The best quality of high carbon steel is T10, the carbon content was 1.03%, and the element contains a small amount of chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, after heat treatment can reach HRc 58-60 hardness. Toughness is very good, but it is not resistant to rust. It is applied to traditional european-style hunting knife, large cutting knife and military dao.
A differential hardened blade will usually be coated with an insulating layer. The insulation layer is quite often a mixture of clay, ashes, polishing stone powder, and salts, which protects the back of the blade from cooling very quickly when quenched. The clay is often applied by painting it on, coating the blade very thickly around the center and spine, but leaving the edge exposed. This allows the edge to cool very quickly, turning it into a very hard microstructure called martensite, but causes the rest of the blade to cool slowly, turning it into a soft microstructure called pearlite. This produces an edge that is exceptionally hard and brittle, but is backed-up by softer, tougher metal. The edge, however, will usually be too hard, so after quenching the entire blade is usually tempered to around 400 °F (204 °C) for a short time, to bring the hardness of the edge down to around HRc60 on the Rockwell hardness scale.
The exact composition of the clay mixture, the thickness of the coating, and even the temperature of the water were often closely guarded secrets of the various bladesmithing schools. With the clay mixture, the main goal was to find a mixture that would withstand high temperatures and adhere to the blade without shrinking, cracking, or peeling as it dried. Sometimes the back of the blade was coated with clay, leaving the edge exposed. Other times the entire blade was coated and then the clay was cut away from the edge. Another method was to apply the clay thickly at the back but thinly at the edge, providing a lesser amount of insulation. By controlling the thickness of the edge-coating along with the temperature of the water, the cooling rate of each part of the blade can be controlled to produce the proper hardness upon quenching without the need for further tempering.
Quench
After the blade has been shaped, the sword would be quenched.Today we quench our swords in either water or oil.Quenching a sword in water is more difficult to control, but yields better results. The defect rate is about five times higher than oil quenching, which is much more stable and easier to control.Blades quenched in oil are still considerably hardened and do have superior flexibility compared to a water quenched blade. The more rapidly a blade cools down, the harder it becomes. Thus, when a hot blade enters the water, the water also gains heat and the blade will cool more gradually. Therefore, the first part of the blade that enters the water will be the hardest.
Therefore, the technique of quenching was also very important.Katana swords would simply enter the water edge and tip first, leaving the spine or back and lower section of the blade softer. This was also done for practical reasons, as the ‘softer’ sections were better for absorbing shock and impact and employed for defensive measures.