The
marriage of Charles and Diana, (later the Prince and Princess of
Wales), took place on 29 July 1981, marking a highpoint in the
popularity of the Royal Family. It was seen by a global television
audience of 750 million in 74 countries. In Britain, where a public
holiday had been declared, 28.4 million watched on BBC and ITV - the
majority on the BBC - while 600,000 lined the streets of London.
BBC
Midday News 29 July 1981. Kate Adie reports from London as thousands
gather in the streets for the wedding of Prince Charles to Lady Diana
Spencer at St Paul's Cathedral.
The BBC pulled out all the
stops to ensure the widest possible audience on the day. Television
coverage of the 11am ceremony at St Paul's Cathedral began at 7.45am,
presented by Angela Rippon and Peter Woods. Commentary on the carriage
processions and marriage service was given by Tom Fleming. Simultaneous
coverage on BBC Two provided live subtitles for hearing impaired
viewers, the first big outing for the Palantype system. Radio coverage
was also extensive, with commentators as varied as Wynford
Vaughan-Thomas and Rolf Harris along the processional route, and Terry
Wogan on Radio 2, capturing the mood on the streets.
The
Royal Wedding remains one of the most watched programmes, and the BBC
the broadcaster most trusted for such events. In 2011 the wedding of
Prince William and Catherine Middleton (later the Duke and Duchess of
Cambridge) again proved very popular, and the BBC's coverage attracted
70% of the audience.
Charles, Prince of Wales
Born Prince Charles of Edinburgh
14 November 1948 (age 73)
Buckingham Palace, London
Spouses
Lady Diana Spencer
(m. 1981; div. 1996)
Camilla Parker Bowles
(m. 2005)
Charles broke royal tradition a
second time when he proceeded straight to university after his A-levels,
rather than joining the British Armed Forces.[22] In October 1967, he
was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he read archaeology
and anthropology for the first part of the Tripos, and then changed to
history for the second part.[30][31][25] During his second year, Charles
attended the University College of Wales in Aberystwyth, studying Welsh
history and language for a term.[25] He graduated from the University
of Cambridge with a 2:2 Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree on 23 June 1970,
the first British heir apparent to earn a university degree.[25] On 2
August 1975, he was awarded a Master of Arts (MA Cantab) degree by
Cambridge. At Cambridge, Master of Arts is an academic rank, not a
postgraduate degree.[25]
Prince of Wales
Charles
was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 26 July
1958,[32][33] though his investiture was not held until 1 July 1969,
when he was crowned by his mother in a televised ceremony held at
Caernarfon Castle.[34] He took his seat in the House of Lords in
1970,[35][36] and he made his maiden speech in June 1974,[37] the first
royal to speak from the floor since the future Edward VII in 1884.[38]
He spoke again in 1975.[39] Charles began to take on more public duties,
founding The Prince's Trust in 1976,[40] and travelling to the United
States in 1981.[41] In the mid-1970s, the prince expressed an interest
in serving as Governor-General of Australia, at the suggestion of
Australian prime minister Malcolm Fraser, but because of a lack of
public enthusiasm nothing came of the proposal.[42] Charles commented:
"So, what are you supposed to think when you are prepared to do
something to help and you are just told you're not wanted?"[43]
Charles
is the longest-serving Prince of Wales, having surpassed the record
held by Edward VII on 9 September 2017.[3] He is the oldest and
longest-serving British heir apparent, the longest-serving Duke of
Cornwall, and the longest-serving Duke of Rothesay.[2] If he becomes
monarch, he will be the oldest person to do so, the current record
holder being William IV, who was 64 when he became king in 1830.[44]
Marriages
Marriage to Lady Diana Spencer
Main article: Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer
The Prince and Princess of Wales visit Ayers Rock in Australia, March 1983
Charles
first met Lady Diana Spencer in 1977 while he was visiting her home,
Althorp. He was the companion of her elder sister, Sarah, and did not
consider Diana romantically until mid-1980. While Charles and Diana were
sitting together on a bale of hay at a friend's barbecue in July, she
mentioned that he had looked forlorn and in need of care at the funeral
of his granduncle Lord Mountbatten. Soon, according to Charles's chosen
biographer, Jonathan Dimbleby, "without any apparent surge in feeling,
he began to think seriously of her as a potential bride", and she
accompanied Charles on visits to Balmoral Castle and Sandringham
House.[122]
Charles's cousin Norton Knatchbull
and his wife told Charles that Diana appeared awestruck by his position
and that he did not seem to be in love with her.[123] Meanwhile, the
couple's continuing courtship attracted intense attention from the press
and paparazzi. When Prince Philip told him that the media speculation
would injure Diana's reputation if Charles did not come to a decision
about marrying her soon, and realising that she was a suitable royal
bride (according to Mountbatten's criteria), Charles construed his
father's advice as a warning to proceed without further delay.[124]
Prince
Charles proposed to Diana in February 1981; she accepted and they
married in St Paul's Cathedral on 29 July of that year. Upon his
marriage, Charles reduced his voluntary tax contribution from the
profits generated by the Duchy of Cornwall from 50% to 25%.[125] The
couple lived at Kensington Palace and at Highgrove House, near Tetbury,
and had two children: Princes William (b. 1982) and Henry (known as
"Harry") (b. 1984). Charles set a precedent by being the first royal
father to be present at his children's births.[19]
Within
five years, the marriage was in trouble due to the couple's
incompatibility and near 13-year age difference.[126][127] In a
videotape recorded by Peter Settelen in 1992, Diana admitted that by
1986, she had been "deeply in love with someone who worked in this
environment."[128][129] It is thought she was referring to Barry
Mannakee,[130] who was transferred to the Diplomatic Protection Squad in
1986 after his managers had determined that his relationship with Diana
had been inappropriate.[129][131] Diana later commenced a relationship
with Major James Hewitt, the family's former riding instructor.[132]
Charles and Diana's evident discomfort in each other's company led to
them being dubbed "The Glums" by the press.[133] Diana exposed Charles's
affair with Camilla in a book by Andrew Morton, Diana, Her True Story.
Audio tapes of her own extramarital flirtations also surfaced.[133]
Persistent suggestions that Hewitt is Prince Harry's father have been
based on a physical similarity between Hewitt and Harry. However, Harry
had already been born by the time Diana's affair with Hewitt
began.[134][135]
Legal separation and divorce
In
December 1992, British Prime Minister John Major announced the couple's
legal separation in Parliament. Earlier that year, the British press
had published transcripts of a passionate bugged telephone conversation
between Charles and Camilla from 1989, which was dubbed Camillagate by
the press.[136][137] Prince Charles sought public understanding in a
television film, Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role, with
Jonathan Dimbleby that was broadcast on 29 June 1994. In an interview in
the film, he confirmed his own extramarital affair with Camilla, saying
that he had rekindled their association in 1986 only after his marriage
to Diana had "irretrievably broken down".[138][139][140] Charles and
Diana divorced on 28 August 1996.[141] Diana was killed in a car crash
in Paris on 31 August of the following year; Charles flew to Paris with
Diana's sisters to accompany her body back to Britain.[142]
Marriage to Camilla Parker Bowles
Main article: Wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles
The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall in Jamaica, March 2008
The
engagement of Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles was announced on 10
February 2005; he presented her with an engagement ring that had
belonged to his grandmother.[143] The Queen's consent to the marriage
(as required by the Royal Marriages Act 1772) was recorded in a Privy
Council meeting on 2 March.[144] In Canada, the Department of Justice
announced its decision that the Queen's Privy Council for Canada was not
required to meet to give its consent to the marriage, as the union
would not result in offspring and would have no impact on the succession
to the Canadian throne.[145]
Charles was the
only member of the royal family to have a civil rather than a church
wedding in England. Government documents from the 1950s and 1960s,
published by the BBC, stated that such a marriage was illegal,[146]
though these were dismissed by Charles's spokesman,[147] and explained
to be obsolete by the sitting government.[148]
The
marriage was scheduled to take place in a civil ceremony at Windsor
Castle, with a subsequent religious blessing at St George's Chapel. The
venue was subsequently changed to Windsor Guildhall, because a civil
marriage at Windsor Castle would oblige the venue to be available to
anyone who wished to be married there. Four days before the wedding, it
was postponed from the originally scheduled date of 8 April until the
following day in order to allow Charles and some of the invited
dignitaries to attend the funeral of Pope John Paul II.[149]
Charles's
parents did not attend the civil marriage ceremony; the Queen's
reluctance to attend possibly arose from her position as Supreme
Governor of the Church of England.[150] The Queen and Duke of Edinburgh
did attend the service of blessing and later held a reception for the
newlyweds at Windsor Castle.[151] The blessing, by the Archbishop of
Canterbury, Rowan Williams, at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, was
televised.[152]
Social interests
Philanthropy and charity
Since
founding The Prince's Trust in 1976, Charles has established 16 more
charitable organisations, and now serves as president of all of
those.[153] Together, these form a loose alliance called The Prince's
Charities, which describes itself as "the largest multi-cause charitable
enterprise in the United Kingdom, raising over £100 million annually
... [and is] active across a broad range of areas including education
and young people, environmental sustainability, the built environment,
responsible business and enterprise and international."[153]
In
2010, The Prince's Charities Canada was established in a similar
fashion to its namesake in the UK.[154] Charles is also patron of over
400 other charities and organisations.[155] He uses his tours of Canada
as a way to help draw attention to youth, the disabled, the environment,
the arts, medicine, the elderly, heritage conservation, and
education.[156] In Canada, Charles has supported humanitarian projects.
Along with his two sons, he took part in ceremonies that marked the 1998
International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.[156]
Charles has also set up The Prince's Charities Australia, which is based
in Melbourne, Victoria. The Prince's Charities Australia is to provide a
coordinating presence for the Prince of Wales's Australian and
international charitable endeavours[157]
Charles
was one of the first world leaders to express strong concerns about the
human rights record of Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu, initiating
objections in the international arena,[158] and subsequently supported
the FARA Foundation,[155] a charity for Romanian orphans and abandoned
children.[159] In 2013, Charles donated an unspecified sum of money to
the British Red Cross Syria Crisis appeal and DEC Syria appeal, which is
run by 14 British charities to help victims of the Syrian civil
war.[160][161] According to The Guardian, It is believed that after
turning 65 years old in 2013, Charles donated his state pension to an
unnamed charity that supports elderly people.[162] In March 2014,
Charles arranged for five million measles-rubella vaccinations for
children in the Philippines on the outbreak of measles in South-East
Asia. According to Clarence House, Charles was affected by news of the
damage caused by Typhoon Yolanda in 2013. International Health Partners,
of which he has been Patron since 2004, sent the vaccines, which are
believed to protect five million children below the age of five from
measles.[163][164]
In January 2020, the Prince
of Wales became the first British patron of the International Rescue
Committee, a charity which aims to help refugees and those displaced by
war, persecution, or natural disaster.[165] In April 2021 and following a
surge in cases in India, Charles issued a statement, announcing the
launch of an emergency appeal for India by the British Asian Trust, of
which he is the founder. The appeal, called Oxygen for India, helped
with buying oxygen concentrators for hospitals in need.[166]
Built environment
The
Prince of Wales has openly expressed his views on architecture and
urban planning; he fostered the advancement of New Classical
Architecture and asserted that he "care[s] deeply about issues such as
the environment, architecture, inner-city renewal, and the quality of
life."[167][168] In a speech given for the 150th anniversary of the
Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) on 30 May 1984, he
memorably described a proposed extension to the National Gallery in
London as a "monstrous carbuncle on the face of a much-loved friend" and
deplored the "glass stumps and concrete towers" of modern
architecture.[169] He asserted that "it is possible, and important in
human terms, to respect old buildings, street plans and traditional
scales and at the same time not to feel guilty about a preference for
facades, ornaments and soft materials,"[169] called for local community
involvement in architectural choices, and asked:
Why can't we
have those curves and arches that express feeling in design? What is
wrong with them? Why has everything got to be vertical, straight,
unbending, only at right angles – and functional?[169]
The Prince of Wales at the newly opened @Bristol, 14 June 2000
His
book and BBC documentary A Vision of Britain (1987) was also critical
of modern architecture, and he has continued to campaign for traditional
urbanism, human scale, restoration of historic buildings, and
sustainable design,[170] despite criticism in the press. Two of his
charities (The Prince's Regeneration Trust and The Prince's Foundation
for Building Community, which were later merged into one charity)
promote his views, and the village of Poundbury was built on land owned
by the Duchy of Cornwall to a master plan by Léon Krier under the
guidance of Prince Charles and in line with his philosophy.[167]
Charles
helped establish a national trust for the built environment in Canada
after lamenting, in 1996, the unbridled destruction of many of the
country's historic urban cores. He offered his assistance to the
Department of Canadian Heritage in creating a trust modelled on
Britain's National Trust, a plan that was implemented with the passage
of the 2007 Canadian federal budget.[171] In 1999, the Prince agreed to
the use of his title for the Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal
Heritage Leadership, awarded by the Heritage Canada Foundation to
municipal governments that have shown sustained commitment to the
conservation of historic places.[172] While visiting the United States
and surveying the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina, Charles received
the National Building Museum's Vincent Scully Prize in 2005, for his
efforts in regard to architecture; he donated $25,000 of the prize money
towards restoring storm-damaged communities.[173][174]
From
1997, the Prince of Wales has visited Romania to view and highlight the
destruction of Orthodox monasteries and Transylvanian Saxon villages
during the Communist rule of Nicolae Ceaușescu.[175][176][177] Charles
is patron of the Mihai Eminescu Trust, a Romanian conservation and
regeneration organisation,[178] and has purchased a house in
Romania.[179] Historian Tom Gallagher wrote in the Romanian newspaper
România Liberă in 2006 that Charles had been offered the Romanian throne
by monarchists in that country; an offer that was reportedly turned
down,[180] but Buckingham Palace denied the reports.[181] Charles also
has "a deep understanding of Islamic art and architecture", and has been
involved in the construction of a building and garden at the Oxford
Centre for Islamic Studies that combine Islamic and Oxford architectural
styles.[182]
Charles has occasionally
intervened in projects that employ architectural styles such as
modernism and functionalism.[183][184][185] In 2009, Charles wrote to
the Qatari royal family, the developers of the Chelsea Barracks site,
labelling Lord Rogers's design for the site "unsuitable". Subsequently,
Rogers was removed from the project and The Prince's Foundation for the
Built Environment was appointed to propose an alternative.[186] Rogers
claimed the Prince had also intervened to block his designs for the
Royal Opera House and Paternoster Square, and condemned Charles's
actions as "an abuse of power" and "unconstitutional".[186] Lord Foster,
Zaha Hadid, Jacques Herzog, Jean Nouvel, Renzo Piano, and Frank Gehry,
among others, wrote a letter to The Sunday Times complaining that the
Prince's "private comments" and "behind-the-scenes lobbying" subverted
the "open and democratic planning process".[187] Piers Gough and other
architects condemned Charles's views as "elitist" in a letter
encouraging colleagues to boycott a speech given by Charles to RIBA in
2009.[183][185]
In 2010, The Prince's
Foundation for the Built Environment decided to help reconstruct and
redesign buildings in Port-au-Prince, Haiti after the capital was
destroyed by the 2010 Haiti earthquake.[188] The foundation is known for
refurbishing historic buildings in Kabul, Afghanistan and in Kingston,
Jamaica. The project has been called the "biggest challenge yet" for the
Prince's Foundation for the Built Environment.[189] For his work as
patron of New Classical Architecture, in 2012 he was awarded the
Driehaus Architecture Prize for patronage. The prize, awarded by the
University of Notre Dame, is considered the highest architecture award
for New Classical Architecture and urban planning.[190]
Livery company commitments
The
Worshipful Company of Carpenters installed Charles as an Honorary
Liveryman "in recognition of his interest in London's
architecture."[191] The Prince of Wales is also Permanent Master of the
Worshipful Company of Shipwrights, a Freeman of the Worshipful Company
of Drapers, an Honorary Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Musicians,
an Honorary Member of the Court of Assistants of the Worshipful Company
of Goldsmiths, and a Royal Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of
Gardeners.[192]
Natural environment
The
Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall meeting Federal Emergency
Management Agency officials in Louisiana, as they arrive to tour the
damage created by Hurricane Katrina, November 2005
Since the
1970s, Charles has promoted environmental awareness.[193] In order to
decrease his carbon footprint, he has used biomass boilers for heating
Birkhall, where has also installed a hydroelectric turbine in the river
beside the estate. He has utilised solar panels at Clarence House and
Highgrove, and – besides using electric cars on his estates – runs his
Aston Martin DB6 on E85.[194]
Upon moving into
Highgrove House, Charles developed an interest in organic farming, which
culminated in the 1990 launch of his own organic brand, Duchy
Originals,[195] which now sells more than 200 different sustainably
produced products, from food to garden furniture; the profits (over £6
million by 2010) are donated to The Prince's Charities.[195][196]
Documenting work on his estate, Charles co-authored (with Charles
Clover, environment editor of The Daily Telegraph) Highgrove: An
Experiment in Organic Gardening and Farming, published in 1993, and
offers his patronage to Garden Organic. Along similar lines, the Prince
of Wales became involved with farming and various industries within it,
regularly meeting with farmers to discuss their trade. Although the 2001
foot-and-mouth epidemic in England prevented Charles from visiting
organic farms in Saskatchewan, he met the farmers at Assiniboia town
hall.[197][198] In 2004, he founded the Mutton Renaissance Campaign,
which aims to support British sheep farmers and make mutton more
attractive to Britons.[199] His organic farming has attracted media
criticism: According to The Independent in October 2006, "the story of
Duchy Originals has involved compromises and ethical blips, wedded to a
determined merchandising programme."[200]
In
2007, he received the 10th annual Global Environmental Citizen Award
from the Harvard Medical School's Center for Health and the Global
Environment, the director of which, Eric Chivian, stated: "For decades
the Prince of Wales has been a champion of the natural world ... He has
been a world leader in efforts to improve energy efficiency and in
reducing the discharge of toxic substances on land, and into the air and
the oceans".[201] Charles's travels by private jet drew criticism from
Plane Stupid's Joss Garman.[202][203] In 2007, Charles launched The
Prince's May Day Network, which encourages businesses to take action on
climate change. Speaking to the European Parliament on 14 February 2008,
he called for European Union leadership in the war against climate
change. During the standing ovation that followed, Nigel Farage, the
leader of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), remained seated
and went on to describe Charles's advisers as "naive and foolish at
best."[204] In a speech to the Low Carbon Prosperity Summit in a
European Parliament chamber on 9 February 2011, Charles said that
climate change sceptics are playing "a reckless game of roulette" with
the planet's future and are having a "corrosive effect" on public
opinion. He also articulated the need to protect fisheries and the
Amazon rain forest, and to make low-carbon emissions affordable and
competitive.[205] In 2011, Charles received the Royal Society for the
Protection of Birds Medal for his engagement with the environment, such
as the conservation of rainforests.[206]
On 27
August 2012, the Prince of Wales addressed the International Union for
Conservation of Nature – World Conservation Congress, supporting the
view that grazing animals are needed to keep soils and grassland
productive:
I have been particularly
fascinated, for example, by the work of a remarkable man called Allan
Savory, in Zimbabwe and other semi arid areas, who has argued for years
against the prevailing expert view that is the simple numbers of cattle
that drive overgrazing and cause fertile land to become desert. On the
contrary, as he has since shown so graphically, the land needs the
presence of feeding animals and their droppings for the cycle to be
complete, so that soils and grassland areas stay productive. Such that,
if you take grazers off the land and lock them away in vast feedlots,
the land dies.[207]
In February 2014, Charles
visited the Somerset levels to meet residents affected by winter
flooding. During his visit, Charles remarked that "There's nothing like a
jolly good disaster to get people to start doing something. The tragedy
is that nothing happened for so long." He pledged a £50,000 donation,
provided by the Prince's Countryside Fund, to help families and
businesses.[208][209][210] In December 2015, Charles delivered a speech
at the opening ceremony for COP21, making a plea to industries to put an
end to practices that cause deforestation.[211] In August 2019, it was
announced that the Prince of Wales had collaborated with British fashion
designers Vin and Omi to produce a line of clothing made out of nettles
found in his Highgrove estate. Nettles are a type of plants which are
usually "perceived to have no value". The Highgrove plant waste was also
used to create the jewellery worn with the dresses.[212] In September
2020, the Prince of Wales launched RE:TV, an online platform featuring
short films and articles on issues such as climate change and
sustainability. He serves as the platform's editor-in-chief.[213] The
platform later partnered with Amazon Prime Video and WaterBear, another
streaming platform dedicated to environmental issues.[214] In the same
month, he stated in a speech that a military-style response similar to
the Marshall Plan was required to combat climate change.[215]
In
January 2020, Chares launched the Sustainable Markets Initiative at the
World Economic Forum's annual meeting in Davos, a project which
encourages putting sustainability at the centre of all activities.[216]
In May 2020, the Prince of Wales's Sustainable Markets Initiative and
the World Economic Forum launched the Great Reset project, a five-point
plan concerned with enhancing sustainable economic growth following the
global recession caused by the pandemic.[217] In January 2021, Charles
launched Terra Carta ("Earth Charter"), a sustainable finance charter
that would ask its signatories to follow a set of rules towards becoming
more sustainable and make investments in projects and causes that help
with preserving the environment.[218][219] In June 2021, he attended a
reception hosted by the Queen during the 47th G7 summit, and a meeting
beween G7 leaders and sustainable industry CEOs to discuss governmental
and corporate solutions to environmental problems.[220] In September
2021, he launched the Food for the Future initiative, a programme with
contributions from Jimmy Doherty and Jamie Oliver which aims to educate
secondary school children about the food system and eliminating food
waste.[221] In the following month, he delivered a speech at the 2021
G20 Rome summit, describing COP26 as "the last chance saloon" for
preventing climate change and asking for actions that would lead to a
green-led sustainable economy.[222] In his speech at the opening
ceremony for COP26, he repeated his sentiments from the previous year,
stating that a "a vast military-style campaign" was needed "to marshal
the strength of the global private sector" for tackling climate
change.[223] In 2021, Prince Charles spoke to the BBC about the
environment and said two days a week he eats no meat nor fish and one
day a week he eats no dairy products.[224][225]
Alternative medicine
The
Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall with NIH Director Elias
Zerhouni and Surgeon-General Richard Carmona, November 2005
Charles
has controversially championed alternative medicine.[226] The Prince's
Foundation for Integrated Health attracted opposition from the
scientific and medical community over its campaign encouraging general
practitioners to offer herbal and other alternative treatments to
National Health Service patients,[227][228] and in May 2006, Charles
made a speech at the World Health Assembly in Geneva, urging the
integration of conventional and alternative medicine and arguing for
homeopathy.[229][9]
In April 2008, The Times
published a letter from Edzard Ernst, Professor of Complementary
Medicine at the University of Exeter, which asked the Prince's
Foundation to recall two guides promoting alternative medicine, saying
"the majority of alternative therapies appear to be clinically
ineffective, and many are downright dangerous." A speaker for the
foundation countered the criticism by stating: "We entirely reject the
accusation that our online publication Complementary Healthcare: A Guide
contains any misleading or inaccurate claims about the benefits of
complementary therapies. On the contrary, it treats people as adults and
takes a responsible approach by encouraging people to look at reliable
sources of information ... so that they can make informed decisions. The
foundation does not promote complementary therapies."[230] That year,
Ernst published a book with Simon Singh, mockingly dedicated to "HRH the
Prince of Wales", called Trick or Treatment: Alternative Medicine on
Trial. The last chapter is highly critical of Charles's advocacy of
complementary and alternative treatments.[231]
The
Prince's Duchy Originals produce a variety of complementary medicinal
products including a "Detox Tincture" that Edzard Ernst has denounced as
"financially exploiting the vulnerable" and "outright quackery".[232]
In 2009, the Advertising Standards Authority criticised an email that
Duchy Originals had sent out to advertise its Echina-Relief, Hyperi-Lift
and Detox Tinctures products saying that it was misleading.[232] The
Prince personally wrote at least seven letters[233] to the Medicines and
Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) shortly before they
relaxed the rules governing labelling of such herbal products, a move
that has been widely condemned by scientists and medical bodies.[234] In
October 2009, it was reported that Charles had personally lobbied the
Health Secretary, Andy Burnham, regarding greater provision of
alternative treatments in the NHS.[232] In 2016, Charles said in a
speech that he used homeopathic veterinary medicines to reduce
antibiotic use at his farm.[235]
In Ernst's
book More Good Than Harm? The Moral Maze of Complementary and
Alternative Medicine, he and ethicist Kevin Smith call Charles "foolish
and immoral", and "conclude that it is not possible to practice
alternative medicine ethically". Ernst further claims that the private
secretary of the Prince contacted the vice chancellor of Exeter
University to investigate Ernst's complaints against the "Smallwood
Report", which the Prince had commissioned in 2005. While Ernst was
"found not to be guilty of any wrong-doing, all local support at Exeter
stopped, which eventually led to my early retirement."[236]
In
April 2010, following accounting irregularities, a former official at
the Prince's Foundation and his wife were arrested for fraud believed to
total £300,000.[237] Four days later, the foundation announced its
closure, claiming that it "has achieved its key objective of promoting
the use of integrated health."[238] The charity's finance director,
accountant George Gray, was convicted of theft totalling £253,000 and
sentenced to three years in prison.[239] The Prince's Foundation was
re-branded and re-launched later in 2010 as The College of
Medicine.[239][240][241]
Religious and philosophical interests
With Czech Orthodox priest Jaroslav Šuvarský in 2010
Prince
Charles was confirmed at age 16 by Archbishop of Canterbury Michael
Ramsey at Easter 1965, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.[242] He
attends services at various Anglican churches close to Highgrove,[243]
and attends the Church of Scotland's Crathie Kirk with the rest of the
royal family when staying at Balmoral Castle. In 2000, he was appointed
as Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of
Scotland. Charles has visited (amid some secrecy) Orthodox monasteries
several times on Mount Athos[244] as well as in Romania.[175] Charles is
also patron of the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies at the University
of Oxford, and in the 2000s, he inaugurated the Markfield Institute of
Higher Education, which is dedicated to Islamic studies in a plural
multicultural context.[182][245][246]
Sir
Laurens van der Post became a friend of Charles in 1977; he was dubbed
his "spiritual guru" and was godfather to Charles's son, Prince
William.[247] From van der Post, Prince Charles developed a focus on
philosophy and interest in other religions.[248] Charles expressed his
philosophical views in his 2010 book, Harmony: A New Way of Looking at
Our World,[249][250][251] which won a Nautilus Book Award.[252] In
November 2016, he attended the consecration of St Thomas Cathedral,
Acton, to be Britain's first Syriac Orthodox Cathedral.[253] In October
2019, he attended the canonisation of Cardinal Newman.[254] Charles
visited Eastern Church leaders in Jerusalem in January 2020 culminating
in an ecumenical service in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem,
after which he walked through that city accompanied by Christian and
Muslim dignitaries.[255][256]
Although it had
been rumoured that Charles would vow to be "Defender of the Faiths" or
"Defender of Faith" as king, he stated in 2015 that he would retain the
monarch's traditional title of "Defender of the Faith", whilst "ensuring
that other people's faiths can also be practised", which he sees as a
duty of the Church of England.[257]
Hobbies and personal interests
Sports
From
his youth until 1992, Prince Charles was an avid player of competitive
polo. He continued to play informally, including for charity, until
2005.[258] Charles also frequently took part in fox hunting until the
sport was banned in the United Kingdom in 2005. By the late 1990s,
opposition to the activity was growing when Charles's participation was
viewed as a "political statement" by those who were opposed to it. The
League Against Cruel Sports launched an attack against Charles after he
took his sons on the Beaufort Hunt in 1999. At that time, the government
was trying to ban hunting with hounds.[259][260]
Charles
has been a keen salmon angler since youth and supports Orri Vigfússon's
efforts to protect the North Atlantic salmon. He frequently fishes the
River Dee in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, while he claims his most special
angling memories are from his time in Vopnafjörður, Iceland.[261]
Charles is a supporter of Burnley Football Club.[262]
Visual, performing and contemporary arts
Prince
Charles is president or patron of more than 20 performing arts
organisations, which include the Royal College of Music, the Royal
Opera, the English Chamber Orchestra, the Philharmonia Orchestra, Welsh
National Opera, and the Purcell School. In 2000, he revived the
tradition of appointing harpists to the Royal Court, by appointing an
Official Harpist to the Prince of Wales. As an undergraduate at
Cambridge he played cello, and has sung with the Bach Choir twice.[263]
Charles founded The Prince's Foundation for Children and The Arts in
2002, to help more children experience the arts first-hand. He is
president of the Royal Shakespeare Company and attends performances in
Stratford-Upon-Avon, supports fundraising events and attends the
company's annual general meeting.[263] He enjoys comedy,[264] and is
interested in illusionism, becoming a member of The Magic Circle after
passing his audition in 1975 by performing the "cups and balls"
effect.[265] Charles has also been patron of the British Film Institute
since 1978.[266]
Charles is a keen and
accomplished watercolourist who has exhibited and sold a number of his
works and also published books on the subject. In 2001, 20 lithographs
of his watercolour paintings illustrating his country estates were
exhibited at the Florence International Biennale of Contemporary
Art.[267] He is Honorary President of the Royal Academy of Arts
Development Trust.[268]
Charles was awarded the
2011 Montblanc de la Culture Arts Patronage Award by the Montblanc
Cultural Foundation for his support and commitment to the arts,
particularly in regard to young people.[269] On 23 April 2016, Charles
appeared in a comedy sketch for the Royal Shakespeare Company's
Shakespeare Live! at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, to commemorate the
400th anniversary of William Shakespeare's death in 1616. The event was
televised live by the BBC. Charles made a surprise entrance to settle
the disputed delivery of Hamlet's celebrated line, "To be or not to be,
that is the question".[270]
Publications
Main article: Bibliography of Charles, Prince of Wales
Prince
Charles is an author of several books that reflect his own interests.
He has also contributed a foreword or preface to books by other writers
and has also written, presented and has been featured in documentary
films.[271][272][273][274]
Media image
Since
his birth, Prince Charles has received close media attention, which
increased as he matured. It has been an ambivalent relationship, largely
impacted by his marriages to Diana and Camilla and its aftermath, but
also centred on his future conduct as king, such as the 2014 play King
Charles III.[275]
The Prince and Princess of Wales with Nancy Reagan and Ronald Reagan in November 1985
Described
as the "world's most eligible bachelor" in the late 1970s,[276] Prince
Charles was subsequently overshadowed by Diana.[277] After her death,
the media regularly breached Charles's privacy and printed exposés. In
2003, Diana's butler Paul Burrell published a note that he claimed had
been written by Diana in 1995, in which there were allegations that
Charles was "planning 'an accident' in [Diana's] car, brake failure and
serious head injury" so that he could marry again.[278][279][280] When
questioned by the Metropolitan Police inquiry team as a part of
Operation Paget, Charles told the authorities that he did not know about
his former wife's note from 1995 and could not understand why she had
these feelings.[281]
In 2006, the prince filed a
court case against the Mail on Sunday, after excerpts of his personal
journals were published, revealing his opinions on matters such as the
transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong to China in 1997, in which Charles
described the Chinese government officials as "appalling old
waxworks".[282] Mark Bolland, his ex-private secretary, declared in a
statement to the High Court that Charles "would readily embrace the
political aspects of any contentious issue he was interested in ... He
carried it out in a very considered, thoughtful and researched way. He
often referred to himself as a 'dissident' working against the
prevailing political consensus."[282] Jonathan Dimbleby reported that
the prince "has accumulated a number of certainties about the state of
the world and does not relish contradiction."[283]
Other
people who were formerly connected with the prince have betrayed his
confidence. An ex-member of his household handed the press an internal
memo in which Charles commented on ambition and opportunity, and which
was widely interpreted as blaming meritocracy for creating a combative
atmosphere in society. Charles responded: "In my view, it is just as
great an achievement to be a plumber or a bricklayer as it is to be a
lawyer or a doctor".[284]
In 2012, Charles met
backlash for his long-standing association with Jimmy Savile, who was
accused of hundreds of allegations of sexual abuse after his death in
2011. Charles met Savile through mutual charity interests, and later
consulted him as a confidant and adviser.[285] His work with Stoke
Mandeville Hospital also made Savile a suitable figure to whom the
prince could turn "for advice on navigating Britain's health
authorities".[286] Dickie Arbiter, the spokesman for the Queen between
1988 and 2000, said that during his regular visits to Charles's office
at St James's Palace, Savile would "do the rounds of the young ladies
taking their hands and rubbing his lips all the way up their arms",
though no record of any assistants making a complaint exists.[285]
Charles met Savile on several occasions. In 1999, he visited Savile's
Glen Coe home for a private meal.[285] He reportedly sent him gifts on
his 80th birthday and a note reading: "Nobody will ever know what you
have done for this country, Jimmy. This is to go some way in thanking
you for that".[285]
In August 2021, it was
announced that The Prince's Foundation was launching an investigation
into the reports that middlemen took cuts for setting up dinners
involving wealthy donors and Prince Charles, with prices as high as
£100,000 and the fixers taking up to 25% of the fees.[287] In the
following month it was alleged that the prince's aide Michael Fawcett
had fixed a CBE for Saudi businessman Mahfouz Marei Mubarak bin Mahfouz
who donated more than £1.5 million to royal charities contrary to
section 1 of the Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act 1925.[288] Charles
gave Mahfouz his Honorary CBE at a private ceremony at Buckingham Palace
in November 2016, though the event was not published in the Court
Circular.[289] The allegations led to Fawcett temporarily stepping down
from his role as chief executive of The Prince's Foundation, while
Republic reported the prince and Fawcett to the police.[290] The
foundation's chairman Douglas Connell also quit his job over claims the
charity had accepted "a six-figure sum from a Russian donor", with the
prince thanking the businessman in a letter and suggesting a meeting.
This led to an investigation by the Scottish Charity Regulator.[291]
Clarence House responded that Charles had "no knowledge of the alleged
offer of honours or British citizenship on the basis of donation to his
charities and fully supports the investigation".[292] The auditing firm
EY, which was hired by the charity to carry out an investigation,
published a summary report in December 2021, stating that there was "no
evidence that trustees at the time were aware of these
communications".[293]
Reaction to press treatment
See also: Prince of Wales v Associated Newspapers Ltd
Charles's
anguish was recorded in his private comments to Prince William, caught
on a microphone during a press photo-call in 2005 and published in the
national press. After a question from the BBC's royal correspondent,
Nicholas Witchell, Charles muttered: "These bloody people. I can't bear
that man. I mean, he's so awful, he really is."[294]
Charles's ninth visit to New Zealand in 2015
In
2002, Charles, "so often a target of the press, got his chance to
return fire" when addressing "scores of editors, publishers and other
media executives" gathered at St Bride's Fleet Street to celebrate 300
years of journalism.[295][296] Defending public servants from "the
corrosive drip of constant criticism", he noted that the press had been
"awkward, cantankerous, cynical, bloody-minded, at times intrusive, at
times inaccurate and at times deeply unfair and harmful to individuals
and to institutions."[296] But, he concluded, regarding his own
relations with the press, "from time to time we are probably both a bit
hard on each other, exaggerating the downsides and ignoring the good
points in each."[296]
Guest appearances on television
The
Prince of Wales has occasionally appeared on television. In 1984, he
read his children's book The Old Man of Lochnagar for the BBC's
Jackanory series. The UK soap opera Coronation Street featured an
appearance by Charles during the show's 40th anniversary in 2000,[297]
as did the New Zealand young adult cartoon series bro'Town (2005), after
he attended a performance by the show's creators during a tour of the
country.[298][299] Charles was interviewed with Princes William and
Harry by Ant & Dec to mark the 30th anniversary of The Prince's
Trust in 2006[300] and in 2016 was interviewed by them again along with
his sons and the Duchess of Cornwall to mark the 40th anniversary.[301]
His
saving of the Scottish stately home Dumfries House was the subject of
Alan Titchmarsh's documentary Royal Restoration, which aired on TV in
May 2012.[302] Also in May 2012, Charles tried his hand at being a
weather presenter for the BBC, reporting the forecast for Scotland as
part of their annual week at Holyrood Palace alongside Christopher
Blanchett. He injected humour in his report, asking, "Who the hell wrote
this script?" as references were made to royal residences.[303] In
December 2015, Channel 4 News revealed that interviews with Charles were
subject to a contract that restricts questions to those previously
approved, and gives his staff oversight of editing and the right to
"remove the contribution in its entirety from the programme". Channel 4
News decided not to proceed with an interview on this basis, which some
journalists believed would put them at risk of breaching the Ofcom
Broadcasting Code on editorial independence and transparency.[304]
Residences and finance
Clarence House, the official residence of the Prince of Wales
Clarence
House, previously the residence of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, is
Charles's official London residence.[305] His primary source of income
is generated from the Duchy of Cornwall, which owns 133,658 acres of
land (around 54,090 hectares), including farming, residential, and
commercial properties, as well as an investment portfolio. Highgrove
House in Gloucestershire is owned by the Duchy of Cornwall, having been
purchased for his use in 1980, and which Prince Charles rents for
£336,000 per annum.[306] The Public Accounts Committee published its
25th report into the Duchy of Cornwall accounts in November 2013 noting
that the duchy performed well in 2012–13, increasing its total income
and producing an overall surplus of £19.1 million.[307]
In
2007, the prince purchased a 192-acre property (150 acres of grazing
and parkland, and 40 acres of woodland) in Carmarthenshire, and applied
for permission to convert the farm into a Welsh home for him and the
Duchess of Cornwall, to be rented out as holiday flats when the couple
is not in residence.[308] A neighbouring family said the proposals
flouted local planning regulations, and the application was put on hold
temporarily while a report was drafted on how the alterations would
affect the local bat population.[309] Charles and Camilla first stayed
at the new property, called Llwynywermod, in June 2008.[310] They also
stay at Birkhall for some holidays, which is a private residence on the
Balmoral Castle estate in Scotland, and was previously used by Queen
Elizabeth The Queen Mother.[311][312][313]
In
2016, it was reported that his estates receive £100,000 a year in
European Union agricultural subsidies.[314] Starting in 1993, the Prince
of Wales has paid tax voluntarily under the Memorandum of Understanding
on Royal Taxation, updated 2013.[315] In December 2012, Her Majesty's
Revenue and Customs were asked to investigate alleged tax avoidance by
the Duchy of Cornwall.[316] The Duchy of Cornwall is named in the
Paradise Papers, a set of confidential electronic documents relating to
offshore investment that were leaked to the German newspaper Süddeutsche
Zeitung. The papers show that the Duchy invested in a Bermuda-based
carbon credits trading company run by one of Charles's Cambridge
contemporaries. The investment was kept secret but there is no
suggestion that Charles or the estate avoided UK tax.[317]
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Main article: List of titles and honours of Charles, Prince of Wales
See also: List of awards received by Charles, Prince of Wales
The Prince of Wales's feathers heraldic badge
Titles and styles
Charles
has held titles throughout his life: the grandson of the monarch, the
son of the monarch and in his own right. He has been a British prince
since birth and was created Prince of Wales in 1958.[fn 4]
There
has been speculation as to what regnal name the prince would choose
upon his succession to the throne. If he uses his first name, he would
be known as Charles III. However, it was reported in 2005 that Charles
has suggested he may choose to reign as George VII in honour of his
maternal grandfather, and to avoid association with the Stuart kings
Charles I (who was beheaded) and Charles II (who was known for his
promiscuous lifestyle),[319] as well as to be sensitive to the memory of
Bonnie Prince Charlie, who was called "Charles III" by his
supporters.[319] Charles's office responded that "no decision has been
made".[320]
Honours and military appointments
Charles
has held substantive ranks in the armed forces of a number of countries
since he was made a flight lieutenant in the Royal Air Force in 1972.
Charles's first honorary appointment in the armed forces was as
Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Regiment of Wales in 1969; since then, the
prince has also been installed as Colonel-in-Chief, Colonel, Honorary
Air Commodore, Air Commodore-in-Chief, Deputy Colonel-in-Chief, Royal
Honorary Colonel, Royal Colonel, and Honorary Commodore of at least 32
military formations throughout the Commonwealth, including the Royal
Gurkha Rifles, which is the only foreign regiment in the British
army.[321] Since 2009, Charles holds the second-highest ranks in all
three branches of the Canadian Forces and, on 16 June 2012, the Queen
awarded the Prince of Wales honorary five-star rank in all three
branches of the British Armed Forces, "to acknowledge his support in her
role as Commander-in-Chief", installing him as Admiral of the Fleet,
Field Marshal and Marshal of the Royal Air Force.[322][323][324]
He
has been inducted into seven orders and received eight decorations from
the Commonwealth realms, and has been the recipient of 20 different
honours from foreign states, as well as nine honorary degrees from
universities in the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand.
Arms
Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales
Coat of Arms of Charles, Prince of Wales.svg
Notes
The
coat of arms of the Prince of Wales, as used outside Scotland, is the
royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom with the addition a
three-pointed label and an inescutcheon bearing the arms of Wales. For
the arms of the Duke of Rothesay in Scotland, see royal coat of arms of
Scotland.
Crest
Upon the royal helm the coronet of
the Prince of Wales, thereon a lion statant guardant Or crowned with the
coronet of the Prince of Wales
Escutcheon
Quarterly
1st and 4th Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or armed and
langed Azure 2nd Or a lion rampant Gules armed and langued Azure within a
double tressure flory counterflory 3rd Azure a harp Or stringed Argent
overall an inescutcheon quarterly Or and Gules four lions passant
guardant counterchanged, ensigned by the coronet of his degree.
Supporters
Dexter
a lion rampant guardant Or imperially crowned proper, sinister a
unicorn Argent, armed, crined and unguled Or, gorged with a coronet Or
composed of crosses patée and fleurs de lys a chain affixed thereto
passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back also Or
Motto
ICH DIEN
(German for I serve)
Orders
Garter ribbon.
Honi soit qui mal y pense
(French for Shame be to him who thinks evil of it)
Other elements
The whole differenced by a plain label of three points Argent, as the eldest child of the sovereign
Symbolism
As
with the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom. The first and fourth
quarters are the arms of England, the second of Scotland, the third of
Ireland.
Banners, flags, and standards
The banners
used by the prince vary depending upon location. His Personal Standard
is the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom differenced as in his arms
with a label of three points Argent, and the escutcheon of the arms of
the Principality of Wales in the centre. It is used outside Wales,
Scotland, Cornwall, and Canada, and throughout the entire United Kingdom
when the prince is acting in an official capacity associated with the
UK Armed Forces.[325]
The personal flag for use
in Wales is based upon the Royal Badge of Wales (the historic arms of
the Kingdom of Gwynedd), which consist of four quadrants, the first and
fourth with a red lion on a gold field, and the second and third with a
gold lion on a red field. Superimposed is an escutcheon Vert bearing the
single-arched coronet of the Prince of Wales.[325]
In
Scotland the personal banner used since 1974 is based upon three
ancient Scottish titles: Duke of Rothesay (heir apparent to the King of
Scots), High Steward of Scotland and Lord of the Isles. The flag is
divided into four quadrants like the arms of the Chief of Clan Stewart
of Appin; the first and fourth quadrants comprise a gold field with a
blue and silver checkered band in the centre; the second and third
quadrants display a black galley on a silver field. The arms are
differenced from those of Appin by the addition of an inescutcheon
bearing the tressured lion rampant of Scotland; defaced by a plain label
of three points Azure to indicate the heir apparent.[325]
In
Cornwall, the banner is the arms of the Duke of Cornwall: "Sable 15
bezants Or", that is, a black field bearing 15 gold coins.[325]
In
2011, the Canadian Heraldic Authority introduced a personal heraldic
banner for the Prince of Wales for use in Canada, consisting of the
shield of the Arms of Canada defaced with both a blue roundel of the
Prince of Wales's feathers surrounded by a wreath of gold maple leaves,
and a white label of three points.[326]
Banner of arms
Standard for Wales
Standard for Scotland
Banner of arms of the Duke of Cornwall
Standard of the Prince of Wales for personal use in Canada
Issue
Name Birth Marriage Children
Date Spouse
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge 21 June 1982 29 April 2011 Catherine Middleton
Prince George of Cambridge
Princess Charlotte of Cambridge
Prince Louis of Cambridge
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex 15 September 1984 19 May 2018 Meghan Markle
Archie Mountbatten-Windsor
Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor
Ancestry
Ancestors of Charles, Prince of Wales[327]
Notes
As
a member of the royal family entitled to be called His Royal Highness,
Charles does not usually use a family name. But when one is needed, it
is Mountbatten-Windsor.[1]
In addition to his active service
listed here, Charles holds ranks and honorary appointments in the armed
forces of Australia, Canada, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea as well as
the United Kingdom.
Prince Charles's godparents were: the
King of the United Kingdom (his maternal grandfather); the King of
Norway (his cousin, for whom the Earl of Athlone stood proxy); Queen
Mary (his maternal great-grandmother); Princess Margaret (his maternal
aunt); Prince George of Greece and Denmark (his paternal great-uncle,
for whom the Duke of Edinburgh stood proxy); the Dowager Marchioness of
Milford Haven (his paternal great-grandmother); the Lady Brabourne (his
cousin); and the Hon David Bowes-Lyon (his maternal great-uncle).[16]
As
the child of a daughter of the sovereign, Charles would not usually
have been accorded the titles of a British prince or the style Royal
Highness. However, on 22 October 1948, George VI had issued letters
patent granting a royal and princely status to any children of Princess
Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh,[318] making Charles a royal prince
from birth.
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Other sources
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Dimbleby, Jonathan (1994). The Prince of Wales: A Biography. New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-12996-X.
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Further reading
Benson, Ross (1994). Charles: The Untold Story. St Martins Press. ISBN 978-0-312-10950-9.
Bower, Tom, (2018) The Rebel Prince, The Power, Passion and Defiance of Prince Charles, William Collins ISBN 978-0-00-829173-0
Brown, Michèle (1980). Prince Charles. Crown. ISBN 978-0-517-54019-0.
Campbell, J. (1981). Charles: Prince of Our Times. Smithmark. ISBN 978-0-7064-0968-0.
Cathcart, Helen (1977). Prince Charles: The biography (illustrated ed.). Taplinger Pub. Co; Ltd. ISBN 978-0-8008-6555-9.
Fisher, Graham; Fisher, Heather (1977). Charles: The Man and the Prince. Robert Hale. ISBN 978-0-7091-6095-3.
Gilleo, Alma (1978). Prince Charles: Growing Up in Buckingham Palace. Childs World. ISBN 978-0-89565-029-0.
Heald, Tim; Mohrs, Mayo (1979). The Man Who Will Be King H.R.H. (Prince of Wales Charles). New York: Arbor House.
Hedley, Olwen (1969). Charles, 21st Prince of Wales. Pitkin Pictorials. ISBN 978-0-85372-027-0.
Hodgson, Howard (2007). Charles: The Man Who Will Be King (illustrated ed.). John Blake Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84454-306-9.
Holden, Anthony (1988). King Charles III: A Biography. Grove. ISBN 978-1-55584-309-0.
Holden, Anthony (1998). Charles at Fifty. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50175-3.
Holden, Anthony (1999). Charles: A Biography. Corgi Books. ISBN 978-0-552-99744-7.
Jencks, Charles (1988). Prince, Architects & New Wave Monarchy. Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-1010-9.
Junor, Penny (1998). Charles: Victim or Villain?. Harpercollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255900-3.
Lane, Peter (1988). Prince Charles:a study in development. Robert Hale. ISBN 978-0-7090-3320-2.
Liversidge, Douglas (1975). Prince Charles: monarch in the making. A. Barker. ISBN 9780213165680.
Martin,
Christopher (1990). Prince Charles and the Architectural Debate
(Architectural Design Profile). St Martin's Press. ISBN
978-0-312-04048-2.
Nugent, Jean (1982). Prince Charles, England's Future King. Dillon. ISBN 978-0-87518-226-1.
Regan, Simon (1977). Charles, the clown prince. Everest Books. ISBN 978-0-905018-50-8.
Veon, Joan M. (1997). Prince Charles: The Sustainable Prince. Hearthstone. ISBN 978-1-57558-021-0.
Wakeford, Geoffrey (1962). Charles, Prince of Wales. Associated Newspapers.
Mayer, Catherine (2015). Born to Be King: Prince Charles on Planet Windsor. Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 978-1-62779-438-1.
Mayer, Catherine (2015). Charles: The Heart of a King. Random House. ISBN 978-0-7535-5593-4.
Bedell
Smith, Sally (2017). Prince Charles: The Passions and Paradoxes of an
Improbable Life. Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-8129-7980-0.
Jobson,
Robert (2018). Charles at Seventy – Thoughts, Hopes & Dreams:
Thoughts, Hopes and Dreams. John Blake. ISBN 978-1-78606-887-3.
External links
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Charles, Prince of Wales
House of Windsor
Born: 14 November 1948
Lines of succession
First
Heir apparent
Succession to the British throne
1st in line Followed by
The Duke of Cambridge
British royalty
Vacant
Title last held by
Edward (VIII) Prince of Wales
26 July 1958 – present Incumbent
Presumed next holder:
The Duke of Cambridge
Duke of Cornwall
Duke of Rothesay
6 February 1952 – present
Peerage of the United Kingdom
Preceded by
The Prince Philip
Duke of Edinburgh
9 April 2021 – present Incumbent
Heir:
The Duke of Cambridge
Academic offices
Preceded by
The Earl Mountbatten of Burma
President of the United World Colleges
1978–1995 Succeeded by
The Queen of Jordan
Preceded by
Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
President of the Royal College of Music
1993–present Incumbent
Honorary titles
Preceded by
The Duke of Gloucester
Great Master of the Order of the Bath
10 June 1974 – present Incumbent
Order of precedence
Preceded by
The Sovereign
Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom Succeeded by
The Duke of York
in current practice Succeeded by
The Duke of Cambridge
vte
Charles, Prince of Wales
14 November 1948 (age 73)
Titles
Prince
of Wales coat of armscoronetDuke of CornwallDuke of RothesayDuke of
EdinburghEarl of ChesterEarl of CarrickEarl of MerionethBaron
GreenwichBaron of RenfrewLord of the IslesPrince and Great Steward of
Scotlandmore
Family
Diana,
Princess of Wales (first wife)Prince William, Duke of Cambridge (elder
son)Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (younger son)Camilla, Duchess of
Cornwall (second wife)Elizabeth II (mother)Prince Philip, Duke of
Edinburgh (father)Anne, Princess Royal (sister)Prince Andrew, Duke of
York (brother)Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex (brother)Mountbatten-Windsor
family
Life events
Investiture
of the Prince of WalesFirst wedding guest listSecond weddingOverseas
visitsBlack spider memosPrince of Wales v Associated Newspapers Ltd
Charities
and campaigns
Mutton
Renaissance CampaignThe Prince's Charities British Asian TrustBusiness
in the CommunityChildren & the ArtsIn Kind Directiwill CampaignThe
Prince's FoundationThe Prince's Foundation for Integrated HealthThe
Prince's School of Traditional ArtsThe Prince of Wales's Charitable
FundRoyal Drawing SchoolTurquoise Mountain FoundationYouth Business
ScotlandThe Prince's May Day NetworkThe Prince's TrustSustainable
Markets Initiative Great Reset
Residences
Clarence House (official)Highgrove House (family)BirkhallLlwynywermod
Awards given
and created
List
of environmental/social interest awards receivedPrince of Wales's
Intelligence Community AwardsPrince of Wales Prize for Municipal
Heritage LeadershipThe Sun Military Awards
Business ventures
Duchy Home FarmDumfries HouseHighgrove House ShopsPoundburyWaitrose Duchy Organic
Popular culture
Documentaries
Royal
Family (1969)Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role (1994)Monarchy:
The Royal Family at Work (2007)Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute (2016)
Film and
television
Her
Royal Highness..? (1981)Chorus Girls (1981)The Royal Romance of Charles
and Diana (1982)Spitting Image (1984–1996, 2020–)Willi und die Windzors
(1996)Whatever Love Means (2005)The Queen (2006 film)The Queen (2009 TV
serial)King Charles III (play, 2014; film, 2017)The Windsors (TV
series, 2016–; play, 2021)The Crown (2019–)The Prince (2021)
Publications
Bibliography
Miscellaneous
Prince Charles IslandPrince Charles stream tree frog
Links to related articles
vte
Order of precedence in the United Kingdom (gentlemen)
Shared (royal family)
The
QueenThe Prince of Wales (in Scotland: the Duke of Rothesay)The Duke of
York (in Scotland: the Earl of Inverness)The Earl of Wessex (in
Scotland: the Earl of Forfar)The Duke of Cambridge (in Scotland: the
Earl of Strathearn)The Duke of Sussex (in Scotland: the Earl of
Dumbarton)Viscount SevernThe Duke of GloucesterThe Duke of KentPrince
Michael of Kent
England and Wales
Justin
Welby, Archbishop of CanterburyDominic Raab, Lord ChancellorStephen
Cottrell, Archbishop of YorkSir Lindsay Hoyle, Speaker of the House of
CommonsThe Lord McFall of Alcluith, Lord SpeakerThe Lord Burnett of
Maldon, Lord Chief Justice of England and WalesAmbassadors and High
CommissionersThe Marquess of Cholmondeley, Lord Great ChamberlainThe
Duke of Norfolk, Earl MarshalThe Earl of Dalhousie, Lord StewardThe Lord
Parker of Minsmere, Lord ChamberlainThe Lord de Mauley, Master of the
Horse
Scotland
Lord
LieutenantsSheriffs PrincipalDominic Raab, Lord High ChancellorColin
Sinclair, Moderator of the General AssemblyKen Macintosh, Presiding
Officer of the Scottish ParliamentAlister Jack, Secretary of State for
ScotlandThe Earl of Erroll, Lord High Constable of ScotlandThe Duke of
Argyll, Master of the Household in Scotland
Northern Ireland
Lords
Lieutenant of counties and citiesHigh sheriffs of countiesJohn
McDowell, Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland)Eamon Martin,
Archbishop of Armagh (Roman Catholic)Diarmuid Martin, Archbishop of
Dublin (Roman Catholic)Michael Jackson, Archbishop of Dublin (Church of
Ireland)Charles McMullen, Moderator of the Presbyterian ChurchLord Mayor
of Belfast and Mayors of boroughs in Northern IrelandDominic Raab, Lord
High ChancellorSir Lindsay Hoyle, Commons SpeakerThe Lord McFall of
Alcluith, Lord SpeakerThe Marquess of Cholmondeley, Lord Great
ChamberlainThe Duke of Norfolk, Earl MarshalThe Earl of Dalhousie, Lord
StewardThe Lord Parker of Minsmere, Lord ChamberlainThe Lord de Mauley,
Master of the Horse
not including short-term appointments, visiting dignitaries and most peers
vte
British princes
The
generations indicate descent from George I, who formalised the use of
the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family.
1st generation
King George II
2nd generation
Frederick, Prince of WalesPrince George WilliamPrince William, Duke of Cumberland
3rd generation
King
George IIIPrince Edward, Duke of York and AlbanyPrince William Henry,
Duke of Gloucester and EdinburghPrince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and
StrathearnPrince Frederick
4th generation
King
George IVPrince Frederick, Duke of York and AlbanyKing William IVPrince
Edward, Duke of Kent and StrathearnKing Ernest Augustus of
HanoverPrince Augustus Frederick, Duke of SussexPrince Adolphus, Duke of
CambridgePrince OctaviusPrince AlfredPrince William Frederick, Duke of
Gloucester and Edinburgh
5th generation
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Status debatable; see his article.
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Diana, Princess of Wales
Born Diana Frances Spencer
1 July 1961
Park House, Sandringham, Norfolk, England
Died 31 August 1997 (aged 36)
Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
Cause of death Injuries sustained in a car crash
Burial 6 September 1997
Althorp, Northamptonshire, England
Spouse Charles, Prince of Wales
(m. 1981; div. 1996)
Issue
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex
House
Spencer (by birth)
Windsor (by marriage)
Father John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer
Mother Frances Roche
Education
Riddlesworth Hall School
West Heath Girls' School
Institut Alpin Videmanette
Signature
Lady Diana signature-vect.svg
Diana,
Princess of Wales (born Diana Frances Spencer; 1 July 1961 – 31 August
1997), was a member of the British royal family. She was the first wife
of Charles, Prince of Wales—the heir apparent to the British throne—and
mother of Prince William and Prince Harry. Diana's activism and glamour
made her an international icon and earned her enduring popularity as
well as unprecedented public scrutiny, exacerbated by her tumultuous
private life.
Diana was born into the British
nobility and grew up close to the royal family on their Sandringham
estate. In 1981, while working as a nursery teacher's assistant, she
became engaged to Prince Charles, the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II.
Their wedding took place at St Paul's Cathedral in 1981 and made her
Princess of Wales, a role in which she was enthusiastically received by
the public. They had two sons, William and Harry, who were then second
and third in the line of succession to the British throne. Diana's
marriage to Charles suffered due to their incompatibility and
extramarital affairs. They separated in 1992, soon after the breakdown
of their relationship became public knowledge. Their marital
difficulties became increasingly publicised, and they divorced in 1996.
As
Princess of Wales, Diana undertook royal duties on behalf of the Queen
and represented her at functions across the Commonwealth realms. She was
celebrated in the media for her unconventional approach to charity
work. Her patronages initially centred on children and the elderly but
she later became known for her involvement in two particular campaigns,
that involving the social attitudes towards and the acceptance of AIDS
patients, and the campaign promoted through the International Red Cross
for the removal of landmines. She also raised awareness and advocated
ways to help people affected with cancer and mental illness. The
Princess was initially noted for her shyness, but her charisma and
friendliness endeared her to the public and helped her reputation
survive the acrimonious collapse of her marriage. Considered to be very
photogenic, she was a leader of fashion in the 1980s and 1990s. Diana's
death in a car crash in Paris led to extensive public mourning and
global media attention. Her legacy has had a deep impact on the royal
family and British society.[1]
Early life
Diana
Frances Spencer was born on 1 July 1961 at Park House, Sandringham,
Norfolk.[2] She was the fourth of five children of John Spencer,
Viscount Althorp (1924–1992), and Frances Spencer, Viscountess Althorp
(née Roche; 1936–2004).[3] The Spencer family had been closely allied
with the British royal family for several generations;[4] her
grandmothers, Cynthia Spencer, Countess Spencer and Ruth Roche, Baroness
Fermoy, had served as ladies-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth The Queen
Mother.[5] Her parents were hoping for a boy to carry on the family
line, and no name was chosen for a week, until they settled on Diana
Frances after her mother and after Lady Diana Spencer, a
many-times-great-aunt who was also a prospective Princess of Wales.[6]
Within the family, she was also known informally as "Duch", a reference
to her duchess-like attitude in childhood.[7]
On
30 August 1961,[8] Diana was baptised at St. Mary Magdalene Church,
Sandringham.[6] She grew up with three siblings: Sarah, Jane, and
Charles.[9] Her infant brother, John, died shortly after his birth one
year before Diana was born.[10] The desire for an heir added strain to
her parents' marriage, and Lady Althorp was reportedly sent to Harley
Street clinics in London to determine the cause of the "problem".[6] The
experience was described as "humiliating" by Diana's younger brother,
Charles: "It was a dreadful time for my parents and probably the root of
their divorce because I don't think they ever got over it."[6] Diana
grew up in Park House, situated on the Sandringham estate.[11] The
family leased the house from its owner, Queen Elizabeth II. The royal
family frequently holidayed at the neighbouring Sandringham House, and
Diana played with the Queen's sons Prince Andrew and Prince Edward.[12]
Diana
was seven years old when her parents divorced.[13] Her mother later
began a relationship with Peter Shand Kydd and married him in 1969.[14]
Diana lived with her mother in London during her parents' separation in
1967, but during that year's Christmas holidays, Lord Althorp refused to
let his daughter return to London with Lady Althorp. Shortly
afterwards, he won custody of Diana with support from his former
mother-in-law, Lady Fermoy.[15] In 1976, Lord Althorp married Raine,
Countess of Dartmouth.[16] Diana's relationship with her stepmother was
particularly bad.[17] She resented Raine, whom she called a "bully". On
one occasion Diana "pushed her down the stairs".[17] She later described
her childhood as "very unhappy" and "very unstable, the whole
thing".[18] She became known as Lady Diana after her father later
inherited the title of Earl Spencer in 1975, at which point her father
moved the entire family from Park House to Althorp, the Spencer seat in
Northamptonshire.[19]
Education and career
Diana
was initially home-schooled under the supervision of her governess,
Gertrude Allen.[20] She began her formal education at Silfield Private
School in King's Lynn, Norfolk, and moved to Riddlesworth Hall School,
an all-girls boarding school near Thetford, when she was nine.[21] She
joined her sisters at West Heath Girls' School in Sevenoaks, Kent, in
1973.[22] She did not perform well academically, failing her O-levels
twice. Her outstanding community spirit was recognised with an award
from West Heath.[23] She left West Heath when she was sixteen.[24] Her
brother Charles recalls her as being quite shy up until that time.[25]
She showed a talent for music as an accomplished pianist.[23] She also
excelled in swimming and diving, and studied ballet and tap dance.[26]
After
attending Institut Alpin Videmanette (a finishing school in Rougemont,
Switzerland) for one term, and leaving after the Easter term of
1978,[27] Diana returned to London, where she shared her mother's flat
with two school friends.[28] In London, she took an advanced cooking
course, but seldom cooked for her roommates. She took a series of
low-paying jobs; she worked as a dance instructor for youth until a
skiing accident caused her to miss three months of work.[29] She then
found employment as a playgroup pre-school assistant, did some cleaning
work for her sister Sarah and several of her friends, and acted as a
hostess at parties. She spent time working as a nanny for the
Robertsons, an American family living in London,[30] and worked as a
nursery teacher's assistant at the Young England School in Pimlico.[31]
In July 1979, her mother bought her a flat at Coleherne Court in Earl's
Court as an 18th birthday present.[32] She lived there with three
flatmates until 25 February 1981.[33]
Marriage
Diana
first met Charles, Prince of Wales, the Queen's eldest son and heir
apparent, when she was 16 in November 1977. He was then 29 and dating
her older sister, Sarah.[34][35] Charles and Diana were guests at a
country weekend during the summer of 1980 when she watched him play polo
and he took a serious interest in her as a potential bride. The
relationship progressed when he invited her aboard the royal yacht
Britannia for a sailing weekend to Cowes. This was followed by an
invitation to Balmoral Castle (the royal family's Scottish residence) to
meet his family one weekend in November 1980.[36][37] She was well
received by the Queen, the Queen Mother and the Duke of Edinburgh.
Charles subsequently courted Diana in London. He proposed on 6 February
1981 at Windsor Castle, and she accepted, but their engagement was kept
secret for two and a half weeks.[33]
Engagement and wedding
Further information: Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer and Wedding dress of Lady Diana Spencer
The wedding of Charles and Diana commemorated on a 1981 British crown coin
Their
engagement became official on 24 February 1981.[20] Diana selected her
own engagement ring.[20] Following the engagement, she left her
occupation as a nursery teacher's assistant and lived for a short period
at Clarence House, which was the home of the Queen Mother.[38] She then
lived at Buckingham Palace until the wedding,[38] where, according to
biographer Ingrid Seward, her life was incredibly lonely.[39] Diana was
the first Englishwoman to marry the first in line to the throne since
Anne Hyde married the future James II over 300 years earlier, and she
was also the first royal bride to have a paying job before her
engagement.[23][20] She made her first public appearance with Prince
Charles in a charity ball in March 1981 at Goldsmiths' Hall, where she
met Grace, Princess of Monaco.[38]
Twenty-year-old
Diana became the Princess of Wales when she married Charles on 29 July
1981. The wedding was held at St Paul's Cathedral, which offered more
seating than Westminster Abbey, a church that was generally used for
royal nuptials.[23][20] The service was widely described as a "fairytale
wedding" and was watched by a global television audience of 750 million
people while 600,000 spectators lined the streets to catch a glimpse of
the couple en route to the ceremony.[20][40] At the altar, Diana
inadvertently reversed the order of his first two names, saying "Philip
Charles" Arthur George instead.[40] She did not say she would "obey"
him; that traditional vow was left out at the couple's request, which
caused some comment at the time.[41] Diana wore a dress valued at £9,000
(equivalent to £35,268 in 2020) with a 25-foot (7.62-metre) train.[42]
After
she became Princess of Wales, Diana automatically acquired rank as the
third-highest female in the British order of precedence (after the Queen
and the Queen Mother), and was fifth or sixth in the orders of
precedence of her other realms, following the Queen, the relevant
viceroy, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Queen Mother, and the Prince of
Wales. Within a few years of the wedding, the Queen extended Diana
visible tokens of membership in the royal family; she lent her the Queen
Mary's Lover's Knot Tiara,[43][44] and granted her the badge of the
Royal Family Order of Elizabeth II.[45]
Children
The
couple had residences at Kensington Palace and Highgrove House, near
Tetbury. On 5 November 1981, Diana's pregnancy was announced.[46] In
January 1982–12 weeks into the pregnancy—Diana fell down a staircase at
Sandringham, suffering some bruising, and the royal gynaecologist Sir
George Pinker was summoned from London; the foetus was uninjured.[47]
Diana later confessed that she had intentionally thrown herself down the
stairs because she was feeling "so inadequate".[48] On 21 June 1982,
Diana gave birth to the couple's first son, Prince William.[49] She
subsequently suffered from postpartum depression after her first
pregnancy.[50] Amidst some media criticism, she decided to take
William—who was still a baby—on her first major tours of Australia and
New Zealand, and the decision was popularly applauded. By her own
admission, Diana had not initially intended to take William until
Malcolm Fraser, the Australian prime minister, made the suggestion.[51]
A
second son, Harry, was born on 15 September 1984.[52] The Princess said
she and Charles were closest during her pregnancy with Harry. She was
aware their second child was a boy, but did not share the knowledge with
anyone else, including Charles.[53]
Diana gave
her sons wider experiences than was usual for royal
children.[20][54][55] She rarely deferred to Charles or to the royal
family, and was often intransigent when it came to the children. She
chose their first given names, dismissed a royal family nanny and
engaged one of her own choosing, selected their schools and clothing,
planned their outings, and took them to school herself as often as her
schedule permitted. She also organised her public duties around their
timetables.[56]
Problems and separation
The Prince and Princess of Wales with Nancy Reagan and Ronald Reagan in November 1985
Five
years into the marriage, the couple's incompatibility and age
difference of 12 years became visible and damaging.[57] Charles resumed
his relationship with his former girlfriend Camilla Parker Bowles, and
Diana later began one with Major James Hewitt, the family's former
riding instructor. The media speculated that Hewitt, not Charles, was
Harry's father based on the alleged physical similarity between Hewitt
and Harry, but Hewitt and others have denied this. Harry was born two
years before Hewitt and Diana began their affair.[53][58]
By
1987, cracks in their marriage had become visible and the couple's
unhappiness and cold attitude towards one another were being reported by
the press.[39][59] In 1989, Diana was at a birthday party for Camilla's
sister, Annabel Elliot, when she confronted Camilla about her and
Charles's extramarital affair.[60][61] These affairs were later exposed
in May 1992 with the publication of Andrew Morton's book, Diana: Her
True Story.[62][63] The book, which also revealed Diana's allegedly
suicidal unhappiness, caused a media storm. In 1991, James Colthurst had
conducted secret interviews with Diana in which she had talked about
her marital issues and difficulties. These recordings were later used as
a source for Morton's book.[64][65]
The Queen
and the Duke of Edinburgh hosted a meeting between Charles and Diana and
unsuccessfully tried to effect a reconciliation.[66] Philip wrote to
Diana and expressed his disappointment at the extramarital affairs of
both her and Charles; he asked her to examine their behaviour from the
other's point of view.[67] The Duke was direct and Diana was
sensitive.[68] She found the letters hard to take, but nevertheless
appreciated that he was acting with good intent.[69] It was alleged by
some people, including Diana's close friend Simone Simmons, that Diana
and her former father-in-law, Prince Philip, had a relationship filled
with tension;[70][71][72] however, other observers said their letters
provided no sign of friction between them.[73] Philip later issued a
statement, publicly denying the allegations of him insulting Diana.[74]
During
1992 and 1993, leaked tapes of telephone conversations reflected
negatively on both Charles and Diana. Tape recordings of Diana and James
Gilbey were made public in August 1992,[75] and transcripts were
published the same month.[20] The article, "Squidgygate", was followed
in November 1992 by the leaked "Camillagate" tapes, intimate exchanges
between Charles and Camilla, published in the tabloids.[76][77] In
December 1992, Prime Minister John Major announced the couple's
"amicable separation" to the House of Commons.[78][79]
Between
1992 and 1993, Diana hired voice coach Peter Settelen to help her
develop her public speaking voice.[80] In a videotape recorded by
Settelen in 1992, Diana said that in 1984 through to 1986, she had been
"deeply in love with someone who worked in this environment."[81][82] It
is thought she was referring to Barry Mannakee,[83] who was transferred
to the Diplomatic Protection Squad in 1986 after his managers had
determined that his relationship with Diana had been
inappropriate.[82][84] Diana said in the tape that Mannakee had been
"chucked out" from his role as her bodyguard following suspicion that
the two were having an affair.[81] Penny Junor suggested in her 1998
book that Diana was in a romantic relationship with Mannakee.[85]
Diana's friends dismissed the claim as absurd.[85] In the subsequently
released tapes, Diana said she had feelings for that "someone", saying
"I was quite happy to give all this up [and] just to go off and live
with him". She described him as "the greatest friend [she's] ever had",
though she denied any sexual relationship with him.[86] She also spoke
bitterly of her husband saying that "[He] made me feel so inadequate in
every possible way, that each time I came up for air he pushed me down
again."[87][88]
Charles's aunt, Princess
Margaret, burned "highly personal" letters that Diana had written to the
Queen Mother in 1993. Biographer William Shawcross considered
Margaret's action to be "understandable" as she was "protecting her
mother and other members of the family", but "regrettable from a
historical viewpoint".[89]
Although she blamed
Camilla Parker Bowles for her marital troubles, Diana began to believe
her husband had also been involved in other affairs. In October 1993,
Diana wrote to her butler Paul Burrell, telling him that she believed
her husband was now in love with his personal assistant Tiggy
Legge-Bourke—who was also his sons' former nanny—and was planning to
have her killed "to make the path clear for him to marry Tiggy".[90][91]
Legge-Bourke had been hired by Charles as a young companion for his
sons while they were in his care, and Diana was resentful of
Legge-Bourke and her relationship with the young princes.[92] Prince
Charles sought public understanding via a televised interview with
Jonathan Dimbleby on 29 June 1994. In the interview, he said he had
rekindled his relationship with Camilla in 1986 only after his marriage
to Diana had "irretrievably broken down".[93][94][95]
In
the same year, the News of the World claimed that Diana had made over
300 phone calls to the married art dealer Oliver Hoare.[96][97] These
calls were proven to have been made both from her Kensington Palace
apartment and from the phone box just outside the palace. According to
Hoare's obituary, there was little doubt she had been in a relationship
with him.[98] However, Diana denied any romantic relationship with
Hoare, whom she described as a friend, and said that "a young boy" was
the source of the nuisance calls made to Hoare.[99][100] She was also
linked by the press to rugby union player Will Carling[101][102] and
private equity investor Theodore J. Forstmann,[103][104] yet these
claims were neither confirmed nor proven.[105][106]
Divorce
The Princess of Wales in Russia, 1995
Journalist
Martin Bashir interviewed Diana for the BBC current affairs show
Panorama. The interview was broadcast on 20 November 1995.[107] The
Princess discussed her own and her husband's extramarital affairs.[108]
Referring to Charles's relationship with Camilla, she said: "Well, there
were three of us in this marriage, so it was a bit crowded." She also
expressed doubt about her husband's suitability for kingship.[107]
Authors Tina Brown, Sally Bedell Smith, and Sarah Bradford support
Diana's admission in the interview that she had suffered from
depression, "rampant bulimia" and had engaged numerous times in the act
of self mutilation; the show's transcript records Diana confirming many
of her mental health problems, including that she had "hurt [her] arms
and legs".[107] The combination of illnesses from which Diana herself
said she suffered resulted in some of her biographers opining that she
had borderline personality disorder.[109][110]
The
interview proved to be the tipping point. On 20 December, Buckingham
Palace announced that the Queen had sent letters to Charles and Diana,
advising them to divorce.[111][112] The Queen's move was backed by the
Prime Minister and by senior Privy Counsellors, and, according to the
BBC, was decided after two weeks of talks.[113] Charles formally agreed
to the divorce in a written statement soon after.[111] In February 1996,
Diana announced her agreement after negotiations with Charles and
representatives of the Queen,[114] irritating Buckingham Palace by
issuing her own announcement of the divorce agreement and its terms. In
July 1996, the couple agreed on the terms of their divorce.[115] This
followed shortly after Diana's accusation that Charles's personal
assistant Tiggy Legge-Bourke had aborted his child, after which
Legge-Bourke instructed her attorney Peter Carter-Ruck to demand an
apology.[116][117] Diana's private secretary Patrick Jephson resigned
shortly before the story broke, later writing that she had "exulted in
accusing Legge-Bourke of having had an abortion".[118][119] The rumours
of Legge-Bourke's alleged abortion were apparently spread by Martin
Bashir as a means to gain his Panorama interview with the princess.[120]
The
decree nisi was granted on 15 July 1996 and the divorce was finalised
on 28 August 1996.[121][122] Diana was represented by Anthony Julius in
the case.[123] She received a lump sum settlement of £17 million
(equivalent to £32,623,216 in 2020) as well as £400,000 per year. The
couple signed a confidentiality agreement that prohibited them from
discussing the details of the divorce or of their married
life.[124][115] Days before, letters patent were issued with general
rules to regulate royal titles after divorce. Diana lost the style "Her
Royal Highness" and instead was styled Diana, Princess of Wales. As the
mother of the prince expected to one day ascend to the throne, she
continued to be regarded as a member of the royal family and was
accorded the same precedence she enjoyed during her marriage.[125] The
Queen reportedly wanted to let Diana continue to use the style of Royal
Highness after her divorce, but Charles had insisted on removing
it.[115] Prince William was reported to have reassured his mother:
"Don't worry, Mummy, I will give it back to you one day when I am
King."[126] Almost a year before, according to Tina Brown, Prince Philip
had warned Diana: "If you don't behave, my girl, we'll take your title
away." She is said to have replied: "My title is a lot older than yours,
Philip."[127]
Public life
Public appearances
Diana in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada in 1983
Following
her engagement to Prince Charles, Diana made her first official public
appearance in March 1981 in a charity event at Goldsmiths'
Hall.[128][129] In October 1981, Charles and Diana visited
Wales.[23][130] Diana attended the State Opening of Parliament for the
first time on 4 November 1981.[131] Her first solo engagement was a
visit to Regent Street on 18 November 1981 to switch on the Christmas
lights.[132] She attended the Trooping the Colour for the first time in
June 1982, making her appearance on the balcony of Buckingham Palace
afterwards. The Princess made her inaugural overseas tour in September
1982, to attend the state funeral of Grace, Princess of Monaco.[23] Also
in 1982, Diana accompanied Charles to the Netherlands and was created a
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown by Queen Beatrix.[133] In 1983,
she accompanied Charles on a tour of Australia and New Zealand with
Prince William. The tour was a success and the couple drew immense
crowds, though the press focused more on Diana rather than Charles,
coining the term 'Dianamania' as a reference to people's obsession with
her.[134] In New Zealand, the couple met with representatives of the
Māori people.[23] Their visit to Canada in June and July 1983 included a
trip to Edmonton to open the 1983 Summer Universiade and a stop in
Newfoundland to commemorate the 400th anniversary of that island's
acquisition by the Crown.[135] In 1983, she was targeted by the Scottish
National Liberation Army who tried to deliver a letter bomb to
her.[136]
In February 1984, Diana was the
patron of London City Ballet when she travelled to Norway on her own to
attend a performance organised by the company.[23] In April 1985,
Charles and Diana visited Italy, and were later joined by Princes
William and Harry.[23] They met with President Alessandro Pertini. Their
visit to the Holy See included a private audience with Pope John Paul
II.[137] In autumn 1985, they returned to Australia, and their tour was
well-received by the public and the media, who referred to Diana as
"Di-amond Princess" and the "Jewel in the Crown".[138] In November 1985,
the couple visited the United States,[23] meeting President Ronald
Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan at the White House. Diana had a busy
year in 1986 as she and Charles toured Japan, Indonesia, Spain, and
Canada.[135] In Canada, they visited Expo 86,[135] where Diana fainted
in the California Pavilion.[139][140] In November 1986, she went on a
six-day tour to Oman, Qatar, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia, where she met
King Fahd and Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said.[141]
In
1988, Charles and Diana visited Thailand and toured Australia for the
bicentenary celebrations.[23][142] In February 1989, she spent a few
days in New York as a solo visit, mainly to promote the works of the
Welsh National Opera, of which she was a patron.[143] During a tour of
Harlem Hospital Center, she made a profound impact on the public by
spontaneously hugging a seven-year-old child with AIDS.[144] In March
1989, she had her second trip to the Arab Gulf States, in which she
visited Kuwait and the UAE.[141]
Charles and Diana with the US Vice President Dan Quayle and his wife Marilyn following the enthronement of Emperor Akihito, 1990
In
March 1990, Diana and Charles toured Nigeria and Cameroon.[145] The
President of Cameroon hosted an official dinner to welcome them in
Yaoundé.[145] Highlights of the tour included visits by Diana to
hospitals and projects focusing on women's development.[145] In May
1990, they visited Hungary for four days.[144][146] It was the first
visit by members of the royal family to "a former Warsaw Pact
country".[144] They attended a dinner hosted by President Árpád Göncz
and viewed a fashion display at the Museum of Applied Arts in
Budapest.[146] Peto Institute was among the places visited by Diana, and
she presented its director with an honorary OBE.[144] In November 1990,
the royal couple went to Japan to attend the enthronement of
Akihito.[23][147]
In her desire to play an
encouraging role during the Gulf War, Diana visited Germany in December
1990 to meet with the families of soldiers.[144] She subsequently
travelled to Germany in January 1991 to visit RAF Bruggen, and later
wrote an encouraging letter which was published in Soldier, Navy News
and RAF News.[144] In 1991, Charles and Diana visited Queen's University
in Kingston, Ontario, where they presented the university with a
replica of their royal charter.[148] In September 1991, Diana visited
Pakistan on a solo trip, and went to Brazil with Charles.[149] During
the Brazilian tour, Diana paid visits to organisations that battled
homelessness among street children.[149] Her final trips with Charles
were to India and South Korea in 1992.[23] She visited Mother Teresa's
hospice in Kolkata, India, in 1992.[150] The two women met each other
again that year[151] and developed a personal relationship.[150] It was
also during the Indian tour that pictures of Diana alone in front of the
Taj Mahal made headlines.[152][153][154] In November 1992, she went on
an official solo trip to France and had an audience with President
François Mitterrand.[155]
In December 1993, she
announced that she would withdraw from public life, but in November
1994 she said she wished to "make a partial return".[23][144] In her
capacity as the vice-president of British Red Cross, she was interested
in playing an important role for its 125th anniversary
celebrations.[144] Later, the Queen formally invited her to attend the
anniversary celebrations of D-Day.[23] In February 1995, Diana visited
Japan.[147] She paid a formal visit to Emperor Akihito and Empress
Michiko,[147] and visited the National Children's Hospital in
Tokyo.[156] In June 1995, Diana went to the Venice Biennale art
festival,[157] and also visited Moscow where she received the
International Leonardo Prize.[158][159] In November 1995, Diana
undertook a four-day trip to Argentina in order to attend a charity
event.[160] The Princess visited many other countries, including
Belgium, Nepal, Switzerland, and Zimbabwe, alongside numerous
others.[23] During her separation from Charles which lasted for almost
four years, she participated in major national occasions as a senior
member of the royal family, notably including "the commemorations of the
50th anniversaries of Victory in Europe Day and Victory over Japan Day"
in 1995.[23] The Princess's 36th and final birthday celebration was
held at Tate Gallery, which was also a commemorative event for the
gallery's 100th anniversary.[23] In July 1997, Diana attended Gianni
Versace's funeral in Milan, Italy.[161]
Charity work and patronage
In
1983, she confided to the Premier of Newfoundland, Brian Peckford, "I
am finding it very difficult to cope with the pressures of being
Princess of Wales, but I am learning to cope with it."[162] She was
expected to make regular public appearances at hospitals, schools, and
other facilities, in the 20th-century model of royal patronage. From the
mid-1980s, she became increasingly associated with numerous charities.
She carried out 191 official engagements in 1988[163] and 397 in
1991.[164] The Princess developed an intense interest in serious
illnesses and health-related matters outside the purview of traditional
royal involvement, including AIDS and leprosy. In recognition of her
effect as a philanthropist, Stephen Lee, director of the UK Institute of
Charity Fundraising Managers, said "Her overall effect on charity is
probably more significant than any other person's in the 20th
century."[165]
The Princess at the official opening of the community centre on Whitehall Road, Bristol, in May 1987
She
was the patroness of charities and organisations who worked with the
homeless, youth, drug addicts, and the elderly. From 1989, she was
president of Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children. She was patron
of the Natural History Museum[166][167] and president of the Royal
Academy of Music.[116][168][166] From 1984 to 1996, she was president of
Barnardo's, a charity founded by Dr. Thomas John Barnardo in 1866 to
care for vulnerable children and young people.[169][166] In 1988, she
became patron of the British Red Cross and supported its organisations
in other countries such as Australia and Canada.[144] She made several
lengthy visits each week to Royal Brompton Hospital, where she worked to
comfort seriously ill or dying patients.[150] From 1991 to 1996, she
was a patron of Headway, a brain injury association.[166][170] In 1992,
she became the first patron of Chester Childbirth Appeal, a charity she
had supported since 1984.[171] The charity, which is named after one of
Diana's royal titles, could raise over £1 million with her help.[171] In
1994, she helped her friend Julia Samuel launch the charity Child
Bereavement UK which supports children "of military families, those of
suicide victims, [and] terminally-ill parents", and became its
patron.[172] Prince William later replaced his mother as the charity's
royal patron.[173]
Her patronages also included
Landmine Survivors Network,[168] Help the Aged,[168][166] the National
Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery,[168][166] the British Lung
Foundation,[168][166] Eureka! (joint patron with Prince
Charles),[168][166] the National Children's Orchestra,[168][166][144]
British Red Cross Youth,[174][166] the Guinness Trust,[166] Meningitis
Trust,[166][144] the Malcolm Sargent Cancer Fund for Children,[166][144]
the Royal School for the Blind,[166][144] Welsh National
Opera,[166][144] the Variety Club of New Zealand,[175][166]
Birthright,[166][176] the British Deaf Association (for which she
learned sign language),[174][166][177] All England Lawn Tennis and
Croquet Club,[166] Anglo-European College of Chiropractic,[166] Royal
Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland,[166] Royal
National Orthopaedic Hospital,[166] British Sports Association for the
Disabled,[166] British Youth Opera,[166] Faculty of Dental Surgery of
the Royal College of Surgeons of England,[166] London City Ballet,[166]
London Symphony Orchestra,[166] Pre-School Playgroups
Association,[166][144] as well as president or patron of other
charities.[166]
Diana and
Luciano Pavarotti at the benefit concert Pavarotti & Friends for the
Children of Bosnia in Modena, Italy, September 1995
In 1987,
Diana was awarded the Honorary Freedom of the City of London, the
highest honour which is in the power of the City of London to bestow on
someone.[178][179] In June 1995, she travelled to Moscow. She paid a
visit to a children's hospital she had previously supported when she
provided them with medical equipment. In Moscow, she received the
International Leonardo Prize, which is given to "the most distinguished
patrons and people in the arts, medicine, and sports".[180] In December
1995, Diana received the United Cerebral Palsy Humanitarian of the Year
Award in New York City for her philanthropic efforts.[181][182][183] In
October 1996, for her works on the elderly, she was awarded a gold medal
at a health care conference organised by the Pio Manzù Centre in
Rimini, Italy.[184]
The day after her divorce,
she announced her resignation from over 100 charities and retained
patronages of only six: Centrepoint, English National Ballet, Great
Ormond Street Hospital, The Leprosy Mission, National AIDS Trust, and
the Royal Marsden Hospital.[185] She continued her work with the British
Red Cross Anti-Personnel Land Mines Campaign, but was no longer listed
as patron.[186][187]
In May 1997, Diana opened
the Richard Attenborough Centre for Disability and the Arts in
Leicester, after being asked by her friend Richard Attenborough.[188] In
June 1997, some of her dresses and suits were sold at Christie's
auction houses in London and New York, and the proceeds that were earned
from these events were donated to charities.[23] Her final official
engagement was a visit to Northwick Park Hospital, London, on 21 July
1997.[23] She was scheduled to attend a fundraiser at the Osteopathic
Centre for Children on 4 September 1997, upon her return from
Paris.[189]
HIV/AIDS
The Princess
began her work with AIDS patients in the 1980s.[190] She was not averse
to making physical contact with AIDS patients,[150][191][192] and was
the first British royal figure to do so.[190] In 1987, she held hands
with an AIDS patient in one of her early efforts to de-stigmatise the
condition.[193][194] Diana noted: "HIV does not make people dangerous to
know. You can shake their hands and give them a hug. Heaven knows they
need it. What's more, you can share their homes, their workplaces, and
their playgrounds and toys."[144][195][196] To Diana's disappointment,
the Queen did not support this type of charity work, suggesting she get
involved in "something more pleasant".[190] In 1989, she opened Landmark
Aids Centre in South London.[197][198] In October 1990, Diana opened
Grandma's House, a home for young AIDS patients in Washington, D.C.[199]
She was also a patron of the National AIDS Trust.[144] In 1991, she
hugged one patient during a visit to the AIDS ward of the Middlesex
Hospital,[144] which she had opened in 1987 as the first hospital unit
dedicated to this cause in the UK.[193][200] As the patron of Turning
Point, a health and social care organisation, Diana visited its project
in London for people with HIV/AIDS in 1992.[201] She later established
and led fundraising campaigns for AIDS research.[20]
In
March 1997, Diana visited South Africa, where she met with President
Nelson Mandela.[202][203] On 2 November 2002, Mandela announced that the
Nelson Mandela Children's Fund would be teaming up with the Diana,
Princess of Wales Memorial Fund to help people with AIDS.[204] They had
planned the combination of the two charities a few months before her
death.[204] Mandela later praised Diana for her efforts surrounding the
issue of HIV/AIDS: "When she stroked the limbs of someone with leprosy
or sat on the bed of a man with HIV/AIDS and held his hand, she
transformed public attitudes and improved the life chances of such
people".[205] Diana had used her celebrity status to "fight stigma
attached to people living with HIV/AIDS", Mandela said.[204] In 2009, a
panel including Sir Ian McKellen and Alan Hollinghurst chose Diana's
portrait to be shown in the Gay Icons exhibition at the National
Portrait Gallery, London.[206] In October 2017, the Attitude magazine
honoured Diana with its Legacy Award for her HIV/AIDS work. Prince Harry
accepted the award on behalf of his mother.[200][207]
Landmines
US First Lady Hillary Clinton and Diana chat in the Map Room following a landmines campaign fund-raiser, June 1997
Diana
was the patron of the HALO Trust, an organisation that removes
debris—particularly landmines—left behind by war.[208][209] In January
1997, pictures of Diana touring an Angolan minefield in a ballistic
helmet and flak jacket were seen worldwide.[208][209] During her
campaign, she was accused of meddling in politics and called a 'loose
cannon' by Earl Howe, an official in the British Ministry of
Defence.[210] Despite the criticism, HALO states that Diana's efforts
resulted in raising international awareness about landmines and the
subsequent sufferings caused by them.[208][209] In June 1997, she gave a
speech at a landmines conference held at the Royal Geographical
Society, and travelled to Washington, D.C. to help promote the American
Red Cross landmines campaign.[23] From 7 to 10 August 1997, just days
before her death, she visited Bosnia and Herzegovina with Jerry White
and Ken Rutherford of the Landmine Survivors Network.[23][211][212][213]
Her
work on the landmines issue has been described as influential in the
signing of the Ottawa Treaty, which created an international ban on the
use of anti-personnel landmines.[214] Introducing the Second Reading of
the Landmines Bill 1998 to the British House of Commons, the Foreign
Secretary, Robin Cook, paid tribute to Diana's work on landmines:
All
Honourable Members will be aware from their postbags of the immense
contribution made by Diana, Princess of Wales to bringing home to many
of our constituents the human costs of landmines. The best way in which
to record our appreciation of her work, and the work of NGOs that have
campaigned against landmines, is to pass the Bill, and to pave the way
towards a global ban on landmines.[215]
A few months after Diana's death in 1997, the International Campaign to Ban Landmines won the Nobel Peace Prize.[216]
Cancer
For
her first solo official trip, Diana visited The Royal Marsden NHS
Foundation Trust, a cancer treatment hospital in London.[175] She later
chose this charity to be among the organisations that benefited from the
auction of her clothes in New York.[175] The trust's communications
manager said, "The Princess had done much to remove the stigma and taboo
associated with diseases such as cancer, AIDS, HIV and leprosy."[175]
Diana became president of the hospital on 27 June 1989.[217][218][219]
The Wolfson Children's Cancer Unit was opened by Diana on 25 February
1993.[217] In February 1996, Diana, who had been informed about a newly
opened cancer hospital built by Imran Khan, travelled to Pakistan to
visit its children's cancer wards and attend a fundraising dinner in aid
of the charity in Lahore.[220] She later visited the hospital again in
May 1997.[221] In June 1996, she travelled to Chicago in her capacity as
president of the Royal Marsden Hospital in order to attend a
fundraising event at the Field Museum of Natural History and raised more
than £1 million for cancer research.[144] She additionally visited
patients at the Cook County Hospital and delivered remarks at a
conference on breast cancer at the Northwestern University Pritzker
School of Law after meeting a group of breast cancer researchers.[222]
In September 1996, after being asked by Katharine Graham, Diana went to
Washington and appeared at a White House breakfast in respect of the
Nina Hyde Center for Breast Cancer Research.[223] She also attended an
annual fund-raiser for breast cancer research organised by The
Washington Post at the same centre.[20][224]
In
1988, Diana opened Children with Leukaemia (later renamed Children with
Cancer UK) in memory of two young cancer victims.[225][226][227] In
November 1987, a few days after the death of Jean O'Gorman from cancer,
Diana met her family.[225][226] The deaths of Jean and her brother
affected her and she assisted their family to establish the
charity.[225][226][227] It was opened by her on 12 January 1988 at Mill
Hill Secondary School, and she supported it until her death in
1997.[225][227]
Other areas
In
November 1989, Diana visited a leprosy hospital in Indonesia.[228][190]
Following her visit, she became patron of the Leprosy Mission, an
organisation dedicated to providing medicine, treatment, and other
support services to those who are afflicted with the disease. She
remained the patron of this charity[185] and visited several of its
hospitals around the world, especially in India, Nepal, Zimbabwe and
Nigeria until her death in 1997.[144][229] She touched those affected by
the disease when many people believed it could be contracted through
casual contact.[144][228] "It has always been my concern to touch people
with leprosy, trying to show in a simple action that they are not
reviled, nor are we repulsed", she commented.[229] The Diana Princess of
Wales Health Education and Media Centre in Noida, India, was opened in
her honour in November 1999, funded by the Diana Princess of Wales
Memorial Fund to give social support to the people affected by leprosy
and disability.[229]
Diana was a long-standing
and active supporter of Centrepoint, a charity which provides
accommodation and support to homeless people, and became patron in
1992.[230][231] She supported organisations that battle poverty and
homelessness, including The Passage.[232] The Princess was a supporter
of young homeless people and spoke out on behalf of them by saying that
"they deserve a decent start in life".[233] "We, as a part of society,
must ensure that young people—who are our future—are given the chance
they deserve", she said.[233] Diana used to take young William and Harry
for private visits to Centrepoint services and homeless
shelters.[20][230][234] "The young people at Centrepoint were always
really touched by her visits and by her genuine feelings for them", said
one of the charity's staff members.[235] Prince William later became
the patron of this charity.[230]
Diana visiting the drug squad of the West Midlands Police in 1987
Diana
was a staunch and longtime supporter of charities and organisations
that focused on social and mental issues, including Relate and Turning
Point.[144] Relate was relaunched in 1987 as a renewed version to its
predecessor, the National Marriage Guidance Council. Diana became its
patron in 1989.[144] Turning Point, a health and social care
organisation, was founded in 1964 to help and support those affected by
drug and alcohol misuse and mental health problems. She became the
charity's patron in 1987 and visited the charity on a regular basis,
meeting the sufferers at its centres or institutions including Rampton
and Broadmoor.[144] In 1990 during a speech for Turning Point she said,
"It takes professionalism to convince a doubting public that it should
accept back into its midst many of those diagnosed as psychotics,
neurotics and other sufferers who Victorian communities decided should
be kept out of sight in the safety of mental institutions."[144] Despite
the protocol problems of travelling to a Muslim country, she made a
trip to Pakistan later that year in order to visit a rehabilitation
centre in Lahore as a sign of "her commitment to working against drug
abuse".[144]
Privacy and legal issues
In
November 1980, the Sunday Mirror ran a story claiming that Charles had
used the Royal Train twice for secret love rendezvous with Diana,
prompting the palace to issue a statement, calling the story "a total
fabrication" and demanding an apology.[236][237] The newspaper editors,
however, insisted that the woman boarding the train was Diana and
declined to apologise.[236] In February 1982, pictures of a pregnant
Diana in bikini while holidaying were published in the media. The Queen
subsequently released a statement and called it "the blackest day in the
history of British journalism."[238]
In 1993,
Mirror Group Newspapers (MGN) published photographs of Diana that were
taken by gym owner Bryce Taylor. The photos showed her exercising in the
gym LA Fitness wearing "a leotard and cycling shorts".[239][240] The
Princess's lawyers immediately filed a criminal complaint that sought "a
permanent ban on the sale and publication of the photographs" around
the world.[239][240] However, some newspapers outside the UK published
the pictures.[239] The courts granted an injunction against Taylor and
MGN that prohibited "further publication of the pictures".[239] MGN
later issued an apology after facing much criticism from the
public.[239] It is said that MGN gave Diana £1 million as a payment for
her legal costs and donated £200,000 to her charities.[239] Taylor
apologised as well and paid Diana £300,000, although it was alleged that
a member of the royal family had helped him financially.[239]
Personal life after divorce
Diana meeting with Sri Chinmoy at Kensington Palace in May 1997
After
her 1996 divorce, Diana retained the double apartment on the north side
of Kensington Palace that she had shared with Charles since the first
year of their marriage; the apartment remained her home until her death
the following year. She also moved her offices to Kensington Palace but
was permitted "to use the state apartments at St James's
Palace".[115][241] In a book published in 2003, Paul Burrell claimed
Diana's private letters had revealed that her brother, Lord Spencer, had
refused to allow her to live at Althorp, despite her request.[117] She
was also given an allowance to run her private office, which was
responsible for her charity work and royal duties, but from September
1996 onwards she was required to pay her bills and "any expenditure"
incurred by her or on her behalf.[242] Furthermore, she continued to
have access to the jewellery that she had received during her marriage,
and was allowed to use the air transport of the British royal family and
government.[115] Diana was also offered security by Metropolitan
Police's Royalty Protection Group, which she benefitted from while
travelling with her sons, but had refused it in the final years of her
life, in an attempt to distance herself from the royal family.[243][244]
Diana
dated the British-Pakistani heart surgeon Hasnat Khan, who was called
"the love of her life" by many of her closest friends after her
death,[245][246][247] and she is said to have described him as "Mr.
Wonderful".[248][249][250][251] In May 1996, Diana visited Lahore upon
invitation of Imran Khan, a relative of Hasnat Khan, and visited the
latter's family in secret.[252][253] Khan was intensely private and the
relationship was conducted in secrecy, with Diana lying to members of
the press who questioned her about it. Their relationship lasted almost
two years with differing accounts of who ended it.[253][254] She is said
to have spoken of her distress when he ended their relationship.[245]
However, according to Khan's testimony at the inquest into her death, it
was Diana who ended their relationship in the summer of 1997.[255]
Burrell also said the relationship was ended by Diana in July 1997.[70]
Burrell also claimed that Diana's mother, Frances Shand Kydd,
disapproved of her daughter's relationship with a Muslim man.[256] By
the time of Diana's death in 1997, she had not spoken to her mother in
four months.[257][258] By contrast, her relationship with her estranged
stepmother had reportedly improved.[259][260]
Within
a month, Diana began a relationship with Dodi Fayed, the son of her
summer host, Mohamed Al-Fayed.[261] That summer, Diana had considered
taking her sons on a holiday to the Hamptons on Long Island, New York,
but security officials had prevented it. After deciding against a trip
to Thailand, she accepted Fayed's invitation to join his family in the
south of France, where his compound and large security detail would not
cause concern to the Royal Protection squad. Mohamed Al-Fayed bought the
Jonikal, a 60-metre multimillion-pound yacht on which to entertain
Diana and her sons.[261][262][263]
Death
Main article: Death of Diana, Princess of Wales
East entrance to the Pont de l'Alma tunnel[264]
On
31 August 1997, Diana died in a car crash in the Pont de l'Alma tunnel
in Paris while the driver was fleeing the paparazzi.[265] The crash also
resulted in the deaths of her companion Dodi Fayed and the driver,
Henri Paul, who was the acting security manager of the Hôtel Ritz Paris.
Diana's bodyguard, Trevor Rees-Jones, survived the crash. The televised
funeral, on 6 September, was watched by a British television audience
that peaked at 32.10 million, which was one of the United Kingdom's
highest viewing figures ever. Millions more watched the event around the
world.[266][267]
Tribute, funeral, and burial
Main article: Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales
Further information: Althorp § Diana grave, memorial, and exhibition
Flowers outside Kensington Palace
The
sudden and unexpected death of an extraordinarily popular royal figure
brought statements from senior figures worldwide and many tributes by
members of the public.[268][269][270] People left flowers, candles,
cards, and personal messages outside Kensington Palace for many months.
Her coffin, draped with the royal flag, was brought to London from Paris
by Prince Charles and Diana's two sisters on 31 August 1997.[271][272]
The coffin was taken to a private mortuary and then placed in the Chapel
Royal, St James's Palace.[271]
Diana's
coffin, draped in the royal standard with an ermine border, borne
through the streets of London on its way to Westminster Abbey
On
5 September, Queen Elizabeth II paid tribute to her in a live
television broadcast.[23] Diana's funeral took place in Westminster
Abbey on 6 September. Her sons walked in the funeral procession behind
her coffin, along with her ex-husband the Prince of Wales, the Duke of
Edinburgh, Diana's brother Lord Spencer, and representatives of some of
her charities.[23] Lord Spencer said of his sister, "She proved in the
last year that she needed no royal title to continue to generate her
particular brand of magic."[273] Re-written in tribute to Diana, "Candle
in the Wind 1997" was performed by Elton John at the funeral service
(the only occasion the song has been performed live).[274] Released as a
single in 1997, the global proceeds from the song have gone to Diana's
charities.[274][275][276]
The burial took place
privately later the same day. Diana's former husband, sons, mother,
siblings, a close friend, and a clergyman were present. Diana's body was
clothed in a black long-sleeved dress designed by Catherine Walker,
which she had chosen some weeks before. A set of rosary beads that she
had received from Mother Teresa was placed in her hands. Diana's grave
is on an island (52.283082°N 1.000278°W) within the grounds of Althorp
Park, the Spencer family home for centuries.[277]
The
burial party was provided by the 2nd Battalion The Princess of Wales's
Royal Regiment, who carried Diana's coffin across to the island and laid
her to rest. Diana was the Regiment's Colonel-in-Chief from 1992 to
1996.[278] The original plan was for Diana to be buried in the Spencer
family vault at the local church in nearby Great Brington, but Lord
Spencer said he was concerned about public safety and security and the
onslaught of visitors that might overwhelm Great Brington. He decided
Diana would be buried where her grave could be easily cared for and
visited in privacy by William, Harry, and other relatives.[279]
Conspiracy theories, inquest and verdict
Main article: Conspiracy theories about the death of Diana, Princess of Wales
The
initial French judicial investigation concluded that the crash was
caused by Paul's intoxication, reckless driving, speeding (65 mph), and
effects of prescription drugs.[280] In February 1998, Mohamed Al-Fayed,
father of Dodi Fayed, publicly said the crash, which killed his son, had
been planned[281] and accused MI6 and the Duke of Edinburgh.[282] An
inquest that started in London in 2004 and continued in 2007–08[283]
attributed the crash to grossly negligent driving by Paul and to the
pursuing paparazzi, who forced Paul to speed into the tunnel.[284] On 7
April 2008, the jury returned a verdict of "unlawful killing". On the
day after the final verdict of the inquest, Al-Fayed announced that he
would end his 10-year campaign to establish that the tragedy was murder;
he said he did so for the sake of Diana's children.[285]
Later events
Finances
Following
her death, Diana left a £21 million estate, "netting £17 million after
estate taxes", which were left in the hands of trustees, her mother, and
her sister, Lady Sarah.[286][287] The will was signed in June 1993, but
Diana had it modified in February 1996 to remove the name of her
personal secretary from the list of trustees and have her sister replace
him.[288] After applying personal and inheritance taxes, a net estate
of £12.9 million was left to be distributed among the
beneficiaries.[289] Her two sons subsequently inherited the majority of
her estate. Each of them was left with £6.5 million which was invested
and gathered substantial interest, and an estimated £10 million was
given to each son upon turning 30 years old in 2012 and 2014
respectively.[290][291] Many of Diana's possessions were initially left
in the care of her brother who put them on show in Althorp twice a year
until they were returned to the princes.[290][286] They were also put on
display in American museums and as of 2011 raised two million dollars
for charities.[286] Among the objects were her dresses and suits along
with numerous family paintings, jewels and two diamond tiaras.[290]
Diana's engagement ring and her yellow gold watch were given to Harry
and William, respectively. The brothers eventually exchanged mementos
and William later passed the ring to his wife, Catherine Middleton. The
ownership of Diana's wedding dress was also given to her
sons.[290][292][293]
In addition to her
will,[287] Diana had also written a letter of wishes in which she had
asked for three-quarters of her personal property to be given to her
sons, and dividing the remaining quarter (aside from the jewellery)
between her 17 godchildren.[286] Despite Diana's wishes, the executors
(her mother and sister) "petitioned the probate court for a "variance"
of the will", and the letter of wishes was ignored "because it did not
contain certain language required by British law".[286] Eventually, one
item from Diana's estate was given to each of her godchildren, while
they would have received £100,000 each, had a quarter of her estate been
divided between them.[286] The variance also prevented the estate from
being distributed between her sons at the age of 25 but postponed it
until they were 30.[286][287] Diana also left her butler Paul Burrell
around £50,000 in cash.[289][287]
Subject of government surveillance
In
1999, after the submission of a Freedom of Information Act request
filed by the Internet news service apbonline.com, it was revealed that
Diana had been placed under surveillance by the National Security Agency
until her death, and the organisation kept a top secret file on her
containing more than 1,000 pages.[294][295] The contents of Diana's NSA
file cannot be disclosed because of national security concerns.[294] The
NSA officials insisted Diana was not a "target of [their] massive,
worldwide electronic eavesdropping infrastructure."[294] Despite
multiple inquiries for the files to be declassified—with one of the
notable ones being filed by Mohamed Al-Fayed—the NSA has refused to
release the documents.[295]
In 2008, Ken
Wharfe, a former bodyguard of Diana, claimed that her scandalous
conversations with James Gilbey (commonly referred to as the
Squidgygate) were in fact recorded by the GCHQ, which intentionally
released them on a "loop".[296] People close to Diana believed the
action was intended to defame her.[296] Wharfe said Diana herself
believed that members of the royal family were all being monitored,
though he also stated that the main reason for it could be the potential
threats of the IRA.[296]
Anniversaries, commemorations, and auctions
On
the first anniversary of Diana's death, people left flowers and
bouquets outside the gates of Kensington Palace and a memorial service
was held at Westminster Abbey.[297][298] The royal family and the Prime
Minister and his family went to Crathie Kirk for private prayers, while
Diana's family held a private memorial service at Althorp.[299][300] All
flags at Buckingham Palace and other royal residences were flown at
half-mast on the Queen's orders.[301] The Union Jack was first lowered
to half-mast on the day of Diana's funeral and has set a precedent, as
based on the previous protocol no flag could ever fly at half-mast over
the palace "even on the death of a monarch".[301] Since 1997, however,
the Union Flag (but not the Royal Standard) has flown at half-mast upon
the deaths of members of the royal family, and other times of national
mourning.[302]
The Concert for Diana at Wembley
Stadium was held on 1 July 2007. The event, organised by the princes
William and Harry, celebrated the 46th anniversary of their mother's
birth and occurred a few weeks before the 10th anniversary of her death
on 31 August.[303][304] The proceeds from this event were donated to
Diana's charities.[305] On 31 August 2007, a memorial service for Diana
took place in the Guards Chapel.[306] Guests included members of the
royal family and their relatives, members of the Spencer family, members
of Diana's wedding party, Diana's close friends and aides,
representatives from many of her charities, British politicians Gordon
Brown, Tony Blair, and John Major, and friends from the entertainment
world such as David Frost, Elton John, and Cliff Richard.[168]
John Travolta and Diana dancing at the White House, November 1985
On
19 March 2013, ten of Diana's dresses, including a midnight blue velvet
gown she wore to a 1985 state dinner at the White House when she danced
with John Travolta (which became known as the Travolta dress), raised
over £800,000 at auction in London.[307]
In
January 2017, a series of letters that Diana and other members of the
royal family had written to a Buckingham Palace steward were sold as a
part of a collection titled "the private letters between a trusted
butler and the royal family".[308][309] The six letters that were
written by Diana included information about her young sons' daily life
and raised £15,100.[308][309] Another collection of 40 letters written
by Diana between 1990 and 1997 were sold for £67,900 at an auction in
2021.[310]
"Diana: Her Fashion Story", an
exhibition of gowns and suits worn by Diana, was announced to be opened
at Kensington Palace in February 2017 as a tribute to mark her 20th
death anniversary, with her favorite dresses created by numerous fashion
designers, including Catherine Walker and Victor Edelstein, being
displayed.[311][312] The exhibition opened on 24 February displaying a
collection of 25 dresses, and was set to remain open until
2018.[313][314]
Other tributes planned for the
anniversary included exhibitions at Althorp hosted by Diana's brother,
Earl Spencer,[315] a series of commemorating events organised by the
Diana Award,[316] as well as restyling Kensington Gardens and creating a
new section called "The White Garden" in order to symbolise Diana's
life and style.[311][312][317]
On 31 August
2019, the Princess Diana 3D Virtual Museum was launched to mark the 22nd
anniversary of Diana's death. Operated by the Princess & the
Platypus Foundation, the online museum consisted of over 1,000 of
Diana's items which were photographed using the techniques of virtual
reality.[318]
Legacy
Public image
Wax statue of Diana at Madame Tussauds in London
Diana
remains one of the most popular members of the royal family throughout
history, and she continues to influence the younger generations of
royals.[319][320][321] She was a major presence on the world stage from
her engagement to Prince Charles in 1981 until her death in 1997, and
was often described as the "world's most photographed woman".[20][322]
She was noted for her compassion,[323] style, charisma, and high-profile
charity work, as well as her ill-fated marriage.[165][324] Diana's
former private secretary, Patrick Jephson described her as an organised
and hardworking person, and pointed out Charles was not able to
"reconcile with his wife's extraordinary popularity",[325] a viewpoint
supported by biographer Tina Brown.[326] He also said she was a tough
boss who was "equally quick to appreciate hard work", but could also be
defiant "if she felt she had been the victim of injustice".[325] Diana's
mother also defined her as a "loving" figure who could occasionally be
"tempestuous".[257] Paul Burrell, who worked as a butler for Diana,
remembered her as a "deep thinker" capable of "introspective
analysis".[327] She was often described as a devoted mother to her
children,[20][328] who are believed to be influenced by her personality
and way of life.[329]
In the early years, Diana
was often noted for her shy nature.[320][330] Journalist Michael White
perceived her as being "smart", "shrewd and funny".[321] Those who
communicated with her closely describe her as a person who was led by
"her heart".[20] In an article for The Guardian, Monica Ali described
Diana as a woman with a strong character, who entered the royal family
as an inexperienced girl and, despite being uneducated, she could handle
their expectations and overcome the difficulties and sufferings of her
marital life. Ali also believed that she "had a lasting influence on the
public discourse, particularly in matters of mental health" by
discussing her eating disorder publicly.[165] According to Tina Brown,
in her early years Diana possessed a "passive power", a quality that in
her opinion she shared with the Queen Mother and a trait that would
enable her to instinctively use her appeal to achieve her goals.[331]
Brown also believed that Diana was capable of charming people with a
single glance.[326]
Diana was widely known for
her encounters with sick and dying patients, and the poor and unwanted
whom she used to comfort, an action that earned her more
popularity.[332] She was mindful of people's thoughts and feelings, and
later revealed her wish to become a beloved figure among the people,
saying in her 1995 interview, that "[She would] like to be a queen of
people's hearts, in people's hearts."[330] Known for her easygoing
attitude, she reportedly hated formality in her inner circle, asking
"people not to jump up every time she enters the room".[333] Diana is
often credited with widening the range of charity works carried out by
the royal family in a more modern style.[165] Eugene Robinson of The
Washington Post wrote in an article that "Diana imbued her role as royal
princess with vitality, activism and, above all, glamour."[20] Alicia
Carroll of The New York Times described Diana as "a breath of fresh air"
who was the main reason the royal family was known in the United
States.[334] In Anthony Holden's opinion, Diana was "visibly reborn"
after her separation from Charles, a point in her life that was
described by Holden as her "moment of triumph", which put her on an
independent path to success.[155]
Biographer
Sarah Bradford commented, "The only cure for her suffering would have
been the love of the Prince of Wales, which she so passionately desired,
something which would always be denied her. His was the final
rejection; the way in which he consistently denigrated her reduced her
to despair."[87] Despite all the marital issues and scandals, Diana
continued to enjoy a high level of popularity in the polls while her
husband was suffering from low levels of public approval.[20] Her peak
popularity rate in the United Kingdom between 1981 and 2012 was
47%.[335] In Theodore Dalrymple's opinion, her popularity stemmed from
"both her extreme difference from common people and her similarity to
them". He believed that by going public about her marital issues and
bulimia she won the admiration of "all those who have been unhappy in
their marriages" as well as people who suffered from psychological
problems.[336] Highly regarded by the LGBT community due to her work
with gay men suffering from AIDS,[206] Diana is considered to be a gay
icon.[337]
Diana had become what Prime Minister
Tony Blair called the "People's Princess", an iconic national figure.
He had reportedly said that she had shown the nation "a new way to be
British".[327] Her sudden death brought an unprecedented spasm of grief
and mourning,[338] and subsequently a crisis arose in the Royal
Household.[339][340][341] Andrew Marr said that by her death she
"revived the culture of public sentiment",[165] while The Guardian's
Matthew d'Ancona dubbed Diana "the queen of the realm of feeling" and
said that "the impassioned aftermath of her death was a bold punctuation
mark in a new national narrative that favoured disinhibition, empathy
and personal candour."[342] Her brother, the Earl Spencer, captured her
role:
Diana was the very essence of compassion,
of duty, of style, of beauty. All over the world she was a symbol of
selfless humanity. All over the world, a standard bearer for the rights
of the truly downtrodden, a very British girl who transcended
nationality. Someone with a natural nobility who was classless and who
proved in the last year that she needed no royal title to continue to
generate her particular brand of magic.[343]
In
1997, Diana was one of the runners-up for Time magazine's Person of the
Year.[344] In 1999, Time magazine named Diana one of the 100 Most
Important People of the 20th Century.[345] In 2002, Diana ranked third
on the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons, above the Queen and other
British monarchs.[346] In 2003, VH1 ranked her at number nine on its
200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons list, which recognises "the folks that
have significantly inspired and impacted American society".[347] In
2006, the Japanese public ranked Diana twelfth in The Top 100 Historical
Persons in Japan.[348] In 2018, Diana ranked fifteenth on the BBC
History's poll of 100 Women Who Changed the World.[349][350] In 2020,
Time magazine included Diana's name on its list of 100 Women of the
Year. She was chosen as the Woman of the Year 1987 for her efforts in
de-stigmatising the conditions surrounding HIV/AIDS patients.[351]
Despite
being regarded as an iconic figure and a popular member of the royal
family, Diana was subject to criticism during her life. Patrick Jephson,
her private secretary of eight years, wrote in an article in The Daily
Telegraph that "[Diana] had an extra quality that frustrated her critics
during her lifetime and has done little to soften their disdain since
her death".[320] Diana was criticised by philosophy professor Anthony
O'Hear who in his notes argued that she was unable to fulfill her
duties, her reckless behaviour was damaging the monarchy, and she was
"self-indulgent" in her philanthropic efforts.[235] Following his
remarks, charity organisations that were supported by Diana defended
her, and Peter Luff called O'Hear's comments "distasteful and
inappropriate".[235] Further criticism surfaced as she was accused of
using her public profile to benefit herself,[110] which in return
"demeaned her royal office".[320] Diana's unique type of charity work,
which sometimes included physical contact with people affected by
serious diseases occasionally had a negative reaction in the media.[320]
Diana's
relationship with the press and the paparazzi has been described as
"ambivalent". On different occasions she would complain about the way
she was being treated by the media, mentioning that their constant
presence in her proximity had made life impossible for her, whereas at
other times she would seek their attention and hand information to
reporters herself.[352][353] Writing for The Guardian, Peter Conrad
suggested that it was Diana who let the journalists and paparazzi into
her life as she knew they were the source of her power;[327] thus, she
"overburdened herself with public duties" and destroyed the border
between private and public life.[165][110][354] This view was supported
by Christopher Hitchens, who believed that "in pursuit of a personal
solution to an unhappy private life, she became an assiduous leaker to
the press".[355] Nevertheless, Diana also used the media's interest in
her to shine light on her charitable efforts and patronages.[352]
Sally
Bedell Smith characterised Diana as unpredictable, egocentric, and
possessive.[110] Smith also argued that in her desire to do charity
works she was "motivated by personal considerations, rather than by an
ambitious urge to take on a societal problem".[110] Eugene Robinson,
however, said that "[Diana] was serious about the causes she
espoused".[20] According to Sarah Bradford, Diana looked down on the
House of Windsor whom she reportedly viewed "as jumped-up foreign
princelings" and called them "the Germans".[327] Some observers,
including Prime Minister Tony Blair, characterised her as a manipulative
person.[339][321] Blair also described Diana as "extraordinarily
captivating" but an "unpredictable meteor" whose death was a "turning
point" for the monarchy.[356] After her death, it was revealed that
Diana had been in discussion with Blair about a special role that would
provide a government platform for her campaigns and charities to make
her capable of endorsing Britain's interests overseas.[357]
In
an article written for The Independent in 1998, journalist Yvonne
Roberts observed the sudden change in people's opinion of Diana after
her death from critical to complimentary, a viewpoint supported by
Theodore Dalrymple who also noticed the "sudden shift from cruel
personal abuse to absurdly exaggerated respect".[336] Roberts also
questioned whether she had achieved anything different from other
members of the royal family and added that Diana was neither "a saint"
nor "a revolutionary" figure, but "may have encouraged some people" to
tackle issues such as landmines, AIDS and leprosy.[358] While analysing
the impact of Diana's death and her extraordinary popularity from a
gendered point of view, British historian Ludmilla Jordanova said: "To
be an ideal, to be living for and on behalf of others is a terrible
burden; it makes impossible, irreconcilable emotional demands – no human
being can survive the complex forces that impact upon charismatic
women." Jordanova also observed that "Diana herself was not
anti-establishment" and that is "Better to remember her by trying to
decipher how emotions overshadow analysis and why women are the
safeguards of humanitarian feelings."[324] Author Anne Applebaum
believed that Diana has not had any impact on public opinions
posthumously;[165] an idea supported by Jonathan Freedland of The
Guardian who also wrote in his article that Diana's memory and influence
started to fade away in the years after her death,[359] while Peter
Conrad, another Guardian contributor, argued that even in "a decade
after her death, she is still not silent",[327] and Allan Massie of The
Telegraph described Diana as "the celebrity of celebrities" whose
sentiments "continue to shape our society".[354] Writing for The
Guardian, Monica Ali described Diana as "a one-off, fascinating and
flawed. Her legacy might be mixed, but it's not insubstantial. Her life
was brief, but she left her mark".[165]
Style icon
The
Princess of Wales at the 1987 Cannes Film Festival. The strapless
Catherine Walker dress,[360] which was inspired by a dress worn by Grace
Kelly in To Catch a Thief,[361] is considered to be among the most
iconic dresses worn at the festival throughout its
history.[362][363][364] It was later sold to Julien's Auctions for over
£80,000.[365]
Diana was a fashion icon whose style was
emulated by women around the world. Iain Hollingshead of The Telegraph
wrote: "[Diana] had an ability to sell clothes just by looking at
them."[366][367] An early example of the effect occurred during her
courtship with Charles in 1980 when sales of Hunter Wellington boots
skyrocketed after she was pictured wearing a pair on the Balmoral
estate.[366][368] According to designers and people who worked with
Diana, she used fashion and style to endorse her charitable causes,
express herself and communicate.[369][370][371] Diana remained a
prominent figure for her fashion style,[372][373] and is still
considered an inspiration for stylists,[374] celebrities,[375][311][376]
and young women.[377] Diana's daughters-in-law, Catherine and Meghan,
are believed to be influenced by her in developing their own
professional wardrobe.[378][379][380] One of Diana's favourite
milliners, John Boyd, said "Diana was our best ambassador for hats, and
the entire millinery industry owes her a debt." Boyd's pink tricorn hat
Diana wore for her honeymoon was later copied by milliners across the
world and credited with rebooting an industry in decline for
decades.[381][382]
The Princess chose her
dressing style based on both the royal family's demands and popular
modern styles in Britain,[383] and developed her personal fashion
trend.[384] While on diplomatic trips, her clothes and attire were
chosen to match the destination countries' costumes, and while off-duty
she used to wear loose jackets and jumpers.[375][385] "She was always
very thoughtful about how her clothes would be interpreted, it was
something that really mattered to her", according to Anna Harvey, a
former British Vogue editor and Diana's fashion mentor.[375][386] David
Sassoon, one of the designers who worked with Diana, believed she had
"broken the rules" by trying new styles.[361] Diana chose not to
practise some of the royal clothing traditions such as putting aside the
tradition of wearing gloves when meeting the public as she believed it
would prevent a direct connection with the people she met, such as those
affected by serious diseases like AIDS patients.[371][385] She used to
wear certain types of clothes at charity events which were appropriate
for the people she would meet, such as wearing colourful dresses and
"jangling jewels" so she could easily play with children at
hospitals.[371][385] According to Donatella Versace who worked closely
with Diana alongside her brother, Diana's interest and sense of
curiosity about fashion grew significantly after her separation from
Charles.[369] Versace also pointed out that "[she doesn't] think that
anyone, before or after her, has done for fashion what Diana did".[369]
Catherine
Walker was among Diana's favourite designers[384] with whom she worked
to create her "royal uniform".[361] For her foreign tours and state
visits, Walker and her husband used to do research and were determined
to design clothes that would not outshine Diana,[369] a viewpoint
supported by Taki Theodoracopulos, who believed Diana did not want "to
let her clothes wear her".[369] Eleri Lynn, curator of the exhibition
Diana: Her Fashion Story, also believed that "[Diana] didn't want to be
known as a clothes horse",[371][387] and mentioned that "the style
[Catherine and Diana] created together was a very slender, fluid
silhouette which did away with the frills and ruffles of the early '80s
and created a sleek silhouette that really flattered the princess's
frame and became a timeless look for her. A royal uniform if you
like."[388]
Diana made her debut as a Sloane
Ranger in 1979 with a gown by Regamus.[384] Throughout the 1980s and
1990s, she wore outfits and ensembles by numerous notable fashion
designers.[389][390][391] She also wore ensembles by fashion companies
such as Versace, Armani, Chanel, Dior, Gucci and Clarks.[375][376][392]
Among her iconic outfits are a décolleté by David and Elizabeth Emanuel
worn by a newly engaged Diana at a charity event,[386] a cocktail dress
by Christina Stambolian, commonly known as the "Revenge dress", which
she wore after Charles's admission of adultery,[393] an evening gown by
Victor Edelstein that she wore to a reception at the White House and
later became known as the "Travolta dress",[375][361][384] and a
Catherine Walker pearl-encrusted gown and jacket dubbed the "Elvis
dress",[392][384] which she wore for the first time on an official visit
to Hong Kong.[371][394]
In the early 1980s,
Diana preferred to wear dresses with floral collars, pie-crust blouses,
and pearls.[375][384][372] These items rapidly became fashion
trends.[375] Her habit of wearing wide-shouldered gowns and lavish
fabrics earned her the nickname "Dynasty Di".[361][371] In the years
after her marriage and then her divorce, Diana grew more confident in
her choices,[361][373][386] and her style underwent a change, with her
new choices consisting of blazers, one-shoulder and off-shoulder
dresses, two-tone themed suits, military-styled suits, and nude-coloured
outfits.[373] White shirt and jeans, plaid dresses, jumpsuits and
sheath dresses were among the other fashion trends she tried.[373][395]
Her way of dressing began to be influenced by other celebrities
including Cindy Crawford, Madonna, Elizabeth Taylor, as well as many
others.[384] In the 1990s, Diana was frequently photographed clutching
distinctive handbags manufactured by Gucci and Dior. She popularized the
purses and they became so closely associated with her that they would
thereafter be known as Gucci Diana and Lady Dior,
respectively.[396][397]
Copies of Diana's
British Vogue-featured pink chiffon blouse by David and Elizabeth
Emanuel, which appeared on the magazine's cover on her engagement
announcement day, sold in the millions.[384] She appeared on two more
British Vogue covers during her lifetime and was featured on its October
1997 issue posthumously.[398] She was also featured in the cover story
for the July 1997 issue of Vanity Fair.[399] The Princess's influential
short hairstyle was created by Sam McKnight after a Vogue shoot in 1990,
which, in McKnight and Donatella Versace's opinion, brought her more
liberty as "it always looked great".[369] The Princess reportedly did
her own make up and would always have a hairstylist by her side before
an event. She told McKnight: "It's not for me, Sam. It is for the people
I visit or who come to see me. They don't want me in off-duty mode,
they want a princess. Let's give them what they want."[369]
The
Princess was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame
in 1989.[400] In 2004, People cited her as one of the all-time most
beautiful women.[401] In 2012, Time included Diana on its All-Time 100
Fashion Icons list.[402]
Following the opening
of an exhibition of Diana's clothes and dresses at Kensington Palace in
2017, Catherine Bennett of The Guardian said such exhibitions are among
the suitable ways to commemorate public figures whose fashion styles
were noted due to their achievements. The exhibition suggests to
detractors who, like many other princesses, "looking lovely in different
clothes was pretty much her life's work" which also brings interest in
her clothing.[403]
In 2016, fashion designer
Sharmadean Reid designed a collection of clothes for ASOS.com inspired
by Diana's style.[377] "Di's incredible relationship with accessible
sportswear through to luxury fashion forms the cornerstone of the
collection and feels more modern than ever", Reid said about Diana in a
press release.[372] Diana was an inspiration for Off-White's Spring 2018
show at Paris Fashion Week in 2017.[404] The designer Virgil Abloh used
Diana's signature looks as fragments to design new suits and
attire.[405][406] Supermodel Naomi Campbell, dressed in a combination of
white blazer and cropped spandex leggings in reference to Diana's
formal and off-duty styles, closed off the show.[404][405] In 2019, Tory
Burch used Diana's early '80s style as an inspiration for her Spring
2020 show at New York Fashion Week.[407]
Memorials
Round Oval lake at Althorp with the Diana memorial beyond
Memorial in Harrods Department Store to Diana, Princess of Wales, and Dodi Fayed
Tribute
to Diana on 1998 Azerbaijan postage stamps. The English text on
souvenir sheets issued reads "Diana, Princess of Wales The Princess that
(sic) captured people's hearts (1961–1997)".
Coronet of the Prince of Wales
Escutcheon
Quarterly
1st and 4th gules three lions passant guardant in pale or armed and
langed azure 2nd or a lion rampant gules armed and langued azure within a
double tressure flory counterflory of the second 3rd azure a harp or
stringed argent (the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom), the whole
difference with a label of three points Argent; with an inescutcheon of
four lions passant guardant, in gold and red, counterchanged, surmounted
by the coronet of the heir (for the Principality of Wales); impaled
with a shield quarterly 1st and 4th Argent 2nd and 3rd Gules a fret Or
overall a bend Sable charged with three escallops Argent.
Supporters
Dexter
a lion rampant guardant Or crowned with the coronet of the Prince of
Wales Proper, sinister a griffin Ermine winged Erminois unguled and
gorged with a coronet composed of crosses patée and fleurs de lis a
chain affixed thereto passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the
back of the First.
Motto
DIEU DEFEND LE DROIT
(Anglo-Norman: God defends the right)
Symbolism
The
Spencers were granted a coat of arms in 1504 (Azure a fess Ermine
between 6 sea-mews' heads erased Argent), which bears no resemblance to
that used by the family after c. 1595, which was derived from the
Despencer arms. Writer J. H. Round argued that the Despencer descent was
fabricated by Richard Lee, a corrupt Clarenceux King of Arms.[480]
Previous versions
Arms
of Diana, Princess of Wales (1996-1997).svgDiana's coat of arms before
her marriage was based on the Spencer coat of arms. It depicted a
lozenge shaped shield of arms, which symbolised her unmarried state. It
included three escallops argent of the Spencer coat of arms. This
version was used only before her marriage and was also applied by her
sisters.
Other versions
Coat of Arms of Diana,
Princess of Wales (1996-1997).svgAfter her divorce, Diana had resumed
her paternal arms with the addition of a royal coronet.[481]
Descendants
Name Birth Marriage Issue
Date Spouse
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge 21 June 1982 29 April 2011 Catherine Middleton
Prince George of Cambridge
Princess Charlotte of Cambridge
Prince Louis of Cambridge
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex 15 September 1984 19 May 2018 Meghan Markle
Archie Mountbatten-Windsor
Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor
Ancestry
Diana
was born into the British Spencer family, different branches of which
hold the titles of Duke of Marlborough, Earl Spencer, Earl of
Sunderland, and Baron Churchill.[482][483] The Spencers claimed descent
from a cadet branch of the powerful medieval Despenser family, but its
validity is questioned.[484] Her great-grandmother was Margaret Baring, a
member of the German-British Baring family of bankers and the daughter
of Edward Baring, 1st Baron Revelstoke.[485][486] Diana's distant noble
ancestors included the first Duke and Duchess of Marlborough.[487] Diana
and Charles were distantly related, as they were both descended from
the House of Tudor through Henry VII of England.[488] She was also
descended from the House of Stuart through Charles II of England by
Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond, and Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of
Grafton, and his brother James II of England by Henrietta
FitzJames.[20][489] Other noble ancestors include Margaret Kerdeston,
granddaughter of Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk; Robert
Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, an English nobleman and a favourite of
Elizabeth I of England; and Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, a
descendant of Edward III of England through his son Lionel of Antwerp,
1st Duke of Clarence.[490][491][492] Diana's Scottish roots came from
her maternal grandmother, Lady Fermoy.[490] Among her Scottish ancestors
were Alexander Gordon, 4th Duke of Gordon, and his wife Jane, and
Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll.[490]
Diana's
American lineage came from her great-grandmother Frances Ellen Work,
daughter of wealthy American stockbroker Franklin H. Work from Ohio, who
was married to her great-grandfather James Roche, 3rd Baron Fermoy, an
Irish peer.[490][493] Diana's fourth great-grandmother in her direct
maternal line, Eliza Kewark, was matrilineally of Indian
descent.[494][495][496][497][498] She is variously described in
contemporary documents as "a dark-skinned native woman" and "an Armenian
woman from Bombay".[499][500]
Ancestors of Diana, Princess of Wales[499][500]
Notes
With
rare exceptions (such as Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, who was
given permission by the Sovereign), only princesses by birth (such as
Princess Anne) use the title "Princess" before their given names.
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(Summer 2009). "Filming the Ineffable: Biopics of the British Royal
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Notting Hill Carnival
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Notting Hill Carnival
Carnival costume.jpg
Genre Festivals
Frequency Annually – August Bank Holiday
Location(s) Ladbroke Grove, London, England
Years active 1965–present
Founders Claudia Jones, Rhaune Laslett, Duke Vin
Most recent 27 August 2022 – 29 August 2022
Attendance 2 million attendees, 40,000 volunteers and 9,000 police[1]
Website https://nhcarnival.org/
The Notting Hill Carnival is an annual Caribbean festival event that has taken place in London since 1966[2] on the streets of the Notting Hill area of Kensington, each August over two days (the August bank holiday Monday and the preceding Sunday).[3]
It is led by members of the British Caribbean community, and attracts around two and a half million people annually, making it one of the world's largest street festivals, and a significant event in British African Caribbean and British Indo-Caribbean culture.[4][5] In 2006, the UK public voted it onto a list of icons of England.[6]
Notting Hill Carnival 2023 will be held on Bank Holiday Sunday 27 August 2023.[7]
History
The roots of the Notting Hill Carnival that took shape in the mid-1960s had two separate but connected strands. A "Caribbean Carnival" was held on 30 January 1959[8] in St Pancras Town Hall as a response to the problematic state of race relations at the time; the UK's first widespread racial attacks, the Notting Hill race riots in which 108 people were charged,[9] had occurred the previous year. The 1959 event, held indoors and televised by the BBC, was organised by the Trinidadian journalist and activist Claudia Jones (often described as "the mother of the Notting Hill Carnival")[10] in her capacity as editor of influential black newspaper The West Indian Gazette, and directed by Edric Connor; showcasing elements of a Caribbean carnival in a cabaret style, it featured among other things the Mighty Terror singing the calypso "Carnival at St Pancras", The Southlanders, Cleo Laine, the Trinidad All Stars and Hi–fi steel bands dance troupe, finishing with a Caribbean Carnival Queen beauty contest and a Grand Finale Jump-Up by West Indians who attended the event.[11]
Another important strand was the "hippie" London Free School-inspired festival in Notting Hill that became the first organised outside event, in August 1966. The prime mover was Rhaune Laslett,[12][13][14] who was not aware of the indoor events when she first raised the idea. This festival was a more diverse Notting Hill event to promote cultural unity. A street party for neighbourhood children turned into a carnival procession when Russell Henderson's steel band (who had played at the earlier Claudia Jones events) went on a walkabout.[15] By 1970, "the Notting Hill Carnival consisted of 2 music bands, the Russell Henderson Combo and Selwyn Baptiste's Notting Hill Adventure Playground Steelband and 500 dancing spectators."[16]
Duke Vin, full name Vincent George Forbes,[17] is credited as being a co-founder of Notting Hill Carnival, having brought the first sound system to the United Kingdom in 1955 when he was a stowaway on a ship from Jamaica to the United Kingdom,[18] and brought what is thought to be the very first sound system to the Notting Hill Carnival in 1973, which paved the way for the many sound systems that operate at carnival today.[19] Duke Vin became a legend in Ladbroke Grove and had a huge influence on the popularisation of reggae and ska in Britain, and played at Notting Hill Carnival with his sound system, ‘Duke Vin the Tickler’s’,[20] every year from the year it was founded until his death in 2012.[21]
Emslie Horniman's Pleasance (in the Kensal Green district of the area), has been the carnival's traditional starting point.[22][23] Among the early bands to participate were Ebony Steelband and Metronomes Steelband.[24] As the carnival had no permanent staff and head office, the Mangrove restaurant in Notting Hill, run by another Trinidadian, Frank Crichlow, came to function as an informal communication hub and office address for the carnival's organisers.[25]
Leslie Palmer, who was director from 1973 to 1975, is credited with "getting sponsorship, recruiting more steel bands, reggae groups and sound systems, introducing generators and extending the route."[26][27][28] He encouraged traditional masquerade, and for the first time in 1973 costume bands and steel bands from the various islands took part in the street parade,[29] alongside the introduction of stationary sound systems, as distinct from those on moving floats,[30][31] which, as Alex Pascall has explained, "created the bridge between the two cultures of carnival, reggae and calypso."[32] "Notting Hill Carnival became a major festival in 1975 when it was organised by a young teacher, Leslie Palmer."[24] The carnival was also popularised by live radio broadcasts by Pascall on his daily Black Londoners programme for BBC Radio London.
By 1976, the event had become definitely Caribbean in flavour, with around 150,000 people attending. However, in that year and several subsequent years, the carnival was marred by riots, in which predominantly Caribbean youths fought with police – a target due to the continuous harassment the population felt they were under.[33] During this period, there was considerable press coverage of the disorder, which some felt took an unfairly negative and one-sided view of the carnival. For a while it looked as if the event would be banned. Prince Charles was one of the few establishment figures who supported the event.[15][1] Leila Hassan campaigned for Arts Council England to recognise the Notting Hill Carnival as an art form.[34] Since 1978 the national Panorama competition is held on the Saturday preceding the carnival.[35]
Concerns about the size of the event resulted in London's then mayor, Ken Livingstone, setting up a Carnival Review Group to look into "formulating guidelines to safeguard the future of the Carnival".[36] An interim report by the review resulted in a change to the route in 2002. When the full report was published in 2004, it recommended that Hyde Park be used as a "savannah" (an open space to draw crowds away from residential areas),[37] though the proposal of such a move attracted concerns, including that the Hyde Park event might overshadow the original street carnival.[38][39][40]
In 2003, the Notting Hill Carnival was run by a limited company, the Notting Hill Carnival Trust Ltd. A report by the London Development Agency on the 2002 Carnival estimated that the event contributed around £93 million to the London and UK economy, set against an estimated £6–10 million costs.[41] However, the 2016 residents' survey commissioned by local Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) Victoria Borwick found that while 6% of businesses reported an upturn in trade, many others boarded up their shopfronts and lost business due to closure.[42]
For 2014, a Notting Hill Carnival illustrated guide was created by official city guide to London visitlondon.com. The infographic includes Carnival tips,[43] transport information and a route map. The book Carnival: A Photographic and Testimonial History of the Notting Hill Carnival,[44][45][46] by Ishmahil Blagrove and Margaret Busby, was also published in August 2014 by Rice N Peas.[47][48]
In 2015 there was controversy when the Carnival Trust charged journalists £100 to cover the event, and demanded copies of all work produced relating to the event within three weeks of the end of the Carnival.[49] The National Union of Journalists organised a boycott of the event.[50] In 2016 the charge remained; however, in June 2017, the Carnival's new event management team introduced a revised media policy, with no request for any accreditation fees.[51][52]
In 2016, when the Golden Jubilee of Notting Hill Carnival was celebrated,[53][54][55] 42 hours of live video coverage was broadcast by music live-streaming platform Boiler Room from the Rampage, Deviation, Aba Shanti-I, Channel One, Nasty Love, Saxon Sound, King Tubbys, Gladdy Wax and Disya Jeneration soundsystems.[56][57][58][59]
The 2020 carnival was cancelled due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic,[60] although free live-streamed events were shown online across four channels.[61][62] On 18 June 2021, it was announced that the 2021 Carnival would not take place either, due to "ongoing uncertainty and Covid-19 risk".[63][64]
In 2022, Notting Hill Carnival returned after two-year hiatus. It started with a run to remember 72 victims of the Grenfell Tower fire from 2017.[65]
Culture of the carnival
Professor David Dabydeen has stated:
Carnival is not alien to British culture. Bartholomew Fair and Southwark Fair in the 18th century were moments of great festivity and release. There was juggling, pickpocketing, whoring, drinking, masquerade – people dressed up as the Archbishop of Canterbury and indulged in vulgar acts. It allowed people a space to free-up but it was banned for moral reasons and for the antiauthoritarian behaviour that went on like stoning of constables. Carnival allowed people to dramatise their grievances against the authorities on the street... Notting Hill Carnival single-handedly revived this tradition and is a great contribution to British cultural life."[5]
This huge street festival attracts around one million people every year to Notting Hill and highlights Caribbean and Black diasporic cultures. Carnival uses influences from many other festivals around the world. Authors Julian Henriques and Beatrice Ferrara claim the festival draws mainly on the Trinidad Carnival as well as Crop Over, Canadian Caribana in Toronto and the US Labor Day Festival in Brooklyn. They also explain that Notting Hill Carnival is dually influenced by its diasporic cultures and its own country's influences. Henriques and Ferrara claim: "Carnival also has an explosive auditory impact due to its cacophony of sounds, in which soca, steel bands, calypso floats and sound systems mix and mingle in a multi-media and multi-sensory event" (Ferrara 132). This mixture of percussion, with emphasis on the beat and rhythm, leads to the extreme dancing in the streets for which Carnival is known, with citizens participating to the beat of the music, using mud and paint, dancing with the lower parts of the body. Henriques and Ferrara explain that people emphasize the "baseness" of the music, with everything being about the "bottom": the ground, the bottom of the body, and the bottom of the beat. The festival uses influences from the Jamaican dancehalls and British clubs, and the music is made loud enough for participants to feel the beat. The vibrations from the speakers allow people to better connect with the ground and bring their experience to another level.[66]
The authors of the same article further explain how Notting Hill Carnival also creates "territory". The parade route portion of the Carnival is where carnival floats play both recorded and live music and circulate the street, visualizing the boundaries of Carnival and marking its territory. The circulating movement of the Carnival parade is also an extending of space through sound. Territorializing the space through sounds of African beats, such as the pan, fosters a sense of identity and unity for the overall Carnival.[67]
The Carnival further diversified in 1984 with the appearance of the London School of Samba. Formed in that year, they were the first samba school in the UK and have paraded every year since (with the exception of 1992). Other samba schools have also paraded in Carnival, notably Acadêmicos de Madureira (1992–94), Quilombo do Samba (1993–2006) and the Paraiso School of Samba (since 2002). These groups are also notable as they sometimes parade with more than 200 performers, along with several decorated floats.
Media coverage
Compared to other major music and art events such as Glastonbury Festival, Notting Hill Carnival has historically struggled to gain any live coverage outside of local media. The majority of carnival live broadcasts have been traditionally on BBC London radio (hitting a peak of coverage in the years of 2003 and 2004),[68][69] and on BBC Radio 1Xtra in more recent years.[70][71]
Public order
Since the carnival did not have local authority permission, initial police involvement was aimed at preventing it taking place at all, which resulted in regular confrontation and riots. In 1976, the police had been expecting hostility due to what they deemed as trouble the year before. Consequently, after discovering pickpockets in the crowd, police took a heavy-handed approach against the large congregation of black people and it became "no-man's land". The 1600-strong police force violently broke up the carnival, with the arrest of 60 people. In the aftermath of the event, the carnival was portrayed in a very pointed way, with those aiding the riots lumped together as the "trouble-makers" responsible.[72]
After the 1976 Notting Hill Carnival the Police Federation pressed for the introduction of riot shields to protect police from objects thrown at them, although the shields also had the potential for aggressive use, as in 1977.[73][74][75] A change of policy came after a confrontation in 1987, when the Carnival was allowed to take place with police adopting a more conciliatory approach. During the 2000 Carnival, two men were murdered; and future policing, while conciliatory, resulted in police deployment in large numbers: upwards of 11,000.
The Mayor of London's Carnival Review Group's report (published in 2004,[37]) led to the parades taking a circular rather than linear route, but a recommendation to relocate the event in Hyde Park has been resisted.[76][40] Some crimes associated with the carnival have taken place on its periphery: in 2007, two teenagers were wounded in separate shooting incidents just outside the carnival area on the Monday evening;[77] however, police said there had been a decline in the number of carnival-linked arrests in comparison with the previous year.[78]
The 2008 Carnival was marred by rioting at the very end of the weekend, involving about 40 youths battling with police, and more than 300 people were arrested.[79] The carnival has come under criticism for its cost to the London taxpayer, with the cost of policing the event more than £6,000,000; however, it is argued that this should be put into context since the carnival is estimated to bring approximately £93,000,000 into the local economy.[41][80]
Despite talk of the 2011 Carnival being cancelled in the wake of the early August riots in the UK that year,[81] it was seen as being relatively peaceful. Five people were arrested for a stabbing at Ladbroke Grove.[82] The victim was one of 86 people who were taken to hospital. In total 245 people were detained by police over the two days of the carnival.[83]
In recent years, there has been much less serious trouble, and it is generally viewed very positively by the authorities as a dynamic celebration of London's multicultural diversity, though dominated by the Caribbean culture. However, there has been controversy over the public safety aspects of holding such a well-attended event in narrow streets in a small area of London. A survey in 2016 commissioned by local Conservative MP Victoria Borwick found that "Nine out of ten residents living along the route of the Notting Hill Carnival flee their homes to escape the 'frightening and intimidating' event."[42]
In 2016 there were over 450 arrests, and five people were hurt in four knife attacks; however, the commander in charge of policing carnival, David Musker, said that the number of arrests had been inflated by the new Psychoactive Substances Act 2016.[84] Based on relative attendance figures, it has been said that crime rates for the Notting Hill Carnival and for Glastonbury or other music festivals are comparable,[85] and Ishmahil Blagrove, co-author of the book Carnival: A Photographic and Testimonial History of the Notting Hill Carnival, states: "Notting Hill Carnival, compared to Trinidad or Brazil, is one of the safest in the world."[84] A report in 2004 by the GLA Policing Policy Director, Lee Jasper, criticised authorities for not addressing safety issues involved in over a million people attending a small inner-city residential area, quoting the Met Police spokesman Dave Musker, who in November 2016 said: "Each year … we come exceptionally close to a major catastrophic failure of public safety where members of the public will suffer serious injury."[86]
In the three weeks running up to the 2017 event, the police made 656 arrests, a pre-emptive crackdown.[87] There were 313 arrests during the two days of the 2017 Carnival, compared with 454 the previous year.[87] On both days, a minute's silence in tribute to the victims of the Grenfell Tower fire was observed at 3 pm by Carnival-goers, many of whom wore "green for Grenfell".[88][89][90]
During the 2018 event, due to the rising levels of violent crime in London, police deployed metal detectors to prevent weapons being brought to the event. During the event, 30 police officers were injured in the line of duty, 36 weapons were confiscated and 373 arrests were made by the Metropolitan Police Service.[91][92][93]
Since 1987 there have been six deaths caused by violence at Notting Hill Carnival:
30 August 1987 – Michael Augustine Galvin, 23, stallholder – stabbed.[94]
26 August 1991 – Nicholas John Hanscomb, 38, bled to death after being stabbed in the thigh.[95][96]
28 August 2000 – Greg Fitzgerald Watson, 21, stabbed to death after an argument over food.[97]
28 August 2000 – Abdul Munam Bhatti, 28; the police treated his attack as racially motivated by a gang of "mainly black males", as described by a witness.[98] Nine men were sentenced for violent disorder in 2002.[99]
30 August 2004 – Lee Christopher Surbaran, 27, was shot by a gang using a machine pistol "for showing disrespect"; in 2005, three men were jailed for life for his murder.[100]
29 August 2022 – 21-year-old man was stabbed and taken to a west London hospital where he died. The victim was identified as rapper Takayo Nembhard, also known as TKorStretch.[101][102]
Transport
Transport for London run special limited-stop bus services from South London to the Carnival area:
2X from West Norwood and Brixton
36X from Peckham and Camberwell
436X from Peckham and Camberwell
Some London Underground stations close or are exit-only to ease congestion.
Image gallery
Mas parade, Carnival 2005
Mas parade, Carnival 2005
Mas parade, Carnival 2006
Mas parade, Carnival 2006
Steel pan drums on float, Carnival 2007
Steel pan drums on float, Carnival 2007
Carnival goers on the main drag, Carnival 2012
Carnival goers on the main drag, Carnival 2012
Mas parade, Carnival 2013
Mas parade, Carnival 2013
Setting up a sound system, Carnival 2014
Setting up a sound system, Carnival 2014
Jerk chicken and corn street food, Carnival 2015
Jerk chicken and corn street food, Carnival 2015
Float parade, Carnival 2015
Float parade, Carnival 2015
Mas parade, Carnival 2016
Mas parade, Carnival 2016
Mas parade, Carnival 2017
Mas parade, Carnival 2017
Notting Hill Carnival 2018
Notting Hill Carnival 2018
Notting Hill Carnival 2019
Notting Hill Carnival 2019
See also
Leeds West Indian Carnival (also known as the "Chapeltown Carnival")
St Pauls Carnival, Bristol
Culture of London
References
"50 things you didn't know about Notting Hill Carnival", Time Out, 13 July 2016.
"About us" Archived 20 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Notting Hill Carnival '13, London Notting Hill Enterprises Trust.
BBC – 1Xtra – Black History: "What happened in 1965". Retrieved 17 March 2012.
Shiv Malik, "Notting Hill carnival gets off to a peaceful start", The Guardian, 28 August 2011.
Professor David Dabydeen (August 2010), "Notting Hill Carnival", Yesu Persaud Centre for Caribbean Studies, University of Warwick. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
"New icons of Englishness unveiled". BBC News. No. 27 April 2006. 10 June 2015.
Notting Hill Carnival 2023
Caribbean Carnival 1959 brochure.
Alan Travis (24 August 2002). "After 44 years secret papers reveal truth about five nights of violence in Notting Hill". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
Onibada, Ade (20 August 2014). "Remembering Claudia Jones". www.voice-online.co.uk. The Voice. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
Vague, Tom (2012). Getting it Straight in Notting Hill Gate: A West London Psychogeography Report. Bread and Circuses Publishing. ISBN 9781625172020. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
Oswald, Janelle (25 August 2013). "Notting Hill's carnival roots". www.voice-online.co.uk. The Voice. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
Busby, Margaret (24 August 2014). "The Notting Hill carnival has an unsung hero – Rhaune Laslett". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 February 2019. In collaboration with the London Free School [..] Laslett was instrumental in bringing about Notting Hill's first multicultural street festival in 1966
Davina Hamilton, "'Yes, This Is Notting Hill Carnival's 50th Year'" ("Debora Alleyne De Gazon, creative director of the London Notting Hill Carnival Enterprises Trust, clears up the confusion about the year the event began"), The Voice, 28 August 2016.
Younge, Gary (17 August 2002). "The politics of partying". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
Michael La Rose, "40 Years of the Notting Hill Carnival: An Assessment of the History and the Future" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2013., July 2004. Submitted to Joseph Charles Media, publishers of Soca News, for August 2004 Notting Hill Carnival edition of Carnival Groove.
The Telegraph (23 November 2012). "Duke Vin". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
Ian Burrell (22 October 2011). "Observations: Duke Vin is the toast of Notting Hill". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
Colette Hibbert (29 August 2009). "Rocking the carnival rhythms". BBC. London. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
Jilke Golbach (29 July 2020). "Dub reggae icons of London". The Museum of London. London. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
Chris Salewicz (21 November 2012). "Duke Vin: 'Soundman' who brought sound systems to Britain". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
"Emslie Horniman's Pleasance". The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
"Emslie Horniman's Pleasance: Enchanted gardens". unlike.net. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
"How Carnival was developed in Britain?", Carnival in Education. Archived 25 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Abner Cohen (1993). Masquerade Politics: Explorations in the Structure of Urban Cultural Movements. University of California Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-520-07838-3. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
Peter Timothy, "Visionaries, Pioneers, Apostles and Healers: The Contribution of Migrants from Trinidad and Tobago to the Development of Black Britain, 1948 to 1986". European Conference on Arts & Humanities, 2013, Proceedings, p. 5. Quoting Tom Vague, 50 Years of Carnival 1959–2009, London: HISTORY talk, 2009, p. 22.
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Further reading
Abner Cohen, "Drama and Politics in the Development of a London Carnival", in Ronald Frankenberg (ed.), Custom and Conflict in British Society, Manchester University Press, 1982, pp. 313–44.
Ishmahil Blagrove and Margaret Busby (eds), Carnival: A Photographic and Testimonial History of the Notting Hill Carnival, London: Rice N Peas Books, 2014. ISBN 978-0954529321.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Notting Hill Carnival.
Official website
"The Official Guide to Notting Hill Carnival", Street Event Company.
Notting Hill Carnival 2023
Notting Hill Carnival at CarnivalInfo.com
The origins and men who started Notting Hill Carnival [...] interview with Peter Joseph, part 1 on YouTube
The origins and men who started Notting Hill Carnival [...] interview with Peter Joseph, part 2 on YouTube
"The art(s) of Carnival", Arts Council England podcast on 50th anniversary of Notting Hill Carnival, 2016. Soundcloud. See also "Notting Hill Carnival celebrates golden jubilee", Arts Council England, 24 August 2016.
London School Of Samba – Notting Hill Carnival Archive – The themes paraded by the London School of Samba since their debut year in 1984.
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