Photograph Notes: A model of the castle exhibited in a vaulted chamber below the Queen Anne Battery illustrates the line of James IV's defensive forework built in the 15th century. This extended across the whole width of the castle with the centrally placed Gatehouse flanked by two since vanished semi-circular towers and a rectangular tower at each end of the curtain wall. The Prince's Tower on the left still exists to its original height, whereas the Elphinstone Tower (named after one of the castle's Keepers), just visible on the far right, was later reduced in height to allow the creation of a new gun platform in the 16th century. The two main structures beyond the wall are the Great Hall on the right, from the reign of James IV (r.1488-1513) and the Palace on the left, built by James V (r.1513-42) in the Renaissance style. After the 1707 Act of Union with England Stirling was one of only four castles in Scotland to be kept in use as military barracks. The result was that the buildings, albeit adapted for the army's use, survived more completely than they would have done, had they continued as a neglected royal residence. The Outer Defences, which incorporate the earlier 16thC artillery emplacement (off-frame to the right), were built between 1708 and 1714 in anticipation of a Jacobite rebellion. Unlike the high walls of the mediaeval castle, their walls were wide, low-built stone-encased earth ramparts designed to absorb the impact of sustained artillery fire. The castle had to be approached across an open area of ground known as the esplanade. Levelled and laid out as a parade ground around 1809, its earlier purpose had been to expose an attacking enemy to the fire of the defenders.
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