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State of Israel (Hebrew: Alexander Penn (Hebrew: אלכסנדר פן, Russian: Александр Пэнн; 1906 – April 1972) was an Israeli poet.[1][2]
Contents
1 Biography
2 Literary career
3 Published works
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Biography[edit]
Avraham (Alexander) Pepliker-Stern (later Penn) was born in Nizhnekolymsk, Russia. According to one version of his biography, his father, Yosef Stern, ran a heder (a Jewish religious school for young children) and taught Hebrew. As a youth, Penn was a boxer. He moved to Moscow in 1920, to study cinema, and published his first poems in Russian that year. In 1927, he immigrated to Mandatory Palestine. He worked as a boxing trainer in Tel Aviv, as well as a farm hand, a construction worker and a guard. In Russia, Yosef Stern had changed the family name to Pepliker to avoid military service. Penn's created a nom de plume by taking the "peh" from Pepliker and the final "nun" from Stern. While he was married to Bella, he had a romantic relationship with actress Hanna Rovina, with whom he had a daughter, Ilana.[3] At this time, Penn already had two children - a daughter, Zerubavela and a son, Adam. He later married Hanna, with whom he had another daughter, Sinilga Eisenschreiber Penn.[4]
From 1940 until his death in 1972, Penn lived in a small apartment in the northern section of Dizengoff Street, near the local police station. He was a charismatic, handsome man who sported long sideburns and black boots when others wore shorts and sandals.[5]
Literary career[edit]
Alexander Penn historic plaque in Tel Aviv
Penn began writing Hebrew poetry after settling in Palestine. He published these poems in the daily Hebrew newspaper Davar and a variety of literary magazines. As a Marxist and a member of the Israeli Communist Party, he edited the literary section of the party's paper Kol Ha'am.
In 1957, his collection of poems Along the Way was published with illustrations by Gershon Knispel. Penn insisted on including poems with Jewish and Zionist content despite his affiliation with the Communist party, which criticized him for this deviance from the party line. In 1958, Aharon Amir, editor of the literary quarterly Keshet, published a number of his poems. Although he was ostracized for his political beliefs, leading literary figures continued to meet with him and admired his work, among them Avot Yeshurun.[6]
One of Penn's most well-known poems was "Vidui" (My Confession), a turbulent piece about love and death. The poem was set to music in the early 1970s and has been recorded since then by numerous Israeli singers and musicians, including Michal Tal, Yehudit Ravitz and more recently, Marina Maximilian Blumin.
In an article about him in Haaretz newspaper, Dalia Karpel wrote that Penn, a contemporary of Israeli poets Avraham Shlonsky and Natan Alterman, wrote romantic love poems, conformist and non-conformist patriotic poems, political poems and lyrics that were set to music. Apart from his literary works, he was famous for his Bohemian lifestyle. A heavy smoker and drinker, who also suffered from diabetes, he saw himself as someone who could overcome the weaknesses of the body in defiance of medical science.
In 1989, a biography of Penn, "Shalekhet Kokhavim" (Shedding of the Stars: Alexander Penn. His Life and Work Until 1940), appeared in Hebrew.
Published works[edit]
World in Siege (poetry), Sefarim Tovim, 1948 [Tevel Be-Matzor]
Along the Way (poetry), Mada Ve-Haim, 1956 [Le-Orech Ha-Derech]
All and Everyone (play), Sheinfeld, 1952 [Kulam Ke-Ehad]
Was It Ever (poetry), Tcherikover, 1972 [Haia O Lo Haia]
One-Way Sadness Street (poetry), Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 1977 [Rehov Ha-Etzev Ha-Had Sitri]
Roofless Nights (poetry), Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 1985 [Leylot Bli Gag] **** Hayim Nahman Bialik (Hebrew: חיים נחמן ביאליק; January 9, 1873 – July 4, 1934), also Chaim or Haim, was a Jewish poet who wrote primarily in Hebrew but also in Yiddish. Bialik was one of the pioneers of modern Hebrew poetry. He was part of the vanguard of Jewish thinkers who gave voice to the breath of new life in Jewish life.[1] Although he died before Israel became a state, Bialik ultimately came to be recognized as Israel's national poet.
Contents
1 Biography
2 Literary career
3 Move to Germany
4 Move to Tel Aviv
5 Works and influence
6 Death
7 References
8 Selected bibliography in English
9 External links
Biography[edit]
Hayyim Nahman and his wife Manya in 1925
Bialik was born in Ivnitsa [uk], Volhynian Governorate in the Russian Empire to Itzik-Yosef Bialik, a scholar and businessman from Zhitomir, and his wife, Dinah-Priveh.[2] He had older brother Sheftel (born in 1862) and sister Chenya-Ides (born in 1871), as well as a younger sister Blyuma (born in 1875).[3] When Bialik was still a child, his father died. In his poems, Bialik romanticized the misery of his childhood, describing seven orphans left behind—though modern biographers believe there were fewer children, including grown step-siblings who did not need to be supported. Be that as it may, from the age 7 onwards Bialik was raised in Zhitomir by his Orthodox grandfather, Yankl-Moishe Bialik.
In Zhitomir he received a traditional Jewish religious education, but also explored European literature. At the age of 15, inspired by an article he read, he convinced his grandfather to send him to the Volozhin Yeshiva in Lithuania, to study at a famous Talmudic academy under Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin, where he hoped he could continue his Jewish schooling while expanding his education to European literature as well. Attracted to the Jewish Enlightenment movement (Haskala), Bialik gradually drifted away from yeshiva life. There is a story in the biography of Rabbi Chaim Solevetchik that cites an anonymous student reputed to be him. The story goes that Rabbi Chaim, after expelling Bialik from the yeshiva for being involved in the Haskala movement, personally escorted his former student out. When asked "Why?" the rabbi replied that he spent the time convincing Bialik not to use his writing talents against the yeshiva world. Poems such as HaMatmid ("The Talmud student") written in 1898, reflect Bialik's great ambivalence toward that way of life: on the one hand admiration for the dedication and devotion of the yeshiva students to their studies, on the other hand a disdain for the narrowness of their world.
At 18 he left for Odessa, the center of modern Jewish culture in the southern Russian Empire, drawn by such luminaries as Mendele Mocher Sforim and Ahad Ha'am. In Odessa, Bialik studied Russian and German language and literature and dreamed of enrolling in the Modern Orthodox Rabbinical Seminary in Berlin. Alone and penniless, he made his living teaching Hebrew. The 1892 publication of his first poem, El Hatzipor "To the Bird", which expresses a longing for Zion, in a booklet edited by Yehoshua Ravnitzky (1859-1944) (a future collaborator), eased Bialik's way into Jewish literary circles in Odessa. He joined the Hovevei Zion movement and befriended Ahad Ha'am, who had a great influence on his Zionist outlook.
In 1892 Bialik heard news that the Volozhin Yeshiva had closed and returned home to Zhitomir to prevent his grandfather from discovering that he had discontinued his religious education. He arrived to find both his grandfather and his older brother close to death. Following their deaths, Bialik married Manya Averbuch[4] in 1893. For a time he served as a bookkeeper in his father-in-law's lumber business in Korostyshiv, near Kiev. But when this proved unsuccessful, he moved in 1897 to Sosnowiec, a small town in Zaglebie, southern Poland, which was then part of the Russian Empire, near the border with Prussia and Austria. In Sosnowiec, Bialik worked as a Hebrew teacher and tried to earn extra income as a coal merchant, but the provincial life depressed him. He was finally able to return to Odessa in 1900, having secured a teaching job.
Bialik's first visit to the US was to Hartford, CT, where he stayed with Cousin Raymond Bialeck and his family. His closest living relatives in the US include Hal Bialeck, Alison Bialeck and Richard Bialeck. He is the uncle of actress Mayim Bialik's great-great-grandfather.[5]
Literary career[edit]
A young Bialik
For the next two decades, Bialik taught and continued his activities in Zionist and literary circles, as his literary fame continued to rise. This is considered Bialik's "golden period". In 1901 his first collection of poetry was published in Warsaw, and was greeted with much critical acclaim, to the point that he was hailed "the poet of national renaissance." Bialik relocated to Warsaw briefly in 1904 as literary editor of the weekly magazine HaShiloah founded by Ahad Ha'am, a position he served for six years.
In 1903 Bialik was sent by the Jewish Historical Commission in Odessa to interview survivors of the Kishinev pogroms and prepare a report. In response to his findings Bialik wrote his epic poem In the City of Slaughter, a powerful statement of anguish at the situation of the Jews. Bialik's condemnation of passivity against anti-Semitic violence is said to have influenced the founding Jewish self-defense groups in the Russian Empire, and eventually the Haganah in Palestine. Bialik visited Palestine in 1909.
It was during this 1903 visit to Odessa that Bialik first met Ira Jan[6], the painter whom he secretly loved, as revealed by Prof. Ziva Shamir in her book "A Track of Her Own".[7]
In the early 20th century, together with Ravnitzky, Simcha Ben Zion and Elhanan Levinsky, Bialik founded a Hebrew publishing house, Moriah, which issued Hebrew classics and school texts. He translated into Hebrew various European works, such as Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Schiller's Wilhelm Tell, Cervantes' Don Quixote, and Heine's poems; and from Yiddish S. Ansky's The Dybbuk.
Throughout the years 1899–1915, Bialik published about 20 of his Yiddish poems in different Yiddish periodicals in the Russian Empire. These poems are often considered to be among the best achievements of modern Yiddish poetry of that period. In collaboration with Ravnitzky, Bialik published Sefer HaAggadah (1908–1911, The Book of Legends), a three-volume edition of the folk tales and proverbs scattered through the Talmud. For the book they selected hundreds of texts and arranged them thematically. The Book of Legends was immediately recognized as a masterwork and has been reprinted numerous times. Bialik also edited the poems of the medieval poet and philosopher Ibn Gabirol. He began a modern commentary on the Mishnah, but only completed Zeraim, the first of the six Orders (in the 1950s, the Bialik Institute published a commentary on the entire Mishnah by Hanoch Albeck, which is currently out of print). He also added several commentaries on the Talmud.
In 1919 in Odessa, he was also able to found the Dvir publishing house, which would later become famous.[8][9] This publishing house, now based in Israel, still exists, but is now known as Kinneret Zmora-Bitan Dvir after Dvir was purchased by the Zmora-Bitan publishing house in 1986, which later merged with Kinneret.
Bialik lived in Odessa until 1921, when the Moriah publishing house was closed by Communist authorities, as a result of mounting paranoia following the Bolshevik Revolution. With the intervention of Maxim Gorki, a group of Hebrew writers were given permission by the Soviet government to leave the country. While in Odessa he had befriended the soprano Isa Kremer whom he had a profound influence on. It was through his influence that she became an exponent of Yiddish music on the concert stage; notably becoming the first woman to concertize that music.
Move to Germany[edit]
Bialik then moved, via Poland and Turkey, to Berlin, where together with his friends Ravnitzky and Shmaryahu Levin he re-established the Dvir publishing house. Bialik published in Dvir the first Hebrew language scientific journal with teachers of the rabbinical college Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums contributing. In Berlin Bialik joined a community of Jewish authors and publishers such as Samuel Joseph Agnon (sponsored by the owner of Schocken Department Stores, Salman Schocken, who later founded his own publishing house), Simon Dubnow, Israel Isidor Elyashev (Ba'al-Machshoves), Uri Zvi Greenberg, Jakob Klatzkin (founded Eschkol publishing house in Berlin), Moshe Kulbak, Jakob-Wolf Latzki-Bertoldi (founded Klal publishing house in Berlin in 1921), Simon Rawidowicz (co-founder of Klal), Salman Schneur, Nochum Shtif (Ba'al-Dimion), Shaul Tchernichovsky, elsewhere in Germany Shoshana Persitz with Omanuth publishing house in Bad Homburg v.d.H. and Martin Buber. They met in the Hebrew Club Beith haWa'ad ha'Ivri בית הועד העברי in Berlin's Scheunenviertel, or in Café Monopol, which had a Hebrew-speaking corner, as Eliezer Ben-Yehuda's son Itamar Ben-Avi recalled, and in Café des Westens (both in Berlin's more elegant western boroughs).
The still-Soviet theatre HaBimah toured through Germany, much-acclaimed by Albert Einstein, Alfred Kerr and Max Reinhardt. Bialik succeeded Saul Israel Hurwitz after his death on 8 August 1922 as Hebrew chief editor at Klal publishing house, which published 80 titles in 1922.[10] On January 1923 Bialik's 50th birthday was celebrated in the old concert hall of the Berlin Philharmonic bringing together everybody who was anybody.[11] In the years of Inflation Berlin had become a centre of Yiddish and Hebrew and other foreign language publishing and printing, because books could be produced at ever falling real expenses and sold to a great extent for stable foreign currency. Many Hebrew and Yiddish titles were also translated into German. Once the old inflationary currency (Mark) was replaced by the new stable Rentenmark and Reichsmark this period ended and many publishing houses closed or relocated elsewhere, as did many prominent publishers and authors.
Move to Tel Aviv[edit]
Beit Bialik mid 1920s
Bialik building Tel Aviv 2015
In 1924, Bialik relocated with his publishing house Dvir to Tel Aviv, devoting himself to cultural activities and public affairs. Bialik was immediately recognized as a celebrated literary figure. He delivered the address that marked the opening (in 1925) of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem and was a member of its board of governors.[citation needed] In 1927 he became head of the Hebrew Writers Union, a position he retained for the remainder of his life. In 1933 his 60th birthday was celebrated with festivities nationwide[clarification needed], and all the schoolchildren of Tel Aviv were taken to meet him and pay their respects to him.
Works and influence[edit]
Bialik wrote several different modes of poetry. He is perhaps most famous for his long, nationalistic poems, which call for a reawakening of the Jewish people. Bialik had his own awakening even before writing those poems, arising out of the anger and shame he felt at the Jewish response to pogroms. In his poem "Massa Nemirov", for example, Bialik excoriated the Jews of Kishinev who had allowed their persecutors to wreak their will without raising a finger to defend themselves.[12]
However no less effective are his passionate love poems, his personal verse, or his nature poems. Last but not least, Bialik's songs for children are a staple of Israeli nursery life. From 1908 onwards, he wrote mostly prose.
By writing his works in Hebrew, Bialik contributed significantly to the revival of the Hebrew language, which before his days existed primarily as an ancient, scholarly tongue. His influence is felt deeply in all modern Hebrew literature. The generation of Hebrew language poets who followed in Bialik's footsteps, including Jacob Steinberg and Jacob Fichman, are called "the Bialik generation".
To this day, Bialik is recognized as Israel's national poet. Bialik House, his former home at 22 Bialik Street in Tel Aviv, has been converted into a museum, and functions as a center for literary events. The municipality of Tel Aviv awards the Bialik Prize in his honor. Kiryat Bialik, a suburb of Haifa, and Givat Hen, a moshav bordering the city of Raanana, are named after him. He is the only person to have two streets named after him in the same Israeli city – Bialik Street and Hen Boulevard in Tel Aviv. There is also Bialik Hebrew Day School in Toronto, ON, Canada;[13] Bialik High School in Montreal, QC, Canada; and a cross-communal Jewish Zionist school in Melbourne called Bialik College. In Caracas, Venezuela, the largest Jewish community school is named Herzl-Bialik. Also in Rosario, Argentina the only Jewish school is named after him.
Bialik's poems have been translated into at least 30 languages, and set to music as popular songs. These poems, and the songs based on them, have become an essential part of the education and culture of modern Israel.
Bialik wrote most of his poems using "Ashkenazi" pronunciation, while modern Israeli Hebrew uses the Sephardi pronunciation. Consequently, Bialik's poems are rarely recited in the meter in which they were written.
Death[edit]
Bialik died in Vienna, Austria, on July 4, 1934, following a failed prostate operation.[14] He was buried in Tel Aviv; a large mourning procession followed from his home on the street named after him, to his final resting place.[ **** Itzhak Katzenelson (Hebrew: יצחק קצנלסון, Yiddish: (יצחק קאַצ(ע)נעלסאָן(זון; also transcribed Icchak-Lejb Kacenelson, Jizchak Katzenelson; Yitzhok Katznelson) (1 July 1886 – 1 May 1944) was a Polish Jew, a teacher, poet and dramatist. He was born in 1886 in Karelichy near Minsk, and was murdered May 1, 1944 in Auschwitz.[1]
Contents
1 Biography
2 Published works
3 References
4 External links
Biography[edit]
Soon after his birth Katzenelson's family moved to Łódź, Poland, where he grew up. He worked as a teacher, founding a school, and as a dramatist in both Yiddish and Hebrew, starting a theatre group which toured Poland and Lithuania. Following the German invasion of Poland in 1939 he and his family fled to Warsaw, where they got trapped in the Ghetto. There he ran an underground school for Jewish children. His wife and two of his sons were deported to the Treblinka extermination camp and murdered there.
Katzenelson participated in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising starting on April 19, 1943. To save his life, friends supplied him and his surviving son with forged Honduran passports. They managed to leave the ghetto but later surrendered to the Germans at the Hotel Polski. He was deported to a detention camp in Vittel, France, where the Nazis held American and British citizens and nationals of other Allied and neutral countries, for possible later prisoner exchange.
In Vittel, Katzenelson wrote Dos lid funem oysgehargetn yidishn folk ("Song of the Murdered Jewish People"). He put the manuscript in bottles and buried them under a tree, from where it was recovered after the war. A copy was sewn into the handle of a suitcase and later taken to Israel.
In late April 1944, Itzhak Katzenelson and his son Zvi were sent on a transport to the Auschwitz concentration camp, where they were murdered on May 1, 1944.
The Ghetto Fighters' House Holocaust and Jewish Resistance Heritage Museum in Israel, is named in his memory. "The Song of the Murdered Jewish People" has been translated into numerous languages and published as an individual volume.
Published works[edit]
Vittel Diary (22.v.43 – 16.9.43), Israel: Ghetto Fighters' House, 1964. Translated from the Hebrew by Dr. Myer Cohen; includes biographical notes and appendix of terms and place names.
Le Chant du peuple juif assassiné, France: Bibliothèque Medem, 2005. Yiddish-French edition, French translation by Batia Baum, introduction by Rachel Ertel [fr]. ****Levin Kipnis (Hebrew: לֶוִין קִיפְּנִיס; 1 August 1894 – 20 June 1990) was an Israeli children's author and poet who wrote mainly in Hebrew and Yiddish. He won the Israel prize in 1978.[1]
Contents
1 Biography
2 Awards and honors
3 Bibliography
3.1 Books Published in Hebrew
3.1.1 Children
3.2 Books in Translation
4 See also
5 References
Biography[edit]
Kipnis was born in Ushomyr in Volhynian Governorate which was part of the Pale of Settlement of the Russian Empire (now in Korosten Raion of Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine), into a family of 12. His father, Pessach, who was a shaliach tzibbur, sent him to study in a Cheder, which he didn't like because of the strict discipline. He showed a passion for the arts from a young age, painting and woodcarving. His father, who saw his potential, encouraged him to become a sofer stam. He wrote mezuzot to provide additional income for the family.
He decided to become a writer at the age of 13, after seeing the Hebrew children's magazine "Haprachim" ("the flowers"). In his attic, he wrote, illustrated and produced his own magazine, later submitting one of his stories, "the sick child" to the children's magazine. The story was published in 1910. Kipnis completed his education in Jitomir and Warsaw, then went back to his hometown, where he founded an "improved Cheder," established a Hebrew library and wrote and directed plays. In 1913, he emigrated to Ottoman Palestine and continued his arts education at the Bezalel Academy of Art and Design. The lack of content for children of kindergarten age convinced him to write songs suited for preschoolers.[2]
With the outbreak of World War I, Kipnis established the "Little Library for Children" publisher in Jaffa, while concurrently doing agricultural forced labor for the Ottoman military. After the war he returned to Jerusalem at the invitation of Bezalel to write and edit content for preschoolers and published story and song collections for children as well as the first magazine for preschool teachers "Ganenu" ("our garden" or "our kindergarten").
In 1921, he managed an orphanage in Safed. In 1922, he traveled to Berlin, Germany for advanced studies in art and craftsmanship. There he published three books in German. He returned in 1923 and began teaching at the Levinsky Teacher's College in Tel Aviv.
In 1928, Kipnis wrote plays and participated actively in the foundation of a children's theater, later known as "Teatron Hagananot" ("the preschool-teacher theater"), where some well known Hebrew performers such as Bracha Zfira and Sara Levi-Tanai participated.[3]
In 1956, he retired from his job as an educator and dedicated his time to writing.
Kipnis's writing is characterized by a light and happy style, devoid of pathos, yet rich and aesthetic. His collections in Hebrew encompass about 800 stories and 600 poems. Kipnis also wrote songs in Hebrew, including Shanah Tova. He also wrote children's books in Yiddish, publishing a collection in 1961. His work was translated into English, French, German, Russian, Arabic and Yiddish. He was active as a writer for 80 years, from 1910 to 1990.
Kipnis died in 1990 in Tel Aviv.
The archive of his work is at the Levin Kipnis Center for Children's Literature, Levinsky Teachers' College. The center awards a bi-annual prize named after Kipnis for a research project about children's literature.[4]
Awards and honors[edit]
Memorial plaque to Levin Kipnis in Tel Aviv
In 1962, Kipnis was awarded the Yatsiv Prize for Children's Literature.
In 1976, he received the Lamdan Prize for Children's Literature.
In 1978, he was awarded the Israel Prize, for children's literature.[5]
A street is named after him in Be'er Sheva
Bibliography[edit]
Books Published in Hebrew[edit]
Children[edit]
By the Ancestor's Grave, Berlin-Hasefer, 1923 [Le-Kever Avot]
Aleph-Beit, Berlin-Hasefer, 1923 [Aleph-Beit]
A String, Omanut, 1923 [Mahrozet]
The Story of the Chick Who Wanted a New Mother, Omanut, 1923 [Ma'aseh Be-Efroah She Halach Levakesh Em Aheret]
Shele-Pele, Dvir, 1925 [Shele-Pele]
Shulamita, Dvir, 1925 [Shulamita]
Velvet and Her Puppies, Dvir, 1925 [Ketifah Ve-Gureha]
Listen and I Will Tell You, Dvir, 1925 [Shim'u Va-Asapera]
Hasty Goat, Dvir, 1926 [Iza Peziza]
The Compassionate Donkey, Dvir, 1926 [He-Hamor He-Rahum]
The Exiled Palm Branch, Dvir, 1926 [Ha-Lulav Ha-Goleh]
The Queen of Geese, Dvir, 1926 [Malkat Ha-Avazim]
The Scarecrow, Dvir, 1927 [Ha-Dahlil]
Country Children, Dvir, 1927 [Yaldei Sadeh]
The Story of the Wandering Apple, Dvir, 1927 [Ma'ase Be-Tpuah She-Halach Lasuah]
Four and a Bulb, Dvir, 1928 [Arba Benei Peka'at]
The Story of a Paper Rose, Dvir, 1928 [Ma'ase Be-Vered Shel Nyar]
Zamzuma, Dvir, 1928 [Zamzuma]
The Tiger Who Almost Changed Its Spots, Dvir, 1928 [Ha-Namer She-Halach Lahafoch Havarburotav]
Counting, Dvir, 1929 [Sefirah]
Purim Spiel, Stybel, 1929 [Mishak Purim]
The Sea's Gift, Stybel, 1930 [Matnat Ha-Yam]
The Story of the Harbor, Stybel, 1930 [Ma'ase Be-Namal]
The Oil Jar, Stybel, 1930 [Kad Ha-Shemen]
Butterflies, Dvir, 1930 [Parparim]
Who Is That? Dvir, 1930 [Mi Zeh?]
What Is That? Dvir, 1930 [Ma Zeh?]
Chanukah for Toddlers, L. Kipnis, 1932 [Hanukah Le-Tinokot]
First Fruits, Kupat Hasefer, 1932 [Bikurim]
The Blue Collection, I. Shimoni, 1939 [Ha-sifriah Ha-Kehulah L'Yeladim]
The Western Wall, Sion, 194- [Ha-Kotel Ha-Ma'aravi]
Lit up Candles, Dfus Arieli, 1940 [Nerot Dolkim]
Dew, I. Shimoni, 1941 [Tal]
David and Goliath, Fisher, 1941 [David Ve-Goliat]
What Do Animals Say? Fisher, 1942 [Ha-Hayot Ma Omrot]
Folks, Massada, 1942 [Hevraya]
310 Riddles, Ever, 1943 [Shai Hidot]
Good Morning, Massada, 1943 [Boker Tov]
The Festival of Light, Rudin, 1946 [Hag Ha-Or]
Clandestine Children, Dvir, 1946 [Yeladim Be-Mahteret]
My Kindergarten, Twersky, 1949 [Gan-Gani]
My Holidays, Twersky, 1949 [Hagai]
Thus Spoke Grandpa, Stybel, 1950 [Ko Amar Saba]
Lion the Hero, 1950 [Ha-Arieh Ha-Gibor]
First Kindergarten, Twersky, 1954 [Gan-Ganon]
The Extraordinary Path, Dvir, 1954 [Bi'Ntiv Ha-Pele]
Light, Dekel, 1957 [Or]
150 Riddles, Karni, 1958 [Ken Hidot]
Quiz for Children, Karni, 1958 [Hidon Le-Yeladim]
Playground, S. Zak, 1958 [Pinah Ginah]
Phanty the Elephant, S. Zak, 1959 [Pil Palil]
March!, S. Zak, 1959 [Kadima Tz'ad!]
About Two and Four, Dvir, 1960 [Al Shtayim Ve-Al Arba]
The State of Israel, Karni, 1960 [Medinat Israel]
Mr. Coxcomb Went to the Army, Sh. Zimenson, 1964 [Mar Karbol Hitgayess]
Eliezer and the Carrot, Sh. Zimenson, 1964 [Eliezer Ve-Ha-Gezer]
Chen Gave, Chen Took Away, Sh. Zimenson, 1964 [Hen Natan, Hen Lakah]
Under The Palm Tree, Kiriat Sefer, 1965 [Be-Tzel Ha-Tomer]
A Nice Walk, Sh. Zimenson, 196- [Tiyul Na'im]
My Friends, Sh. Zimenson, 196- [Haverim Sheli]
Biki In Disguise, Sh. Zimenson, 1966 [Biki Mithapes]
I Have a Light, Sh. Zimenson, 1966 [Or Li]
Six in a Little Bag, Sh. Zimenson, 1966 [Shesh Be-Sakik Ehad]
Doron's Celebration in Tel Aviv, Sh. Zimenson, 1966 [Doron Hogeg Be-Tel Aviv]
Beit, Karni, 1967 [Bayit]
The Wagtail Builds a Nest, Kimchi, 1968 [Ha-Nahlieli Boneh Ken]
Foxy's Visit to the Hen House, Kimchi, 1968 [Sha'alul She-Halach La-Lul]
Quiz on the Tora for Children, Karni, 1968 [Hidon Ha-Torah Le-Yeladim]
First Grades, Sh. Zimenson, 1969 [Yaldei Aleph Beit]
This Is My Book, Twersky, 1969 [Ze Sifri]
The Daffodil's Crown, Twersky, 1969 [Keter Ha-Narkis]
Roni-Ron and the Spinning-Top, Kimchi, 1970 [Roni-Ron Ve-Ha-Sevivon]
A Good Citizen, Kimchi, 1970 [Ezrah Tov]
Etty Wants Cookies, Kimchi, 1970 [Etty Rotzah Ugiot]
Open the Door, Kimchi, 1970 [Pithu Et Ha-Delet]
Milli Loves Flowers, Sh. Zimenson, 1971 [Milli Ohevet Perahim]
Milli In the Country, Sh. Zimenson, 1971 [Milli Ba-Meshek]
Milli Goes to the Kindergarten, Sh. Zimenson, 1971 [Milli Holechet La-Gan]
Milli at the Sea Coast, Sh. Zimenson, 1971 [Milli Al Sefat Ha-Yam]
Milli and Her Puppy, Sh. Zimenson, 1971 [Milli Ve-Ha-Klavlav Shelah]
Wear It Well!, Sh. Zimenson, 1971 [Tithadesh]
Shavuot, Sh. Zimenson, 1973 [Shavuot]
The Tabernacles Festival, Sh. Zimenson, 1973 [Sukot]
Independence, Sh. Zimenson, 1973 [Atzmaut]
The Independence Story, Karni, 1973 [Agadah Shel Atzmaut]
From Genesis, R. Mass, 1973 [Mi-Be-Reshit]
Rosh Hashanah-Yom Kippur, Sh. Zimenson, 1973 [Rosh Hashanah-Yom Kippur]
Fables, Sh. Zimenson, 1974 [Meshalim]
Shabbat, Sh. Zimenson, 1974 [Shabbat]
The 33rd Day of the Omer, Sh. Zimenson, 1974 [Lag Ba-Omer]
Who Is Brave?, Zelkovitz, 1975 [Mi Ben Hayil?]
Tulips, Zelkovitz, 19.. [Tziv'onim]
Walking in Fields and Forests, Zelkovitz, 1975 [Holchim Ba-Sadeh U-Ba-Ya'ar]
Esty Is Looking for a Father, Bronfman, 1976 [Esty Mehapeset Aba]
Stories From the Bible, Sh. Zimenson, 1976 [Min Ha-Torah]
Beetles, Bronfman, 1976 [Hipushiot]
Times, Sh. Zimenson, 1976 [Zemanim]
Five Girls, Keter, 1977 [Hamesh Banot]
Aleph, Karni, 1977 [Aleph]
My State of Israel, Yaad, 1978 [Medinati Israel]
Meromtzion, Sh. Zimenson, 1978 [Meromtzion]
Scarecrow the King, Yaad, 1979 [Dahlimelech]
Once Upon a Time There Was a King, Lichtenfeld, 1980 [Hayo Haya Melech]
House of Peace, Or-Am, 1980 [Beit Shalom]
Honor Your Mother, Lichtenfeld, 1980 [Kavod Le-Ima]
The Story of Seven Girls, Alon, 1980 [Ma'ase Be-Yeladot Sheva]
The Golden Nut, Tamuz, 1983 [Egoz Shel Zahav]
Tzachi's Long Night, Lichtenfeld, 1985 [Leilo He-Aroch Shel Tzahi]
Osnat's Grandma, Dekel, 1986 [Sabta Shel Osnat]
Nightwatch, Dekel, 1987 [Shomer Ma Milel]
Story Hour, Sh. Zimenson, 1987 [Sha'at Sipur]
Thelma, Bar, 1988 [Talma]
Jackal, Dekel, 1989 [Tan]
Gluttons, Sh. Zimenson, 1989 [Lakekanim]
All the Husham Stories, Tamuz-Oumani, 1989 [Col Sipurei Husham]
Elijah's Cup, Sh. Zimenson, 1989 [Koso Shel Eliahu]
Tali's Flight, Sh. Zimenson, 1989 [Eich Tas Tali]
Tali Gets Asleep, Sh. Zimenson, 1989 [Eich Nirdam Tali]
Branches for the Tabernacle, Sh. Zimenson, 1989 [Schach La-Sukah]
Wheels, Sh. Zimenson, 1989 [Galgalim]
Nobody Is Like Us Bears!, Tamuz-Modan, 1989 [Mi Camonu Ha-Dubim]
Eliphele Learns How to Read, Sh. Zimenson, 1989 [Elifele Lomed Likro]
It Happened to a Hamentash, Sh. Zimenson, 1989 [Ma'ase Be-Ozen Aman]
My Faithful Dog, Tamuz, 1990 [Ha-Kelev Ha-Ne'eman Sheli]
Levanah and Her Puppies, Tamuz-Modan, 1990 [Ha-Kalbah Levana Ve-Gureha]
Armona the Mare and her Colt, Tamuz-Modan, 1990 [Ha-Susah Armona Ve-Siahah]
There Are Foxes There, Tamuz-Modan, 1990 [Sham Shualim Yesh]
Horses, Tamuz-Modan, 1990 [Susiiada]
Tul the Cat, Sh. Zimenson, 1991 [Tul He-Hatul]
It Happened to Ram, Korim, 1997 [Ma'ase Be-Ram]
Books in Translation[edit]
The Daffodil's Crown, Arabic: Nazareth, Pair Ofest, 1966
My Holidays, English: Tel Aviv, Twersky, 1961 **** Anda Pinkerfeld Amir (Hebrew: אנדה פינקרפלד-עמיר; June 26, 1902 – March 27, 1981) was an Israeli poet and author. She is best remembered in Israel as a children's writer.
Contents
1 Biography
2 Work
3 Awards and honors
4 Publications
4.1 In Polish
4.2 In Hebrew
5 References
Biography[edit]
Anda Pinkerfeld was born in Rzeszow, Poland in 1902. Her father worked as an architect for the Austro-Hungarian government.[1] Her family was secular, and did not provide a Jewish education. After the Lwów pogrom (1918), she became involved with the Hashomer Hatzair movement and switched schools to the Jewish gymnasia in Lvov. In 1920 she left for Mandate Palestine with a Hashomer Hatzair group, but later returned to Lvov, for her BA.
During this time, she married Arieh Krampner-Amir, an agriculturalist. In 1924, the couple returned to Palestine. After living in Kibbutz Bet Alfa and Tel Aviv, they eventually settled in Kiryat Anavim and had a daughter, Zippor and a son, Amos.
In the aftermath of World War II, Pinkerfeld-Amir was sent to work in the Displaced Persons camps in Germany by the Jewish Agency. Pinkerfeld-Amir kept a diary of her experiences in Europe. She later worked in the archives of the Ministry of Defense, keeping records of soldiers who fell in the 1948 War of Independence.[2]
Pinkerfeld-Amir died March 27, 1981.
Work[edit]
In her youth, Pinkerfeld-Amir wrote and published poetry in Polish. After immigrating to Palestine, she was influenced by Uri Zvi Greenberg and began writing in Hebrew. Her earliest work in Hebrew was published in 1928 under the pen name Bat-Hedva, meaning daughter of Hedva, her mother's Hebrew name.
She wrote many portrayals of biblical characters, but after her experiences in the camps in Germany, her work took on a more nationalistic tone. She was among the first writers to deal with the holocaust, when most writers avoided the subject.[3]
Her most remembered work was written for children;[4] in rhyme and lyrics, and more serious writing helping children deal with loss.
Awards and honors[edit]
In 1936, she received the Mossad Bialik prize for her book of Children's poems.[5]
In 1971, she was awarded the Haim Greenberg Prize for her poetry.
In 1978, she received the Israel prize, for children's literature.[6]
Publications[edit]
In Polish[edit]
Song of Life, 1921
In Hebrew[edit]
Whispering Days, 1929
Al Anan Kevish, 1933
Children's Poems, 1934
Geisha Lian Tang Sharah, 1935
Gittit, 1937
From Time Immemorial: Ancient Figures, 1942
Haruzim Alizim, 1944
Duda'im ("Mandrakes"), 1945
Gadish ("Grain Heap"): Poems, 1949
Ahat: Poema, 1952
Stars in the Bucket, 1957
Shalom, Yeladim, 1965
A Secret with My Older Brother
Tehiyyot, 1976
U-vekhol Zot, 1980 *** Jacob Fichman (Hebrew: יעקב פיכמן) also transliterated as Yakov Fichman (25 November 1881 – 18 May 1958), was an acclaimed Hebrew poet, essayist and literary critic.
Contents
1 Biography
2 Awards
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Biography[edit]
Fichman was born in Bălți, Bessarabia, Moldova in 1881. He initially emigrated to Ottoman Palestine in 1912, but returned temporarily to Europe and was stranded there until after World War I, not returning to the then Mandate Palestine, later Israel, until 1919. where he died in 1958.
Fichman's poetry followed a traditional lyric Romantic style. His poetic background is reflected in his works of prose, which were sometimes seen as being nearly works of poetry in themselves. His other work included textbooks, articles in periodicals and introductions in literary anthologies. His critical essays focused heavily on the lives of the authors rather than on focusing directly on their work, giving the reader a holistic view of the author and the work.
Awards[edit]
In 1945, Fichman received the Bialik Prize for his book of poetry Peat Sadeh ("A Corner of a Field"),[1] published in 1943.
In 1953, Fichman again received the Bialik Prize, this time in respect of several of his works.[1]
In 1957, Fichman was awarded the Israel Prize, for literature.[2] ****Miriam Yalan-Shteklis (also Miriam Yalan-Stekelis) (Hebrew: מרים ילן-שטקליס) (21 September 1900 – 9 May 1984) was an Israeli writer and poet famous for her children's books. Her surname, Yalan, was an acronym based on her father's name, Yehuda Leib Nissan.[1]
Contents
1 Biography
2 Literary career
3 Literary themes and style
4 Awards
5 Musical collaboration
6 Published work
6.1 Translated
7 See also
8 References
Biography[edit]
Miriam Wilensky (later Yalan-Shteklis) was born in the town of Potoki, near Kremenchuk in the Russian Empire (modern Ukraine).[1] She was the daughter of Hoda (Hadassah) and Yehuda Leib Nissan Vilensky, a Zionist leader descended from a long line of rabbis, and learned Hebrew as a child.
After the failed Russian Revolution of 1905, the family moved from place to place: Berlin, Minsk, Petrograd and finally Kharkov. In 1912, when she was 12, her brother Mulya (Shmuel) was sent to Ottoman Palestine to study at the Herzliya Hebrew High School. Yalan-Shteklis attended high school in Minsk and Petrograd, and studied psychology and social sciences at the University of Kharkov. She also pursued Judaic studies at the Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums in Berlin.
In 1920, she immigrated to Mandate Palestine and settled in the Rehavia neighborhood in Jerusalem. In 1928, she went to Paris to study library science. From 1929, she joined the staff of the Jewish National University Library at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. She headed the Slavic department for 30 years. In 1929, she married Moshe Shtekelis, a professor of archaeology. She died in Haifa on May 9, 1984, at the age of 83.
Literary career[edit]
Yalan-Shteklis published her first poem in Hebrew in 1922. In 1933, she turned to writing poems and stories for children, and published her work in the children's weekly Davar Leyeladim.[1] The pain of losing her mother at the age of 16 permeates many of her poems.
She had no children of her own, but displayed an unusual gift for writing for the young and became Israel's leading children's poet.[1] She used to say that "poems emanate from the suffering soul and like children, they are born in suffering." She challenged one of the central conventions of modern children's literature — the "happy ending".[1] She portrayed happy children at play, but also their anger and pain, often pointing an accusing finger at adults. An example is her famous poem Levadi (All alone), written in 1957.
In addition to poetry, Yalan-Shtelis translated children's literature into Hebrew from Russian, English, German and Dutch, as well as works by Samuel Marshak, Erich Kastner, Leo Tolstoy, P. L. Travers, and others.[1]
Literary themes and style[edit]
Yalan-Shteklis' work is permeated with positive educational values but avoids the trap of didactic preaching. Incorporating nationalist Zionist ideology, but also the traditions of Russian and European literature, her work is nevertheless original and Israeli.[1]
The poetry, fiction, and translations of Yalan-Stekelis were collected in three volumes published between 1957 and 1963, with illustrations by Zila Binder: Shir ha-Gedi (Song of the kid); Yesh Li Sod (I have a secret); and Ba-Halomi (In my dream). The works were organized by age level, with a separate volume for each level. In 1986, this collection was reprinted in a single-volume special edition. The first volume contains songs and stories for preschoolers and non-readers. It includes play-songs (an innovation in Hebrew children's poetry), rhymes for finger-play, lullabies, nature poems, poems aimed at the inculcation of good habits, and poems just for amusement and expressing emotions. The second volume, for children with reading skills, offers longer stories that probe the relationships between children and parents, and between children and their peer group. The third volume, for older children, contains Zionist poems about the Land of Israel, bereavement and losing parents in the Holocaust. Alongside poems filled with hope for peace and redemption are lyrical-confessional poems about the fears and emotions of a child trying to come to terms with his/her identity and living in society.[1]
Awards[edit]
In 1956, Yalan-Shteklis was awarded the Israel Prize for Children's Literature.[2] It was the first time this category was included. In their decision, the judges wrote: "…Whatever she wrote, she wrote for children, and whatever she wrote bore no hint of deliberate infantilization but rather of true childhood, genuine and realistic, that embraces joy and innocence but also sorrow and tears, life’s wisdom and life’s evils, disappointment and consolation. She flavored her poems for children with all the key ingredients that mark good children’s poetry. Her work possesses a wonderful sense of the world of children. Language that draws upon sources both ancient and modern, admirable poetic skills and perfect musicality are a rare phenomenon in any nation and language, and not every literature is so blessed" (Editorial, Davar li-Yeladim).[1]
In 1968, she was made an Honorary citizen of Jerusalem and granted the Yakir Yerushalaim award.[3]
Musical collaboration[edit]
Many of her poems were set to music and have become Israeli children's classics. In 1975 Israeli singers Shmulik Kraus and Josie Katz put out an album of songs based on her poems.[4]
Published work[edit]
Hurry, Hurry Dwarfs!, 1939 [Atzu Ratzu Gamadim]
Danny, 1943 [Danny]
Rain, 1944 [Geshem]
Tol-Tol and His Sand, 1944 [Tol-Tol Ba'al Ha-Hol]
The Journey to the Maybe Island, 1944 [Ha-Masah La Ee Ulai]
The Girl Millik and Aunt Phillik, 1945 [Ma'ase Ba-Yaldah Millik U Ba-Doda Phillik]
Once There Was a Girl, 1946 [Ma'aseh Be-Yaldah]
How Songs Come to the Heart, 1947 [Eich Ba'im Shirim Le-Lev Ha-Adam]
The Story of a Curtain, Paris, 1952 [Ma'aseh Be-Parochet]
Bimmi, 1953 [Bimmi]
Birthday, Dvir, 1962 [Yom Huledet]
Wheels, Hadar 1957 [Galgalim]
Kid's Song, Dvir, 1958–63 [Shir Ha-Gdi]
I Have a Secret, Dvir, 1958–63 [Yesh Li Sod]
In My Dream, Dvir, 1958–63 [Be-Halomi]
Lie?, Ekked, 1966 [Sheker?]
Two Legends, Dvir, 1972 [Shtei Agadot]
Brave Danny and Other Poems, 1975 [Danny Gibor Ve-Shirim Aherim]
A Paper Bridge, 1978 [Gesher Shel Niyar]
Life and Words, Kiryat Sefer, 1978 [Hayim Ve-Milim]
The Soap Cried Loudly, [Hasabon Bakha Me'od]
Translated[edit]
Selected Poems
French: Jerusalem, Departament de la Jeunesse du Keren Hayesod, 1946 Russian: Tel Aviv, Am Oved, 1966
A Paper Bridge
Spanish: Jerusalem, Miriam Yalan-Shteklis & Esther Solay-Levy, 1978
The Journey to the Maybe Island
Arabic: Jerusalem, Al-Sharq, 1972 *** Hans Christian Andersen (/ˈændərsən/, Danish: [hæns kʰʁæstjæn ˈanɐsn̩] (listen); 2 April 1805 – 4 August 1875), in Denmark usually called H.C. Andersen, was a Danish author. Although a prolific writer of plays, travelogues, novels, and poems, he is best remembered for his fairy tales. Andersen's popularity is not limited to children; his stories express themes that transcend age and nationality.
Andersen's fairy tales, consisting of 3381 works[1] and translated into more than 125 languages,[2] have become culturally embedded in the West's collective consciousness, readily accessible to children, but presenting lessons of virtue and resilience in the face of adversity for mature readers as well.[3] His most famous fairy tales include "The Emperor's New Clothes," "The Little Mermaid," "The Nightingale," "The Steadfast Tin Soldier", "The Red Shoes", "The Princess and the Pea," "The Snow Queen," "The Ugly Duckling," "The Little Match Girl," and "Thumbelina." His stories have inspired ballets, plays, and animated and live-action films.[4] One of Copenhagen's widest and busiest boulevards, skirting Copenhagen City Hall Square at the corner of which Andersen's larger-than-life bronze statue sits, is named "H.C. Andersens Boulevard."[5] *** Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy[note 1] (/ˈtoʊlstɔɪ, ˈtɒl-/;[2] Russian: Лев Николаевич Толстой,[note 2] tr. Lev Nikoláyevich Tolstóy; [lʲef nʲɪkɐˈlaɪvʲɪtɕ tɐlˈstoj] (listen); 9 September [O.S. 28 August] 1828 – 20 November [O.S. 7 November] 1910), usually referred to in English as Leo Tolstoy, was a Russian writer who is regarded as one of the greatest authors of all time.[3] He received multiple nominations for the Nobel Prize in Literature every year from 1902 to 1906, and nominations for Nobel Peace Prize in 1901, 1902 and 1910, and the fact that he never won is a major Nobel prize controversy.[4][5][6][7]
Born to an aristocratic Russian family in 1828,[3] he is best known for the novels War and Peace (1869) and Anna Karenina (1877),[8] often cited as pinnacles of realist fiction.[3] He first achieved literary acclaim in his twenties with his semi-autobiographical trilogy, Childhood, Boyhood, and Youth (1852–1856), and Sevastopol Sketches (1855), based upon his experiences in the Crimean War. Tolstoy's fiction includes dozens of short stories and several novellas such as The Death of Ivan Ilyich (1886), Family Happiness (1859), and Hadji Murad (1912). He also wrote plays and numerous philosophical essays.
In the 1870s Tolstoy experienced a profound moral crisis, followed by what he regarded as an equally profound spiritual awakening, as outlined in his non-fiction work A Confession (1882). His literal interpretation of the ethical teachings of Jesus, centering on the Sermon on the Mount, caused him to become a fervent Christian anarchist and pacifist.[3] Tolstoy's ideas on nonviolent resistance, expressed in such works as The Kingdom of God Is Within You (1894), had a profound impact on such pivotal 20th-century figures as Mahatma Gandhi[9] and Martin Luther King Jr.[10] Tolstoy also became a dedicated advocate of Georgism, the economic philosophy of Henry George, which he incorporated into his writing, particularly Resurrection (1899). ***The Brothers Grimm (die Brüder Grimm or die Gebrüder Grimm), Jacob Ludwig Karl (1785–1863) and Wilhelm Carl (1786–1859), were German academics, philologists, cultural researchers, lexicographers and authors who together collected and published folklore during the 19th century. They were among the first and best-known collectors of German and European folk tales, and popularized traditional oral tale types such as "Cinderella" ("Aschenputtel"), "The Frog Prince" ("Der Froschkönig"), "The Goose-Girl" ("Die Gänsemagd"), "Hansel and Gretel" ("Hänsel und Gretel"), "Rapunzel", "Rumpelstiltskin" ("Rumpelstilzchen"), "Sleeping Beauty" ("Dornröschen"), and "Snow White" ("Schneewittchen"). Their classic collection, Children's and Household Tales (Kinder- und Hausmärchen), was published in two volumes—the first in 1812 and the second in 1815.
The brothers were born in the town of Hanau in Hesse-Cassel (now Germany) and spent most of their childhood in the nearby town of Steinau. Their father's death in 1796 impoverished the family and affected the brothers for many years after. They attended the University of Marburg where they began a lifelong dedication to researching the early history of German language and literature, including German folktales. The rise of Romanticism during the 18th century had revived interest in traditional folk stories, which to the Grimms and their colleagues represented a pure form of national literature and culture. The Brothers Grimm established a methodology for collecting and recording folk stories that became the basis for folklore studies. Between the first edition of 1812–1815 and the seventh (and final) edition of 1857, they revised their collection many times, so that it grew from 156 stories to more than 200.[1] In addition to collecting and editing folk tales, the brothers compiled German legends. Individually, they published a large body of linguistic and literary scholarship. Together, in 1838, they began work on a massive historical German dictionary (Deutsches Wörterbuch) which, in their lifetimes, they completed only as far as the word Frucht ('fruit').
Many of the Grimms' folk tales have enjoyed enduring popularity. The tales are available in more than 100 languages and have been adapted by filmmakers including Lotte Reiniger and Walt Disney, with films such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Sleeping Beauty. During the 1930s and 40s, the tales were used as propaganda by the Third Reich; later in the 20th century, psychologists such as Bruno Bettelheim reaffirmed the value of the work, in spite of the cruelty and violence in original versions of some of the tales (which the Grimms eventually sanitized). **** Shaul Gutmanovich Tchernichovsky (20 August 1875 – 14 October 1943; Hebrew: שאול טשרניחובסקי; Russian: Саул Гутманович Черниховский) was a Russian-born Hebrew poet. He is considered one of the great Hebrew poets, identified with nature poetry, and as a poet greatly influenced by the culture of ancient Greece.
Contents
1 Biography
2 Medical career
3 Literary career
3.1 Poetry
3.2 Translation
3.3 Editing and linguistics
4 Awards and recognition
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Biography[edit]
Shaul Tchernichovsky was born on 20 August 1875 in the village of Mykhailivka, Mykhailivka Raion, Taurida Governorate (now in Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine). He attended a modern Jewish primary school and transferred to a secular Russian school at the age of 10. [1]
He published his first poems in Odessa where he studied from 1890 to 1892 and became active in Zionist circles.[2] His first published poem was "In My Dream."
From 1929 to 1930 he spent time in America. In 1931, he immigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine and settled there permanently.[3]
He was a friend of the Klausner family of Jerusalem, including the child who would grow up to become the novelist Amos Oz, to whom he was "Uncle Shaul."
Shaul Tchernichovsky died in Jerusalem on 14 October 1943.
Medical career[edit]
From 1899 to 1906 he studied medicine at the University of Heidelberg, finishing his medical studies in Lausanne. From then on, he mingled his activities as a doctor with his activities as a poet. After completing his studies he returned to Ukraine to practice in Kharkiv and in Kiev. In the First World War he served as an army doctor in Minsk and in Saint Petersburg.[4]
Tchernichovsky served as doctor of the Herzliya Hebrew High School in Tel Aviv. In his later years he served as doctor for the Tel Aviv schools.
Literary career[edit]
Poetry[edit]
Tchernichovsky's grave in Tel Aviv
In the poetry of Tchernichovsky there is a blend of the influences of Jewish cultural heritage and world cultural heritage. He writes on Hebrew subjects as in "In Endor", a poem about King Saul. Saul comes to the witch of Endor, who dramatically describes Saul's condition at the end of his life. Tchernichovsky particularly identified with the character of Saul, perhaps due to his own name. He further describes in the poem the tragic fall of Saul and his sons on Mount Gilboa. In contrast, in the poem "Before a Statue of Apollo", the poet proves his affinity for Greek culture, identifying with the beauty it represents, even bowing down to it.
Tchernichovsky is the Hebrew poet most identified with the sonnet. He introduced the crown of sonnets (Hebrew: כליל סונטות) into the Hebrew language as a "sonnet" built of fifteen sonnets in which the final sonnet consists of the first lines of the other fourteen sonnets. Each of his crowns of sonnets concerns a particular topic, such as "On Blood" or "To the Sun".
Even with his yen for world culture, Tchernichovsky is identified with the fate of his people. In response to the Holocaust he wrote the poems "The Slain of Tirmonye" and "Ballads of Worms" that brought into expression his heart's murmurings concerning the tragic fate of the Jewish people.
Toward the end of his life he composed some poems that are centered on images from his childhood point of view. These poems, which can properly be termed idylls, are regarded by many as his most splendid poetic works. Some even believe that Tchernichovsky's idylls serve as an example and a model for all of the idylls that have been written in the Hebrew language.
Many of his poems have been set to music by the best Hebrew popular composers, such as Yoel Angel and Nahum Nardi. Singer-songwriters have also set his lyrics to music, as Shlomo Artzi did for They Say There Is a Land (omrim yeshna eretz, אומרים ישנה ארץ), which is also well known in the settings of Joel Engel and of Miki Gavrielov. Oh My Land My Birthplace (hoy artzi moladeti, Hebrew: הו ארצי מולדתי) is better known in the setting by Naomi Shemer, as arranged by Gil Aldema. Shalosh atonot (Three Jenny-asses, Hebrew: שלוש אתונות) also became a popular song.
From 1925 to 1932 he was one of the editors of the newspaper Hatekufa. He also edited the section on medicine in the Hebrew encyclopedia Eshkol.
Translation[edit]
Tchernichovsky was known as an skilled translator.[5] His translation of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey particularly earned recognition. He also translated Sophocles, Horace, Shakespeare, Molière, Pushkin, Goethe, Heine, Byron, Shelley, the Kalevala, the Gilgamesh Cycle, the Icelandic Edda, etc.
Tchernichovsky on the 50 NIS banknote
Editing and linguistics[edit]
He was active in writers' organizations and a member of the Committee of the Hebrew Language. He was also the editor of the Hebrew terminology manual for medicine and the natural sciences.
Awards and recognition[edit]
Tchernichovsky was twice awarded the Bialik Prize for literature, in 1940 (jointly with Zelda Mishkovsky) and in 1942 (jointly with Haim Hazaz).[6]
After his death, the Tel Aviv municipality dedicated a prize for exemplary translation in his name. A school in Tel Aviv is named after him, as is the center for the Hebrew Writers Association in Israel. Many other towns in Israel have also named streets and schools after him.
In 2011, Shaul Tchernichovsky was chosen ***
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