Here’s a Rare Document Signed by Civil War Generals:

EDWARD SPRIGG CANBY

 

(1817 – KIA by Modoc Indians in 1873)

CIVIL WAR WEST POINT UNION BRIGADIER & MAJOR GENERAL,

SEMINOLE INDIAN WARS and MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR OFFICER WHO FOUGHT SEMINOLES IN FLORIDA, AND REMOVED THE CREEKS, CHEROKEES AND CHOCTAWS to ARKANSAS,

CIVIL WAR COLONEL 19th US INFANTRY, IN COMMAND OF THE DEPT. OF NEW MEXICO.

For planning the expedition of the Capture of Mobile Bay, Canby received the official thanks of President Abraham Lincoln. 

On April 11, 1873, while negotiating with the Modoc Indians, General Canby was attacked without warning by Indian Captain Jack and mortally wounded - - Canby was shot through the head and killed by another Indian and Stabbed by yet another!

~And~

JOSEPH ADAMS POTTER

(1816 - 1888)

CIVIL WAR UNION BVT. BRIGADIER GENERAL,

COLONEL, QUARTERMASTER DEPARTMENT, and CHIEF QM AT FORT LEAVENWORTH DEPOT IN KANSAS,

CW CAPTAIN LT. IN THE 15th US INFANTRY,

INDIAN WARS ERA MAJOR ‘TIL 1879 UNDER GENERAL PHIL SHERIDAN

~&~

CIVIL ENGINEER and SURVEYOR FOR THE U.S. GOVERNMENT.

Gen. Potter was also responsible for building and maintaining prisoner of war camps in the west.

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HERE’s a RARE DOCUMENT SIGNED ONCE BY CANBY and THREE TIMES BY POTTER, 4pp., FOLIO, DATED AT TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS, FEBRUARY 15, 1869, AWARDING A US ARMY CONTRACT TO R. EAGER OF SAN ANTONIO TO CARRY MILITARY STORES and SUPPLIES FROM CORPUS CHRISTIE, TX TO ALL MILITARY POSTS AND CAMPS ESTABLISHED ON THE RIO GRANDE RIVER.

THE DOCUMENT IS SIGNED BY GENERAL POTTER THREE (3) TIMES AS “BVT. BRIG. GEN. QM 5th MILITARY DISTRICT” and ONCE BY CANBY AS “BVT. MAJOR GEN. COMMANDING 5th MIL. DISTRICT.”

Historical Note: The 5th Military District was a temporary administrative unit set up during Reconstruction following the American Civil War.  The District included Texas and Louisiana. 

General Phil Sheridan served as Military Governor of the 5th Military District until he was removed by President Andrew Johnson over charges of excessive harshness in his treatment of former Confederate soldiers, and other issues.

 The document is in VERY FINE CONDITION. 

NOTE: The biographical sheets pictured in the listing photos are included with the Autograph.

A RARE ADDITION TO YOUR HISTORICAL CIVIL WAR GENERALS AUTOGRAPH, MANUSCRIPT & EPHEMERA COLLECTION!

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BIOGRAPHY OF GEN. E. R. S. CANBY

Edward Richard Sprigg Canby (November 9, 1817 – April 11, 1873) was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War, Reconstruction era, and the Indian Wars. He was assassinated at a peace talk with the Modoc in Northern California. He was the only United States general to be killed during the later wars.

Early life

Canby was born in Piatt's Landing, Kentucky, to Israel T. and Elizabeth (Piatt) Canby. He attended Wabash College, but transferred to the United States Military Academy, from which he graduated in 1839. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 2nd U.S. Infantry and served as the regimental adjutant.

Although often referred to as Edward Canby, a biographer has suggested that he was known as "Richard" during childhood and to some friends for most of his life. He was called "Sprigg" by fellow cadets at West Point, but during most of his career, he was generally referred to as E.R.S. Canby, sometimes signing his name "Ed.R.S. Canby."

Marriage and family

He married Louisa Hawkins at Crawfordsville, Indiana, August 1, 1839. She came from a family of three sisters and a brother, with whom she remained close. The Canbys had several children together.

Early military career

During his early career, Canby served in the Second Seminole War in Florida and saw combat during the Mexican-American War, where he received three brevet promotions, including to major for Contreras and Churubusco, and lieutenant colonel for Belén Gates. He also served at various posts, including Upstate New York and in the adjutant general's office in California from 1849 until 1851, covering the period of the territory's transition to statehood.

Against his wishes, he was assigned to what was supposed to be the civilian post of custodian of the California Archives from March 1850 until he left California in April 1851. The Archives included records of Spanish and Mexican governments in California, as well as Mission records and land titles. Evidently, Canby had some knowledge of the Spanish language, which was extremely useful as the government was trying to unravel land titles. (The Filson Historical Society in Louisville, Kentucky holds what appears to be a document written in Canby's hand in Spanish, in which he identifies himself as "Edwardo [sic] Ricardo S. Canby.")

Canby served in Wyoming and Utah (then both part of the Utah Territory) during the Utah War (1857–1858). During this period, he served on the panel of judges for the court martial of Captain Henry Hopkins Sibley. Sibley was acquitted. Subsequently, Canby wrote an endorsement for a teepee-like army tent which Sibley had adapted from the American Indian style.

Both officers were later assigned to New Mexico, where in 1860 Canby coordinated a campaign against the Navaho, commanding Sibley in a futile attempt to capture and punish Navajo for "depredations" against the livestock of settlers. The campaign ended in frustration, with Canby and Sibley rarely sighting Navajo raiders. Usually they saw the Navajo at a distance and never got close to them.

Civil War

At the start of the Civil War, Canby commanded Fort Defiance, New Mexico Territory. He was promoted to colonel of the 19th U.S. Infantry on May 14, 1861, and the following month commanded the Department of New Mexico. His former assistant Sibley resigned to join the Confederate Army, becoming a Brigadier General. Although Sibley's Army of New Mexico defeated Canby and his troops in February 1862 at the Battle of Valverde, Canby eventually forced the Confederates to retreat to Texas after the Union strategic victory at the Battle of Glorieta Pass.

Immediately following this battle, Canby was promoted to brigadier general on March 31, 1862. Recombining the forces he had earlier divided, Canby set off in pursuit of the retreating Confederate army, but he soon gave up the chase and allowed them to reach Texas. Shortly after the failure of the Confederate invasion of northern New Mexico, Canby was relieved of his command by Gen. James H. Carleton and reassigned to the east.

Canby's achievement in New Mexico had largely been in his planning an overall defensive strategy. He and his opponent, Sibley, both had limited resources. Though Canby was a little better supplied, he saw that defending the entire territory from every possible attack would stretch his forces too thinly. Realizing that Sibley had to attack along a river, especially since New Mexico was in the middle of a long drought, Canby made the best use of his forces by defending against only two possible scenarios: an attack along the Rio Grande and an attack by way of the Pecos and Canadian rivers. He could easily shift the latter defensive force to protect Fort Union if the enemy attacked by way of the Rio Grande, which they did. Canby persuaded the governors of both New Mexico and Colorado to raise volunteer units to supplement regular Federal troops; the Colorado troops proved helpful at both Valverde and Glorieta. In spite of occasional superior soldiering by Confederate troops and junior commanders, Sibley's sluggishness and vacillation in executing a plan with high risk led to an almost inevitable Confederate collapse.

After a period of clerical duty, Canby was assigned as "commanding general of the city and harbor of New York" on July 17, 1863. This assignment followed the New York Draft Riots by ethnic Irish against blacks, which caused numerous deaths and extensive property damage. He served until November 9, reviving the draft, and overseeing a prisoner of war camp in New York Harbor. He then went to work in the office of the Secretary of War, unofficially describing himself in correspondence as an "Assistant Adjutant General." Looking back on Canby's record, a 20th-century adjutant general, Edward F. Witsell, described Canby's position as "similar to that of an Assistant to the Secretary of the Army."

In May 1864, Canby was promoted to major general and relieved Nathaniel P. Banks of his command at Simmesport, Louisiana. He next was assigned to the Midwest, where he commanded the Military Division of Western Mississippi. He was wounded in the upper thigh by a guerrilla while aboard the gunboat USS Cricket on the White River in Arkansas near Little Island on November 6, 1864. Canby commanded the Union forces assigned to conduct the campaign against Mobile, Alabama in the spring of 1865. This culminated in the Battle of Fort Blakely, which led to the fall of Mobile on April 12, 1865. Canby accepted the surrender of the Confederate forces under General Richard Taylor in Citronelle, on May 4, 1865, and those under General Edmund Kirby Smith west of the Mississippi River on May 26, 1865.

Canby was generally regarded as a great administrator, but he was criticized as a soldier. Ulysses S. Grant thought him not aggressive enough. At one time, Grant sent Canby an order to "destroy [the enemy's] railroads, machine-shops, &c.” Ten days later, Grant reprimanded him for requesting men and materials to build railroads. "I wrote... urging you to... destroy railroads, machine-shops, &c., not to build them," Grant said.  Canby could be a destroyer but appeared to prefer the role of builder. Today, he might be considered a "policy wonk" because he was expert in policy and law.  If someone had a question about army regulations or Constitutional law affecting the military, Canby was the man to see. Grant came to appreciate this in peace time, once complaining vigorously when President Andrew Johnson proposed to assign Canby away from the capital where Grant considered him irreplaceable.

John D. Winters in The Civil War in Louisiana (1963) writes that Canby "lacked the social amenities" of Banks and appeared to most people as stern and taciturn." Winters quotes Treasury agent George S. Denison of New Orleans:

General Canby is very active, but his work makes no great show as yet, because it is conducted too quietly and without ostentation. Canby is a tall man of thoughtful and kind face - speaks little and to the point - thoroughly a soldier and his manner is very modest and unassuming and sometimes even embarrassed.

Canby's father had once owned slaves. Some of Canby's cousins fought for the Confederacy, and one was taken prisoner of war. The man's father wrote to Canby asking the general to use his influence to parole his son, but Canby declined, responding that he did not feel entitled to use his influence to benefit family members. Later, when Canby was a military governor during Reconstruction, he declined to favor relatives who had become carpetbaggers in his jurisdiction.

Post-war assignments

After the war, Canby served as commander of various military departments during Reconstruction, as the government tried to manage dramatic social changes while securing peace. He commanded Louisiana from 1864 to May 1866. He was next assigned as commander of the Department of Washington, which consisted of Delaware, Maryland, the District of Columbia, and Alexandria and Fairfax counties in Virginia, from June 1866 until August 1867. He was assigned to the command of the Second Military District, comprising North and South Carolina. In August 1868, he briefly resumed command in Washington.

He was assigned to the Fifth Military District in November, where he focused primarily on the reconstruction of Texas. He left Texas for Virginia, the First Military District, in April 1869, serving there until July 1870. Each of these postings occurred during Reconstruction and put Canby at the center of conflicts between Republicans and Democrats, whites and blacks, state and federal governments. New state legislatures were writing constitutions, and the social climate was highly volatile, with insurgent attacks against freedmen and Republicans on the rise in numerous areas. Many of his districts had Ku Klux Klan chapters, which the US government was not able to suppress until the early 1870s. Canby sometimes alienated one side or the other and often both. Charles W. Ramsdell called Canby "vigorous and firm, but just." Even political opponents, such as Jonathan Worth, governor of North Carolina, admitted that Canby was sincere and honest.

Final assignment and death

In August 1872, Canby was posted to command the Pacific Northwest. He soon faced problems with the Modoc tribe, who had traditionally lived in Northern California. Forced to remove to a reservation in Oregon which they had to share with their traditional enemies, the Klamath tribe, they had pleaded with the US government to return to California. When the US refused, the Modoc left the reservation and returned illegally. In 1872, the US Army went to fight against them to force them back and the Modoc War broke out. The Modoc, entrenched in Captain Jack's Stronghold south of Tule Lake, resisted army attacks and fought US forces to a stalemate.

General Canby had received conflicting orders from Washington as to whether to make peace or war on the Modoc. As war was not working, the US government authorized a peace commission and assigned Canby a key position on it. There were many lines of communication between the Modoc and whites. At one point, someone told the Modoc leader Captain Jack that the governor of Oregon intended to hang nine Modoc, apparently without trial, as soon as they surrendered. The Modoc broke off scheduled talks; Canby was angered by the rumors and their action, as he believed that his federal authority trumped the governor's and made the threat irrelevant. Canby had no intention of allowing the Modoc to be punished without a trial.

On April 11, 1873, after months of false starts and aborted meetings, Canby went to another parley, unarmed and with some hope of final resolution. Judge Elijah Steele of Yreka, California wrote later that when he warned Canby that the Modoc were volatile and he was at risk, Canby replied, "I believe you are right, Mr. Steele, and I shall regard your advice, but it would not be very well for the general in command to be afraid to go where the peace commissioners would venture." The peace talks were held midway between the army encampment and Captain Jack's stronghold near Tule Lake. It was discovered later that two members of Canby's party brought concealed weapons and Modoc warriors were also armed.

According to Jeff C. Riddle, the Modoc son of the US interpreter and the author of Indian History of the Modoc War (1914), the Modoc had plotted before the meeting to kill Canby and the other commissioners, as they believed peace was not possible. They were determined to "fight until we die."[4] (He was the son of Winema and Frank Riddle.) Captain Jack had been reluctant to agree to the killings, believing it "coward's work," but was pressured by other warriors to agree. He insisted on being given another chance to ask Canby to "give us a home in our country."[5] When Canby said he did not have the authority to make such a promise, Captain Jack attacked the general. With Ellen's Man, one of his lieutenants, he shot Canby twice in the head and cut his throat. The Modoc also killed Reverend Eleazar Thomas, a peace commissioner, and wounded others in the party. Canby was the only general to be killed during the Indian Wars.

Aftermath

Following Canby's death, national outrage was expressed against the Modoc. Eastern newspapers called for blood vengeance, except for one in Georgia, which headlined the story: "Captain Jack and Warriors Revenge the South By Murdering General Canby, One of Her Greatest Oppressors."  E.C. Thomas, son of the murdered peace commissioner, recognized the inevitability of reprisals for the killings, but said: "To be sure, peace will come through war, but not by extermination." Eventually, Captain Jack (Kintpuash), Boston Charley, Schonchin John and Black Jim were tried for murder, convicted, and executed on October 3, 1873. The surviving Modoc were sent to reservations.

The killing of Canby, and the Great Sioux War, undermined public confidence in President Grant's peace policy, according to the historian Robert Utley. There was growing public sentiment for full defeat of the American Indians.

After memorial services were performed on the West Coast, Canby's body was returned to Indiana and buried in Crown Hill Cemetery, Indianapolis, Indiana on May 23, 1873. At least four Union generals attended his funeral there: William Tecumseh Sherman, Philip Sheridan, Lew Wallace, and Irvin McDowell, and the latter two served among the pall bearers. A reporter noted that, although the funeral procession was generally reserved, "more than once, expressions of hatred toward the Modoc" marred the silence.

Legacy and honors

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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF GENERAL JOSEPH ADAMS POTTER

Joseph Adams Potter was a brevet brigadier-general in the Union army both during and after the Civil War.

He was born in the village of Potter's Hollow, Albany, New York. His grandfather was Samuel Potter who enlisted in the Revolutionary army the day Washington assumed command of the Continental Army with his six brothers. He is a direct descendant of Samuel Adams. He spent his youth in the foothills of the Catskills, where his father was a merchant. He was an adventurer, and at 17 explored the area north and west of Chicago with a party of Indians. Later, he joined family in farming in Michigan, but soon decided it was not to his liking.

He was once employed by the U.S. government as an engineer, and he soon settled into this profession. He declined an appointment to West Point in lieu of an appointment as civil engineer attached to the War Department. Shortly after, he married his first wife Catherine Rosa in Painesville, Ohio, in 1840, and she died there in 1853. He became a merchant, but was never very successful at this endeavor, and continued his relationship with the government. Potter was soon engaged in survey work and road and bridge-building in both Ohio and Michigan.

At the beginning of the Civil War, he was conducting survey work along Lake Superior under then-Captain George Meade. He was appointed Lieutenant in the 15th Infantry in Detroit, and then Captain, and was ordered to go to Chicago, where he was in charge of outfitting troops stationed in Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota. He was also responsible for building and maintaining prisoner of war camps in the west. He married Harriet "Hattie" Savage Spafford of Hartford, CT in 1863, after meeting her in Chicago.

He was made a Colonel in 1864, and was transferred to Fort Leavenworth, where he was in charge of supplies for an area extending from Kansas and Nebraska west to New Mexico and Salt Lake. In 1867 he was ordered to Detroit, then to New Orleans under General Sheridan, and then to Galveston, Texas. In March, he was breveted Brigadier General. A yellow fever outbreak became an epidemic in Galveston in July, 1867, and he and his wife Hattie and their 2 year old son Howard became victims. His wife succumbed on September 9, but he and his son survived. Following Hattie's death, he was given a 3-month leave to go north to see to the care of his son, and then was assigned to Austin, Texas, where he was responsible for the building of a number of new posts. His position brought him to the Mexican border, and he nurtured a relationship with Mexican leaders who had been responsible for the overthrow and eventual execution of Emperor Maximilian. He was relieved of duty in Texas in 1869 and assigned to Jeffersonville, IN, and then appointed chief quartermaster of the New Mexico district.

While in New Mexico, he built adobe structures, and the first brick chimneys in Santa Fe. His health began to fail, and he was ordered to Detroit, then to New Orleans. He then returned to Painesville in 1878, and retired shortly thereafter where he remained until his death.

Source information for this biography has been derived in part from "History of Geauga and Lake Counties" Williams Brothers, 1878.

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