Ayrton
Senna da Silva (Brazilian Portuguese: [aˈiʁtõ ˈsẽnɐ dɐ ˈsiwvɐ]
(listen); 21 March 1960 – 1 May 1994) was a Brazilian racing driver who
won the Formula One World Drivers' Championship in 1988, 1990, and 1991.
Senna is one of three Formula One drivers from Brazil to win the World
Championship and won 41 Grands Prix and 65 pole positions, with the
latter being the record until 2006. He died in an accident while leading
the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, driving for the Williams team.
Senna
began his motorsport career in karting, moved up to open-wheel racing
in 1981 and won the 1983 British Formula Three Championship. He made his
Formula One debut with Toleman-Hart in 1984, before moving to
Lotus-Renault the following year and winning six Grands Prix over the
next three seasons. In 1988, he joined Frenchman Alain Prost at
McLaren-Honda. Between them, they won all but one of the 16 Grands Prix
that year, and Senna claimed his first World Championship. Prost claimed
the championship in 1989, and Senna his second and third championships
in 1990 and 1991. In 1992, the Williams-Renault combination began to
dominate Formula One. Senna nonetheless managed to finish the 1993
season as runner-up, winning five races and negotiating a move to
Williams in 1994.
Senna was recognised for his qualifying speed
over one lap, and from 1989 until 2006 he held the record for most pole
positions. He was also acclaimed for his wet weather performances, such
as the 1984 Monaco Grand Prix, the 1985 Portuguese Grand Prix, and the
1993 European Grand Prix. He holds a record six victories at the Monaco
Grand Prix, is the fifth-most successful driver of all time in terms of
race wins and has won more races for McLaren than any other driver.
Senna courted controversy throughout his career, particularly during his
turbulent rivalry with Prost. In the Japanese Grands Prix of 1989 and
1990, each of which decided the championship of that year, collisions
between Senna and Prost determined the eventual winner.
Daily Mirror
Type Daily newspaper
Format Red top
Owner(s) Reach plc
Editor Alison Phillips
Founded 2 November 1903; 115 years ago
Political alignment Labour
Headquarters One Canada Square, London, United Kingdom
Circulation 587,803 Daily (as of November 2017)[1]
OCLC number 223228477
Website www.mirror.co.uk
The
Daily Mirror is a British national daily tabloid newspaper founded in
1903. It is owned by parent company Reach plc. From 1985 to 1987, and
from 1997 to 2002, the title on its masthead was simply The Mirror. It
had an average daily print circulation of 716,923 in December 2016,
dropping markedly to 587,803 the following year.[2] Its Sunday sister
paper is the Sunday Mirror. Unlike other major British tabloids such as
The Sun and the Daily Mail, the Mirror has no separate Scottish edition;
this function is performed by the Daily Record and Sunday Mail, which
incorporate certain stories from the Mirror that are of Scottish
significance.
Originally pitched to the middle-class reader, it
was converted into a working-class newspaper after 1934, in order to
reach a larger audience. The Mirror has had a number of owners. It was
founded by Alfred Harmsworth, who sold it to his brother Harold
Harmsworth (from 1914 Lord Rothermere) in 1913. In 1963 a restructuring
of the media interests of the Harmsworth family led to the Mirror
becoming a part of International Publishing Corporation. During the mid
1960s, daily sales exceeded 5 million copies, a feat never repeated by
it or any other daily (non-Sunday) British newspaper since.[3] The
Mirror was owned by Robert Maxwell between 1984 and 1991. The paper went
through a protracted period of crisis after his death before merging
with the regional newspaper group Trinity in 1999 to form Trinity
Mirror.
During the 1930s the paper was editorially sympathetic to
Oswald Mosley and the British Union of Fascists.[4] The paper has
consistently supported the Labour Party since the 1945 general
election.[5]
History
1903–1995
Alfred Harmsworth (later Lord Northcliffe), founder of the Daily Mirror
The
Daily Mirror was launched on 2 November 1903 by Alfred Harmsworth
(later Lord Northcliffe) as a newspaper for women, run by women.[6]
Hence the name: he said, "I intend it to be really a mirror of feminine
life as well on its grave as on its lighter sides ... to be entertaining
without being frivolous, and serious without being dull".[7] It cost
one penny (equivalent to 44p in 2018).
It was not an immediate
success and in 1904 Harmsworth decided to turn it into a pictorial
newspaper with a broader focus. Harmsworth appointed Hamilton Fyfe as
editor and all of the paper's female journalists were fired. The
masthead was changed to The Daily Illustrated Mirror, which ran from 26
January to 27 April 1904 (issues 72 to 150), when it reverted to The
Daily Mirror.[8] The first issue of the relaunched paper did not have
advertisements on the front page as previously, but instead news text
and engraved pictures (of a traitor and an actress), with the promise of
photographs inside.[9] Two days later, the price was dropped to one
halfpenny and to the masthead was added: "A paper for men and
women".[10] This combination was more successful: by issue 92, the
guaranteed circulation was 120,000 copies[11] and by issue 269, it had
grown to 200,000:[12] by then the name had reverted and the front page
was mainly photographs. Circulation grew to 466,000 making it the
second-largest morning newspaper.[13]
Alfred Harmsworth sold the
newspaper to his brother Harold Harmsworth (from 1914 Lord Rothermere)
in 1913. In 1917, the price was increased to one penny.[14] Circulation
continued to grow: in 1919, some issues sold more than a million copies a
day, making it the largest daily picture paper.[15] In 1924 the
newspaper sponsored the 1924 Women's Olympiad held at Stamford Bridge in
London.
Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere
Lord
Rothermere was a friend of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, and
directed the Mirror's editorial stance towards them in the early
1930s.[16][17] On Monday, 22 January 1934 the Daily Mirror ran the
headline "Give the Blackshirts a helping hand" urging readers to join
Sir Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists, and giving the address to
which to send membership applications.[18]By the mid-1930s, the Mirror
was struggling – it and the Mail were the main casualties of the early
1930s circulation war that saw the Daily Herald and the Daily Express
establish circulations of more than two million, and Rothermere decided
to sell his shares in it.
In 1935 Rothermere sold the paper to H.
G. Bartholomew and Hugh Cudlipp.[19] With Cecil King (Rothermere's
nephew) in charge of the paper's finances and Guy Bartholomew as editor,
during the late 1930s the Mirror was transformed from a conservative,
middle class newspaper into a left-wing paper for the working class.[20]
Partly on the advice of the American advertising agency J. Walter
Thompson, the Mirror became the first British paper to adopt the
appearance of the New York tabloids. The headlines became bigger, the
stories shorter and the illustrations more abundant.[21] By 1939, the
publication was selling 1.4 million copies a day. In 1937, Hugh
McClelland introduced his wild Western comic strip Beelzebub Jones in
the Daily Mirror. After taking over as cartoon chief at the Mirror in
1945,[22] he dropped Beelzebub Jones and moved on to a variety of new
strips.
During the Second World War the Mirror positioned itself
as the paper of the ordinary soldier and civilian, and was critical of
the political leadership and the established parties. At one stage, the
paper was threatened with closure following the publication of a Philip
Zec cartoon (captioned by William Connor), which was misinterpreted by
Winston Churchill and Herbert Morrison.[23] In the 1945 general election
the paper strongly supported the Labour Party in its eventual landslide
victory. In doing so, the paper supported Herbert Morrison, who
co-ordinated Labour's campaign, and recruited his former antagonist
Philip Zec to reproduce, on the front page, a popular VE Day cartoon on
the morning of the election, suggesting that Labour were the only party
who could maintain peace in post-war Britain.[24] By the late 1940s, it
was selling 4.5 million copies a day, outstripping the Express; for some
30 years afterwards, it dominated the British daily newspaper market,
selling more than 5 million copies a day at its peak in the mid-1960s.
The
Mirror was an influential model for German tabloid Bild, which was
founded in 1952 and became Europe's biggest-selling newspaper.[25]
Daily Mirror Building (1957-1960) in Langham Place, London
In
1955, the Mirror and its stablemate the Sunday Pictorial (later to
become the Sunday Mirror) began printing a northern edition in
Manchester. In 1957 it introduced the Andy Capp cartoon, created by Reg
Smythe from Hartlepool, in the northern editions.[citation needed]
The
Mirror's mass working class readership had made it the United Kingdom's
best-selling daily tabloid newspaper. In 1960, it acquired the Daily
Herald (the popular daily of the labour movement) when it bought Odhams,
in one of a series of takeovers which created the International
Publishing Corporation (IPC). The Mirror management did not want the
Herald competing with the Mirror for readers, and in 1964, relaunched it
as a mid-market paper, now named The Sun. When it failed to win
readers, the Sun was sold to Rupert Murdoch – who immediately relaunched
it as a more populist and sensationalist tabloid and a direct
competitor to the Mirror.
In an attempt to cater to a different
kind of reader, the Mirror launched the "Mirrorscope" pull-out section
on 30 January 1968. The Press Gazette commented: "The Daily Mirror
launched its revolutionary four-page supplement "Mirrorscope". The
ambitious brief for the supplement, which ran on Wednesdays and Fridays,
was to deal with international affairs, politics, industry, science,
the arts and business".[26] The British Journalism Review said in 2002
that "Mirrorscope" was "a game attempt to provide serious analysis in
the rough and tumble of the tabloids".[27] It failed to attract
significant numbers of new readers, and the pull-out section was
abandoned, its final issue appearing on 27 August 1974.[citation needed]
In
1978, The Sun overtook the Mirror in circulation, and in 1984 the
Mirror was sold to Robert Maxwell. After Maxwell's death in 1991, David
Montgomery became Mirror Group's CEO, and a period of cost-cutting and
production changes ensued. The Mirror went through a protracted period
of crisis before merging with the regional newspaper group Trinity to
form Trinity Mirror in 1999. Printing of the Daily and Sunday Mirror
moved to Trinity Mirror's facilities in Watford and Oldham.[citation
needed]
1995–2004
Front page of the Mirror 24 June 1996,
with headline "ACHTUNG! SURRENDER For you Fritz, ze Euro 96 Championship
is over", and accompanying contribution from the editor, "Mirror
declares football war on Germany"
Under the editorship of Piers
Morgan (from October 1995 to May 2004) the paper saw a number of
controversies.[28] Morgan was widely criticised and forced to apologise
for the headline "ACHTUNG! SURRENDER For you Fritz, ze Euro 96
Championship is over" a day before England met Germany in a semi-final
of the Euro 96 football championships.[29]
In 2000, Morgan was
the subject of an investigation after Suzy Jagger wrote a story in The
Daily Telegraph revealing that he had bought £20,000 worth of shares in
the computer company Viglen soon before the Mirror 's 'City Slickers'
column tipped Viglen as a good buy.[30] Morgan was found by the Press
Complaints Commission to have breached the Code of Conduct on financial
journalism, but kept his job. The 'City Slickers' columnists, Anil
Bhoyrul and James Hipwell, were both found to have committed further
breaches of the Code, and were sacked before the inquiry. In 2004,
further enquiry by the Department of Trade and Industry cleared Morgan
from any charges.[31] On 7 December 2005 Bhoyrul and Hipwell were
convicted of conspiracy to breach the Financial Services Act. During the
trial it emerged that Morgan had bought £67,000 worth of Viglen shares,
emptying his bank account and investing under his wife's name too.[32]
In
2002, the Mirror attempted to move mid-market, claiming to eschew the
more trivial stories of show-business and gossip. The paper changed its
masthead logo from red to black (and occasionally blue), in an attempt
to dissociate itself from the term "red top", a term for a
sensationalist mass-market tabloid. (On 6 April 2005, the red top came
back.) Under then-editor Piers Morgan, the newspaper's editorial stance
opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and ran many front pages critical of
the war. It also gave financial support to the 15 February 2003 anti-war
protest, paying for a large screen and providing thousands of placards.
Morgan re-hired John Pilger, who had been sacked during Robert
Maxwell's ownership of the Mirror titles. Despite such changes, Morgan
was unable to halt the paper's decline in circulation, a decline shared
by its direct tabloid rivals The Sun and the Daily Star.[citation
needed]
Morgan was fired from the Mirror on 14 May 2004 after
authorising the newspaper's publication of photographs allegedly showing
Iraqi prisoners being abused by British Army soldiers from the Queen's
Lancashire Regiment.[33] Within days the photographs were shown to be
fakes. Under the headline "SORRY.. WE WERE HOAXED", the Mirror responded
that it had fallen victim to a "calculated and malicious hoax" and
apologised for the publication of the photographs.[34]
2004–present
The
Mirror's front page on 4 November 2004, after the re-election of George
W. Bush as U.S. President, read "How can 59,054,087 people be so
DUMB?". It provided a list of states and their alleged average IQ,
showing the Bush states all below average intelligence (except for
Virginia), and all John Kerry states at or above average intelligence.
The source for this table was The Economist,[35] although it was a
hoax.[36] Richard Wallace became editor in 2004.
On 30 May 2012,
Trinity Mirror announced the merger of the Daily Mirror and Sunday
Mirror into a single seven-day-a-week title.[37] Richard Wallace and
Tina Weaver, the respective editors of the Daily Mirror and Sunday
Mirror, were simultaneously dismissed and Lloyd Embley, editor of The
People, appointed as editor of the combined title with immediate
effect.[38][39] In 2018, Reach plc acquired the Northern & Shell
titles, including the Daily Express, which led to a number of editor
moves across the stable. Lloyd Embley was then promoted to
editor-in-chief across the entire group, and Alison Phillips (previously
deputy editor-in-chief for the Trinity Mirror titles) was appointed
editor of the Daily Mirror.
Political allegiance
The Daily Mirror has traditionally backed the Labour Party at general elections.
On
3 May 1979, the day of the general election, the Daily Mirror urged its
readers to vote for the governing Labour Party led by James
Callaghan.[40] As widely predicted by the opinion polls, Labour lost
this election, which was won by the Conservative Party and saw Margaret
Thatcher become Prime Minister.[40] The Mirror's continued support of
the Labour government was in spite of its falling popularity over the
previous few months which had been the result of the Winter of
Discontent, where the country was crippled by numerous public sector
strikes.[41]
By the time of the 1983 general election, Labour
support was at a postwar low, partly due to the strong challenge by the
recently formed SDP-Liberal Alliance. Despite this, the Daily Mirror
remained loyal to Labour and urged its readers to vote for the party
(now led by Michael Foot), condemning the Thatcher-led Tory government
for its "waste of our nation",[40] condemning the rise in unemployment
that Thatcher's Conservative government had seen in its first term in
power largely due to monetarist economic policies to reduce inflation,
although the government's previously low popularity had dramatically
improved since the success of the Falklands conflict a year earlier.[42]
However, the Tories were re-elected and Labour suffered its worst
postwar general election result, only narrowly bettering the SDP-Liberal
Alliance in terms of votes whilst winning considerably more seats.[40]
At
the 1987 general election, the Daily Mirror remained loyal to Labour
(now led by Neil Kinnock) and urged its readers "You know he's right,
chuck her out".[40] By this stage, unemployment was falling and
inflation had remained low for several years.[43] As a result, the
Tories were re-elected for a third successive term, although Labour did
cut the Tory majority slightly.[40]
For the 1992 general
election, the Daily Mirror continued to support Labour, still led by
Neil Kinnock. By this stage Margaret Thatcher had stepped down and the
Tory government was now led by John Major.[40] The election was won by
the Tories, although Labour managed to significantly cut the Tory
majority to 21 seats compared to the triple-digit figure of the previous
two elections, which led to a difficult term for Major. The outcome of
this election had been far less predictable than any of the previous
three elections, as opinion polls over the previous three years had
shown both parties in the lead, although any Labour lead in the polls
had been relatively narrow since the Conservative government's change of
leader from Thatcher to Major in November 1990, in spite of the onset
of a recession in 1990 which had pushed unemployment up again after
several years of decline. Labour's credibility was helped by plans
including extra NHS funding and moving away from firm commitments on
re-nationalisation to reverse the Conservative policy of privatisation,
but its decision to be up-front about tax increases was seen as a key
factor in its failure to win.[44]
By the time of the 1997 general
election, support for the Labour Party, now led by Tony Blair, in the
opinion polls had exceeded that of support for the Tory government
(still led by John Major) since late 1992, the government's reduced
popularity largely blamed on the failings of Black Wednesday in
September of that year and it had failed to recover popularity in spite
of a strong economic recovery and fall in unemployment. A reinvented
"New Labour" had further improved its credibility under Blair by
promising traditional Labour essentials including more funding for
healthcare and education, but also promising not to increase income tax
and ending its commitment to the nationalisation of leading
industries.[45] The Daily Mirror urged its readers that their country
needed Tony Blair, and to vote Labour.[40] The election produced a
Labour landslide and ended the party's 18-year exile from power.
On
4 May 2010, the newspaper printed a picture of Conservative leader
David Cameron with a giant red cross through his face. The headline read
"How to stop him" in reference to the general election two days later,
thus confirming the Daily Mirror's Labour allegiance. The election ended
in Britain's first hung parliament since 1974, but Cameron still became
prime minister of the country within days as the Conservatives formed a
coalition with the Liberal Democrats. The Daily Mirror was the only
leading national newspaper to remain loyal to Labour and Gordon Brown at
a time when opinion polls showed the party on course for their worst
election result since 1983.[46]
The newspaper was critical of the
Liberal Democrats for forming the coalition which enabled the
Conservatives to form a new government in 2010, and branded leader Nick
Clegg as Pinickio (alluding to the lying fictional character
Pinocchio)[47] for going back on numerous pre-election pledges. It has
frequently referred to the party as the "Fib Dems"[48] or "Lib
Dumbs".[49] The Daily Mirror endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary
Clinton in the run-up for the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[50] In
2016 the newspapers asked for Jeremy Corbyn's resignation "for the good
of Labour and of the country".
Despite this critical position, the Daily Mirror endorsed again the Labour Party in the 2017 general election.[51]
Famous features
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Cartoon strips "Pip, Squeak and Wilfred"
(1919–56), "Jane" (1932–59), "Garth" (1943–97, reprints 2011), "Just
Jake" (1938–52), "Andy Capp" (1957–), and "The Perishers" (1955–2006 and
later reprints).
"The Old Codgers", a fictional pair who commented on the letters page from 1935 to 1990.[52]
Chalky
White, who would wander around various British seaside resorts waiting
to be recognised by Mirror readers (an obscured photo of him having been
published in that day's paper). Anyone who recognised him would have to
repeat some phrase along the lines of "To my delight, it's Chalky
White" to win £5. The name continues to be used on the cartoons page, as
Andy Capp's best friend.
"Shock issues" intended to highlight a particular news story.
The columnist Cassandra (1935–67).
"Dear Marje", a problem page by agony aunt Marjorie Proops.
Investigative
reporting by Paul Foot and John Pilger (including the latter's exposé
of the atrocities of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia).
"The Shopping
Basket". Starting in the mid-1970s, the paper monitored the cost of a £5
basket of shopping to see how it increased in price over the years.
Blue issue
On
2 April 1996, the Daily Mirror was printed entirely on blue
paper.[citation needed] This was done as a marketing exercise with
Pepsi-Cola, who on the same day had decided to relaunch their cans with a
blue design instead of the traditional red and white logo.[citation
needed]
Libel, contempt of court, errors and criticism
Sorry We Were hoaxed
Front page of the Daily Mirror after publishing faked photographs.
In
the 1959 Liberace v Daily Mirror case, Liberace sued the Mirror for
libel. William Connor had written a pseudonymous column hinting that the
American entertainer was a homosexual; homosexuality was illegal in
Britain at the time. The jury found in Liberace's favour and he received
£8,000 in damage (estimated at around £500,000 in 2009).[53]
In
1991, shortly after the death of Queen's lead singer Freddie Mercury,
the Daily Mirror ran a homophobic column by Joe Haines which contained
extensive insults towards Mercury, HIV/AIDS victims, and
homosexuals.[54][55] The article prompted an open letter in condemnation
from folk singer Lal Waterson, later recorded as a song by her sister
Norma.[56]
In December 1992, Scottish politician George Galloway won
libel damages from the Daily Mirror and its Scottish sister the Daily
Record, who had falsely accused him of making malicious allegations
about their foreign editor Nicholas Davies. Galloway had used
parliamentary privilege to call for an independent investigation into
allegations about Davies made in the book The Samson Option.[57]
In
May 2004, the Daily Mirror published what it claimed were photos of
British soldiers abusing Iraqi prisoners at an unspecified location in
Iraq. The decision to publish the photos, subsequently shown to be
hoaxes, led to Morgan's sacking as editor on 14 May 2004. The Daily
Mirror then stated that it was the subject of a "calculated and
malicious hoax".[58] The newspaper issued a statement apologising for
the printing of the pictures. The paper's deputy editor, Des Kelly, took
over as acting editor during the crisis. The tabloid's rival, The Sun,
offered a £50,000 reward for the arrest and conviction of those accused
of faking the Mirror photographs.
In June 2004, American model
Caprice Bourret won a libel case against the Daily Mirror for an article
in April that year which falsely claimed that her acting career had
failed.[59]
In November 2007, the Daily Mirror paid damages to Sir
Andrew Green after having likened him and his group MigrationWatch UK to
the Ku Klux Klan and Nazi Party in September of that year. The
newspaper admitted that such allegations were "untrue".[60]
In
February 2008 both the Daily and the Sunday Mirror implied that TV
presenter Kate Garraway was having an affair. She sued for libel,
receiving an apology and compensation payment in April 2008.[61]
On
18 September 2008, David Anderson, a British sports journalist writing
for the Mirror, repeated a claim deriving from vandalism on Wikipedia's
entry for Cypriot football team AC Omonia, which asserted that their
fans were called "The Zany Ones" and liked to wear hats made from
discarded shoes. The claim was part of Anderson's match preview ahead of
AC Omonia's game with Manchester City, which appeared in the web and
print versions of the Mirror, with the nickname also quoted in
subsequent editions on 19 September.[62][63] The episode was featured in
Private Eye.
In November 2009, the Mirror paid "substantial libel
damages" to Portuguese footballer Cristiano Ronaldo after it admitted
that a story about him becoming highly intoxicated in a Hollywood
nightclub was untrue.[64]
On 12 May 2011, the High Court of England
and Wales granted the Attorney General permission to bring a case for
contempt against The Sun and the Daily Mirror for the way they had
reported on the arrest of a person of interest in the Murder of Joanna
Yeates.[65][66] On 29 July, the Court ruled that both newspapers had
been in contempt of court, fining the Daily Mirror £50,000 and The Sun
£18,000.[67]
In October 2013, a defamation case brought by the Irish
airline Ryanair against the Daily Mirror was settled out of court. The
Mirror had repeated allegations about the airline's safety from a
Channel 4 documentary which were not reflected by its most recent
evaluation by the Irish Aviation Authority.[68]
On 19 July 2011 the
Mirror published an article labelling comedian Frankie Boyle as a
racist. He later sued for defamation and libel, winning £54,650 in
damages and a further £4,250 for a claim about his departure from Mock
the Week. The Mirror had argued he was "forced to quit" but this was
found to be libellous by the court.[69][70]
On 20 March 2017 the
Mirror painted the traditional Russian pancake celebration Maslenitsa as
a Hooligan training ground. One of the centuries-old tradition in this
Russian festival is “wall-to-wall” (‘stenka na stenku’, Ru) which is
sparring between men dressed in traditional folk clothes. This tradition
was wrongly represented by the Mirror in the pictures and text,
labelled as violent acts and living in fear without giving context or
any information about this Russian traditional festival at all. The
Mirror article was titled “Russia's Ultra yobs infiltrated amid warnings
England fans could be KILLED at World Cup.”, and received negative
receptions from Russian media, also being described as fake
news.[71][72][73][74] The organisers of the traditional Russian folk
festival event are looking to sue the Daily Mirror, it is reported
later.[75] Representatives of the Daily Mirror acknowledged that the
original material of the publication about Russian Hooligans was
incorrectly illustrated with images of the traditional festival. In the
updated version of the article the newspaper continues to insist that
the photographed people were hooligans in the pictures, but gives no
evidence of their participation in the festival.[76]
Significant staff members
Editors
1903 to 1904: Mary Howarth
1904 to 1907: Hamilton Fyfe
1907 to 1915: Alexander Kenealy
1915 to 1916: Ed Flynn
1916 to 1929: Alexander Campbell
1929 to 1931: Cameron Hogg
1931 to 1934: Leigh Brownlee
1934 to 1948: Cecil Thomas
1948 to 1953: Silvester Bolam
1953 to 1961: Jack Nener
1961 to 1971: Lee Howard
1971 to 1974: Tony Miles
1974 to 1975: Michael Christiansen
1975 to 1985: Mike Molloy
1985 to 1990: Richard Stott
1990 to 1991: Roy Greenslade
1991 to 1992: Richard Stott
1992 to 1994: David Banks
1994 to 1996: Colin Myler
1996 to 2004: Piers Morgan
2004 to 2012: Richard Wallace
2012 to 2018: Lloyd Embley
2018 to date: Alison Phillips
Source: Tabloid Nation[24]
Notable columnists
Notable former and current columnists of the Daily Mirror include:
The 3AM Girls (gossip columnists)
William Connor (opinion under the pseudonym Cassandra (1935–1967))
Caradoc Evans (1917–1923)
Richard Hammond (motoring and Saturday columnist)
Oliver Holt (sports columnist)
Kevin Maguire (UK politics)
Penman & Greenwood (investigators)
Fiona Phillips (Saturday columnist)
Brian Reade (Thursday columnist; also does a sports column on Saturdays)
Keith Waterhouse (largely humorous (1993–2009))
Chris Hughes (security and defence)
Geoffrey Goodman (1969–1986)
Awards
The
Daily Mirror won "Newspaper of the Year" in 2002 at the British Press
Awards. It won "Scoop of the Year" in 2003 ("3am", 'Sven and Ulrika'),
2004 (Ryan Parry, 'Intruder at the Palace'), 2006 and 2007 (both Stephen
Moyes).[77] The Mirror won "Team of the Year" in 2001 ('Railtrack'),
2002 ('War on the World: World against Terrorism'), 2003 ('Soham'), and
2006 ('London bombings'); and "Front Page of the Year" in 2007.[77] The
Mirror also won the "Cudlipp Award" in 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2010.[77]
See also
The Wharf, sister newspaper for the Isle of Dogs.
Daily Mirror Silver Cup
Notes
"ABCs:
Increased bulks help Telegraph become only UK newspaper to increase
circulation in November". Press Gazette. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
"Print
ABCs: Seven UK national newspapers losing print sales at more than 10
per cent year on year". Press Gazette. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
United Newspapers PLC and Fleet Holdings PLC, Monopolies and Mergers Commission (1985), pp.5–16
"Revealed: the fascist past of the Daily Mirror". The Independent. 11 November 2003.
"Newspaper support in UK general elections", The Guardian, 4 May 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
"The Mirror | British newspaper". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
Daily Mirror No. 1 (2 November 1903) page 3
Albion (1973) Vol 5, 2-page 150
Daily Mirror issue 72, 26 January 1904
Daily Illustrated Mirror issue 74, 28 January 1904
Daily Illustrated Mirror issue 92, 18 February 1904
Daily Mirror issue 269, 13 September 1904
Daily Mirror issue 1335, 8 February 1908
Daily Mirror issue 4163, 26 February 1917
Daily Mirror issue 4856, 19 May 1919
Griffiths,
Richard (1980). Fellow Travellers of the Right: British Enthusiasts for
Nazi Germany, 1933-9. London: Constable. ISBN 0-09-463460-2"."
Roy Greenslade, Don't damn the Daily Mail for its fascist flirtation 80 years ago, theguardian.com (7 December 2011)
"Revealed: the fascist past of the Daily Mirror". The Independent. 11 November 2003.
McKibbin, Ross. Classes and Cultures: England 1918-1951. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 406.
Adrian
Bingham, and Martin Conboy, "The Daily Mirror and the Creation of a
Commercial Popular Language," Journalism Studies (2009) 19#5 pp 639-654.
McKibbin, Ross. Classes and Cultures: England 1918-1951. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 506.
Horn, Maurice (1983). The World encyclopedia of comics. Chelsea House. ISBN 9780877543237.
Connor, Robert (1969). Cassandra: Reflections in a Mirror. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-93341-9.
Horrie,
Chris (2003). Tabloid Nation: From the Birth of the Mirror to the Death
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Routledge,
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Corbyn kick the Tories into touch - Voice of the Mirror". Daily Mirror.
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Greenslade,
Roy (26 May 2009). "The meaning of 'fruit': how the Daily Mirror
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"queenmania: This repulsive article, which..." random thoughts: queen, life, and everything.
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References
Morgan,
Piers (13 May 2004). "Daily Mirror statement in full". CNN World.
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2005
"Fake abuse photos: Editor quits". London: CNN. 15 May 2004.
Archived from the original on 12 October 2004. Retrieved 27 November
2005
External links
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Death of Ayrton Senna
Date 1 May 1994; 25 years ago
Location Imola, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
The
death of Ayrton Senna happened on 1 May 1994 after his car crashed into
a concrete barrier while he was leading the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix
at the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari in Italy. The previous day, Roland
Ratzenberger had died when his car crashed during qualification for the
race. His and Senna's accidents were the worst of several accidents that
took place that weekend and were the first fatal accidents to occur
during a Formula One race meeting in twelve years. They became a turning
point in the safety of Formula One, prompting the implementation of new
safety measures in both Formula One and the circuit, as well as the
Grand Prix Drivers' Association to be reestablished. The Supreme Court
of Cassation of Italy ruled that mechanical failure was the cause of the
accident, although this has been disputed.
Background
In
1994, Senna left his longtime team McLaren that he joined in 1988, to
join Williams, replacing his former teammate Alain Prost and being
paired with Damon Hill. Williams was expected to again contend for the
F1 World Championship as they had in the previous two seasons with Prost
and Nigel Mansell, albeit with cars that no longer had electronic aids,
which had been banned for the 1994 season.
On debut for his new team during the traditional pre-season testing at Estoril, Senna said of the Williams FW16:
I
have a very negative feeling about driving the car and driving it on
the limit and so on. Therefore I didn't have a single run or a single
lap that I felt comfortable or reasonably confident. I am uncomfortable
in the car. It all feels wrong. We changed the seat and the wheel, but
even so I was already asking for more room. Going back to when we raced
at Estoril last September, it feels much more difficult. Some of that is
down to the lack of electronic change. Also, the car has its own
characteristics which I'm not fully confident in yet. It makes you a lot
more tense and that stresses you.[1]
The problems continued as
the season commenced. Senna had his worst ever start to a Formula One
season, failing to finish or score points in the first two races (the
Brazilian and Pacific Grands Prix), despite having taken pole in both.
Benetton's Michael Schumacher was the championship leader entering the
third race at Imola, with Senna trailing by twenty points.[2]
1994 San Marino Grand Prix
Main article: 1994 San Marino Grand Prix
Rubens Barrichello (pictured at the 1995 French Grand Prix) suffered a high speed crash at the Variante Bassa chicane
On
the Friday before the race, Senna's protegé, Rubens Barrichello,
driving for the Jordan team, clipped a curb and crashed heavily at 140
mph (230 km/h) at the Variante Bassa chicane. Senna got out of his
Williams car and went to the scene of the accident. Minutes after the
accident, Barrichello regained consciousness and found Senna looking
over him. After learning Barrichello had survived, Senna returned to his
car and continued his practice session.[3]
After the session
concluded, he left his car and went to the Williams motor home to attend
pre-arranged interviews for the press and told the attending
journalists to wait one hour while he was checking car problems with his
engineer, David Brown. Following the interviews, Senna continued his
work with Brown for another two hours. Once he arrived back to his hotel
in Castel San Pietro, Senna reportedly telephoned his girlfriend
Adriane Galisteu and broke down into tears while recounting
Barrichello's accident earlier that day.[3]
On Saturday morning,
Senna set a personal best time of 1m 22.03 seconds and agreed with
teammate Damon Hill that the car had improved. Having been released from
the Medical Centre, Barrichello told Senna he was flying back to
England to watch the race on television.[3]
Roland Ratzenberger was killed after colliding with a concrete wall at the Villeneuve Curve
In
the afternoon, the second qualifying session began and 18 minutes into
the session, Simtek driver Roland Ratzenberger struck the concrete wall
on the outside of the Villeneuve curve at 314 km/h, as a result of a
suspected front wing failure.[4] After the impact with a concrete
barrier, the car bounced off and rested in the middle of that section of
the track. Senna saw the replays of the accident and rushed into the
pitlane to get inside a course car. When he arrived, with Ratzenberger
taken into an ambulance, Senna inspected the damaged Simtek.[3] He then
attended the circuit's Medical Centre where he learnt from friend and
neurosurgeon Sid Watkins that Ratzenberger had died. When the two left
the centre together, Watkins told the inconsolable multiple-time world
champion that he did not have to race ever again and suggested to Senna
that he withdraw from the race and go fishing with him. Senna responded
by telling Watkins he could not stop racing and then went back to the
Williams garage, where he summoned Patrick Head and Frank Williams,
telling them of the situation and deciding to withdraw for the remainder
of the Qualifying session.[3]
Reportedly, Senna retired to his
motor home where he broke down in tears and collapsed onto the floor.
This had concerned Williams, who asked Betise Assumpção to arrange a
meeting to discuss Senna's emotional state. Senna decided not to attend
the post-qualifying press conference, leading the FIA to discuss but
decide not to take disciplinary action against him. On the following
day, however, Race Stewards called Senna out of his motor home to
discuss his having commandeered a course car to visit Ratzenberger's
crash site. A row ensued and Senna stormed off in disgust. The Stewards
decided to take no action.[3]
On Sunday morning, Senna was the
fastest in the warm-up session by nine-tenths of a second. Afterwards he
spotted former McLaren rival Alain Prost sitting at a table. They
talked together for 30 minutes, with Senna lobbying for Prost's help to
improve the sport's safety, both agreeing to meet before the Monaco
Grand Prix.[3]
Next, Senna filmed an in-car lap of Imola for
French television channel TF1, where he greeted Prost now working as a
presenter for that channel: "A special hello to our dear friend Alain.
We all miss you, Alain." Prost said that he was amazed and very touched
by the comment.[5]
At the drivers' briefing, Senna attended along
with Gerhard Berger. Since he was unwilling to speak out due to the
earlier row with race officials that had left him still fraught with
emotions,[3] Senna asked Berger to raise his concerns about the pace
car's presence during formation lap, which had no role other than to
promote the then latest Porsche 911. At the San Marino Grand Prix, this
pace car was thus made to leave the grid in advance of the Formula One
cars, instead of together.
Senna then met with fellow drivers to
discuss the re-establishment of a drivers' group (the Grand Prix
Drivers' Association) in an attempt to increase safety in Formula One.
As the most senior driver, Senna offered to take the role of leader,
starting with the next race event in Monaco. Niki Lauda suggested that
Senna lead the group because of his strong personality, relative to the
other drivers.[6]
Racing crash
A map of the circuit per 1994 layout, with the Tamburello corner encircled.
At
the start of the race, Pedro Lamy and JJ Lehto were involved in a
serious accident spraying debris into the crowd and injuring bystanders.
Track officials deployed the Opel Vectra safety car, driven by Max
Angelelli, to slow down the field and allow the removal of debris. The
competitors proceeded behind the safety car for five laps.[7] As the
Vectra was based on a family sedan and not relatively fast, Senna had
pulled alongside the Vectra to gesture to its driver to speed up; this
car was subsequently regarded as inadequate for the role (due to the
fact that its brakes had overheated and thus had to be driven slowly,
lest itself be the cause of an accident) and a cause of the alleged drop
in tyre pressures of the following Formula One cars.[8][9] Before the
sixth lap, David Brown told Senna via pit-to-car radio that the safety
car was pulling off, and Senna acknowledged the message.[3]
On
lap 6, the race resumed and Senna immediately set a quick pace with the
third-quickest lap of the race, followed by Schumacher. At the flat-out
left-hander Tamburello corner, Schumacher noticed that Senna took a
tight line through the curve and his car jiggled on the bumps.[7]
On
lap 7, the second lap at racing speed, Senna's car left the racing line
at Tamburello, ran in a straight line off the track and struck an
unprotected concrete barrier. Telemetry data recovered from the wreckage
shows he entered the corner at 309 km/h (192 mph) and then braked hard
to slow down before impacting the wall at 211 km/h (131 mph).[10] The
car hit the wall at a shallow angle, tearing off the right front wheel
and nose cone and spinning to a halt.
After Senna's car stopped
he was initially motionless in the cockpit. After about ten seconds, as
recorded by the close-up aerial footage, his head was seen to lift to
the left before returning to its original position. Thereafter he did
not move again. What appeared to have happened was that the right front
wheel shot up upon impact and entered the cockpit, striking the right
frontal area of his helmet. The violence of the wheel's impact pushed
his head back against the headrest, causing fatal skull fractures.[11] A
piece of suspension attached to the wheel had partially penetrated his
Bell M3 helmet and caused trauma to his head.[11] In addition, it
appeared that a jagged piece of the upright assembly had penetrated the
helmet visor just above his right eye.[11] Senna was using a
medium-sized (58 cm) M3 helmet with a new "thin" Bell visor. Any one of
the three injuries would probably have killed him.[11]
After the
crash it was immediately evident that Senna had suffered some form of
injury, because his helmet was seen to be motionless and leaning
slightly to the right. The subtle movement of his head in the seconds
that followed raised false hopes. Moments after the crash, Angelo Orsi, a
photographer and a friend of Senna, took photographs of Senna in the
car after his helmet was removed and Senna being treated before marshals
blocked his view. Despite receiving numerous offers, the photographs
have only been seen by Orsi and the Senna family, who insisted that Orsi
not publish the photographs.[3]
Fire marshals arrived at the car
and were unable to touch Senna before qualified medical personnel
arrived. Senna was pulled out of the car minutes after the accident.[6]
Television coverage from an overhead helicopter was seen around the
world, as rescue workers gave Senna medical attention. Close inspection
of the area in which the medical staff treated Senna revealed a
considerable amount of blood on the ground. From visible injuries to
Senna's head, it was evident to attending medical professionals that he
had sustained a grave head trauma. An emergency tracheotomy was
conducted alongside the track to establish a secure airway through which
the medical personnel could artificially maintain his breathing. The
race was stopped one minute and nine seconds after Senna's crash.
Williams team manager Ian Harrison went up to race control, finding a
scene where many race officials were sensing that Senna's crash had been
serious. Bernie Ecclestone later arrived in race control to calm the
situation.[12]
Professor Sid Watkins, a world-renowned
neurosurgeon, Formula One Safety Delegate and Medical Delegate, and the
head of the Formula One on-track medical team, performed the on-site
tracheotomy on Senna.[13]
Watkins later reported:
He
looked serene. I raised his eyelids and it was clear from his pupils
that he had a massive brain injury. We lifted him from the cockpit and
laid him on the ground. As we did, he sighed and, although I am not
religious, I felt his spirit depart at that moment.[14]
Watkins
cleared the respiratory passages, stemmed the blood flow, replaced blood
lost from the accident and immobilised the cervical area. Watkins
radioed for a medical helicopter and asked the intensive care
anaesthetist, Giovanni Gordini, to escort Senna to Maggiore Hospital.[3]
Approximately 10 minutes after Senna's crash, a miscommunication in the
pits caused a Larrousse car piloted by Érik Comas to leave the pit lane
and attempt to rejoin the now red flagged Grand Prix. That incident
with Comas was spotted by Eurosport commentator John Watson as the "most
ridiculous thing I've ever seen at any time in my life".[15] Frantic
waving by the marshals at Senna's crash site prevented the Larrousse
from risking a collision with the medical helicopter that had landed on
the track.
Senna's car was eventually lifted onto a truck and
returned to the pitlane where officials impounded it. However, an
unidentified person insisted that the black-box data carried on the car
should be removed.[12] At 3:00 pm, the helicopter landed in front of the
Maggiore Hospital. Doctors rushed Senna into intensive care; a brain
scan confirmed the diagnosis made on the track. At 3:10 pm, Senna's
heart stopped beating, doctors restarted his heart, and he was placed on
a life-support machine. Senna's brother Leonardo arranged for a priest
to perform the last rites which occurred at 6:15 pm. Senna's heart
stopped beating at 6:37 pm, and it was decided not to restart it. Doctor
Maria Teresa Fiandri, the emergency department head physician at the
hospital who was off-duty and had been watching the race live from home
with her sons, immediately left for the hospital and arrived at the same
time as Senna's helicopter landed some 28 minutes after the crash. In
her interview after 20 years, she confirmed that the blood loss suffered
by Senna was due to a damaged superficial temporal artery and that,
apart from his head injuries, Senna appeared serene and the rest of the
body was intact. Dr Fiandri became responsible for providing medical
updates to the media and public that had amassed at the hospital and, at
6:40 pm, she announced that Senna was dead.[16]
It was later
revealed that, as medical staff examined Senna, a furled Austrian flag
was found in his car—a flag that he had intended to raise in honour of
Ratzenberger after the race.[17]
Sometime after the race, Ian
Harrison was called by an Italian lawyer informing Harrison of Senna's
death and that it was being treated as a "road traffic accident". Early
in the morning of 2 May, Harrison was called by another lawyer, who took
him to a mortuary. Harrison declined to see Senna's body upon being
asked.[12]
Funeral
Monument to Ayrton Senna, Melinda
Garcia's work, installed at the entrance of the tunnel under Ibirapuera
Park, São Paulo, Brazil
Senna's death was considered by many of his
Brazilian fans to be a national tragedy, and the Brazilian government
declared three days of national mourning. Contrary to airline policy,
Senna's coffin was allowed to be flown back to his home country not as
cargo but in the passenger cabin of Varig's McDonnell Douglas MD-11
commercial jetliner (registration PP-VOQ (cn 48435/478)), accompanied by
his younger brother, Leonardo, and close friends. Senna's coffin was
covered with a large Brazilian flag.
The funeral, taking place on
5 May 1994, was broadcast live on Brazilian television[18] and an
estimated three million people lined the streets of his hometown of São
Paulo. Many prominent motor racing figures attended Senna's state
funeral, notably Alain Prost, Gerhard Berger, Jackie Stewart, Damon
Hill, Thierry Boutsen, Rubens Barrichello (Ayrton's new protégé) and
Emerson Fittipaldi who were among the pallbearers. However, Senna's
family did not allow FOM president Bernie Ecclestone to attend,[19] and
FIA president Max Mosley instead attended the funeral of Roland
Ratzenberger which took place on 7 May 1994, in Salzburg, Austria.[20]
Mosley said in a press conference ten years later, "I went to his
funeral because everyone went to Senna's. I thought it was important
that somebody went to his."[21] Senna was buried at the Morumbi Cemetery
in São Paulo. His grave bears the epitaph "Nada pode me separar do amor
de Deus", which means "Nothing can separate me from the love of God".
A
testament to the adulation he inspired among fans worldwide was the
scene at the Tokyo headquarters of Honda where the McLaren cars were
typically displayed after each race. Upon his death, so many floral
tributes were received that they overwhelmed the large exhibit
lobby.[22] This was in spite of the fact Senna no longer drove for
McLaren and furthermore that McLaren, in the preceding seasons, did not
use Honda power. Senna had a special relationship with company founder
Soichiro Honda[citation needed] and was revered in Japan, where he
achieved a near mythic status. For the next race at Monaco, the FIA
decided to leave the first two grid positions empty and painted them
with the colours of the Brazilian and the Austrian flags, to honour
Senna and Ratzenberger.
Aftermath
Reactions
ESPN, who
broadcast the San Marino Grand Prix in the United States, broke the news
to its audience during the NASCAR Winston Cup Series event later that
afternoon from Talladega Superspeedway. During a safety car period on
Lap 111, with Dale Earnhardt leading, lead commentator Bob Jenkins
announced Senna had died and extended the network's condolences. To
honor Senna, the ESPN booth of Jenkins, Ned Jarrett, and Benny Parsons
went silent for the ensuing restart, ending after another multiple-car
incident resulted in another safety car within two laps of the restart.
Earnhardt offered his own tribute to Senna in victory lane after the
race.
In Brazil, the country's television networks spent the rest
of the day interrupting their normal programming schedules to announce
Senna's death and replay his last interview, given to the media on the
day before the accident.[23] Many motor racing fans gathered outside of
Maggiore Hospital to pay their respects to Senna, causing major traffic
jams.[24][25] Fans also gathered in the Williams F1 factory in Didcot
where around 200 people attended with flowers laid on the front gates of
the factory.[12]
The Italian and Brazilian press were critical
of the FIA for the rule changes that were enacted for 1994.[24] Benetton
driver Schumacher called for improvements in safety.[26] BBC Sport
commentator Murray Walker called Senna's death the "blackest day for
Grand Prix racing that I can remember".[27]
Two and a half months
later, following Brazil's victory over Italy in the 1994 FIFA World Cup
held in the United States, the Brazilian squad had dedicated their
World Cup victory to Ayrton Senna.[28]
Safety improvements
The layout of the circuit was changed after the two fatal accidents at the 1994 event.
On
3 May, the FIA called a meeting at the request of the Italian
Automobile Club to review the events of the weekend.[29] Later on, the
governing body announced new safety measures for the next round in
Monaco which included the entry and exit of the pitlane to be controlled
by a curve to force cars to run at a reduced speed, no team mechanic
would be allowed onto the pit lane surface except for when the drivers
made a pit stop, and a draw would be arranged to determine the order in
which cars make pit stops and be limited to emergencies with cars not
taking on new tyres or allowed to refuel.[30] On 8 May, it was reported
that Federico Bendinelli, an official who worked at Imola, said Senna
had inspected the Tamburello corner and declared it was "O.K."[31]
Williams ran tests on one of their rigs attempting to replicate Senna's
accident from the data retrieved. They attempted to simulate a
mechanical failure which had not proven conclusive.[12]
At the
next race in Monaco, retired world champion Niki Lauda announced the
reformation of the Grand Prix Drivers' Association (GPDA). The
representatives elected were Lauda and active drivers Michael
Schumacher, Gerhard Berger and Christian Fittipaldi. Following the
tragic accidents during the season, the GPDA demanded the FIA improve
the safety of Formula One. The FIA responded quickly and introduced
changes to the regulations as follows:[32]
For the Spanish Grand Prix:
the size of diffusers would be reduced;
the front wing end plates would be raised;
the size of the front wing would be reduced.
All together this would reduce the amount of downforce by about 15%.
For the Canadian Grand Prix:
the lateral protection of the drivers' heads would be improved by increasing the height of the sides of the cockpit;
the minimum weight of a Formula 1 car would be increased by 25 kg (changed to 15 kg by Canadian GP);
the front wishbones would be strengthened to reduce the possibility of a front wheel coming loose and striking the driver;
the cockpit would be lengthened to prevent drivers striking their head on the front of the cockpit;
the use of pump petrol would be imposed;
the airboxes from the engines would be removed to reduce the airflow to the engines and thus decrease the power available.
Other
changes included improved crash barriers, redesigned tracks and tyre
barriers, higher crash safety standards, higher sills on the driver
cockpit and a limit on 3-litre engines.[33] The FIA immediately
investigated the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari in Imola, and the track's
signature Tamburello turn was changed into a left-right chicane as a
result.
In February 1995, a 500-page report by a team of judicial
investigators was handed over to Italian prosecutors which attributed
Senna's crash to steering column failure caused by a pre-race
adjustment.[34]
Autopsy
During legal proceedings before the
Italian courts on 3 March 1997, based on the expert testimony and
evidence of the pathologist, Dr Cipolla, Senna's official time of death
was recorded as 2:17 pm on 1 May 1994,[35] coinciding with cerebral
death under Italian law, upon Senna hitting the Tamburello wall. The FIA
and Italian motorsport authorities still maintain that Senna was not
killed instantly, but rather died in hospital, where he had been rushed
by helicopter after an emergency tracheotomy and IV administration were
performed on the track.
There is an ongoing debate as to why
Senna was not declared dead at the track. Under Italian law, accidents
resulting in a fatality must be investigated for any criminal
culpability. The activities that cause the fatality, such as a sporting
event, must be suspended forthwith and the scene of the accident
secured.
The former Director of the Oporto (Portugal) Legal
Medicine Institute, Professor José Eduardo Pinto da Costa, has stated
the following:
From the ethical viewpoint, the procedure used for
Ayrton's body was wrong. It involved dysthanasia, which means that a
person has been kept alive improperly after biological death has taken
place because of brain injuries so serious that the patient would never
have been able to remain alive without mechanical means of support.
There would have been no prospect of normal life and relationships.
Whether or not Ayrton was removed from the car while his heart was
beating or whether his supply of blood had halted or was still flowing,
is irrelevant to the determination of when he died.
The autopsy
showed that the crash caused multiple fractures at the base of the
cranium, crushing the forehead and rupturing the temporal artery with
haemorrhage in the respiratory passages. It is possible to resuscitate a
dead person immediately after the heart stops through
cardio-respiratory processes. The procedure is known as putting the
patient on the machine. From the medical-legal viewpoint, in Ayrton's
case, there is a subtle point: resuscitation measures were implemented.
From
the ethical point of view, this might well be condemned because the
measures were not intended to be of strictly medical benefit to the
patient but rather because they suited the commercial interest of the
organisation. Resuscitation did, in fact, take place, with the
tracheotomy performed, while the activity of the heart was restored with
the assistance of cardio-respiratory devices. The attitude in question
was certainly controversial. Any physician would know there was no
possibility whatsoever of successfully restoring life in the condition
in which Senna had been found.[36]
Professor José Pratas Vital,
Director of the Egas Moniz Hospital in Lisbon, a neurosurgeon and Head
of the Medical Staff at the Portuguese GP, offered a different opinion:
The
people who conducted the autopsy stated that, on the evidence of his
injuries, Senna was dead. They could not say that. He had injuries which
led to his death, but at that point, the heart may still have been
functioning. Medical personnel attending an injured person, and who
perceive that the heart is still beating, have only two courses of
action: One is to ensure that the patient's respiratory passages remain
free, which means that he can breathe. They had to carry out an
emergency tracheotomy. With oxygen and the heart beating, there is
another concern, which is the loss of blood. These are the steps to be
followed in any case involving serious injury, whether on the street or
on a racetrack. The rescue team can think of nothing else at that moment
except to assist the patient, particularly by immobilising the cervical
area. Then the injured person must be taken immediately to the
intensive care unit of the nearest hospital.[36]
Rogério Morais
Martins, creative director of Ayrton Senna Promotions (which became the
Ayrton Senna Institute after Senna's death), stated that:
According
to the first clinical bulletin read by Dr. Maria Teresa Fiandri at 4:30
pm Ayrton Senna had brain damage with haemorrhaged shock and deep coma.
However, the medical staff did not note any chest or abdomen wound. The
haemorrhage was caused by the rupture of the temporal artery. The
neurosurgeon who examined Ayrton Senna at the hospital mentioned that
the circumstances did not call for surgery because the wound was
generalised in the cranium. At 6:05 pm Dr. Fiandri read another
communiqué, her voice shaking, announcing that Senna was dead. At that
stage he was still connected to the equipment that maintained his
heartbeat.
The release by the Italian authorities of the results
of Ayrton Senna's autopsy, revealing that the driver had died
instantaneously during the race at Imola, ignited still more
controversy. Now there were questions about the reactions of the race
director and the medical authorities. Although spokespersons for the
hospital had stated that Senna was still breathing on arrival in
Bologna, the autopsy on Ratzenberger [who died the day before] indicated
that his death had been instantaneous. Under Italian law, a death
within the confines of the circuit would have required the cancellation
of the entire race meeting. That, in turn, could have prevented Senna's
death.
The relevant Italian legislation stipulates that when a
death takes place during a sporting event, it should be immediately
halted and the area sealed off for examination. In the case of
Ratzenberger, this would have meant the cancellation of both Saturday's
qualifying session and the San Marino Grand Prix on Sunday.
Medical
experts are unable to state whether or not Ayrton Senna died
instantaneously. Nevertheless, they were well aware that his chances of
survival were slight. Had he remained alive, the brain damage would have
left him severely handicapped. Accidents such as this are almost always
fatal, with survivors suffering irreversible brain damage. This is a
result of the effects on the brain of sudden deceleration, which causes
structural damage to the brain tissues. Estimates of the forces involved
in Ayrton's accident suggest a rate of deceleration equivalent to a
30-metre vertical drop, landing head-first. Evidence offered at the
autopsy revealed that the impact of this 208 km/h crash caused multiple
injuries at the base of the cranium, resulting in respiratory
insufficiency.
There was crushing of the brain (which was forced
against the wall of the cranium causing oedema and haemorrhage,
increasing intra-cranial pressure and causing brain death), together
with the rupture of the temporal artery, haemorrhage in the respiratory
passages and the consequent heart failure.
There are two opposing
theories on the issue of whether the drivers were still alive when they
were put in the helicopters that carried them to hospital. Assuming
both Ratzenberger and Senna had died instantaneously, the race
organisers might have delayed any announcement in order to avoid being
forced to cancel the meeting, thus protecting their financial interests.
Had
the meeting been cancelled, Sagis – the organisation which administers
the Imola circuit – stood to lose an estimated US$6.5 million.[36]
Italian prosecution
The
Williams team remained entangled for many years in Italian criminal
court proceedings, which had been instituted by prosecutors following
manslaughter charges being laid against key team officials. The original
trial in 1997 concluded with acquittals after the judge ruled that the
prosecution had failed to prove its case, but a retrial was ordered by
Italy's highest court.[37] Thus, on 13 April 2007, the Italian Supreme
Court of Cassation delivered its own verdict (number 15050) stating
that: "It has been determined that the accident was caused by a steering
column failure. This failure was caused by badly designed and badly
executed modifications. The responsibility for this falls on Patrick
Head, culpable of omitted control". Head, however, was not arrested
since the Italian statute of limitations for culpable homicide was 7
years and 6 months, and the verdict was pronounced 13 years after the
accident.[38]
The criminal charges focused on the car's steering
column, which was found to have sheared off at a point where a
modification had been made. The prosecution alleged that the column had
failed causing the accident and the Williams team conceded to this
failure, but only as caused by the crash impact. In the weeks preceding
the San Marino Grand Prix, Senna reportedly had asked his team to alter
the steering column in order to give him more room in the cockpit.[39]
Patrick Head and Adrian Newey satisfied Senna's request by having the
FW16's existing shaft cut and extended with a smaller-diameter piece of
tubing that was welded together with reinforcing plates. The
modification was carried out in this manner as there was insufficient
time to instead manufacture a new steering shaft in time for the race.
A
600-page technical report was submitted by Bologna University under
Professor of Engineering Enrico Lorenzini and his team of specialists.
The report concluded that fatigue cracks had developed through most of
the steering column at the point where it had broken.[40] Lorenzini
stated: "It had been badly welded together about a third of the way down
and couldn't stand the strain of the race. We discovered scratches on
the crack in the steering rod. It seemed like the job had been done in a
hurry but I can't say how long before the race. Someone had tried to
smooth over the joint following the welding. I have never seen anything
like it. I believe the rod was faulty and probably cracked even during
the warm-up. Moments before the crash only a tiny piece was left
connected and therefore the car didn't respond in the bend."[41]
An
analysis of the onboard camera video was submitted by Cineca, which
tracked the movement of the steering wheel during the race. Having
rotated in a fixed arc during the previous laps, during the final
seconds a yellow button on the wheel moved several centimetres away from
its normal trajectory, with the steering wheel tilting in its own
plane, indicating a breaking steering column.[42] Williams introduced
its own video to prove the movement was normal in which David Coulthard
manhandled an FW16B steering wheel, the effort required to deflect the
wheel termed as "quite considerable". Michele Alboreto testified that
the steering wheel movement was abnormal, stating that the video "proves
that something was broken in Senna's Williams. No steering wheel moves a
few centimetres."[43][44][45][46]
On 16 December 1997, Frank
Williams and five others were acquitted of the charges, ending the
threat of a boycott of Formula One in Italy.[47] In a 381-page ruling,
Judge Antonio Constanzo concluded that steering column failure was the
probable cause of Senna's accident; however, there was no proof of
negligence on the part of Head or Newey, or that they had designed the
modifications in the first place.[48] On 22 November 1999, an appeals
court upheld the acquittals, rejecting a request from prosecutors to
give one-year suspended sentences to Head and Newey.[49]
In April
2002, Senna's FW16 chassis number 02 was returned to the Williams team.
The team reported that the car was in an advanced state of
deterioration and was subsequently destroyed. Senna's helmet was
returned to Bell, and was incinerated. The car's engine was returned to
Renault, and its fate is unknown to us.[50][51]
In January 2003,
the Italian Supreme Court reopened the case, ruling that "material
errors" had been made, referring it to the Bologna court of appeal.[52]
On 27 May 2005, the court gave a full acquittal to Adrian Newey, while
the case against Head was "timed out" under a statute of
limitations.[49] On 13 April 2007, the Italian Supreme Court rejected a
request for the acquittal of Patrick Head, ruling Head responsible for
"badly designed and badly executed modifications", and that the event
was "foreseeable and preventable".[38]
In May 2011, Williams FW16
designer Adrian Newey expressed his views on the accident: "The honest
truth is that no one will ever know exactly what happened. There's no
doubt the steering column failed and the big question was whether it
failed in the accident or did it cause the accident? It had fatigue
cracks and would have failed at some point. There is no question that
its design was very poor. However, all the evidence suggests the car did
not go off the track as a result of steering column failure... If you
look at the camera shots, especially from Michael Schumacher's following
car, the car didn't understeer off the track. It oversteered which is
not consistent with a steering column failure. The rear of the car
stepped out and all the data suggests that happened. Ayrton then
corrected that by going to 50% throttle which would be consistent with
trying to reduce the rear stepping out and then, half-a-second later, he
went hard on the brakes. The question then is why did the rear step
out? The car bottomed much harder on that second lap which again appears
to be unusual because the tyre pressure should have come up by then –
which leaves you expecting that the right rear tyre probably picked up a
puncture from debris on the track. If I was pushed into picking out a
single most likely cause that would be it."[53][54] Riccardo Patrese
suffered a right rear tyre failure at Tamburello during practice for the
1992 Grand Prix, yet his car (an active suspension FW14B) was seen to
be spinning before even leaving the track.
Alternative hypotheses
Driver
error – Patrick Head, technical director of Williams, indicated that
Senna had made a driving error. What made him believe this is what
Michael Schumacher told him right after the race that Senna's car looked
'nervous' the previous lap. Japanese broadcasts of the 1994 season show
both Schumacher and Hill gesturing a bottoming out action with their
hands while waiting for the restart of the 1994 Imola GP.[55][56] Damon
Hill said he is convinced that Senna made a mistake.[57][58]
Tyre
puncture – Adrian Newey, who designed Senna's car, said he believes a
tyre puncture may have caused Senna to crash. What made him believe that
is evidence that there was debris on the track following the JJ Lehto
crash.[59][60][61] Riccardo Patrese suffered a right rear tire failure
at Tamburello during practice for the 1992 Grand Prix, yet his car (an
active suspension FW14B) was seen to be spinning before even leaving the
track.
See also
List of fatal Formula One accidents
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Ayrton Senna
21 March 1960 – 1 May 1994
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