1569 Life of Genoa Admiral Andrea Doria
Italian Mercenary Holy Roman WARS Naples
Andrea Doria (1466 – 1560) / Lorenzo
Capelloni
Andrea Doria (1466 – 1560) was a Genoese mercenary and
admiral.
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Main author: Lorenzo
Capelloni
Title: Vita del
prencipe Andrea Doria, descritta da M. Lorenzo Capelloni. Con un compendio
della medesima vita, e con due tavole....
Published: Vinetia : G. Giolito di Ferrarii, 1569.
Language: Italian
Notes & contents:
·
Famous
biography of Andrea Doria
·
Original
vellum binding
·
Stories
of France and Holy Roman Wars
·
Doria’s
involvement in the re-establishment of the Genoese republic
o Ship admiral blockading in
Naples
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Wear: wear as seen in photos
Binding: secure vellum binding
Pages: complete with all 188
pages; plus indexes, prefaces, and such; some pages loose but present
Publisher: Vinetia : G. Giolito di Ferrarii, 1569.
Size: ~8in X 6in (20cm x 15cm)
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Andrea Doria (or D'Oria) (30 November 1466 – 25 November 1560) was
a Genoese condottiero and admiral.
Contents [hide]
1 Early life
2 Wars between
France and the Holy Roman Empire
3 Re-establishment
of the Genoese Republic
4 Doria as
imperial admiral
5 Later years
6 Ships
7 Paintings and
commemorations
8 References
9 External links
Early life[edit]
Natal home of Andrea Doria, in Oneglia
Doria was born at Oneglia from the ancient Genoese family, the
Doria di Oneglia branch of the old Doria, de Oria or de Auria family. His
parents were related: Ceva Doria, co-lord of Oneglia, and Caracosa Doria, of
the Doria di Dolceacqua branch. Orphaned at an early age, he became a soldier
of fortune, serving first in the papal guard and then under various Italian princes.
In 1503 he was fighting in Corsica in the service of Genoa, at that
time under French vassalage, and he took part in the rising of Genoa against
the French, whom he compelled to evacuate the city. From that time onwards, he
became famous as a naval commander. For several years he scoured the
Mediterranean in command of the Genoese fleet, waging war on the Turks and the
Barbary pirates.
Wars between France and the Holy Roman Empire[edit]
In the meanwhile Genoa had been recaptured by the French, and in 1522
by the armies of the Holy Roman Emperor.
But Doria joined the French or popular faction and entered the
service of King Francis I of France, who made him captain-general; in 1524 he
relieved Marseille, which was besieged by the Imperials, and later helped to
place his native city once more under French domination.
Dissatisfied with his treatment at the hands of Francis, who was
mean about payment, he resented the king's behavior in connection with Savona,
which he delayed handing back to the Genoese as he had promised.
Consequently, on the expiration of Doria's contract he entered the
service of Emperor Charles V (1528).
Re-establishment of the Genoese Republic[edit]
Portrait of Andrea Doria as Neptune, by Agnolo Bronzino
Doria ordered his nephew Filippino, who was then blockading Naples
in alliance with a French army, to withdraw; Doria then sailed for Genoa where,
with the help of some leading citizens, he expelled the French and
re-established the republic under imperial protection.
He reformed the constitution in an aristocratic sense, most of the
nobility being Imperialists, and put an end to the factions which divided the
city, by creating 28 Alberghi or "clans". The 28 Alberghi that formed
this new ruling class included the Cybo, Doria, Fieschi, Giustiniani, Grimaldi,
Imperiale, Pallavicino, and Spinola families.[1][2]
He refused offers to take the lordship of Genoa and even the
dogeship, but accepted the position of "perpetual censor", and
exercised predominant influence in the councils of the republic until his
death. The title "censor" in this context was modeled on its meaning
in the Roman Republic, i.e., a highly respected senior public official (see
Roman censor), rather than its modern meaning having to do with censorship. He
was given two palaces, many privileges, and the title of Liberator et Pater
Patriae (Liberator and Father of His Country).
Doria as imperial admiral[edit]
As imperial admiral he commanded several expeditions against the
Ottoman Empire, capturing Koroni and Patras, and co-operating with the emperor
himself in the capture of Tunis (1535). Charles found him an invaluable ally in
the wars with Francis I, and through him extended his domination over the whole
of Italy.
In February 1538, Pope Paul III succeeded in assembling a Holy
League (comprising the Papacy, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of
Venice and the Maltese Knights) against the Ottomans, but Hayreddin Barbarossa
defeated its combined fleet, commanded by Andrea Doria, at the Battle of
Preveza in September 1538. This victory secured Turkish dominance over the
Mediterranean for the next 33 years, until the Battle of Lepanto in 1571.
He accompanied Charles V on the ill-fated Algiers expedition of
1541, of which he disapproved, and which ended in disaster. For the next five
years he continued to serve the emperor in various wars, in which he was
generally successful and always active, although now over seventy years old.
Later years[edit]
After the Peace of Crépy between Francis and Charles in 1544, Doria
hoped to end his days in quiet. However, his great wealth and power, as well as
the arrogance of his nephew and heir Giannettino Doria, had made him many
enemies, and in 1547 the Fieschi conspiracy to dislodge his family from power
took place. Giannettino was killed, but the conspirators were defeated, and
Doria showed great vindictiveness in punishing them, seizing many of their
fiefs for himself. He was also implicated in the murder of Pier Luigi Farnese,
duke of Parma and Piacenza, who had helped Fieschi.
Other conspiracies followed, of which the most important was that
of Giulio Cybo (1548), but all failed. Although Doria was ambitious and harsh,
he was a patriot and successfully opposed Emperor Charles's repeated attempts
to have a citadel built in Genoa and garrisoned by Spaniards; neither
blandishments nor threats could win him over to the scheme.
Nor did age lessen his energy, for in 1550, aged 84, he again put
to sea to confront the Barbary pirates, but with no great success. In 1552 the
Ottoman fleet under the command of Turgut Reis defeated the Spanish-Italian
fleet of Charles V under the command of Andrea Doria in the Battle of Ponza
(1552). War between France and the Empire having broken out once more, the
French seized Corsica in the Invasion of Corsica (1553), then administered by
the Genoese Bank of Saint George. Doria was again summoned, and he spent two
years (1553–1555) on the island fighting the French with varying fortune.
He returned to Genoa for good in 1555, and being very old and
infirm, he gave over the command of the galleys to his great-nephew Giovanni
Andrea Doria, the son of Giannettino Doria, who conducted an expedition against
Tripoli, but proved even more unsuccessful than his great-uncle had been at
Algiers, barely escaping with his life after losing the Battle of Djerba
against the Turkish fleet of Piyale Pasha and Turgut Reis. Andrea Doria left
his estates to Giovanni Andrea. The family of Doria-Pamphili-Landi is descended
from Giovanni Andrea Doria and bears his title of Prince of Melfi.
Ships[edit]
Several ships were named in honour of the Admiral:
Two United States Navy ships named USS Andrew Doria (1775 and
1908).
The battleship Andrea Doria, completed in 1891, which served in the
late 19th and early 20th century, was stricken in 1911, and served as the
floating battery GR104 during World War I before being scrapped in 1929.
The battleship Andrea Doria, completed in 1916, which served in
both World War I and World War II and was stricken in 1956.
The passenger liner SS Andrea Doria, which was launched in 1951,
had her maiden voyage in 1953 and sank in 1956.
The Italian missile cruiser Andrea Doria, built in 1964 and
decommissioned in 1991.
The Italian Horizon-class frigate Andrea Doria, commissioned in 2007.