Prospect Park (Brooklyn)

Prospect Park
Interactive map showing location of Prospect Park
Type	Urban park
Location	Brooklyn, New York City, United States
Coordinates	40°39′42″N 73°58′15″WCoordinates: 40°39′42″N 73°58′15″W
Area	526 acres (2.13 km2)
Created	1867–1873
Owned by	NYC Parks
Operated by	Prospect Park Alliance
Visitors	about 8–10 million annually[1][2]
Status	Open all year
Public transit access	Subway and bus; see below
Website	www.prospectpark.org
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
NYC Landmark
Architect	Frederick Law Olmsted (1822–1903), Calvert Vaux (1824–1895)
NRHP reference No.	80002637[3]
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	September 17, 1980
Designated NYCL	November 25, 1975[4]

Prospect Park is an urban park in Brooklyn, New York City. The park is situated between the neighborhoods of Park Slope, Prospect Heights, Prospect Lefferts Gardens, Flatbush, and Windsor Terrace, and is adjacent to the Brooklyn Museum, Grand Army Plaza, and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. With an area of 526 acres (213 ha),^[5] Prospect Park is the second largest public park in Brooklyn, behind Marine Park.

First proposed in legislation passed in 1859, Prospect Park was laid out by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, who also helped design Manhattan's Central Park, following various changes to its design. Prospect Park opened in 1867, though it was not substantially complete until 1873. The park subsequently underwent numerous modifications and expansions to its facilities. Several additions to the park were completed in the 1890s, in the City Beautiful architectural movement. In the early 20th century, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks) commissioner Robert Moses started a program to clean up Prospect Park. A period of decline in the late 20th century spurred the creation of the Prospect Park Alliance, which refurbished many parts of the park starting in the late 1980s.

Main attractions of the park include the 90-acre (36 ha) Long Meadow; the Picnic House; Litchfield Villa; Prospect Park Zoo; the Boathouse; Concert Grove; Brooklyn's only lake, covering 60 acres (24 ha); and the Prospect Park Bandshell that hosts free outdoor concerts in the summertime. The park also has sports facilities, including the Prospect Park Tennis Center, basketball courts, baseball fields, soccer fields, and the New York Pétanque Club in the Parade Ground. There is also a private Society of Friends (Quaker) cemetery on Quaker Hill near the ball fields. In addition, Prospect Park is part of the Brooklyn-Queens Greenway, a network of green spaces that stretch across western Long Island.

Prospect Park was designated a New York City scenic landmark on November 25, 1975, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 17, 1980. The park is operated by the Prospect Park Alliance and NYC Parks.

History[edit]

Before the park[edit]

The Battle Pass area from the 1776 Battle of Brooklyn in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), an etching circa 1792

Approximately 17,000 years ago the terminal moraine of the receding Wisconsin Glacier that formed Long Island, known as the Harbor Hill Moraine, established a string of hills and kettles in the northern part of the park and a lower lying outwash plain in the southern part.^[6][7] Mount Prospect (or Prospect Hill), near the intersection of Flatbush Avenue and Eastern Parkway, is one of the tallest hills in Brooklyn, rising 200 feet (61 m) above sea level.^{[8]: 218 [9]} It is the highest among a string of hills that extends into the park, including Sullivan, Breeze, and Lookout hills. The area was originally forested, but became open pasture after two centuries of European colonization. Significant stands of trees remained only in the peat bogs centered south of Ninth and Flatbush Avenues, as well as in a large bog north of Ninth Street, and contained chestnut, white poplar, and oak.^[11] Some of these stands were preserved in the modern-day Prospect Park Ravine and nicknamed "The Last Forest of Brooklyn".^[12]

During the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), the park was a site of the Battle of Long Island (aka Battle of Brooklyn). American forces attempted to hold Battle Pass, an opening in the terminal moraine where the old Flatbush Road passed from the villages of Brooklyn to Flatbush. It fell after some of the heaviest fighting in the engagement, and its loss contributed to George Washington's decision to retreat. Even though the Continental Army lost the battle, they were able to hold the British back long enough for Washington's army to escape across the East River to Manhattan. Plaques north of the zoo, as well as the Maryland Monument at Lookout Hill's foot, honor this event.^[13][14]

The City of Brooklyn built a reservoir on Prospect Hill in 1856. The need to keep the lots around the reservoir free of development, as well as the preservation of the Battle Pass area, were cited as two reasons for establishing a large park nearby.^[15]

Planning[edit]

Frederick Law Olmsted, as depicted by John Singer Sargent in 1895

The original impetus to build Prospect Park stemmed from an April 18, 1859, act of the New York State Legislature, empowering a twelve-member commission to recommend sites for parks in the City of Brooklyn.^[16][17] At the time, Brooklyn was the world's first commuter suburb, and it eventually became the third largest city in the country after New York and Philadelphia. During this time, concepts concerning public parks gained popularity. In 1858, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux had created Central Park in Manhattan, which became the first landscaped park in the United States.^[13][15] James S. T. Stranahan, then President of the Brooklyn Board of Park Commissioners, believed that a park in Brooklyn "would become a favorite resort for all classes of our community, enabling thousands to enjoy pure air, with healthful exercise, at all seasons of the year..." He also thought a public park would attract wealthy residents.^[13] Stranahan originally envisioned one large park extending eastward to Jamaica, Queens. However, the city's rapid development made this impossible, and today, the largest remnants of this proposed landscape are Prospect Park and the 538-acre (218 ha) Forest Park in Queens.^[18]

In February 1860, a group of fifteen commissioners submitted suggestions for locations of four large parks and three small parks in Brooklyn, as well as a series of boulevards to connect said parks.^[15][17][19] The largest of these proposed parks was a 320-acre (1.3 km²) plot centered on Mount Prospect and bounded by Warren Street to the north; Vanderbilt, Ninth, and Tenth Avenues to the west; Third and Ninth Streets to the south; and Washington Avenue to the east.^[15][20] Egbert Viele began drawing plans for "Mount Prospect Park", as the space was initially called, and published his proposal in 1861. The park was to straddle Flatbush Avenue and include Prospect Hill, as well as the land now occupied by the Brooklyn Public Library, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and Brooklyn Museum.^[15][19]

By late 1860, land had been purchased for Viele's plan.^[15] However, the onset of the Civil War stopped further activity, and the boulevards and smaller parks were pushed back.^[19] The delay prompted some reflection; Stranahan invited Calvert Vaux to review Viele's plans early in 1865.^[15][21] Vaux took issue with Flatbush Avenue's division of the park, thought that the park should have a lake, and urged for southward expansion beyond the city limits and into the then-independent town of Flatbush.^{[22]: 86–91} Vaux's February 1865 proposal reflected the present layout of the park: three distinctive regions, meadow in the north and west, a wooded ravine in the east, and a lake in the south, without being divided by Flatbush Avenue. Vaux included an oval plaza at the northern end of the park, which would later become Grand Army Plaza. The revised plan called for the purchase of additional parcels to the south and west to accommodate Prospect Lake, but it excluded parcels already purchased east of Flatbush Avenue, including Prospect Hill itself. In addition, engineer-in-charge Joseph P. Davis and assistants John Bogart and John Y. Culyer were named to work on the project.^[15][23][24]

Friends Cemetery

By then, land speculation was underway. The plot bounded by Ninth and Tenth Avenues between Third and Fifteenth Streets was held by real estate developer Edwin Clarke Litchfield, who had erected his home, Litchfield Manor, on the east side of Ninth Avenue in 1857.^[25] The Parks Commission ultimately acquired the Litchfield plot in 1868 for $1.7 million, forty-two percent of the overall expenditure for land, even though the plot constituted just over five percent of the park's acreage. Much of this acreage houses the maintenance yards and is rarely seen by the public.^[26] In 1866, the New York state legislature passed a bill approving the acquisition of additional land on the southwest side of the park.^[15][27] The park was built around the preexisting Quaker cemetery,^[28] which was accommodated by an agreement under which the Society of Friends deeded their unused acreage to the park. In exchange, they retained the remaining 10 acres for their private cemetery in perpetuity, as well as the rights to access the cemetery.^[15]

Construction[edit]

Despite the repercussions of Vaux's revisions, Stranahan championed the revised proposal. Vaux recruited Olmsted and formally presented the plan in February 1866.^[29] The revised plan was accepted by May. Construction started the following month, and initial work focused on draining the land.^[15] Then, the roads, bridal paths, and walks within Prospect Park were graded and individual features were landscaped. Three scenic roads, the West, Center, and East Drives, were built within the perimeters of the park. Depending on the time of year, between 250 and 2,000 workers were employed.^[15][23][30] Much of the landscaping focused on removing obstructions such as pits and swamps, and enhancing other natural features such as hills. Trees were only removed if they blocked a roadway or path that was being built.^[31]: 38

The first section of the park opened to the public on October 19, 1867, while it was still under construction. The segment that was open to the public included part of the East Drive between the north end of the park, at modern-day Grand Army Plaza, and Coney Island Avenue at the southeast corner.^[32][33] The park initially contained the Playground, which had a croquet lawn, a sailboat pond, a maze, and a summer house. By 1868, the open portions of Prospect Park were patronized by 100,000 people per month,^[15] and several miles of roads, paths, and walkways had been completed.^[23] The land for Prospect Park's Parade Ground was acquired that year.^[27] A series of pedestrian arches to separate pedestrian and vehicular traffic in the park were also built during this time.^[15]

Over 200 benches were installed to accommodate the new visitors. Rustic wooden shelters with "various oblong and polygonal shapes" were placed along the shore of Prospect Park's lake and were designed to be used as scenic overlooks. Several bridges and eight hundred bird houses were installed to enhance the park's rustic quality.^[15] In its 1870 annual report, the Brooklyn park commissioners reported that the lake was nearly completed, and that widening of nearby streets was underway.^{[31]: 9, 11} By 1871, the monthly visitor count had increased to 250,000.^[15] The park's patronage continued to increase, and in an 1873 article, The New York Times described Prospect Park as having become an "indispensable Sunday resort for the toiling thousands of Brooklyn."^[34] However, the high patronage also had downsides: an 1875 editorial in the Times observed that many people would take shortcuts along the grass rather than travel on designated routes.^[35]

Prospect Park was substantially complete in 1873, but with the financial panic of that year, Olmsted and Vaux stopped collaborating on the park's construction. Some of the originally envisioned facets of the park, such as an observation tower, a terraced restaurant, and a top-shaped Carriage Concourse, were not built.^[14][36] Olmsted and Vaux had also planned for a system of parkways to connect to Prospect Park, though only two were built: Ocean Parkway, running to Coney Island in the south, and Eastern Parkway, running to Crown Heights in the east.^[30] Overall, the city of Brooklyn spent more than $4 million to acquire the parkland, while the actual cost of construction amounted to more than $5 million.^[15]

Stranahan was regarded by his 19th-century peers as the true "Father of Prospect Park", a reputation established through his 22-year reign as Park Commission president (1860–1882), engagement of Olmsted and Vaux, overseeing complex land acquisitions,^[37] securing funding to build the park, and after the park's completion, defending the park against changes that were not compatible with the overall design.^[38] A statue of James S. T. Stranahan was proposed in 1890.^[39] Located inside the Grand Army Plaza entrance, the statue was sculpted by Frederick MacMonnies and presented to Stranahan in June 1891.^[40]

Late 19th century[edit]

Prospect Park in 1880

Prospect Park became widely used after its opening, and many sports were hosted there. By the late 19th century, archery was among the most popular sports being practiced on the Long Meadow,^[36] and up to 100 groups would convene on the Long Meadow to play croquet on weekend afternoons.^[41] During winters, people practiced "ice baseball" on the lake.^[36] Ice skating was also a common sport, and was frequently practiced on the lake during the winter.^[42] Because picnicking was banned in Central Park, and generally disapproved-of in many other parks in Manhattan, Prospect Park became a popular picnic spot.^[14][43] However, this also resulted in litter, and by 1881, The New York Times was receiving complaints about a lack of cleanliness in the park.^[44]

No new structures were constructed in Prospect Park until 1882, when a utilitarian brick stable was constructed on the park's western side.^[15] The same year, Brooklyn mayor Seth Low did not reappoint Stranahan or the other commissioners, a change that neither Stranahan nor the other commissioners actively opposed. Stranahan, for his part, was becoming more engaged in other Brooklyn concerns.^[45] The action, however, did signal a change in the style of park management, which grew to embrace neoclassicism.^[21]

Simultaneously during the 1880s, the quality of Prospect Park had declined through overuse and a corresponding lack of maintenance.^[36] After Brooklyn Mayor Alfred C. Chapin walked through the park in 1888, he requested that $100,000 be allocated for improvements.^[46] Subsequently, the Brooklyn Parks Commission embarked on a $200,000 program to restore the park. It repaved many of the walkways and drives, as well as replanted flora.^{[47]: 9–12} The commission also proposed purchasing the land around the Mount Prospect Reservoir, northeast of modern-day Prospect Park, which had been excluded from the final plan for the park.^{[48]: 54–64 [49]} Instead, this space was developed as the Brooklyn Museum in the 1890s, followed by the Brooklyn Central Library and Brooklyn Botanic Garden in the early 20th century.^[15] The reservoir was filled in, and along with Mount Prospect Hill, became the separate Mount Prospect Park in 1940.^[50]

The park and its surroundings were subsequently restored in the 1890s during the City Beautiful movement.^[36] After the Soldier's and Sailor's Arch at Grand Army Plaza was built in 1892, the park commissioners engaged the McKim, Mead, and White architectural firm to redesign Grand Army Plaza in a complementary, neoclassical way. By 1896, Grand Army Plaza sported four towering granite columns adorned with carved fasces and eagles at the base, though the bronze eagles atop the columns would not be installed until 1902. Granite fencing with decorative bronze urns replaced simple wooden fencing, and polygonal granite pavilions on the east and west corners of the park supplanted earlier rustic shelters. All the major entrances of the park gained similar neoclassical treatments. By the turn of the twentieth century, sculptures by Frederick MacMonnies graced the Arch and works by MacMonnies and Alexander Proctor adorned many of the entrances.^[21]

Neoclassical structures appeared within the park as well. In 1893 and 1894, McKim, Mead and White transformed the Children's Playground and Pools in the park's northeast quadrant into the Rose Garden and the Vale of Cashmere, each a formally arranged space.^[15] Stanford White's Maryland Monument was installed near the Terrace Bridge in 1895 in recognition of the Maryland 400, who fought in the Battle of Long Island on the slopes of Lookout Hill.^{[8]: 130 [51]}

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  Horse riders on the Bridle Path in Prospect Park, 1912, Charles D. Lay

 
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  Brooklyn Museum, Prospect Park, c. 1903–1910. Eugene Wemlinger

 
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  Snow Scene, Prospect Park, c. 1872–1887. George Bradford Brainerd

 
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  Rose Arbor in Winter, Prospect Park, Brooklyn, c. 1872–1887. George Bradford Brainerd

 
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  Water Tower, Prospect Park, c. 1903–1910. Eugene Wemlinger

Early 20th century[edit]

1901 map of Prospect Park, published in the Parks Department's 1902 Annual Report

The city of Brooklyn merged with Manhattan and other outlying boroughs in 1898, creating the City of Greater New York. By the end of the century, Prospect Park saw about 15 million visitors per year.^[30] Though people were officially banned from hosting picnics and other large eating events in Prospect Park, the rule was not enforced for several years until 1903, when a surge of visitors from Manhattan led to an increase in luncheons being hosted.^[52] In 1907, lights were installed to deter couples from kissing or other intimate activity within the park.^[53] At the same time, the city embarked on an improvement program at Prospect Park by cleaning out the landscape, constructing the Bartel-Pritchard Square entrance, and removing an old boathouse that had been supplanted by the Boathouse on the Lullwater.^[54]

The construction of structures continued in the first decade of the 20th century. The neoclassical Peristyle (1904), Boathouse (1905), Tennis House (1910), and Willink Comfort Station (1912) were all designed by Helmle, Hudswell and Huberty, alumni and proteges of McKim, Mead, and White.^{[8]: 130 [51]} The entrances into Prospect Park that were constructed during this time were also in the neoclassical style.^{[8]: 130 [15]} Two now-demolished structures were also constructed on the peninsula, the Model Yacht Club House (1900–1956) and a shelter (1915 – c. 1940s).^[15] Olmsted was said to have been "distressed" by these modifications to the park's original plan.^[30]

From World War I to the mayoral administration of Fiorello La Guardia in the 1930s, investment in park infrastructure declined. A two-story brick building was opened in the Menagerie in 1916, housing monkeys, some small mammals, and several birds.^[55] After the end of World War I, a memorial commemorating fallen soldiers was proposed;^[56] it was dedicated in 1921.^[57] The only other structures to be built during this period were the Picnic House (1927) and a small comfort station at the Ocean Avenue entrance (1930), both designed by J. Sarsfield Kennedy.^[15] A golf course was proposed for the Long Meadow in the 1920s, but eventually, it was built on the Peninsula, abutting the Lake at the park's southern end.^[36] In 1932, a faux Mount Vernon was built in Prospect Park to commemorate the bicentennial of George Washington's birthday.^[58] However, Prospect Park was in stasis for the most part, and like many of the city's parks, it was run year-after-year with declining budgets. The New York Times observed that by the 1930s, "generations of Parks Department officials had lived well and got rich by diverting maintenance funds, and the park showed the result of a half century of abuse and neglect."^[59]

Robert Moses era[edit]

In January 1934, newly elected Mayor Fiorello La Guardia appointed Robert Moses as the commissioner of the New York City Department of Parks (NYC Parks), a new organization that eliminated borough park commissioners.^[60] Moses would remain commissioner for the next twenty-six years, leaving significant impacts on the city's parks. Moses used federal monies made available to relieve Depression-era unemployment, and this resulted in a boom in construction at Prospect Park.^[21][61] The Prospect Park Zoo opened in 1935 on the east side of the park, replacing the former Menagerie.^[61] The Bandshell and five playgrounds were also constructed toward the end of the 1930s.^[21][61] In addition, the Carousel was opened in 1949 as a gift from the foundation of the late philanthropist Michael Friedsam.^[62][63] Moses also enacted new policies at the park, including a ban on sheep grazing at the Long Meadow.^{[22]: 16 [64]}

During World War II, Prospect Park hosted a portion of the city's antiaircraft defense. Three hundred soldiers manned batteries, underground ammunition dumps, observation towers, repair shops and barracks around Swan Lake in the Long Meadow. Though the defenses were disbanded in 1944, traces of slit trenches and sandbagged gun emplacements could still be found several years afterward.^[65]

The Boathouse on the Lullwater, which was almost demolished in 1964

In 1959, the southern third of the Long Meadow was graded and fenced off for ballfields.^[15][66] Plans for the Kate Wollman Memorial Rink were approved the following year,^[67] and the rink opened in December 1961.^[68] The rink was built on a filled-in portion of Prospect Lake, necessitating the removal of Music Island and the panoramic view of the lake created by Olmsted and Vaux.^[67] The playgrounds, ballfields, and skating rink reflected Moses' commitment to modernity and athletic recreation, coupled with only a limited appreciation of the park as a work of landscape architecture.^[15] To make the park more visually appealing, NYC Parks also began to clear the area of weeds and invasive species, though this had the unintended effect of hastening erosion.^[15][66][69]

It was not unusual in the Moses years, and especially the decade after his departure, to quietly remove underutilized or redundant structures. To do so was regarded as economical and prudent management. Several structures had been destroyed by the time Moses left his position as NYC Parks commissioner in May 1960. These included the Dairy, destroyed 1935;^[15] Concert Grove House, demolished 1949;^[70] Music Island, razed 1960;^[71][72] the Flower Garden;^[14] the Thatched Shelter, destroyed in the 1940s;^[15][73] the Model Yacht Club, burned down in 1956;^[15][73] and the Greenhouse Conservatories, taken apart in 1955.^[74]

No park commissioner since Moses has been able to exercise the same degree of power, nor did NYC Parks remain as stable a position in the aftermath of his departure, with eight commissioners holding the office in the twenty years following. This instability, coupled with the 1975 New York City fiscal crisis, devastated the Parks Department. The department was staffed by 6,000 personnel in 1960, but consisted of just 2,800 permanent and 1,500 temporary workers by 1980. Much of Prospect Park suffered soil erosion and lack of maintenance caused the landscape to deteriorate. By 1979, park attendance dropped to two million, the lowest recorded level in the history of the park.^[21]

Late 20th century[edit]

The demolition of Pennsylvania Station in Manhattan during 1963–1968 spawned a nascent historic preservation movement.^[75] In September 1964, the Parks Department was within forty-eight hours of demolishing the Boathouse on the Lullwater.^[15][76] At the time the structure was underutilized; the boat concession only operated on weekends and its peak traffic was fewer than ten people per hour.^[77] However, the Boathouse shared many architectural design features with the famous station. A preservation group, The Friends of Prospect Park, including in its membership, poet and longtime Brooklyn resident Marianne Moore,^[78] built public awareness over disappearing historical structures and threatened flora within the park. Public pressure induced Park Commissioner Newbold Morris to rescind the decision to demolish the Boathouse in December 1964.^[79]

Projects to restore Prospect Park were taken up by the late 1960s. In 1965, the city allocated $450,000 to renovate the Vale of Cashmere and the Rose Garden ahead of Brooklyn's 300th anniversary, and the park's 100th anniversary, the following year.^[80] Another $225,000 was allocated to renovate the boathouse, and $249,000 was allotted to overall renovations.^[81] The city renovated part of the Long Meadow on the northwest side of the park, as well as the children's farm. However, some of the contracts were delayed, including renovations to the Boathouse and the tennis courts, as well as a reconstruction of the Music Pagoda, which had burned down in 1968.^[82] By 1971, the city had spent $4 million to renovate Prospect Park, including renovating the Boathouse and dredging the lake. The Rose Garden and the Vale of Cashmere had also been re-landscaped.^[83] Also part of the renovation was a restoration of the Prospect Park Carousel from 1971 to 1974,^[84] and the exterior of the Boathouse was restored in 1979.^[85]

By the 1970s, Prospect Park was beset by crime; a 1974 report found that 44 percent of city residents would warn people to stay away from the park under any circumstances.^[36] The mayoral administration of Ed Koch formed plans in 1980 to turn over the administration of the troubled Prospect Park Zoo to the Wildlife Conservation Society.^[86] Over the next seven years, the city invested $17 million in cleaning up the park,^[87] including $10 million in federal funds from a Community Development Block Grant.^[88] Annual visitor numbers had nearly tripled to 5 million between 1980 and 1987.^[87] During this period, Prospect Park also received two historic designations: it was made a New York City Historic Landmark on November 25, 1975,^[4] and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 17, 1980.^[3]

The Prospect Park Alliance, a non-profit organization, was created in April 1987 based on the model of the Central Park Conservancy, which had helped restore Central Park in the 1980s. Shortly afterward, NYC Parks began entering into restoration projects with the organization.^[87] The Alliance's first major project was the $550,000 restoration of the Carousel in 1987–1989. The carousel had not operated since 1983, and its original horse-shaped seats were removed during the restoration.^[89] Nine years later, in 1996, it started a $4.5 million restoration of the Ravine.^[12][36] The Boathouse was also restored again in the late 1990s due to deterioration of the exterior terracotta.^[85] The National Audubon Society signed a lease for the Boathouse in 2000,^[90] and the building became the site of the nation's first urban Audubon society.^[91] The restoration of the Harmony Playground and Bandshell was completed the same year.^[92] However, other parts of Prospect Park remained neglected, such as the eastern side of the park, where the surrounding community was generally poorer than the western side.^[93]

Early 21st century[edit]

A promenade facing the lake, built in the first decade of the 21st century

By 2000, the Wollman Rink was deteriorating, and there was a need to replace it.^[94] The Alliance soon formed plans to restore Music Island and the original shoreline, both obliterated by the construction of the original rink in 1960.^[95][96] Several Moses-era playgrounds and the Bandshell were retained because their venues were popular. Original rustic summer houses were restored or recreated on the shores of Prospect Park Lake, along the Lullwater and in the Ravine.^[97]

As part of the restoration plans, the Wollman Rink was to be replaced by two rinks in the new LeFrak Center, a year-round recreational facility.^[97] Work on the LeFrak Center began in 2009, and the Wollman Rink had been demolished by 2011.^[98] The Samuel J. and Ethel LeFrak Center at Lakeside was completed in December 2013 at a cost of $74 million.^[99][100] As part of the Wollman Rink's replacement, plans for the restored Music Island were announced in 2009.^[101] The Chaim Baier Music Island, and the Shelby White and Leon Levy Esplanade overlooking the island, were restored using a $10 million grant, and were officially rededicated in October 2012.^[71][72]

The Prospect Park Alliance subsequently completed or proposed more restoration projects for the park.^[102] Long Meadow ball field 1 was rebuilt between 2013 and 2014.^[103] The following year, the Alliance announced some projects on Prospect Park's eastern side, including the $200,000 restoration of Battle Pass. The Alliance also intended to restore the water-damaged Oriental Pavilion for $2 million and replace fencing on Flatbush Avenue for $2.4 million.^[102] In 2016, the Alliance also received $3.2 million from NYC Parks' Parks Without Borders program to construct two new entrances on Flatbush Avenue, the park's first new entrances in over 70 years,^[104][105] as well as rebuild the Willink entrance.^[106] During the city's 2016 fiscal year, which ended June 30, 2016, politicians also contributed funds toward various restoration projects in the park. These included $2.5 million for renovating Lefferts Historic House, $2 million to rebuild pathways, $1.75 million for replacing fencing on Ocean Avenue, $750,000 for renovating the ballfields on Long Meadow, and $500,000 for the Carousel's restoration. In addition, $100,000 was earmarked for the installation of an experimental running surface on Park Drive, and through a participatory budgeting program, residents of the surrounding communities allocated funds for other projects such as new drinking fountains, a dog run, community barbecue sites, and an aquatic weed harvester.^[107][108]

Also in 2016, as part of a project to repair damage caused by Hurricane Sandy in 2012, the Prospect Park Alliance used goats to clean up the shrubbery in woodlands around the Vale of Cashmere,^[109] then re-landscaped the sites at a cost of $727,000.^[102] The Well House, located on the Lake, reopened in 2017 as a composting restroom,^[110][111] and the Dog Beach along the watercourse's Upper Pool was renovated.^[112] The same year, the Alliance received funds to renovate the Parade Ground, the Tennis House, and ball fields.^[113] The Alliance also announced an upcoming renovation of the Rose Garden.^[114] Ball fields 6 and 7 were renovated and reopened in 2017,^[115] while ball fields 4 and 5 were supposed to undergo renovations starting in 2019.^[116] Construction started on the Flatbush Avenue fence repairs in 2018, and the new entrances were slated to start construction in early 2019.^[105][117] Construction of a dog run in the Parade Ground also started in August 2019,^[118] and the dog run opened in July 2020.^[119] The Concert Grove Pavilion reopened in April 2021 after a one-year renovation.^[120][121] That December, a $40 million renovation of the Vale of Cashmere was announced.^[122][123]

Geography[edit]

Map of notable buildings and structures at Prospect Park (note: not all entrances shown). Click on points for more details.

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Prospect Park occupies 526 acres (213 ha) in central Brooklyn. It is bound by Prospect Park West and the neighborhood of Park Slope to the northwest; Prospect Park Southwest and the Windsor Terrace neighborhood to the southwest and west; Parkside Avenue, Ocean Avenue, Flatbush Avenue, and the neighborhood of Flatbush to the south and southeast; and Grand Army Plaza and the neighborhood of Prospect Heights to the north.^[5]

Design[edit]

Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux engineered Prospect Park to recreate in real space the pastoral, picturesque, and aesthetic ideals expressed in contemporary paintings.^{[4]: 3 [8]: 219–220} The overall design was inspired partially by Birkenhead Park in the United Kingdom.^[36] Prospect Park had recent precedents in the pastoral style, notably Mount Auburn Cemetery near Boston and Green-Wood Cemetery a few blocks away.^[19] Olmsted and Vaux felt they had greater success in Brooklyn because of the lack of obstacles there, but they were also assisted in part by park commissioner James Stranahan's patronage and support of their plan.^{[8]: 219–220}

The two designers wanted visitors to be able to traverse Prospect Park with a myriad of perspectives so that the features could be enjoyed in any order.^[19] Olmsted was more involved with the general design of Prospect Park, while Vaux was more involved with specific details.^[36] They created the large Long Meadow out of hilly upland pasture interspersed with peat bogs. They also moved and planted trees, hauled topsoil and created a vast unfolding turf with trees placed both separately and in groups. The designers wanted Lookout Hill to be a place of broad views out over Prospect Lake, the farmland beyond, and the bay and ocean in the distance.^[15] To create an illusion of an expansive space, Olmsted and Vaux designed the paths in Prospect Park to be meandering.^[36]

Layout[edit]

In Olmsted and Vaux's final plan for the park, it was divided into three distinct zones: an open section, a wooded section, and a waterside section. The Parade Ground at the far southwestern corner was excluded from the system of zones.^{[15][19][124]}

The first zone consisted of the Long Meadow, a wide open space along the west side of the park.^[125] It contains two entrances through tunnels: Meadowport Arch and Endale Arch.^[124] The Third Street Playground, Harmony Playground, bandshell, and the picnic and tennis houses are also located here. West Drive traverses this section of Prospect Park.^[125]

The second zone is the wooded area in the middle of the park called the Ravine, and contains the headwaters of the park's watercourse. In this zone, on the northeast side of the park, there are several points of interest: the Vale of Cashmere, the Rose Garden, the Zucker Natural Exploration Area, and the Prospect Park Zoo.^[125] The area contains the Nethermead Arch, an elaborate triple-span bridge.^[124] Quaker Hill and the Friends Cemetery are located near the southwest boundary of Prospect Park.^[28] Lookout Hill, as well as a large open space called the Nethermead, are located to the south and east of Quaker Hill, respectively.^[125] The Ravine also contains the Midwood, an old-growth forest incorporated into Prospect Park during its construction.^{[12][14][126]}

The third zone is along the park's south side and consists of Prospect Lake, as well as a peninsula jutting eastward from the lake's northern shore.^[125] It is the outlet for the Lullwater, a meandering stream.^[124] The Lullwater contains the classical-style Boathouse, a city- and federally-designated landmark, on the Lullwater's eastern shore. To the south, along the lake's eastern shore, are the White Levy Esplanade, as well as the LeFrak Center at Lakeside, a multipurpose recreation center.^[125]

Parkside Avenue, a roughly west–east street, divides the southwestern part of Prospect Park from the rest of the park. This detached sliver of parkland is bounded by Parkside Avenue to the north, Coney Island Avenue to the west, Caton Avenue to the south, and Parade Place to the east. It contains the Parade Ground, which has fifteen numbered courts and fields for various sports.^[125]

Landscape features[edit]

Watercourse[edit]

The Lake

Summer

Winter

All of the waterways in Prospect Park are part of a single man-made watercourse. A winding naturalistic stream channel with several ponds feeds a 60-acre (24 ha) lake at the south end of the park.^[125] In designing the watercourse, Olmsted and Vaux also took advantage of the preexisting glacier-formed kettle ponds and lowland outwash plains to create a drainage basin centered around the waterway. They crafted the watercourse to include a steep, forested Ravine with significant river edge flora and fauna habitats.^[15][127] As a result, the watercourse is able to accommodate significant bird and fish populations.^[128]

Much of the watercourse is lined with vegetation that is designed to absorb precipitation and additional water flow.^[127] Olmsted also included an expansive drainage system, which is still in use and extends under the Long Meadow, Ravine, and Nethermead.^[36] About two-thirds of Prospect Park Lake's water typically evaporates. However, to prevent flooding after heavy precipitation, Prospect Park employees can control the outflow of water from the lake using a valve.^[127][129]

By the mid-20th century, these artificial waterways and the steep slopes around them had lost their original design character. In 1994 the Prospect Park Alliance launched a 25-year $43-million restoration project for the watercourse.^[12]

Smaller waterways[edit]

Binnen waterfall

The water in Prospect Park originates at the top of Fallkill Falls in the center of the park, just north of Quaker Hill and east of Long Meadow.^[50][125] The Well House on the north side of the Lake originally provided the water for the watercourse, and was connected to an underground aquifer.^[15][127] The Well House became outdated when Prospect Park was connected to the New York City water supply system in the early 20th century.^{[50][111][130]} Today, Fallkill Falls is fed by a pipe from the city's water system.^[127][129]

The water from Fallkill Falls runs into Fallkill Pool, past the Fallkill Bridge, through the Upper Pool and Lower Pool, where migratory birds rest and marsh and other water plants can be found.^[50] The Upper Pool abuts a dog beach, while the Long Meadow is adjacent to the Lower Pool.^[125] The water then passes under the Esdale Bridge, a footbridge over Ambergill Pond. The pond, and the Ambergill Falls just past it, was named by Olmsted and refers to the Old Norse word for "creek".^[50] After passing through Ambergill Falls, the water flows under Rock Arch Bridge and past the Ravine, entering the Binnenwater, which is named after a Dutch word for "within".^{[22]: 64 [50]} The waters then cascade beneath the Binnen Bridge to the Lullwater, a small pond that contains the Boathouse on its eastern bank. The water then flows under the Lullwater and Terrace bridges to the Peninsula, which is managed both as bird sanctuary and recreational field.^[50][125]

Lake[edit]

Prospect Park's lake

The mouth of Prospect Park's watercourse is the artificial, 60-acre Prospect Lake (also known as Prospect Park Lake).^[128] Prospect Lake includes several islands and is home to over 20 species of fish. Every year, the lake hosts the R.H. Macy's Fishing Contest,^[131] a tradition that dates to 1947.^[132] Though NYC Parks generally allows licensed anglers to fish, it maintains a catch and release policy to prevent depletion of the fish population.^[133] In addition, visitors may explore the lake in kayaks and pedal boats, available at the LeFrak Center at Lakeside,^[134] or the Independence, a replica of the original electric launch which took day-trippers around the lake in the 20th century.^[135] On the shore of the lake, there are several "rustic shelters" that provide scenic views of the water.^[73]

Ice skating, popularized in Central Park, was a key reason for including Prospect Lake in the design of the park's watercourse.^[15] In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, red balls raised on the fronts of trolley cars signified that the ice was at least four inches thick.^[136] Red flags were also placed at Grand Army Plaza to indicate the ice's sufficient thickness.^[137] Later, green flags were used to indicate that the ice was thick enough, and red flags indicated that the ice was too thin. Since then, safety concerns have ended skating on the lake; as a result of climate change, winters have become warmer in the 21st century compared to the 19th century, the ice on the lake has become too thin to accommodate skaters.^[94] Ice skating moved to the Kate Wollman Rink in 1960, and again to the Lakeside Center in 2012.^[97]

The Ravine[edit]

View of the watercourse inside the Ravine

A 146-acre (59 ha) section of Prospect Park's interior is known as the Ravine. The region contains the headwaters of the park's water system, as well as Brooklyn's only remaining old-growth forest, the Midwood.^{[12][14][126]} Olmsted and Vaux saw the Ravine as the heart of Prospect Park and the centerpiece of mountainous tableaux similar to the Adirondack Mountains,^[138] and designed it in a similar fashion to their Ramble in Central Park.^[50] The perimeter of the area is a steep, narrow 100-foot (30 m) gorge. The watercourse goes through the Ravine en route to the Boathouse.^[139]

The original design of the Ravine was more aesthetic than functional, and decades of deferred maintenance had degraded the Ravine and made it hard to drain. During the 1970s, the brush was trimmed in order to make it harder for muggers to hide, and by the 1990s, the stream had dried up.^[36] In 1996, still recovering from decades of overuse that caused soil compaction and erosion, the Ravine and surrounding woodlands underwent a $4.5 million restoration.^[12][69] The Ravine was opened for tours two years later.^[69][139] By 2002, the Ravine had been partially restored and the restored section had been opened to the public.^[139]

Directly south of the Ravine is a meadow called the Nethermead, which occupies much of the space along the western bank of the watercourse between Center and Wellhouse Drive.^[125] To the southwest of the Nethermead is Lookout Hill, which occupies the remaining area between Center and Wellhouse Drives.^[15][125]

Southward view from the Nethermead Arches toward the Nethermead

Long Meadow[edit]

A man and his dog enter Long Meadow from the west

The Long Meadow stretches down the western side of Prospect Park.^[125] The meadow contains two playgrounds, the Tennis House, the Picnic House, a bandshell, a dog beach, and NYC Parks maintenance facilities.^[15] In a contrast with the Ravine and the watercourse, the Long Meadow is mostly flat open space. As designed, it provided a visual buffer between the neighborhoods to the west and the interior of the park. During construction, Olmsted laid out hundreds of trees in meticulous patterns around the meadow.^[15][64]

Originally, the Long Meadow hosted sports such as archery,^[36] croquet,^[41] bowling, football, baseball, and tennis.^[15] To preserve the meadow's pastoral quality, sheep grazed on the meadow until the 1930s.^{[22]: 16 [64]} Today, much of the Long Meadow is used for a variety of purposes.^{[22]: 16 [140]} The southern part of the Long Meadow contains seven baseball fields.^[125][140]

Fauna and flora[edit]

Prospect Park's Camperdown Elm

As of 2018, Prospect Park had 30,000 trees, comprising around 200 unique species.^[141] With few exceptions, the trees in Prospect Park were mostly planted manually. In its earliest years, Prospect Park had maintained a nursery of trees and plants, from which over a hundred thousand specimens were eventually taken.^[15][142] Now, Prospect Park Alliance regularly maintains the park's flora, removing invasive species and adding native plants.^[142] Prospect Park contains four "great trees" that are specially recognized by NYC Parks. These include a Camperdown Elm south of the Boathouse, among the first planted in the United States; an American Hornbeam and a Japanese Pagodatree located near the Camperdown Elm; and an English Elm along West Drive.^{[142][143][144]}

Prospect Park also accommodates a significant bird population. Each year, hundreds of migratory bird species stop at the park, and during winters, birdwatchers have reported seeing 60 unique species at the park on a good day, and 100 unique species over a typical season.^[22]: 94 Over the years, a total of 298 species have been recorded at Prospect Park, including 11 not seen at other city parks.^[145]: 35 Though there are no official lists of birds that have been seen at Prospect Park, the Brooklyn Bird Club has kept records of the avian species seen at Prospect Park between 1967 and 1990.^{[145]: 34–35} Popular spots for birds included Lookout and Quaker Hills, the Ravine, the Vale of Cashmere, and Lily Pond.^[15]

There are other fauna species in Prospect Park as well. In particular, the watercourse includes waterfowl, turtles, bullfrogs, fish, and crustacean species. In addition, squirrels are commonly seen in the park's trees.^{[15][22]: 94 [128]} Sightings of butterflies are also common, and since the 1990s and 2000s, increasing numbers of bats have been seen in Prospect Park.^[22]: 94

Landmarks and structures[edit]

Plazas and entrances[edit]

The Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch in Grand Army Plaza

The columns at the park entrance outside Bartel-Pritchard Square

Prospect Park is shaped roughly like a concave hexagon. There are three circles or plazas on the exterior corners of Prospect Park, all of which contain "major" park entrances.^{[15][146]: 7 (PDF p. 8)}

Major entrances[edit]

Grand Army Plaza is an oval plaza at the northern corner, at the junction of Prospect Park West, Flatbush Avenue, Eastern Parkway, and several side streets. Olmsted and Vaux had intended for the plaza to be the park's main entrance, and it was constructed along with the park during the late 1860s.^[147][148] Grand Army Plaza's largest feature is the Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch, a large triumphal arch in the center of the oval, which was dedicated in 1892. The plaza also includes four Doric columns, built 1894–1896; the Bailey Fountain, constructed 1929–1932 on the site of two former fountains; and several statues of famous figures.^[148]

Bartel-Pritchard Square, which is actually a circle, is at the far western corner of Prospect Park, at the junction of Prospect Park West and Southwest, Ninth Avenue, and 15th Street. Dedicated with its present name in 1923, it is named after Brooklyn residents Emil Bartel and William Pritchard, who died in combat during World War I.^[149] The park entrance from the square was designed by Stanford White in 1896.^[22]: 48

Machate Circle is at the southwestern corner, at the junction of Prospect Park West, Ocean Parkway, and Parkside Avenue. Originally named Park Circle, it was renamed in 1989 in honor of a police officer killed in the line of duty. The park entrance from Machate Circle was also designed by Stanford White.^[150]

Additional "major" entrances exist at the Parade Ground, on the park's south side; Parkside and Ocean Avenues, at the park's southeast corner; and Willink Hill, at Flatbush and Ocean Avenues on the eastern border.^{[146]: 7 (PDF p. 8) [151]} The Ocean/Parkside and Willink entrances were designed in the neoclassical style by McKim, Mead and White, and were built in the 1890s and 1900s. The Willink entrance is flanked by a pair of granite turrets, while the Ocean/Parkside entrance is located between the two portions of a curved granite colonnade.^[15] Opposite the Willink entrance, there are the Flatbush Trees, three concrete cylinders with green sheet metal canopies, installed in 1979 and redecorated in 2015.^[152]

Other entrances[edit]

There are numerous other entrances spaced out along the park's border. These include five entrances on Prospect Park West, four on Prospect Park Southwest, and three on Ocean Avenue on the park's eastern border. In total, there are eighteen park entrances.^[151] Of these, the Third, Ninth, and 16th Street and Lincoln Road entrances are considered "major entrances", and are flanked by memorials or other decorations.^{[146]: 7 (PDF p. 8)} No entrances to Prospect Park have been built since the 1940s,^[117] but two entrances were proposed for the Flatbush Avenue side in 2016 and are expected to be completed in mid-2020.^[117][153]

Bridges[edit]

Arches[edit]

Arches

Clockwise from top left: Endale Arch (restored in 2020), East Wood Arch, Meadowport Arch, and Cleft Ridge Span

Prospect Park originally included several arched bridges to provide grade-separated crossings for pedestrian and vehicular traffic; usually, the vehicular drive was located on top of the arch, and the pedestrian path was below.^[15][154] This contrasted with other parks at the time, which did not contain such separations. The arches were designed to be as small and natural-looking as possible so they did not interfere with the scenery.^{[4]: 6 [31]: 39–40} For the most part, the spaces under the arches were originally outfitted with benches, while the arches themselves blended with the foliage.^[31]: 40 Five arched bridges were ultimately built, all during the late 1860s and early 1870s.^[15]

Endale Arch, also known as Enterdale Arch, is located under East Drive, slightly south of the Grand Army Plaza entrance on the north side of the park, and adjacent to the northeast side of Long Meadow.^[125][155] It was one of the first two arches to be completed, in 1868. Its exterior contained interspersed yellow Ohio sandstone and red New Jersey brownstone.^{[4]: 6 [15]} The interior was composed of brick set between alternately black and yellow wooden stripes, designed as such to prevent condensation from dripping downward.^{[15][31]: 39–40} Endale Arch contained seats underneath it, but these were later removed.^[154][156] In 2014, the Prospect Park Alliance began a five-year restoration of the arch,^[157] which was completed in 2020.^[156][158]

East Wood Arch (or Eastwood Arch) is also located under East Drive, connecting the Nethermead Arch to the Willink Hill entrance on the eastern side of Prospect Park.^[4]: 6 It was the second of the two arches to be completed in 1868. East Wood Arch had a similar design to the Endale Arch, but had a simpler semicircular shape.^[15][155]

Meadowport Arch is located on the northwest side of Long Meadow and passes under West Drive.^[125][155] It was completed in 1870.^[15][155] There were two portals at its eastern end, perpendicular to each other, creating a cross-vault. The arch had Ohio sandstone and wooden lining inside, and the portals contained circular cornices, outward-facing piers, and octagonal domed finials.^{[4]: 6 [15]} Meadowport Arch was restored in the 1980s, but has since fallen into disrepair.^[154]

Nethermead Arch, also completed c. 1870,^[15] carries Center Drive through the center of the park.^[125][155] The bridge contains three arches: one each above the Ambergill, the park path, and the bridle path.^[155] The span is made of Ohio sandstone and contains a trim of granite.^{[4]: 6 [15]} Unlike some of the other arches, Nethermead did not have any interior wood, but instead, had patterned red brick.^[154] The New York Times described its triple span as "one of the most astonishing structures in any city park."^[124]

Cleft Ridge Span is located under Wellhouse Drive, at Breeze Hill, on the eastern side of Prospect Park.^{[4]: 6 [125]} It was the final arch span to be opened, in 1872. The span was distinctive in its use of red, ochre, and pale gray concrete blocks called "Béton Coignet".^{[15][154][159]} Cleft Ridge might have been the first concrete arch span in the United States.^[159] Both the interior and exterior designs were elaborate, though these have since eroded.^[15]

Other spans[edit]

Lullwater Bridge

Terrace Bridge

Lullwater Bridge and Terrace Bridge are the only bridges across the watercourse that were built to handle automobile traffic.^[50] Lullwater Bridge is located just downstream of the Boathouse, on Prospect Park's eastern side.^[125] The current metal span, built in 1905, replaces an oak bridge on the site that was originally constructed in 1868.^{[22]: 68–69 [155]} Further downstream, Terrace Bridge carries Well House Drive over the watercourse just before it empties into the lake.^[125] Built in 1890, Terrace Bridge also replaced an earlier wooden span, and it contains cast-iron tracery and brick vaults underneath, which have since deteriorated.^{[22]: 70–71 [155]} It was so named because it was supposed to overlook the unbuilt Refectory, which had been canceled following the 1873 financial crisis.^[15][50]

From northwest to southeast, the Fallkill, Esdale, Nethermead Arch, Rock Arch, Music Grove, and Binnen Bridges also cross the watercourse upstream of the Lullwater Bridge. Fallkill, Esdale, and Rock Arch Bridges are located northwest of Nethermead Arch, while Music Grove and Binnen Bridges are located southeast of the arch.^[125][155] At the source of the watercourse, Fallkill and Esdale Bridges are both intended to look like wooden bridges, though are made of steel and concrete frames.^{[22]: 55 [155]} Rock Arch Bridge, a boulder-lined span, crosses over Ambergill Falls; the waterfall had once been buried by the bridge's stonework, but was restored in the late 20th century when the bridge was rehabilitated.^{[22]: 56 [155]} To the south, Binnen Bridge and Music Grove Bridge were both designed as wood bridges.^[50] Binnen Bridge is located just north of the Lullwater, while Music Grove Bridge further upstream is located next to the Music Pagoda.^[125]

Drives and paths[edit]

When it was built, Prospect Park did not have any transverse roadways. Instead, it was circled by a series of four scenic drives, named West, Center, Wellhouse, and East Drive.^[4]: 6 The drives are paralleled by a more extensive system of pedestrian and bridle paths.^[15][125] Several paths in the park, as well as East Drive, follow ancient Native American trails.^[14][160]

The drives were originally 40 feet (12 m) wide and paved with gravel. The main loop, composed of West and East Drives, meanders around the park just inside its boundaries.^[15] The loops were paved with asphalt and opened to automobiles in 1918.^[161] Over the following decades, the hours at which vehicles could use the park were slowly restricted.^[162] Supporters of a car ban argued that the park should be a haven from the type of city stress that automobiles represent, and that having them use the park sacrifices the safety of those using the park for recreation,^[162][163] while opponents worried that banning traffic in the park would increase traffic outside.^[164] The park's West Drive was closed to traffic in 2015. Following a trial run in which the park was car-free during summer 2017, the city determined that there were no major effects on nearby routes, and cars were barred completely from the park beginning in January 2018.^{[161][165][166]} All of the drives are designated as protected bike lanes.^[167]

There are also four hiking trails inside Prospect Park: the Lullwater, Midwood, Peninsula, and Waterfall trails. They range in length from 0.5 to 1.0 mile (0.80 to 1.61 km), and NYC Parks classifies all of the trails as "easy". The trails are named after the section of the park where they are located.^[168]

Monuments and statues[edit]

Dongan Oak monument, marking a fighting site in Battle of Long Island

Mozart monument, erected in 1897

The Lafayette Memorial by Daniel Chester French, 1917

Prospect Park contains dozens of monuments and statues to notable figures, including:^[169]

• A bronze statue of Abraham Lincoln, sculpted by Henry Kirke Brown in 1869. Originally situated in Grand Army Plaza, it was relocated to the Concert Grove in Prospect Park in 1896, and restored in the late 1980s.^[170] With the Concert Grove's restoration in the 2010s, it was proposed to move the statue back to its original position,^[171] but as of 2016, it was still located in the Concert Grove.^[172]
• A bronze-on-marble statue of James S.T. Stranahan, sculpted by Frederick MacMonnies and located near the Grand Army Plaza entrance.^[173] It was dedicated in 1891 and honors Stranahan, one of the key figures in the park's development.^[40]
• The Lafayette Memorial, a bas-relief on granite at the Ninth Street entrance on the park's west side. The monument, which honors Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, was sculpted by Daniel Chester French and was completed in 1917.^[15][174]
• The Maryland Monument, a Corinthian column near Terrace Bridge. It was created by Stanford White and dedicated in 1895.^[175] The column commemorates the Maryland 400, members of the 1st Maryland Regiment who charged British forces on Lookout Hill in the Battle of Long Island during the American Revolution, despite being outnumbered.^[176]
• The Prospect Park War Memorial, along the eastern shore of the lake. Sculpted by Henry Augustus Lukeman, it was dedicated in 1921. The memorial consists of two bronze figures in front of a curved wall with memorial plaques, containing the names of 2,800 people who died during World War I.^[15][57]
• Monuments to classical composers, including Beethoven, Mozart, and von Weber, in Concert Grove.^[126][177] The surrounding area also contains tributes to poet Thomas Moore, writer Washington Irving, and classical composer Edvard Grieg.^[177]
• A proposed monument of Shirley Chisholm at the Parkside and Ocean Avenues entrance. It will be designed by artists Amanda Williams and Olalekan Jeyifous.^[178]