Preface 

Acknowledgements 

Note on Transliteration and Dates Abbreviations 

Part one: 

Abdülhamid II, Islam and the Arabs Introduction 

1. Opposition to the Ottoman Caliphate 

2. Abdülhamid II and Arab Dignitaries in Istanbul Muhammed Zāfir al-Madani Abulhuda al-Sayyadi Sayyid Fazl Pasha 

Part two: 

Syria during the Early Years of Abdülhamid II 

3. Syria and Cevdet Pasha

4. Midhat Pasha and the Reforms in 

5. Hamdi Pasha and the Consolidation of State Authority in Syria

 Part three: The Hijaz during the Early Years of Abdülhamid II 

6. The Hijaz and the Emirate of Hüseyin Pasha in Mecca 

7. The Last Emirate of Sharif Abdulmuttalib in Mecca Conclusion 

Bibliography 

Index