DATE OF THIS ** ORIGINAL ** ITEM: 1919 Anton Otto Fischer (February 23, 1882 – March 26, 1962) was a German-born American illustrator for the Saturday Evening Post. Born in Germany and orphaned at any early age, he ran away at the age of 15 to escape being forced into priesthood. He came to America as a deck hand on a German vessel. He sacrificed two months’ pay to obtain his freedom and then went on to sail on American ships for three years. For a fourteen-month period in 1905–1906, he worked as a model and general handyman for artist Arthur Burdette Frost. He went to Paris in October 1906 and studied for two years with Jean Paul Laurens at the Academie Julian, spending summers painting landscapes in Normandy. Fischer returned to New York City in January 1908. After being influenced by Howard Pyle, he moved to Wilmington, Delaware where he established a studio at 1110 Franklin Street. Pyle helped him transform his firsthand knowledge into pictorial drama, but had little success in enlivening his lead-colored palette. He freelanced in "subject pictures," or illustrations telling a human interest story that were in popular magazines of the day.[1uring World War II he was made the artist laureate of the United States Coast Guard. Fischer married Mary Ellen ("May") Sigsbee (1877–1960) following her divorce from fellow artist William Balfour Ker (1877–1918). Sigsbee, Balfour Ker and Fischer were all artist and former students of Howard Pyle. After marriage, he adopted his wife's son from her first marriage, David (1906–1922). They first lived in Bushnellsville, New York before moving to a house near the intersection of Elmendorf Street and Ten Broeck Avenue in nearby Kingston. The house still stands today and has a large north facing window that gave Fischer the light he needed to paint. In 1914, the couple had a child of their own, Katrina Sigsbee Fischer (1914–1998). The family eventually settled into a house off Glasco Turnpike in Woodstock, New York just prior to World War II. After moving back to New York City in 1910, Fischer sold his first illustration to "Harper's Weekly", then illustrated an "Everybody's Magazine" story by Jack London, for whom he would illustrate many books and magazine stories until London's death in 1916. Also in 1910, Fischer began illustrating for "The Saturday Evening Post", a relationship that would last for forty-eight years. He illustrated such stories as Kyne's "Cappy Ricks," Gilpatrick's "Glencannon," as well as serials by Kenneth Roberts, and Nordoff and Hall. From 1909 to 1920 he created more than one-thousand illustrations featuring women and babies, pretty girls, dogs and horses, sports, the Navy and the sea. He later went on to illustrate Tugboat Annie in 1931. He confessed his favorite character was "that old reprobate Glencannon," with the big broom moustache. U.S. Navy Commander Lincoln Lothrop had once written to the artist: “My two lads, one of whom is now a twenty-two-year-old lieutenant in the Navy … used to cut out your pictures and pin them on the walls of their rooms. … You are responsible for recruiting many a seagoing lad.” His work on seas scapes got Fischer an invitation to lunch with Vice Admiral Russell Waesche, Commandant of the Coast Guard for the purpose of recruiting at the height of World War II. The January 9, 1943, Post described a good encounter with the Vice Admiral. Although Waesche knew Fischer was born in (Germany) and anti-New Dealer, but by late that same afternoon, Fischer was sworn in as a lieutenant commander in the Coast Guard. He was charged with putting on canvas some of the heroic deeds of the Merchant Mariners and Coast Guardsmen, then considered at the time the least publicized men of the armed forces. His drawings are archived in the Coast Guard Academy in New London, Connecticut. Also known for illustrating books such as Moby Dick, Treasure Island, and 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, Anton Otto Fischer died far from his beloved sea in the Catskill Mountains of Woodstock, New York, in 1962 at the age of 80. The Friends of Historic Kingston hosted a lecture featuring Fischer's great-nephew, Andre Mele, in September 2011. Mele remembered 'Uncle Otto' with a heavy German accent who often enjoyed playing the piano and smoking cigars. He could frequently be found gardening or listening to the New York Yankees on the radio through his headphones. Fischer was often sought after for his investment advice and amassed a $2 million fortune during his lifetime. SS Belgian Prince was a British cargo steamship that was launched in 1900 as Mohawk. She was renamed Hungarian Prince when she changed owners in 1912, and Belgian Prince after the United Kingdom declared war against Austria-Hungary and its allies in 1914. U-55 sank Belgian Prince in 1917. Her crew survived the sinking, but U-55's commander Wilhelm Werner murdered most of them by drowning. Werner evaded prosecution, later became a senior officer in the SS, and died just after the Second World War. She was the third of three Prince Line ships to be called Belgian Prince. The first was launched in 1888 as Lady Ailsa, renamed Belgian Prince in 1890, and sold and renamed in 1897. The second was launched in 1885 as Hajeen, renamed Berriz in 1900 and Belgian Prince in 1907, and sold and renamed again in 1911. In 1900 and 1901 two Sunderland shipbuilders built four sister ships for the Menantic Steamship Company. Sir James Laing & Sons launched Mineola and Mohawk at their Deptford shipyard in 1900. J.L. Thompson and Sons launched the almost identical Monomoy and Manitoba at their North Sands shipyard in 1901. Mohawk was launched on 8 November 1900 and completed on 4 February 1901. Her registered length was 391.1 ft (119.2 m), her beam was 51.2 ft (15.6 m) and her depth was 28.5 ft (8.7 m). Her tonnages were 4,765 GRT and 3,129 NRT. She had a single screw, driven by a three-cylinder triple expansion engine built by Blair & Co of Stockton-on-Tees. It was rated at 492 NHP and gave her a speed of 10.5 knots (19 km/h). She also had four masts The Menantic Steamship Co was managed by T Hogan & Sons of New York. Menantic gave each of its ships a name beginning with "M", in most cases derived from the name of a place or people of the Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands of North America. It named Mohawk after the Mohawk people. Menantic registered Mohawk at Bristol. Her UK official number was 111307 and her code letters were SFPR. Menantic sold Manitoba almost as soon as she was built in 1901 In 1902 Menantic became the North Atlantic Steamship Co, still with T Hogan & Sons managing its ships.[In 1912 North Atlantic's entire fleet was sold. James Knott's Prince Line bought Mineola, Mohawk and Monomoy, and renamed them Bulgarian Prince, Hungarian Prince, Austrian Prince respectively. It also bought a slightly smaller North Atlantic ship called Matteawan, and renamed her Highland Prince. Prince Line registered the ships at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. In 1914 Austria-Hungary attacked Serbia, Germany invaded Belgium, and the UK declared war on the Central Powers. In October 1915 Bulgaria joined the Central Powers. Prince Line duly renamed Bulgarian Prince, Hungarian Prince, Austrian Prince as French Prince, Belgian Prince and Servian Prince respectively. James Knott had three sons, two of whom were senior managers of Prince Line. All three were commissioned into the British Army in the First World War. In 1915 the youngest was killed at Ypres and the eldest was listed as missing in the Gallipoli campaign. On 1 July 1916 the middle son was killed on the first day of the Battle of the Somme. In August 1916 James Knott sold Prince Line to Furness, Withy & Co. On 15 February 1917 the German auxiliary cruiser SMS Möwe captured and scuttled French Prince. At 19:50 hrs on 31 July the same year Belgian Prince was steaming from Liverpool to Newport News carrying blue clay when U-55 torpedoed her in the Western Approaches, about 175 nautical miles (324 km) northwest by west of Tory Island, at position 55°50'N 13°20'W. The torpedo hit her port side aft, in way of her Number 5 hold. She did not sink, but was badly damaged and listing to port. All 42 of Belgian Prince's crew abandoned ship in three lifeboats. U-55 surfaced, started shelling the ship, and then came round to her starboard side and started machine-gunning her. The U-boat then approached the three lifeboats. Its commander, Wilhelm Werner, ordered survivors out of the boats and onto the deck of the U-boat. Belgian Prince's Master, Captain Henry Hassan, was taken below. It was common for shipmasters to be taken for questioning, and sometimes kept prisoner. But Hassan was never seen again, and U-55's log has no record of him being taken prisoner. Werner ordered Belgian Prince's crew to take off their lifejackets. His crew searched the survivors, and kicked most of their lifejackets into the sea. Under Werner's orders, the U-boat crew then removed emergency supplies from the lifeboats, and damaged the two larger boats with axes to make them sink. The U-boat crew kept one small boat, with which five of them rowed to the damgeged ship. Belgian Prince's Chief Engineer, Thomas Bowman, reported that he saw them board the ship and signal to U-55 with a flash lamp. U-55 then cast the damaged boats adrift, the U-boat crew went below and closed the hatch, and the U-boat motored away for about 2 nautical miles (4 km). At about 22:00 hrs U-55 submerged, plunging 41 of Belgian Prince's crew into the sea. 38 of the crew drowned overnight. Three men survived: Bowman, a Russian able seaman called George Silenski, and the Second Cook, an African American called William Snell. Bowman was dragged underwater as the U-boat submerged, but he resurfaced. He saw only about a dozen other men still afloat, including a 16-year-old apprentice, who was shouting for help. Bowman him kept afloat until about midnight, when the boy died of hypothermia. Belgian Prince was carrying four teenage apprentices. Three were 17 years old. The 16-year-old was Edward Sharp. Silenski managed to swim back to Belgian Prince and re-board her. He reported that on the morning of 1 August, U-55 fired two rounds at the ship from her deck gun. Snell was one of the few who had managed to hide his lifejacket from the U-boat crew. He swam toward Belgian Prince, but in the morning, when he was still about 1 nautical mile (2 km) distant, he saw the ship explode, break in two, and sink. U-55's log records that the boarding party sank her with scuttling charges. In daylight on 1 August a British patrol boat rescued Bowman, Silenski and Snell from the water, and landed them at Londonderry, where a Sailors' Rest run by the British & Foreign Sailors' Society took care of them. On 8 April 1917 Werner and U-55 had sunk the British cargo ship Torrington, and had drowned 20 of her crew in the same way as the men from Belgian Prince. Later in the war Werner and U-55 sank the hospital ship HMHS Rewa and fired at the hospital ship Guildford Castle with a torpedo that failed to explode. After the war it was proposed to try Werner at the Leipzig war crimes trials for the murder of the crew of Torrington, but he could not be found. He had fled to Brazil, but he returned to Germany in 1924, and the charges against him were dropped by a German court in 1926. Werner later joined the Nazi Party and served in the SS, and was promoted to the rank of Brigadeführer in Heinrich Himmler's personal staff. Werner died in May 1945, shortly after the end of World War II in Europe. Life was published independently for its first 53 years until 1936 as a general-interest and light entertainment magazine, heavy on illustrations, jokes, and social commentary. It featured some of the most important writers, editors, illustrators and cartoonists of its time: Charles Dana Gibson, Norman Rockwell and Jacob Hartman Jr. Gibson became the editor and owner of the magazine after John Ames Mitchell died in 1918. During its later years, the magazine offered brief capsule reviews (similar to those in The New Yorker) of plays and movies running in New York City, but with the innovative touch of a colored typographic bullet resembling a traffic light, appended to each review: green for a positive review, red for a negative one, and amber for mixed notices. In 1936, Time publisher Henry Luce bought Life solely for its title, and greatly redesigned the publication. LIFE (stylized in all caps) became the first all-photographic American news magazine, and it dominated the market for several decades, with a circulation peaking at over 13.5 million copies a week. One striking image published in the magazine was Alfred Eisenstaedt's photograph of a nurse in a sailor's arms, taken on August 14, 1945, during a VJ-Day celebration in New York's Times Square. The magazine's role in the history of photojournalism is considered its most important contribution to publishing. Its prestige attracted the memoirs of President Harry S. Truman, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and General Douglas MacArthur, all serialized in its pages. After 2000, Time Inc. continued to use the Life brand for special and commemorative issues. Life returned to regularly scheduled issues as a weekly newspaper supplement from 2004 to 2007. The website life.com, originally one of the channels on Time Inc.'s Pathfinder service, was for a time in the late 2000s managed as a joint venture with Getty Images under the name See Your World, LLC. On January 30, 2012, the Life.com URL became a photo channel on Time.com. Life was founded on January 4, 1883, in a New York City artist's studio at 1155 Broadway, as a partnership between John Ames Mitchell and Andrew Miller. Mitchell held a 75% interest in the magazine with the remaining 25% held by Miller. Both men retained their holdings until their deaths. Miller served as secretary-treasurer of the magazine and managed the business side of the operation. Mitchell, a 37-year-old illustrator who used a $10,000 inheritance to invest in the weekly magazine, served as its publisher. He also created the first Life name-plate with cupids as mascots and later on, drew its masthead of a knight leveling his lance at the posterior of a fleeing devil. Then he took advantage of a new printing process using zinc-coated plates, which improved the reproduction of his illustrations and artwork. This edge helped because Life faced stiff competition from the best-selling humor magazines Judge and Puck, which were already established and successful. Edward Sandford Martin was brought on as Life's first literary editor; the recent Harvard University graduate was a founder of the Harvard Lampoon. The motto of the first issue of Life was: "While there's Life, there's hope." The new magazine set forth its principles and policies to its readers: The magazine was a success and soon attracted the industry's leading contributors, of which the most important was Charles Dana Gibson. Three years after the magazine was founded, the Massachusetts native first sold Life a drawing for $4: a dog outside his kennel howling at the Moon. Encouraged by a publisher, also an artist, Gibson was joined in Life early days by illustrators such as Palmer Cox (creator of the Brownie), A. B. Frost, Oliver Herford and E. W. Kemble. Life's literary roster included the following: John Kendrick Bangs, James Whitcomb Riley and Brander Matthews. Mitchell was accused of anti-Semitism at a time of high rates of immigration to New York of eastern European Jews. When the magazine blamed the theatrical team of Klaw & Erlanger for Chicago's Iroquois Theater Fire in 1903, many people complained. Life's drama critic, James Stetson Metcalfe, was barred from the 47 Manhattan theatres controlled by the Theatrical Syndicate. Life published caricatures of Jews with large noses. Several individuals would publish their first major works in Life. In 1908 Robert Ripley published his first cartoon in Life, 20 years before his Believe It or Not! fame. Norman Rockwell's first cover for Life magazine, Tain't You, was published May 10, 1917. His paintings were featured on Life's cover 28 times between 1917 and 1924. Rea Irvin, the first art director of The New Yorker and creator of the character "Eustace Tilley", began his career by drawing covers for Life. This version of Life took sides in politics and international affairs, and published pro-American editorials. After Germany attacked Belgium in 1914, Mitchell and Gibson undertook a campaign to push the U.S. into the war. Gibson drew the Kaiser as a bloody madman, insulting Uncle Sam, sneering at crippled soldiers, and shooting Red Cross nurses. Following Mitchell's death in 1918, Gibson bought the magazine for $1 million, but the end of World War I had brought on social change. Life's brand of humor was outdated, as readers wanted more daring and risque works, and Life struggled to compete. A little more than three years after purchasing Life, Gibson quit and turned the decaying property over to publisher Clair Maxwell and treasurer Henry Richter. Gibson retired to Maine to paint and lost interest in the magazine. In 1920, Gibson selected former Vanity Fair staffer Robert E. Sherwood as editor. A WWI veteran and member of the Algonquin Round Table, Sherwood tried to inject sophisticated humor onto the pages. Life published Ivy League jokes, cartoons, flapper sayings and all-burlesque issues. Beginning in 1920, Life undertook a crusade against Prohibition. It also tapped the humorous writings of Frank Sullivan, Robert Benchley, Dorothy Parker, Franklin Pierce Adams and Corey Ford. Among the illustrators and cartoonists were Ralph Barton, Percy Crosby, Don Herold, Ellison Hoover, H. T. Webster, Art Young and John Held, Jr. Life had 250,000 readers in 1920, but as the Jazz Age rolled into the Great Depression, the magazine lost money and subscribers. By the time Maxwell and editor George Eggleston took over, Life had switched from publishing weekly to monthly. The two men went to work revamping its editorial style to meet the times, which resulted in improved readership. However, Life had passed its prime and was sliding toward financial ruin. The New Yorker, debuting in February 1925, copied many of the features and styles of Life; it recruited staff from its editorial and art departments. Another blow to Life's circulation came from raunchy humor periodicals such as Ballyhoo and Hooey, which ran what can be termed "outhouse" gags. In 1933, Esquire joined Life's competitors. In its final years, Life struggled to make a profit. Announcing the end of Life, Maxwell stated: "We cannot claim, like Mr. Gene Tunney, that we resigned our championship undefeated in our prime. But at least we hope to retire gracefully from a world still friendly." Life was an American magazine of humor, commentary, and entertainment founded by John Ames Mitchell in the 19th century. (He also edited it for the majority of its run, until his death.) Life began in 1883. No issue copyright renewals were found for this serial. The first copyright-renewed contribution is from June 14, 1929. In 1936, the magazine was bought by Henry Luce of Time, Inc., who launched a new magazine with the same name but completely different staff and subscription base. We are not aware of active copyrights in the issues linked below.
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Life is an American magaZINE published weekly from 1883 to 1972, as an intermittent "special" until 1978, a monthly from 1978 until 2000, and an online supplement since 2008. During its golden age from 1936 to 1972, Life was a wide-ranging weekly general-interest magazine known for the quality of its photography, and was one of the nation's most popular magazines, regularly reaching one-quarter of the population.
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