and his Disciple Nathan Hirsch– 3. Slabodka and Nehardea – 4. A Last Musar-Discourse.
Piesach Markus 663
HASKALAH (ENLIGHTENMENT)
The Cultural History of the Haskalah of the Lithuanian Jews
The Forerunners of the Haskalah Movement – The First Champions of the Maskilim in Lithuania – The Haskalah in Lithuania in the Period of 1794 to 1830 – Jewish Printing Establishments in Lithuania – Prince Adam Czartoryski, the “Maskilizator” – Jews in the University of Wilno – Lithuania after 1812 – Haskalah in Lithuania in the Years 1824-1841 – The Officious Haskalah (1841-1873) – The Rabbinical Seminary of Wilno – The Situation After 1863 – The Ideological Strife – Haskalah-Literature.
Dr. Jacob Shatzky 691
Mordecai Aaron Ginzburg and His Tract “Abiezer.” Dr. Menahem G. Glenn 759
The Sages of Zhagare Dr. Hermann Frank 775
Abraham Mapu Baal Ditnion (Nahum Shtiff) 785
Micah Joseph Lebensohn and Mordecai Zvi Manne Mordecai Jaffe 789
Eisik Meir Dick S. Charney 795
Michel Gordon
1. Michel Gordon, the Poet – 2. Michel Gordon, the Man.
S. Charney 799
Eliakim Zunser and His Songs J. Kissin 817
ECONOMICS
STATISTICS – INDUSTRY – COMMERCE – CRAFTSMANSHIP – TRADE GUILDS – PROFESSIONS – RURAL OCCUPATIONS – AGRICULTURE
The Economic Condition of the Jews in Lithuania (1919-1939)
I. The Increase and the National Status of the Population of Lithuania – II. The Jewish Population in Kovno Government for the Last Century – III. The Population Movement of the Lithuanian Jews – IV The Emigration of the Jews and Non-Jews – V. The Economic Development of the Kovno-Government and the Jewish Participation in it in the Middle of the 19th Century – VI. The Transition Period between Kovno-Government and Independent Country – VII. The Social Aspects of the Different Peoples in Independent Lithuania according to the Census of 1923 – VIII. The Economic Advancement of the Independent Lithunia – IX. The Economic Condition of the Jews in Independent Lithuania – X. Jewish Artisans in Independent Lithuania – XI. Jews in the Professions – XII. The Jewish Cooperative Movement.
Jacob Lestchinsky 827
The Pioneer of the Leather Industry in Lithuania, Hyim Frankel Narrated by his son, Jacob Frankel.
His Parents and Youth – Settling in Shauliai – The Rise of his Tannery – New Tanning Chemicals – Our Shoe Factory – Shauliai, a World Center of Leather – Our Agents – The Productivity of the Leather Plant – Our Customers – Relatives – At Home and in the World – The First World War and After.
Transcribed by Uriah Katzenelenbogen 941
IV
Jewish Artisans and Their Guilds in Lithuania Dr. Mark Wishnitzer 971
Of Jewish Rural Occupations in Lithuania
Fishing and Inn-Keeping. Hirsh Abramovitz 985
Agriculture and Gardening Among Lithuanian Jews
1. A Glimpse of History and Statistics – 2. Large Land Holdings (Estates) – 3. Village and Peasant Agriculture – 4. Near–Urban Farming – 5. Near–Urban Gardens and Orchards – 6. Household Farms.
Engineer–Agronomist Jacob Rossein 997
OF THE JEWISH LITERARY MILIEU IN INDEPENDENT LITHUANIA
J. Kissin The Editors 1015
Lithuania in Poetry and Prose J. Kissin 1019
My Years in Kovno Abraham Reisen 1025
Baal Machshovot (Dr I. Eljashev) S. Charney 1045
A Year in the Lithuanian State (Reminiscences of a Wayfarer) Dr. A. Mukdoni 1071
Yiddish Literary Achievements in Lithuania (A General Survey) N. I. Gotlieb 1099
Hebrew Literary Buds in Lithuania Nathan Greenblat 1111
CITIES AND TOWNS – REMINISCENCES – DESCRIPTIONS
Vilnius and Lithuania Baal Dimion (Nahum Shtiff) 1125
Vilnius – Jerusalem of Lithuania Dr Mordecai Kossover 1131
The Jewish Kaunas (Historical Outline) Ezekiel I. Berlson 1155
The Dawn of the Socialist Movement in Kaunas Victor Shulman 1161
Silhouettes of the Past Intelligentsia of Kaunas Leon Savage 1173
Kaunas Osip Dymoff 1183
Reminiscences of Kaunas
Childhood Years – Kaunas, A Religious Jewish City – Benevolent Associations – Associations for the World Beyond – The Revolutionary Era – The “Bund” in Kaunas.
Frank Epstein 1191
From Pumpenai to Kaunas
Pumpenai – Pasvalys – Panevezhys – Keidan [Kedainiai] – In Janova [Jonuva] – in Shirvint [Shirvintai] – In Tavrig [Taurage] – In Kovno (Kaunas).
B. I. Byalostotzky 1203
My First Journey Through Samogitia
My Desire to See Lithuania – Coachmen – Birzhai – Through Villages – Seeing Off Travelers to the U. S. A. and South Africa – The African Groom – A Glimpse at Pasvalys – Vashkai – Zheimelis – Kriukai – Shauliai – The “Directorius” Jonas – Gruzdzhiai – Papile.
Uriah Katzenelenbogen 1227
Of My Visits to Lithuania Vladimir Grossmann 1251
The First Strike of the Bristle Workers in Lithuania M. Ladsky 1259
Vanished Worlds H. Smith 1263
Three Times in Lithuania B. Z. Goldberg 1269
Wilno, a Chapter in My Life Der Tunkeler 1279
A Contrabandist of the Jewish Book Morris S. Sklarsky 1289
V
My Two Visits to the Lithuanian State
First Visit – Second Visit – Pashvitinys – Linkuva – Vashkai – Shauliai.
Zivion (Dr. B. Hoffmann) 1293
My Grandmother Hya Sarah Dr. I. N. Steinberg 1309
The Elyashev Family of Kovno Dr. Shmuel Elyashiv (Fridman) 1313
In Independent Lithuania in 1933 Daniel Charney 1323
Of My Visit to Lithuania in 1938 Joseph Opatoshu 1327
What Lithuania Signifies for Us (Reflections of the Past) J. Batnitzky 1331
In Joy and in Grief Among Lithuanian Jews M. Mandelman 1333
Rabbi Hirsh of Slobodka S. M. Sherman 1359
Reb Hirsh Nevyazher Ben-Isaac 1363
Rabbi Joseph Zechariah Shtern (What People Told of Him) A. Jerushalmi 1365
Rabbi Herzl B. Shilman 1369
Rabbi Shloime Dayon (Batnitzky) Dr. S. Melamed 1373
Types of a Past Generation of Lithuania
Reb Itche of Baltushov – Reb Arele Shloime's – Reb Moishl of Vishtytis.
Dr. Mordecai Katz 1375
Moishele the Author Dr. Z. Kadish 1383
A Blessing by Chofetz-Chaim Abba Gordin 1385
Khane the Shoemaker (Markus) Leib Nadel 1393
Among the Halutzim in Lithuania
Introductory – The Centre – Labor – The Agricultural Cooperative “Kibush” (Conquest) – The District of the Cooperatives “Golil” (Galilee) – “To the Exile We Shall Not Return."
I. N. Gotlieb 1395
The Jewish Panevezhys
Social Activities – The Old Mode of Living – The Rabbi of Panevezhys – Maskilim and Revolutionaries – Deputy of the Duma (Parliament of Russia).
Dr. Joseph A. Heller 1403
Panevezhys in 1906 Alter Epstein 1413
The Jewish Common Folk of Panevezhys M. Birman 1415
Panevezhys After the First World War
The Market-Place and the Pharmacy – Synagogues – The Town Pump – Rabbinate – Karaites – Jewish Writers – People's Intelligentsia – Organizations and Institutions – Our Common Towns.
Selig Back 1419
A Visit to Panevezhys in 1938 Meir Kimmel 1425
Klaipeda (Memel) Dr. Samuel Greenhaus 1427
The Town Kelme Rabbi Hyim Karlinsky 1437
Palanga Yudel Mark 1453
Kedainiai Sholem Datt 1475
Alytus Dr. Martin Lichtenstein 1477
A Short Visit to Alytus Alte Arsh-Sudarsky 1479
My Town Dusetos (Types and Episodes)
This and That – The “Rebel” – Elijah Sarah-Mirra's – A Page of Gemara – Pinya The Dyer – Itzikl Business – Leibele “Nie Rush.”.
Mordecai Jaffe 1483
Israel Matz The Editors 1497
My Home Town, Kalvarija Israel Matz 1499
VI
My Town, Skuodas Leo Bernstein 1513
Gargzhdai Isaac Goodman 1517
Merkine Dr. Menahem G. Glenn 1519
Raguva
Introductory – Common People – “The Flirt” – Horse Traders – Types – Jesters of Raguva.
Enoch Stein 1523
Pilvishok [Pilviškiai] Dr. M. Z. Levinzon-Lubya 1533
A Semester in Krekenava B. Shilman 1535
My Town, Moletai Ben-Zion Riback 1539
Obelial B. G. Zack 1543
Towns of the Region of Vilnius M. S. 1547
Glubokoje Alte A. S. 1551
Ratnitza A. Zebulun Berebitches 1553
Through Lithuania (Cities and Towns)
Mariampole – Vilkavishkis by Berl London – Telshai – Raseiniai by N. Ben-Chaim – Utena – Jonuva by Peisach Janever – Taurage – Birzhai by I. R. – Kedainiai by Ben-Alexander – Mazheikiai by Josephus – Rokishkis by Yudel Gapanovitch – Plunge by N. Rill – Jurbarkas – Lazdijai by I Dan – Anykshchiai – Zarasai – Kupishkis – Prienai – Zhagare – Kudirkos-Naumiestis by Z. Tumpovsky – Pandelis – Seredzhius by G-n – Seta – Balbierishkis – Chekishkis by R. K. – Gelvonai – Pushalotas – Veliuona – Shiaulenai by Ben-Daniel – Onushkis by L. B. E. – Rudamynas by Daniel Riback – Kuliai – Taujenai by A. Walt.
Dr. Mendel Sudarsky 1561
Vishtytis Dr. Mendel Sudarsky 1627
Virbalis Dr. Mendel Sudarsky 1633
DESTRUCTION OF THE LITHUANIAN JEWRY
The Annihilation of the Jews in Vilnius Victor Shulman 1649
“At the Vilnius Cemetery” Layzer Ran 1659
Lithuanians and Jews During the Nazi Occupation Ona Shimaite 1661
The Ghetto Library of Vilnius Dinah Abramovitz 1671
Most Significant Moments in the Ghetto of Kaunas
1. From the Beginning of the War to the Inclusion in the Ghetto – 2. The Time of the “Aktionen” – 3. The So-Called “Quiet” Period – 4. Recurrent “Aktionen,” Exile to Estonia, The Liquidation.
Leib Garfunkel 1679
The “Arbeit-Einsatz” (Forced Labor) in the Ghetto of Kaunas Agronomist Jacob Oleisky 1713
Medical Aid in the Ghetto and in the Concentration Camp Dr. Aaron Percikovitz 1719
A Day Behind Barbed Wires. Dr. S. Dolnitzky 1735
Cultural Activities in the Ghetto of Kaunas Dr. Samuel Greenhaus 1743
A Jewish Teen-Age Girl in the Concentration Camp (Katzet) Vera Elijashev 1757
The Annihilated Family of Moishe Katz L. Odes 1763
VII
The Destruction of the Jews in the Ghetto of Shauliai and of the Adjacent Towns
The First Massacres – The Tanneries – The Jews Forced into the Ghetto – The “Aktionen” – Aerodrome – The Hospital – The Public School – The “Werkstuben” (Workhouses) – The Reduction of the Ghetto Area – The Turf-Decree – August 20, 1942 – The List of the 27 – The Winter-Camps – Working Places Outside of the Ghetto – The Abolishing of the Currency System – Camps of 1943 – The Gallows – Reopening of the School – - The “Kasernierung” (Transfer to Barracks) – Children “Aktion” – The Rescued Children – Change in the Ghetto Administration – Camp A. B. A. – Evacuation from the Camps – Evacuation from the Ghetto of Shauliai – Foreign Camps of Panevezhys and Jonishkis – Extermination of the Jews of Tytuvenai – The Perishing Jews of Telshiai and Adjacent Alsedzhiai, Vevirzhenai, Varnel, Zharenai, Tverai, Luoke, Navarenai, Plunge, Plateliai, Rietava – Why No Renstance? – Our Annihilation and the Lithuanian Attitude.
A. Jerushalmi 1767
To the History of the Destruction of the Lithuanian Jewry
Introductory – How the Jews Were Tortured to Death in Panevzhys – Atrocious Killings of the Jews in Mariampole – The Perishing of the Jews in Garleva, Pakonys, Veiveriai, Mavruchiai and Other Communities Near Kaunas – A Lithuanian Professor Repents.
Joseph Gar 1833
The Last Days of Kelme Rabbi Samuel Meir Karnovitz 1845
The Destruction of Jurbarkas Zvi Levit 1849
Simnas and Its Annihilation Zvi Levit 1853
Devastation of the Jews of Pasvalys and of Nearby Jewish Communities of Jonishkelis, Vashkai, Linkuva, Pumpenai, Salochiai and Vabalnikas B. Rainus 1859
Skaudvile and Its Annihilation Rabbi Hyim Stein 1861
The Devastation of the Jews of Kudirkos-Naumiestis Dr. L. Goldstein 1865
The Destruction of Gargzhdai *~* 1867
Annihilation of the Jews of Aukshtadvaris and of Trakai, Onushkis, Valkenikai, Rudishikis, Leipunai and Lantvaris Jacob Sapirstein 1869
Annihilation of the Jews of Alsedzhiai Transcribed by A. Jerushalmi David Factor 1881
Annihilation of the Jews of Vyzhuonis Rabbi Shabbethai Katz 1885
In the Woods (Leaves of a Diary) Berl Kagan 1887
Partisans of the Ghetto of Slabodka Chaint Meiserovitch 1907
Lithuanian Jews Among the Jewish Survivors in Germany Marion Gide 1919
The Bibliography of the Literature on the Annihilation of the Lithuanian Jewry
1. Books and Articles of General Content – 2. Vilnius – 3. Kaunas – 4. Cities and Communities of Lithuania and its Neighboring Border Regions – 5. Resistance and the Partisan Movement – 6. Works of Literature and Folk-lore.
Dr. Philip Friedman 1923
Index of Personalities 1941
Index to Places Mentioned 1977
Sponsors of the Book “Lite” (Lithuania) 1989
Partial Contents of Volume Two “Lite” (Lithuania) 2001
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