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Arcadius (Latin: Flavius Arcadius Augustus; Greek: Ἀρκάδιος;
1 January 377 – 1 May 408) was Eastern Roman Emperor from 395 to 408. He was
the eldest son of Theodosius I and his first wife Aelia Flaccilla, and brother
of the Western Emperor Honorius. A weak ruler, his reign was dominated by a
series of powerful ministers and by his wife, Aelia Eudoxia.
History
Arcadius was born in Hispania, the elder son of Theodosius I
and Aelia Flaccilla, and brother of Honorius, who would become the Western
Roman Emperor. His father declared him an Augustus and co-ruler for the eastern
half of the Empire in January 383. His younger brother was also declared
Augustus in 393, for the Western half.
As emperors, however, both Theodosius' sons are famous for
their extraordinarily weak wills and pliancy to ambitious ministers. At the
death of their father, Honorius was under the control of the Romanized Vandal
magister militum Flavius Stilicho while Arcadius was dominated by the
Praetorian Prefect of the East, Rufinus. Stilicho, who is alleged by some to
have aspired to control both Emperors, set off to the east shortly after
beginning his reign, leading back the Gothic mercenaries whom Theodosius had
taken west in the civil war with Arbogastes and Eugenius; Rufinus, who had
meanwhile stained his own rule with marked brutality and corruption, ordered Stilicho to retreat on threat of war,
revealing his suspicions. Stilicho complied and sent his army on under the
command of its general, Gainas, secretly his ally. When Rufinus greeted Gainas
with his army before Constantinople, he was suddenly assassinated on the parade
ground by the Goths. Arcadius had been on the verge of marrying Rufinus'
daughter, when the palace eunuchs under the influence of Eutropius,
apprehensive of this increase of the Prefect's power, conspired to switch the
bride with the daughter of Bauto, a Frankish general, called Aelia Eudoxia.[5]
Aside from the indignity to Rufinus, who was not informed of the change in
Arcadius' plans, and who was caught off guard in the middle of the marriage
ceremony, when the nuptial procession went to Eudoxia's residence rather than
his own, this change hinted at his fall from another aspect, since Eudoxia had
been raised, after her father's death, in the home of a general allegedly
murdered by Rufinus.[6] Subsequently, the eunuch Eutropius and Arcadius' wife,
Aelia Eudoxia, would assume Rufinus' place as advisors, or guardians, of the
emperor.
Eutropius' influence lasted four years, but ultimately, he
became as unpopular as Rufinus. Claudian, the court poet of Honorius, alleges
that the eunuch openly sold the governorships of the provinces, and the civil
magistracies, to the highest bidders; at the same time, many of the upper
classes were executed on trumped up charges, and their estates confiscated to
swell the coffers of the minister and his accomplices. New treason laws were
enacted under his auspices, by which the thought was not separated from the
execution of the crime, and by which the sons of the guilty were excluded from
the rights of citizenship. The last straw came in 399 when Eutropius, a eunuch
and former slave, had himself nominated to the consulship, an unprecedented
act. In the same year the Ostrogoths who
had been settled in Asia Minor by Theodosius I revolted, and Gainas, Eutropius'
personal enemy, who was appointed to suppress the insurrection after Eutropius'
appointees failed, ultimately persuaded the emperor to give in to their
demands, which included, inter alia, the dismissal of Eutropius. Eudoxia, sensing Eutropius' perilous
situation, quickly deserted her former ally, and convinced her husband to give
in to the Ostrogoths' demands. Subsequently, Eudoxia alone would have influence
over the emperor. That same year, on 13 July, Arcadius issued an edict ordering
that all remaining non-Christian temples should be immediately demolished.
After Eutropius' fall, Gainas joined the rebel Ostrogoths,
and forced Arcadius to make him Magister Militum, or chief general of the Roman
armies, and therefore the most powerful minister in the state. Additionally, he
demanded place for settlement for his troops in Thrace. Arcadius consented, but
the Ostrogoths' Arianism and hostile attitude brought them into conflict with
the populace of Constantinople, and Gainas' garrison in the capital was
overpowered and massacred in a general riot. Gainas reacted by declaring open
war on Arcadius, and advanced on Constantinople before realising it was too
strong for him to take. After this the Goths attempted to recross the
Hellespont and invade Asia, but were defeated by Fravitta, a loyal Goth in the
Roman service who replaced Gainas. The latter fled to the Danube with his
remaining followers, intending to establish an independent kingdom in Scythia,
but was ultimately defeated and killed by Uldin the Hun.
Eudoxia's influence was strongly opposed by John Chrysostom,
the Patriarch of Constantinople, who felt that she had used her family's wealth
to gain control over the Emperor. Eudoxia used her influence to have Chrysostom
deposed in 404, but she died later that year. Eudoxia gave to Arcadius four
children: three daughters, Pulcheria, Arcadia and Marina, and one son,
Theodosius, the future Emperor Theodosius II.
Arcadius was dominated for the rest of his rule by
Anthemius, the Praetorian Prefect, who made peace with Stilicho in the West.
Arcadius himself was more concerned with appearing to be a pious Christian than
he was with political or military matters, and he died, only nominally in
control of his Empire, in 408.
In this reign of a weak Emperor dominated by court politics,
a major theme was the ambivalence felt by prominent individuals and the court
parties that formed and regrouped round them towards barbarians, which in
Constantinople at this period meant Goths. In the well-documented episode that
revolved around Gainas, a number of Gothic foederati stationed in the capital
were massacred, the survivors fleeing under the command of Gainas to Thrace,
where they were tracked down by imperial troops and slaughtered and Gainas
dispatched. The episode has been traditionally interpreted as a paroxysm of
anti-barbarian reaction that served to stabilize the East. The main source for
the affair is a mythology à clef by Synesius of Cyrene, Aegyptus sive de
providentia (400), an Egyptianising
allegory that embodies a covert account of the events, the exact interpretation
of which continues to baffle scholars. Synesius' De regno, which claims to be
addressed to Arcadius himself, contains a tirade against Alaric and the Goths,
who had been ravaging Greece before being pacified by Arcadius' offer of peace
and independent settlement in Illyricum, in 398.
A new forum was built in the name of Arcadius, on the
seventh hill of Constantinople, the Xērolophos, in which a column was begun to
commemorate his 'victory' over Gainas (although the column was only completed
after Arcadius' death by Theodosius II).
The Pentelic marble portrait head of Arcadius (now in the
Istanbul Archaeology Museum) was discovered in Istanbul close to the Forum
Tauri, in June 1949, in excavating foundations for new buildings of the
University at Beyazit. The neck was
designed to be inserted in a torso, but no statue, base or inscription was
found. The diadem is a fillet with rows of pearls along its edges and a
rectangular stone set about with pearls over the young Emperor's forehead.
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