This lot has no established documented provenance nor any record of auction history therefore is described as "After" the artist.

 All lots that do not have an established documented provenance or any record of auction history but include some certificate are described in the catalog as attributed.

 All authorship of items in this catalog is described in the following terms:

 Signed [Artist Name]: Where the signature is legible on the lot, this work is described as is without attribution.

 By [Name of artist]: The work is the artist's.

 Attributed to [Artist Name]: The work may be attributed to the artist based on style, but there may be questions about actual authorship.

 In the manner of [Artist name]: The work was executed by an unknown hand, but was deliberately designed to emulate the artist's style.

 After [Artist Name]: The work was executed by an unknown hand, but is a deliberate copy of a known work by the artist.

 Circle of [Artist Name]: A work from the artist's period that shows his influence, closely associated with the artist but not necessarily his student.

Follower of [Artist Name]: a work by a student or follower of the artist (not necessarily a student).

 American, 19th century: This work was executed by an unknown hand and can only be identified by its origin (i.e. region, period).

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