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When the first European explorers arrived in Wisconsin during the early 1600s, the main Indian tribes were the Winnebago, Dakota, and Menominee. Within the next 100 years, many other Native American groups moved into the region after being pushed from their lands in the East by whites – or to escape the warring Iroquois League. These tribes included the Sauk, Fox, Ottawa, Kickapoo, Huron, Miami, Illinois, and Potawatomi.
The French explorer Jean Nicolet became the first white person to set foot in Wisconsin in 1634. Nicolet was searching for a water route to China, and believed he may have reached that distant country when he landed on the shore of present-day Green Bay. The explorer came ashore dressed in a colorful robe and firing two pistols, making quite an entrance, but was disappointed when he was greeted by Winnebago Indians and not Chinese officials. Nicolet then returned to New France, today’s Quebec, reporting that America was much larger than anyone had guessed.
The French had long maintained friendly relations with the Indians in Wisconsin. However, in 1712, a war broke out between the French and the Fox Indians over control of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers. The French won the war in 1740, but had severely weakened their defenses and damaged their relations with other Native American tribes in the area. The French and Indian War began in 1754. This conflict between France and Great Britain and their Indian allies ended in a British victory with the Treaty of Paris in 1783. As a result, France lost Canada and nearly all of its possessions east of the Mississippi River, including Wisconsin.
From 1800 to 1809, Wisconsin was part of the Indiana Territory, from 1809 to 1818 it was part of the Illinois Territory, and from 1818 to 1836 it was part of the Michigan Territory. During the 1820s, settlers poured into the southern part of the state. Lead was discovered, and a demand for lead to use in paint and shot made mining more profitable. Many miners lived in shelters that were dug into the sides of hills – earning them the nickname “badgers.” This name came to be used for all Wisconsinites.
On April 20, 1836, Congress established the Wisconsin Territory. Madison became the capital of the territory, and Henry Dodge became the territorial governor. The Wisconsin Territory included part of present-day Minnesota, Iowa, and North and South Dakota. When the Iowa Territory was created in 1838, the Mississippi River became Wisconsin’s western border.
On May 29, 1848, Wisconsin joined the Union. At that time, its borders were established as they are today. The state’s population was growing fast. In 1840, 30,945 white settlers lived in Wisconsin. By 1850, the number had grown to 305,391. These settlers came from all over the U.S. and from various other nations, as well.
During the American Civil War, Wisconsin soldiers served with distinction. One of the Union’s outstanding fighting units, the Iron Brigade, consisted largely of Wisconsin regiments. At various times during the war, Wisconsin generals commanded the Iron Brigade.
In 1871, the state was struck by the worst natural disaster in its history. The summer and fall of 1871 were extremely dry. Many small forest fires started during that time. On October 8, the northeastern portion of the state erupted in flames. The fire devastated the town of Peshtigo and several villages. About 1,200 people were killed – 900 more people than were killed in the more famous Great Chicago Fire that occurred on the same night. The fire also destroyed more than $5 million in property.
After World War II, agriculture began to decline in Wisconsin, and manufacturing became more important economically. The state’s farmers were hurt by foreign competition and changes in the American diet. From 1951 to 1969, the number of dairy farms fell from 132,000 to 63,000.
During the mid-1900s, Wisconsin greatly expanded its educational facilities. The University of Wisconsin opened 15 new branches between 1956 and 1970. Problems facing the state include the high cost of education, water pollution, and lack of sufficient public recreation lands.